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Mapping Diasporas in the European Union and United States Comparative Analysis and Recommendations for Engagement

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Mapping Diasporas in the European Union and United States Comparative Analysis and Recommendations for Engagement CHILDREN AND FAMILIES The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and EDUCATION AND THE ARTS decisionmaking through research and analysis. ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE This electronic document was made available from www.rand.org as a public INFRASTRUCTURE AND service of the RAND Corporation. TRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY Skip all front matter: Jump to Page 16 POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Support RAND TERRORISM AND Browse Reports & Bookstore HOMELAND SECURITY Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore RAND Europe View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND electronic documents to a non-RAND Web site is prohibited. RAND electronic documents are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. This report is part of the RAND Corporation research report series. RAND reports present research findings and objective analysis that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND reports undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. EUROPE Mapping Diasporas in the European Union and United States Comparative analysis and recommendations for engagement Jirka Taylor, Jennifer Rubin, Corrado Giulietti, Chris Giacomantonio, Flavia Tsang, Amelie Constant, Linguere Mbaye, Maryam Naghsh Nejad, Kristy Kruithof, Mafalda Pardal, Alex Hull, Tess Hellgren EUROPE Mapping Diasporas in the European Union and United States Comparative analysis and recommendations for engagement Jirka Taylor, Jennifer Rubin, Corrado Giulietti, Chris Giacomantonio, Flavia Tsang, Amelie Constant, Linguere Mbaye, Maryam Naghsh Nejad, Kristy Kruithof, Mafalda Pardal, Alex Hull, Tess Hellgren Prepared for the European Commission, Directorate General Home Affairs For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/rr671 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif., and Cambridge, UK © European Union, 2014 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. RAND Europe is an independent, not-for-profit policy research organisation that aims to improve policy and decisionmaking in the public interest through research and analysis. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. R® is a registered trademark. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org www.rand.org/randeurope Preface This report presents the findings of a study into diasporas in the EU and the US, which provides mapping data for key diaspora groups and also delivers concrete recommendations for their engagement. The study has been funded by the European Commission’s Directorate General for Home Affairs (DG Home). The research was undertaken by RAND Europe in partnership with the Institute for the Study of Labor. This document is divided into three parts. Part I (Chapters 2 and 3) provides results from a mapping exercise using available national and international datasets on diaspora and migrant populations, to provide an overview – in addition to country-level profiles – of diaspora populations present in the EU and the US. Part II (Chapters 4 through 7) presents results of literature review, desk research, and survey and interview exercises with diaspora organisation representatives. These research activities were directed at understanding diaspora engagement activities taking place through sending countries, receiving countries, and international organisations. Part III provides a synthesis of these findings and culminates in a set of recommendations, policy considerations, potential barriers and drawbacks for diaspora engagement strategies, and suggestions for further research on diaspora engagement. This report will be of interest to government and civil society actors in the EU and the US – and potentially beyond – who seek to engage with diaspora populations for mutual benefit. The report will also be of interest to academic audiences interested in development, integration, migration, and diaspora studies. RAND Europe is an independent not-for-profit policy research organisation that aims to improve policy and decision-making in the public interest through research and analysis. This report has been peer reviewed in accordance with RAND’s quality assurance standards. For more information about RAND Europe or this document, please contact Jennifer Rubin ([email protected]): RAND Europe Westbrook Centre, Milton Road Cambridge CB4 1YG United Kingdom Tel. +44 1223 353 329 iii Table of contents Preface ......................................................................................................................................................iii Table of contents ....................................................................................................................................... v List of figures ............................................................................................................................................ xi List of tables ........................................................................................................................................... xiii List of boxes ............................................................................................................................................ xv Summary ............................................................................................................................................... xvii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................... xxiii Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................................ xxv 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Why this study? ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.2. Objectives of this study ................................................................................................................. 2 1.3. Definition of diaspora for the purposes of this study ..................................................................... 3 1.4. Structure of this report ................................................................................................................. 4 Part I: Mapping diasporas .......................................................................................................................... 7 2. Methodology for Part I ........................................................................................................... 9 2.1. Definitions vary across individual countries’ data sources ............................................................ 10 2.2. Most recent national censuses form the basis of our data collection ............................................. 12 2.3. Basic socioeconomic variables often require additional data sources ............................................ 12 2.3.1. Alternative sources for age and gender data ........................................................................ 13 2.3.2. Alternative sources for educational data .............................................................................. 13 2.3.3. Alternative sources for labour force data ............................................................................. 14 2.4. Harmonisation of the different data sets ..................................................................................... 14 2.5. Classification of countries for in-depth analysis ........................................................................... 19 2.6. Concluding points on data limitations ........................................................................................ 20 3. Findings on diaspora mapping............................................................................................... 23 3.1. Diaspora groups are predominantly concentrated in large Western European countries .............. 23 3.2. Diaspora groups vary substantially in their exposure levels relative to general populations of receiving countries .................................................................................................................. 26 v RAND Europe and IZA 3.3. Socioeconomic profile of selected diaspora groups ...................................................................... 34 3.3.1. Gender balance .................................................................................................................. 34 3.3.2. Age distribution ................................................................................................................. 37 3.3.3. Education attainment ........................................................................................................ 40 3.3.4. Labour
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