Morocco%20Constitution%20 Ofthemoroccanthe Fulltext Version: (French Constitution Isavailable Here: Citizens’

Emigration Facts &figures 4 Ibid. 3 2011 Constitution, available at :http://www.maroc.ma/en/system/files/documents_page/bo_5964bis_fr_3.pdf loads/2015/02/Moudawana.pdf Code version ;aFrench oftheNationality https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/501fc9822.pdf isavailable here: and marriedto themother. AnunofficialEnglish translation ofthe Family http://www.hrea.org/wp-content/up Codeis available here: Codeality was in2007 revised to permitMoroccan mothers to thefather passMoroccan where to theirchildren nationality isalsoMuslim this isinaccordance Code withtheNationality (Code deNationalité), amovethatwas seenpositivelybymanyinthediaspora. TheNation 2 The reform of the Family Code, the 2011-Arabic.pdf ) bo_5964bis_fr_3.pdf ;Arabic version: https://learningpartnership.org/sites/default/files/resources/pdfs/Morocco%20Constitution%20 oftheMoroccanThe fulltext version: (French http://www.maroc.ma/en/system/files/documents_page/ constitution isavailable here: citizens’. andofwhichtheyments andthesocietiesofcountriesthey are reside where 16ofthe2011 Constitution1 Art. states ‘it[Morocco] ensures…the andofcooperation thegovern oftiesamity strengthening between % ofemigrants in total population diaspora, and‘Moroccans ofthe world’ (Marocains dumonde). bi-l-kharij al-muqiyyimoun (French, or ‘MRE’ Terminology: TheKingdom ofMorocco abroad’ refers MLA to itsdiaspora as‘Moroccans [living] Remittances inflow(USD million): Remittances asashareofGDP: MOROCCO Diaspora engagementmapping Marocains résidant à l’étrangerMarocains résidant moudawana ), althoughinsomeinternal documentsitalsorefers to theMoroccan % ofwhich in theEU , in 2004, gave Moroccan mothers the right to pass on the Moroccan nationality, where

0.5 411 % The Netherlands Belgium Italy Spain France Top countries ofdestination Political rights Voting fromabroad , Arabic Dual citizenship باخلارج املقيمني املغاربة مقمي الر for citizensresidingabroad Right tovote innationalelections 4 12 180,879 226,216 450,557 711,792 1,020,162

al-maghāribat

3 - - -

KINGDOM OF MOROCCO - - - Whereas the Moroccan state previously state the Moroccan Whereas 9 The strategy was developed in the The strategy developed was 5 Adjusting to a World in Motion: Trends in Global Migration and Migration and Migration in Global Migration in Motion: Trends a World Adjusting to 7 sets out various provisions recognising Moroccans Living Abroad, including Living Abroad, Moroccans recognising provisions sets out various Stipulates that the Council of Moroccans Living Abroad should publish advice on should publish advice Living Abroad of Moroccans that the Council Stipulates The strategy has three strategic objectives: Preserving objectives: The strategy three has strategic the identity of MLAs, Permits Moroccans abroad to return the country to to abroad Permits Moroccans in elections. participate to 6 Recognises dual citizenship of Moroccans Living Abroad Living Abroad dual citizenship of Moroccans Recognises Moroccans Living Abroad enjoy full rights as citizens, including the right to vote in vote full rights as citizens, including the right to enjoy Living Abroad Moroccans The Moroccan government commits to consulting Moroccans abroad on governance governance on abroad Moroccans consulting to commits government Moroccan The 8 National Strategy for Moroccans Living Abroad Living StrategyNational Moroccans for Article 30 – Article 163 – identity, with their Moroccan their links maintain to Living Abroad policies enabling Moroccans of their and human development the sustainable to contribute their rights, and to guarantee fatherland. Article 17 – abroad). thereelections (however is no voting from Article 18 – issues. Article 16 – following: further demonstrated by both the revised constitution of 2011 and the 2014 National Strategy Strategy National and the 2014 of 2011 by both the revised constitution further demonstrated broad focus of Moroccan diaspora governance today. governance diaspora of Moroccan focus broad with the homeland, interactions and diaspora emigration both outward control sought to flows (in part of remittance at least) the declining importance this position changed due to trying to therefore shifted ‘court’ government to Moroccan The its onwards. 2000s the from as recognising the dual identity of the civic and political rights (such with increased diaspora This has been policies and programmes. engagement diaspora as well as dedicated diaspora), Trends & achievements Trends & remittances-focused a guest workers a shift in policy from has undergone Morocco the that forms policy based on skills-mobilisation a transnational to in the 2000s approach

• • • • • • • • • Revised Constitution Revised the •

, Oxford University Press , Oxford ment of the country. It focuses on mobilising the skills of MLAs, attracting their investment and their investment attracting on mobilising the skills of MLAs, It focuses ment of the country. public services. to their access improving Morocco launched its draft National Strategy for Moroccans Living Abroad (Stratégie na (Stratégie Living Abroad Moroccans for Strategy National draft launched its Morocco du Monde) des Marocains in 2014. tionale en faveur VI by King Mohammed 2013 September in initiated Policy, Asylum and Migration new the of context in 2014. and adopted the develop to MLA contributions the rights and interests encouraging of MLAs, and protecting 8 Ibid. and Morocco Histories: with Similar Emigration Countries Policies of Engagement – ‘Diaspora Bilgili and Silja Weyel 9 Ibid; see also Özge (2016), (eds) and Mark H. Lopez in Douglas J. Besharov Turkey’ Policy faveur-des-Marocains-du-Monde-Fr.pdf has thus been chal and its implementation remains unclear Abroad Residing Moroccans for of the National Strategy status 6 The formal – see https://www.oujdacity.net/national-article-123501-fr/strategie-nationale-mre-fake-news.html lenged (2016) Bilan 2013-2016 à l’Etranger, Résidant Nationale pour les Marocains 7 MCMREAM, Stratégie 5 Full version available in French at: https://marocainsdumonde.gov.ma/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Strate%CC%81gie-Nationale-en- available version 5 Full • Overview of the policy legislative framework and 2011

KINGDOM OF MOROCCO Policy andReality’,Policy Moroccan Institute for Analysis(available Policy at:https://mipa.institute/6872 ) (2019), ‘Morocco’s ;AnnaJacobs L., Hites inter alia,Hanafi(2017) 19 See, D. Migration Understanding Policy: the Contradiction between (2017) 18 HanafiL&Hites D C.f.17 R. (2019) Zapata-Barrero L.& Hites &Z.Hellgren Hanafi (2017); D. 16 Personal communication, MMRE2019 factors ofsuccess andfailure for ofopportunities ofanewstructure transnational entrepreneurs’, JournalofEthnic andMigration Studies Zapata-Barrero15 R. ‘Harnessingthepotential ofMoroccans (2019): &Z.Hellgren livingabroad through diaspora policies?Assessing the 14 Personal communication, Start-up 2019 Maroc, andPoliticsofEmigration,- ThePolicy Palgrave Macmillan ‘MoroccoAfrica anditsGlobalDiaspora(2017), andDiaspora Engagement: inMangala (2017), A Portrait’ 13 Hanafietal (ed) Contemporary innovation andjob creation inMorocco. Catalonia However, thisischallenged byGabrielliandFranco-Guillén (2018), pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2014-chapter8.pdf . of Innovation inMorocco”, TheGlobalInnovation2014: Index Thehumanfactor ininnovation, available at:https://www.wipo.int/edocs/ default/files/OCPPC-PP1518v4.pdf“The Moroccan Diaspora and its ; Boukarouhaa,(2014), Contribution to the Development N. et al andMorocco, Diaspora, Development, inter Paper, alia,Dadush(2015), 12 See, Policy OCP, available at:https://www.policycenter.ma/sites/ 11 DeHaas,H.(2007b), ‘Morocco’s ATransitional Migration Experience: Perspective’, in S.. Migration (2009). inMorocco: history, prospects, andfuture trends Migration current Profiles. andDevelopment Country ‘Morocco’s ATransitional Migration Experience: Perspective’, in emigrantscan state and “its” andPoliticsofEmigration,- ThePolicy Palgrave Macmillan.C.f. alsoDeHaas,H.(2007a), ‘MoroccoAfrica anditsGlobalDiaspora(2017), andDiaspora Engagement: inMangala (2017), A Portrait’ 10 Hanafietal (ed) Contemporary , GRITIM-UPF, whoargue thatmostMoroccan diaspora enterprises inCatalonia too smallto are havesignificantimpactson entrepreneurs to return to to Morocco return entrepreneurs tends to to setupbusinesses,buttheirreturn beona funds continues this. to beabarrierto expanding in channellingpeopleandbridgingMorocco withitsdiaspora, althoughaccessing start-up and economic growth. employment, The Moroccan diaspora therefore are nowincreasingly seenasdrivers ofinnovation, shape oftechnological, skillsandexpertise. managerial, andentrepreneurial abroadresiding bringotherforms ofbeneficialtransfers oforigin,inthe to theircountry it isincreasingly acknowledged bythegovernment (and thatMoroccans thewiderpublic) remittances continue to playarole poverty. inproviding andreducing hard currency However, Although Morocco hasbecome lessdependentonremittances thanageneration ago, for Moroccans LivingAbroad. increased thenumbers ofthoseconsidered asMoroccans abroad. generations ofMoroccan emigrants withothernationalitiesasMoroccan diaspora hasalso of thisdualidentity, aprocess that isarguably stillongoing. This haschallenged thetraditional concept agreater ofthenation, and required appreciation Moroccans havesettledintheircountries ofresidenceandhaveadopted othernationalities. Another shift in diaspora governance in Morocco isthe acknowledgment of thefact that rather thancircular, onpermanent, predicated diaspora return. engagement plansandprogrammes, framework to whichthepolicy aswelltheextent is diaspora effectively. more However,remain concerns there aboutimplementation ofdiaspora Morocco has also invested in thecreation of institutions andprogrammes to engage withits member states, andIOM. inthisregardbuilding support from arange ofinternational partners, includingtheEC, EU in comparison to otherAfrican states. Morocco hasfairly well-developed institutionsandcapacities in terms ofdiaspora engagement, circular, basis. rather thanpermanent, , Centre on Migration, and Society, Policy WP-07-54, of Oxford; University and De Haas, H. (2007b), 16

12 Some strategic partnerships with incubators play a role 15 14 Morocco ofsignificantcapacity- hasbeentherecipient

International Migration Transnational ThecaseofMoroccansin Diaspora Entrepreneurship: 13 There isanincreasing for There trend diaspora , Vol. 45 (4), pp.39-70 ; and Bilgili, Ozge &Weyel, 18 Between courting andcontrolling:TheMoroc Between courting International Migration Recognition ofsecond andthird 17

11 , Vol. 45 (4), pp.39-70 -

KINGDOM OF MOROCCO

- 24 generations), generations), rd and 3 22 nd This guide explains the 21

20 These included ongoing professional professional These included ongoing https://marocainsdumonde.gov.ma/ 23 among the diaspora is widespread; government bureaucracy bureaucracy government is widespread; among the diaspora especially for high-skilled migrants, poses a barrier to returning poses a barrier to migrants, high-skilled for especially Some Moroccans in the diaspora are sceptical about the government’s about the government’s are sceptical in the diaspora Moroccans Some Some diaspora members are concerned that voting abroad is still not is still that voting abroad are concerned members diaspora Some Effective practices Effective permitted, affecting their position as citizens, and they argue that the government simply presentsgovernment simply that the argue and they their position as citizens, affecting permitted, abroad. voting from excuses avoid introducing to bureaucracy Mistrust of government engagement. greater and a barrier to is perceived as intrusive migrants and continues to drive emigration of professionals from the country. from of professionals drive emigration to and continues migrants approach: utilitarian Perceived resources and talent, diaspora on harnessing perceive as transactional. which they focus abroad: Lack of voting Lack of economic opportunities,Lack of economic • • • •

21 MCMREAM, Guide des Marocains Résidant à l’Etranger Résidant 21 MCMREAM, Guide des Marocains 22 Circulaire n°430 du 9 juin 2014. 23 https://www.dmk-online.org/medizinische-aktionen/ https://www.dmk-online.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Actions-Figuig-2016-2.0.pdf 24 training in gynaecologytraining medical professionals. at local and other capacity building activities targeted ; https://marocentrepreneurs.com/ See: https://www.startupmaroc.org/ 20 The German-Moroccan Competence Network (DMK eV) and the Medical Competencies of Moroccans Abroad Abroad Network of Moroccans (DMK eV) Competence Competencies and the Medical The German-Moroccan Morocco. in southeast medical campaigns in 2016 organized (C3M) Deutsch-Marokkanische Kompetenznetzwerk e.V. (DMK) Morocco Missions to Medical e.V. Kompetenznetzwerk Deutsch-Marokkanische priorities of the Moroccan government towards the diaspora. It includes social programmes for Moroccans Moroccans for It includes social programmes the diaspora. towards government priorities of the Moroccan d’Ivoire children or living in Côte Moroccan for as well as financial help training such as professional abroad repatriation the of corpses. and for university bursaries school, for attend to Algeria Guide for Moroccans Living Abroad Moroccans Guide for living abroad. Moroccans issued a guide for government the Moroccan In 2015, companies based in Morocco and the expertise of Moroccans in the diaspora. and the expertise of Moroccans based in Morocco companies isation created in 1999, and Start-up Maroc, which work to promote economic development through three through development economic Maroc, promote to work which Start-up and in 1999, created isation sharing businesses in Morocco; start their own to Living Abroad Moroccans encouraging main strands: between synergies and establishing and investment opportunities; about business start-ups information Programmes supporting diaspora entrepreneurs supporting diaspora Programmes fit organ Entrepreneurs, a non-pro include Maroc enterprise support diaspora to Examples of programmes promote Moroccan culture and build links between the diaspora (especially the 2 culture (especially between and build links Moroccan the diaspora promote or ‘summer universities’. courses language Arabic such as Moroccan The Maison des Marocains du Monde network provides the main point of access and services network the main point of access MLAs. du Monde provides The Maison des Marocains for on aIt provides activities to of residence which organise countries centres in several network of cultural Maison des Marocains du Monde Maison des Marocains SPOTLIGHT: SPOTLIGHT: • • • • Obstacles Obstacles

CAPITAL

INFORMATION ENTREPRENEURSHIP CULTURE HUMAN HUMAN

KINGDOM OF MOROCCO to teach thelanguage to Moroccan children. summer campsorschoolsfor Moroccan livingabroad children andfinances Arabic teachers abroad informs Moroccans abroad ondifferent in topics suchas investment opportunities Morocco, organises of originthrough education,cultural religion, andlinguistic means. and ties withtheircountry Itsupports The Foundation was founded in1990 withthepurposeofensuringthatMoroccan diaspora maintain Hassan IIFoundation isterial committee ofMoroccans livingabroad was created coordinating for thenewstrategy emigration. nation withtherelevant ministriesandtheinstitutionsinsideoutside Morocco. In2013, theinter-min since 2013, and implements government concerning prepares policy Moroccans abroad, residing in coordi This Ministry, delegated to theMinister ofForeign Affairs, African Cooperation and Moroccans Abroad roccans abroad andMorocco. Morocco organisations. isamemberofallthree Arab League, Arab Maghreb Union,UnionoftheMediterranean. held discussionsaboutjoiningECOWAS, whichhavesofar proved inconclusive. oftheAfricanas part UnionCitizensandDiaspora Directorate (AU CIDO) Continental Meetings. Ithasalso Morocco theAfrican re-joined andnominates adiaspora Unionin2017 focal Morocco pointto represent African UnionCitizensandDiaspora Directorate (AU CIDO) • Diaspora relatedinstitutiona List ofActors Annex: 2013, 147, 149 mis enlignele31 décembre 2015, http://hommesmigrations.revues.org/2574 NunoetFarida25 Macarena Souiah, Les politiquesmisesenplace parleMaroc Hommesetmigrations envers sesressortissants, 1303 dation HassanIIpourlesMarocainsRésidant àl’étranger, was created alongsidetheHassanIIFoundationIn 1990 for theMinistry Moroccans Residing Abroad ( https://marocainsdumonde.gov.ma/attributions-mcmre/ for Moroccans residingabroad(MinistèredesMarocains résidantsàl’étranger) Ministry • https://ufmsecretariat.org/ s https://www.uneca.org/oria/pages/amu-arab-maghreb-union http://www.leagueofarabstates.net/ar/Pages/default.aspx • • { { National institutions At regional level { { At level sub-ministerial At ministerial level http://www.fh2mre.ma/ 25

see below) to strengthen the links between Mo seebelow) thelinks to between strengthen (Arabic; English version under construction) https://au.int/en/cido Fon

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KINGDOM OF MOROCCO

------26 CCME) CCME) https://www.dmk-online.org/

Germany Conseil de la Communauté Marocaine à l’Etranger, de la Communauté Conseil http://www.amf-federation.com/ http://www.amf-federation.com/ http://www.cnss.ma/

https://www.ccme.org.ma/en/ Development activities Development Development activities Development 26 Hein de Haas, Morocco: Setting the Stage for Becoming a Migration Transition Country?, Migration Policy Country?, Institute, Migration 19 March 2014 Transition a Migration Becoming for the Stage Setting 26 Hein de Haas, Morocco: http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/morocco-setting-stage-becoming-migration-transition-country of Moroccan citizens in Germany. of Moroccan ters in Munich and was founded in 2009. It sees itself as an intermediary between in 2009. Germany and Morocco. founded and was in Munich ters support and to the integration in Morocco development sustainable The aim of the network promote is to A Moroccan diaspora professionals and skills transfer network based in Germany, DMK has its headquar network based in Germany, and skills transfer professionals diaspora A Moroccan Association des Marocains de France (AMF) de France Association des Marocains Diaspora organisations in Europe Diaspora ties and services in different sectors to respond to their needs, especially administrative or legal. or legal. to to their needs, especially administrative ties and services respond sectors in different A network of regional and local offices was established in Morocco to ensure and orientation, reception, Morocco in A network established was of regional and local offices authori local with coordination facilitate They Morocco. in stay their during MLAs with communication Maisons of Moroccans Resident Abroad and Migration Affairs Abroad and Migration Resident of Moroccans Maisons https://marocainsdumonde.gov.ma/structure-deconcentree-marocains-du-monde-mcmre/ the Netherlands, Spain, Germany, Portugal, Denmark, Sweden, Romania, Tunisia, Libya, Mauritania, Cana Mauritania, Libya, Tunisia, Romania, Denmark, Sweden, Portugal, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, da, Quebec and Luxembourg). The NSSF manages international social security conventions with countries of residence of Moroccan na of residence of Moroccan social security with countries international conventions The NSSF manages Egypt, has signed social security agreementswith 17 tionals. Morocco (Algeria, countries Belgium, France, National Social Security Fund on how to protect Moroccan interests abroad and encourage the development of the country the development and encourage of origin. interests abroad Moroccan protect on how to re and commissions advises the government MLAs, towards mainly assesses public policies The CCME studies. search was created was government the Moroccan It advises emigrants. of Moroccan and is composed in 2007 created was CCME Council for the Moroccan Community the Moroccan ( Abroad for Council Deutsch-Marokkanische Kompetenznetzwerk e.V. (DMK) e.V. Kompetenznetzwerk Deutsch-Marokkanische to the requirements of the historical evolution of Moroccan immigration to France. It has conducted sever has conducted It France. to immigration the requirements of Moroccan to evolution of the historical initiatives in Morocco. and education and exchange training al co-development Created in JanuaryCreated AMF is associations in France. It 1961, one of the oldest immigration through has gone been adapted socio-political line has always populations. Its of immigrant of the integration all the stages

KINGDOM OF MOROCCO Forum desOrganisationsdeSolidaritéInternationaleissuesMigrations (FORIM) programmesand agriculture ofFiguigoasisinMorocco. inthelocalregion ofMoroccanA network diaspora organisations inFrance, FAF implementeducation,training, volunteering, FÉDÉRATION DESAMISDEFIGUIG April 2020 Edited by: Written by: and nationalauthorities. tions andmigrants. Thisprogram was supported by researchers, donors from andMoroccan theNorth local Gradually, anintegrated rural development programme was developed withlocalpopula inparticipation andirrigation, schoolsanddispensaries,drinking water supplyetc. trification ofvillages,reservoirs hillside mid-1970s. thefirst actions volunteer experts, ofFrench Withthesupport elec focused oninfrastructure: lages oforigin,theMoroccan oftheirregion Atlas andAnti-Atlas, drought struckbyasevere since the The organisation was Created outdevelopment in1986 actionsinthevil byMoroccan migrants to carry Migrations etDéveloppement High Atlas Mountains aswellliteracy andsocialdevelopment programmes. The organisation rovides materials and vulnerable to relief children womeninthevillages oftheEastern Les Bourgeonsdel’Atlas a range WASH, ofeducational,enterprise, andotherdevelopment projects inMorocco overthelastdecade. group, itsmembers includemanyMoroccan organisations inFrance andthey havefundedandco-delivered FORIM isaleading African diaspora basedinFrance. AlthoughnotprimarilyaMoroccan network diaspora Development activities Development activities Development activities Development activities EUDiF AFFORD France France Find out more at France

https://www.migdev.org/

http://faf-figuig.org/ www.diasporadevelopment.eu France

www.forim.net - - -

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