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An Experimental Study on the Sources of Strontium in Mineral Water and General Rules of Its Dissolution—A Case Study of Chengde, Hebei

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An Experimental Study on the Sources of Strontium in Mineral Water and General Rules of Its Dissolution—A Case Study of Chengde, Hebei water Article An Experimental Study on the Sources of Strontium in Mineral Water and General Rules of Its Dissolution—A Case Study of Chengde, Hebei Ruifeng Wang 1,2, Xiong Wu 1,*, Yanliang Zhai 2, Yuxuan Su 1 and Chenhui Liu 2 1 School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; [email protected] (R.W.); [email protected] (Y.S.) 2 The 4th Geological Team of Hebei Geology and Mining Bureau, Chengde 067000, China; [email protected] (Y.Z.); [email protected] (C.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-010-8232-2322 Abstract: Chengde City boasts a wealth of high-quality mineral water resources characterized by a high level of strontium (Sr), a low level of sodium, and low alkalinity. In order to study the mechanism of formation of Sr-bearing mineral water in Chengde and to scientifically guide future mineral water exploration, taking three typical mineral water exploration areas in Chengde as examples, this paper studies the sources of Sr in mineral water and the general rules of its dissolution via a laboratory static leaching experiment and impact experiments, and it provides an analysis of the characteristics of typical rock samples. The research results indicate that the content of Sr in surrounding rock and the characteristics of minerals existing in surrounding rock jointly control the dissolution of Sr in water; that CO2 can promote the formation of mineral water containing Sr; and that temperature increases may boost the dissolution of Sr from carbonate minerals but also inhibit the dissolution of Citation: Wang, R.; Wu, X.; Zhai, Y.; Sr from silicate minerals. Su, Y.; Liu, C. An Experimental Study on the Sources of Strontium in Keywords: Sr mineral water; experimental simulation; material source; general rules of dissolution Mineral Water and General Rules of Its Dissolution—A Case Study of Chengde, Hebei. Water 2021, 13, 699. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13050699 1. Introduction Academic Editor: Located in the northeast of Hebei Province and the transitional zone between north Stanislav Franˇciškovi´c-Bilinski China and northeast China, Chengde City is an important region connecting Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Liaoning, and Inner Mongolia, having a unique geographical advantage as a city Received: 15 January 2021 connecting five provinces (Figure1). In addition, Chengde City boasts a wealth of high- Accepted: 3 March 2021 quality mineral water resources characterized by a high level of Sr, a low level of sodium, Published: 5 March 2021 and low alkalinity. Relevant studies show that the water is rich in drinking water and can promote blood vessel softening and improve human metabolism; low sodium can prevent Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral cardiovascular disease; and weak alkaline water combines with body fluids to form alkaline with regard to jurisdictional claims in compounds in the body, which plays a vital role in maintaining the acid–base balance of published maps and institutional affil- human blood [1,2]. To give full play to the advantages of natural mineral water resources iations. in Chengde in terms of geographical location and quality, vigorously develop aquaculture, and inject new impetus into the local economy, the local government has led the exploration of mineral water in the whole region in recent years, and some achievements have been made. At the same time, some problems have arisen during mineral water exploration, Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. such as a lack of theoretical research on the origin of mineral water for scientific guidance Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. on mineral water exploration, resulting in blindness of mineral water exploration and even This article is an open access article some cases of exploration failure, hence greatly reducing the use efficiency of state-owned distributed under the terms and funds earmarked for exploration. conditions of the Creative Commons According to the data of Chengde natural resources and Planning Bureau, the proven Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// mineral water reserves in Chengde area are 9 million tons per year, and the prospective creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ resources are 32 million tons per year. At present, 45 mineral water exploration projects 4.0/). Water 2021, 13, 699. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13050699 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/water Water 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 15 Water 2021, 13, 699 proven mineral water reserves in Chengde area are 9 million tons per year, and the 2pro- of 15 spective resources are 32 million tons per year. At present, 45 mineral water exploration projects have been carried out in Chengde area. Among them, 24 water sources are Sr-bearing mineral water. It can be observed that Sr-bearing mineral water is the main have been carried out in Chengde area. Among them, 24 water sources are Sr-bearing type of mineral water in this area. From the spatial distribution analysis, Sr-bearing mineral water. It can be observed that Sr-bearing mineral water is the main type of mineral mineral water source areas are mainly distributed in the central and southeast of water in this area. From the spatial distribution analysis, Sr-bearing mineral water source Chengde, namely the Longhua–Chengde–Kuancheng area. From the analysis of for- areas are mainly distributed in the central and southeast of Chengde, namely the Longhua– mation lithology, Sr-bearing mineral water is mainly produced in Jurassic, Cretaceous Chengde–Kuancheng area. From the analysis of formation lithology, Sr-bearing mineral strata,water and is mainly Archaean produced old strata. in Jurassic, From Cretaceousthe point of strata, view andof the Archaean three major old strata.rock types, From therethe point are 11 of aquifers view of with the magmatic three major rocks, rock 9 types,aquifers there with are metamorphic 11 aquifers rocks, with magmaticand 4 aq- uifersrocks, with 9 aquifers sedimentary with metamorphic rocks. The hydrochemical rocks, and 4 aquiferstypes of withSr-bearing sedimentary mineral rocks. water The in Chengde area are mainly HCO3-Ca type, HCO3·SO4-Ca type, and SO4·HCO3-Ca type, hydrochemical types of Sr-bearing mineral water in Chengde area are mainly HCO3-Ca accounting for 32%, 22%, and 18%, respectively. According to the existing research data, type, HCO3·SO4-Ca type, and SO4·HCO3-Ca type, accounting for 32%, 22%, and 18%, Srrespectively. in nature is Accordingmainly distribute to the existingd in the researchform of isomorphism data, Sr in nature coexisting is mainly in potash distributed feld- spar,in the anorthite form of (plagioclase), isomorphism calcite, coexisting dolomite, in potash and feldspar, other minerals, anorthite and (plagioclase), the source of calcite, Sr in mineraldolomite, water and is othermainly minerals, the Sr released and the by source the above of Sr minerals in mineral in the water process is mainly of hydroly- the Sr sis.released In order by theto bett aboveer guide minerals the infuture the processmineral of water hydrolysis. exploration In order in the to betterChengde guide area, the fromfuture the mineral perspective water of exploration grasping inthe the main Chengde contradiction, area, from we the chose perspective to study of the grasping Sr in mineralthe main water. contradiction, Therefore, we to chosemake toup study for the the lack Sr inof mineraltheoretical water. research Therefore, on the to origin make of up mineralfor the lackwater of and theoretical scientifically research guide on the mineral origin water of mineral exploration water andin Chengde, scientifically from guide the perspectivemineral water of laboratory exploration experiment, in Chengde, we from studied the perspective the sources of of laboratory Sr in mineral experiment, water and we generalstudied rules the sources of its dissolution, of Sr in mineral which water is of andgreat general significance rules of to its the dissolution, enhancement which of the- is of oretigreatcal significance research on to the the causes enhancement of formation of theoretical of mineral research water, on guidance the causes on of formationmineral ex- of ploration,mineral water, and reduction guidance in on risks mineral associated exploration, with anduse of reduction state-owned in risks funds associated earmarked with for use exploration.of state-owned funds earmarked for exploration. Figure 1. Locations of the study areas. Figure 1. Locations of the study areas. Some scholars have studied mineral water from different perspectives. For instance, NebojšaSome Ð. scholars Panteli´cet have al. studied assessed miner qualityal water of spa from mineral different water perspectives. from VrnjaˇckaBanja, For instance, Serbia Nebojšafrom geochemical, Đ. Pantelić bacteriological, et al. assessed and quality health of risk spa aspects mineral [3 ];water Olivera from Kruni´cet Vrnjačka al. studiedBanja, Serbiathe hydrogeological from geochemical, conditions bacteriological, for the occurrence and health of risk magnesium-rich aspects [3]; Olivera mineral Krunić waters et al. in studiedSerbia andthe theirhydrogeologic physiologicalal conditions significance for [4the]; Suzan occurrence Pasvano˘glusystematically of magnesium-rich mineral studied watershydrogeochemistry in Serbia and of their mineralized physiological waters significance in eastern Turkey [4]; Suzan [5]; M. Pasvanoğlu M. Corral et systemati- al. studied callyhydrogeochemical studied hydrogeochemistry areas as background of mineralized for specific waters mineral in waters eastern of Spain Turkey [6].
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