IPP 486

Public Disclosure Authorized New Construction Project of Jilin- Hunchun Railway

Public Disclosure Authorized Social Assessment &

Minority Development Plan Public Disclosure Authorized

Prepared by: Western Development and Research Center of Minzu University of China Chinese Minorities Research Center, Minzu University of China

Beijing · February 2011 Public Disclosure Authorized CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT ...... 4

1. TASKS, INVESTIGATION METHODS AND PROCESS ...... 8

1.1 TASKS AND BASIS ...... 8 1.1.1 Tasks...... 8 1.1.2 Basis...... 8 1.2 COMPETENCE IN ASSESSMENT ...... 9 1.3 INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCESS ...... 12 1.3.1 Location selection and methods of typical-case investigation...... 12 1.3.2 Ethnic Minority Screening...... 29 1.3.3 Supplementary Investigation...... 30 1.3.4 Additional Remarks to the Investigation & Acknowledgement ...... 30

2. SCREENING AND RELATED POLICY REVIEW OF MINORITY ...... 32

2.1 OBJECTIVES AND NECESSITIES OF MINORITY SCREENING ...... 32 2.2 APPROACHES, PROCEDURE AND BASIC CONCLUSION OF SCREENING...... 32 2.3 IDENTIFICATION AND MEANING OF MINORITY ALONG THE LINE IN THIS PROJECT...... 38 2.3.1 Identification of Chinese Nationalities and Meaning of “Minority” ...... 38 2.3.2 Identification of Ethnic Groups along the Line of the Project and the Meaning of “Minorities” ...... 39 2.4 POLICIES AND REGULATIONS TOWARDS CHINESE NATIONALITIES ...... 40 2.5 DEFINITION OF “MINORITIES” IN THE POLICIES OF THE WORLD BANK...... 41 2.6 COMPARISON OF “MINORITY” UNDER TWO DIFFERENT POLICY FRAMEWORKS OF CHINA AND THE WORLD BANK...... 42 2.7 CONCLUSION ...... 44

3. LAND SYSTEM...... 46

3.1 BASIC STATE LAND SYSTEM ...... 46 3.2 RURAL LAND SYSTEM...... 48 3.3 LAND SYSTEM IN THE PROJECT AREA ...... 49 3.4 CONCLUSION ...... 50

4. MINORITY ...... 51

4.1 GENERAL SITUATION OF MINORITY...... 51 4.1.1 General Situation of Minority in Jilin Province...... 51 4.1.2 General Situation of Minority along the Line of Project...... 51 4.2 RURAL RESOURCES CONDITION AND LIVELIHOOD MEANS OF RESIDENTS IN PROJECT AREA.....52 4.2.1 General Resources Situation ...... 52 4.2.2 General Situation of Resources along the Line of the Project ...... 53 4.3 LIVELIHOOD MEANS OF RESIDENTS ALONG THE LINE OF THE PROJECT...... 54 4.4 SOCIAL CULTURE AND LIVELIHOOD OF KOREAN NATIONALITY...... 56 4.4.1 General Situation of Korean Nationality ...... 56 4.4.2 Livelihood Means of Korean Nationality in the Project Area...... 58 4.5 NATIONAL RELATION AND INTER-NATIONALITY RELATION COMPARISON IN THE PROJECT AREA59 4.6 THE GUARANTEE OF THE RIGHT OF PARTICIPATION AND KNOW OF MINORITY IN THE PROJECT

1 AREA ...... 60 4.7 CONCLUSION ...... 61

5. POVERTY AND SOCIAL GENDER...... 62

5.1 POVERTY SITUATION IN THE PROJECT AREA ...... 62 5.1.1 General situation...... 62 5.1.2 Reasons for Poverty and Salvation Methods ...... 64 5.2 RELEVANCE OF POVERTY-STRICKEN NATIONALITIES ...... 64 5.3 WOMEN ...... 65 5.3.1 Quality of Women and Tradition Labour Division...... 65 5.3.2 The Project and Women ...... 65 5.4 CONCLUSION ...... 66

6. PROJECT IMPACT AND RESIDENTS ATTITUDE IN THE PROJECT AREA...... 67

6.1 RESIDENT’S ATTITUDE SURVEY AND SUPPORT SHOW ...... 67 6.2 ATTITUDE OF VILLAGE RESIDENTS OF MINORITIES...... 69 6.3 JUDGMENT OF RESIDENTS ON PROJECT BENEFIT...... 73 6.4 JUDGMENT OF RESIDENTS ON NEGATIVE IMPACT OF THE PROJECT ...... 74 6.5 ANALYSIS ON INTERRACIAL EFFECT OF PROJECT IMPACT ...... 76 6.6 SPECIFIC COMMENTS AND SUGGESTION RAISED BY THE RESIDENTS ON THE PROJECT ...... 77 6.7 SUGGESTION OF THE CONSIGNEE ...... 78 6.7.1 Concerning Land Expropriation Compensation...... 78 6.7.2 Concerning Demolition and Resettlement...... 78 6.7.3 Concerning Construction Design ...... 79 6.7.4 Concerning Project Construction ...... 79 6.7.5 Other Suggestions Benefit the Residents in the Project Area...... 80 6.7.6 A Number of Specific Suggestions Concerning the Residents of Korean Nationality in the Project...... 80 6.7.7 Concerning Guarantee of the Right to Know of the Residents in the Project ...... 81 6.8 CONCLUSION ...... 81

7. STAKEHOLDERS...... 83

7.1 IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECT-RELATED GROUPS...... 83 7.2 STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS ...... 83 7.2.1 Ministry of Railways...... 83 7.2.2 Construction Headquarter of Ji-Tu-hun Railway Passenger Special Line...... 83 7.2.3 Jilin Provincial Government...... 84 7.2.4 City, County, Districts and Township Governments along the Line ...... 85 7.2.5 World Bank...... 86 7.2.6 Residents of Project Area...... 86 7.2.7 Construction Party...... 88 7.3 CONCLUSION ...... 89

8. DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR MINORITY...... 90

8.1 OBJECTS AND APPLICABLE SCOPE ...... 90 8.2 OVERVIEW OF TARGETED COMMUNITIES ...... 90 8.2.1 Xintun Village in Henan Street in Jiaohe City ...... 90

2 8.2.2 Xianfeng Village in Henan Street in Jiaohe City...... 92 8.2.3 Main Features of Targeted Communities...... 93 8.3 INFLUENCE OF PROJECT AND REQUIREMENTS OF RESIDENTS ...... 95 8.4 DETAILS OF THE DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR MINORITY ...... 96 8.5 SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR MINORITYERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED

9. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS...... 99

9.1 PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE AND PARTICIPATION AND RESIDENT SUPPORT ...... 100 9.2 REPRESENTATION OF MINORITY POLICY (OP4.10) ...... 100 9.3 RAP FORMULATED IN THE PROJECT IS APPLICABLE TO KOREAN NATIONALITY AND MANCHU NATIONALITY ...... 101 9.4 SPECIAL EXPLANATION ABOUT THE LANGUAGE...... 101

3 Abstract

Ji-Tu-Hun Passenger Dedicated Line is a top-class railway line financed by the loans provided by the World Bank, invested and constructed under the joint efforts of the Ministry of Railway of China and the People’s Government of Jilin Province. The project is located in Jilin Province, extends from Jilin City in the west to the Hunchun City, Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in the east, passes through Fengman District and Longtan District and Jiaohe City which are under the jurisdiction of Jilin City as well as Dunhua City, Antu County, Yanji City, Longjing City, Tumen City and Hunchun City which under the jurisdiction of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture. According to the field investigation and survey carried out by the survey and design institute, the resettlement action plan execution team as well as social impact assessment team, it has been confirmed that the project’s path runs through 2 cities/prefectures, 10 counties/cities/districts, 30 townships (streets) and 106 villages/communities (please refer to Annex 1 of Resettlement Action Plan for the names of all villages along the project’s line as well as the names of the counties/cities and townships that have jurisdiction over such villages). The trunk under new construction has a total length of 359.684 kilometers, in which subgrade length accounts for 34.48% of trunk length, tunnel length accounts for 44.3% of trunk length, bridge and culvert length accounts for 21.22% of trunk length.

Jilin province is inhabited by multiple minorities. Its resident population comprises 49 nationalities, in which the total population of minorities is 2.4534 million, accounts for 9.15% of the province’s gross population; there are five indigenous minorities i.e. Korean, Manchu nationality, Mongolian nationality, Hui nationality and Xibo nationality that accounts for 99.03% of the province’s minority population. Jilin City has 34 minorities such as Manchu nationality, Korean, Hui nationality, Mongolian nationality and Xibo nationalities, the population of which is 433,400 and accounts for 9.66% of the city’s gross population. Minorities with a population over 10,000 include Manchu nationality, Korean nationality and Hui nationality. Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture has 25 minorities and a gross population of 2,209,646 (according to China’s Fifth National Population Census), in which the population of minorities accounts for 39.31%. The population of Korean is 801,210, accounts for 36.26%; the population of Manchu nationality is 56,976, accounts for 2.58%; the population of Hui nationalitiy is 6,732, accounts for 0.31%; the population of Mongolian nationality is 2,631, accounts for 0.12%. In order to better protect the interests of the minorities resident in the project area, and as required by the applicable policies stipulated by the World Bank, the project’s investment party entrusted the science research team from the Minzu University of China to carry out the project’s social impact assessment and investigation that mainly targets the minorities along the project area line.

Under the assistance and cooperation of the project’s design institute, various local government authorities concerned, and especially the county/municipal development and reform bureaus, township governments along the project area that preside over the project’s coordination in early stage as well as the county/municipal departments of ethnic & religious affairs that preside over various minority related work, the preparation and execution team responsible for such social assessment reports (hereinafter “the consignee”) has screened and verified the status of the

4 minorities in the project area: within the 5 kilometers wide belt along both sides of the project line, there are 29 towns (streets) and 242 villages concerned, and the gross population of the villages in this 10 kilometers wide belt approximated 173,500 at the end of 2010, including 38,641 minority residents account for 22.28% of gross population; among such minorities, Korean, Manchu nationality and Hui nationality are indigenous minorities, while the population of Korean is 34,926, accounts for 90.39% of the gross population of minorities; the population of Manchu nationality is 3,026, accounts for 7.83% of the gross population of minorities; the population of Hui nationality is 560, accounts for 1.45% of the gross population of minorities; and the population of other minorities residents is 210, which have been registered as local residents within the recent twenty years through the movement of population and inter-ethnic marriage, accounts for 0.54% of the gross population of minorities.

The distribution of the Hui nationality Minority is concentrated in the Changyi Village in Jiangnan Town and the Hui nationality Minority Village in Dashitou Town, Dunhua, the population of the aforementioned Hui nationality Minority is 111 in Changyi Village and 380 in Hui nationality Minority Village. Those Hui nationality residents live together with the Han people, while also form small clusters around mosques. In rare cases, some Hui nationality residents are dispersed into 20 villages through inter-ethnic marriage, from one to several residents per village. Changyi Village is 2 kilometers from site line, while Hui nationality Minority Village is 3.2 kilometers from the site line, both will not be impacted by the project’s land expropriation and demolition according to the project’s survey and design institute and the preparation team of migration resettlement program, their public cemetery will not be impacted by the project’s construction, and yet they will benefit from the convenience and opportunities to be brought by handy railway and safe traffic. Since those Hui nationality residents indicate no obvious distinction to local Han residents in respect of language, culture, production, social structure, etc. except for their religious belief in Islam and some unique living customs related thereof, also share equivalent living condition, economic position and educational level with Han residents, and hence there will not be any direct adverse influence on them due to the project. Therefore, they were not included in the social impact assessment as target group, also it is not recommended to establish any minority development plan for the aforementioned Hui residents.

Manchu nationality, Han nationality and Korean nationality live together in 109 villages within the investigated area, while population ranges from 1 to several hundred, in which six villages have a population of Manchu nationality residents over 100. A small number of farmers are vulnerable to the adverse influence of the project’s land expropriation and demolition. Manchu nationality residents have lived together with local Han nationality and Korean nationality residents in same clusters over the years rather than formed their own ethnic clusters. Those Manchu nationality residents have been fully blended into local Han nationality people. Although they have clear ethnic consciousness, they use Chinese rather than their ethnic language. In addition, they have no unique production or living customs, and also have no natural resources on which they are dependent. Since they have production/living condition, social structure, culture features and educational level equivalent to local Han nationality residents, it is not recommended to apply the World Bank’s operational policies (OP4.10) for minorities. It is not recommended to formulate any minority

5 development plan for those Manchu nationality residents. With respect to those Manchu nationality residents vulnerable to the project’s impact such as demolition, it is recommended to have them included in r resettlement action plan directly.

Korean nationality is the major minority along the project area. Except for the downtown area of Jilin and Dunhua where the population of Korean nationality is relatively small along the line, some villages in Jiaohe City and most villages in other counties/cities of Yanbian Prefecture have Korean nationality residents live separately in small clusters or live together with Han nationality and Manchu nationality residents. Such Korean nationality residents have reserved and used their own language and letters over the years, but also used Chinese as their second language as well. They also have distinct ethnic features of festivals as well as certain ethnic characteristics of their production and life styles. However, Korean nationality is a minority entitled with regional autonomy in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, and hence plays a leading role in politics, economy, culture and social activities. Therefore, they are identified as “minority” but not a “vulnerable group” in local politics, economy, society and culture, and hence it is not recommended to list the Korean nationality residents in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture as an applicable target of the World Bank’s operational policies (OP4.10) for minorities. However, the aforementioned operational procedures should be applicable to those Korean nationality residents which are dispersed in Jiaohe City. The report hereof aims to establish minority development plans for such Korean nationality residents accordingly, especially those concentrate in Xianfeng Village and Xintun Village on Henan Street, Jiaohe City.

Based on an overall review of China’s current policies concerning the interests of minorities as well as relevant policies and legal systems established for “minorities” by all levels of government in project region, the consignee came to the following conclusion: the World Bank’s policies are aimed to protect the interests of the minorities within the project area, increase the project’s benefits for the minorities, and moderate or eliminate the project’s adverse influence on the minorities, while such policies share substantially the same spirit with China’s current policies, laws, regulations and other systems that aim to protect the interests of minorities. In the meantime, the project’s investment and construction party comprises the Ministry of Railway of China and local governments, including all levels of government in the autonomous regions of minorities, who are empowered to preserve, implement and consummate China’s ethnic policies and regulations, and obligated to supervise the project’s interested parties in respect of their compliance with China’s ethnic policies and regulations. Judging by the performance of all levels of government in the project area with respect to various national policies and regulations in previous projects, it’s safe to claim that all levels of government and relevant authorities are trustworthy. As for this project, the design philosophy adopted by project design is to give priority to tunnels and bridges, and hence to protect the farmland crucial to various ethnic residents in the project area to the maximum extend, to reduce the damage and impact brought by railway to the cities and towns it passes through, hence to give best consideration to the immediate interests of all minority residents along the line to technically practicable extend, and to demonstrate the human-oriented design philosophy, thus it has been well accredited the minority residents and all levels of local government along the line; all levels of government along the line of project area unveiled a series of policies and measures

6 aiming to promote employment opportunities, provide farmers who lost entire or partial farmland with life guarantee, provide poverty farmers with basic cost of living allowances, assure medical care to farmers, promote the adjustment of industrial structure in countryside, and income increase for farmers, all of which can be described as the tangible efforts made by various levels of government to attend and secure people’s livelihood. Therefore, it is positive that the project demonstrates the will of all levels of government to protect and promote the interests of the minority residents within project area in respect of its technical design and system planning, and hence it is consistent with the objective of the World Bank’s social policies.

The execution team has enquired the minority residents in the project area about project design, project impact, right to information/participation, desires and demands, etc., while the results indicate a support rate over 90%. Their concerns are mostly concentrated on the standards of land expropriation compensation and resettlement conditions, meanwhile they have confidence in the appealing channels and capabilities with respect to protecting their own interests; judging by the experience obtained from previous projects, residents of each minority in the project area have fully accessible channels to acquire information and appeal, they also have effective measures to communicate with the constructor and the designer. Moreover, all those negotiation, appealing and participation systems as well as monitoring and evaluation procedures will further secure the interests of various minorities in the project area (please refer to Chapter IX and X of Resettlement Action Plan).

7 1. Tasks, Investigation Methods and Process 1.1 Tasks and Basis 1.1.1 Tasks

At the beginning of August 2010, as requested by the Foreign Capital & Technical Import Center of the Ministry of Railway and the World Bank, China Railway Engineering Consultation Group (hereinafter “the Consignor”) confirmed through recommendations from informative persons and qualification check to entrust Professor JIA Zhongyi - deputy director of the Western Development and Research Center of the Minzu University of China with organizing an qualified academic group (hereinafter “the Consignee”) and executing a social impact assessment for the project.

Through negotiation with each other and consultation with relevant experts from the World Bank, the aforementioned parties confirmed that the consignee shall assume responsibility in the following tasks: a) According to the World Bank’s operational policies OP4.10 and its attachments, a screening investigation shall be carried out within the five kilometers wide belts at the both sides of Ji-Tu-Hun Railway Project’s line so as to confirm the actual distribution of minorities within the project area; b) A field investigation to get acquainted with the economic and social development status as well as social and cultural features of the minorities along the line, also their possible vulnerability in politics, economics, culture and society; to adequately enquire minority residents along the line about their opinions and suggestions with respect to project design and resettlement; to analyze the project’s potential positive/negative influence on minorities in consideration of the project’s nature and characteristics, and to bring up countermeasures to moderate or indemnify such adverse influence; c) To identify whether the minorities within the project area should be qualified as the “minority” defined in the operational policies OP4.10 by the World Bank, also to bring up definite opinions and proposals concerning whether it’s necessary to draft Minority Development Plan for the minorities within the project area; d) To analyze the suitability of relevant resettlement action plans (RAP); e) To prepare the Social Assessment Report for the New Construction Project of Ji-Tu-Hui Railway in Chinese version and English version as satisfactory to the World Bank’s project evaluation requirements; assist the Consignor in preparing the Minority Development Plan for the New Construction Project of Ji-Tu-Hun Railway in Chinese version and English version, if necessary; f) To carry out field investigation from time to time and complete Social Assessment Report for the project in a timely manner in coordination with the progress of the project’s preparatory phase (including Minority Development Plan, if necessary). The term of the aforementioned tasks is from the beginning of August 2010 to the end of November 2010. 1.1.2 Basis

8 The social assessment as well as the paperwork thereof are primarily based on the following references: a) All relevant policies and regulations established by Central Committee, Jilin Province and local governments with respect to the protection of the interests of minorities, the development and utilization of land resources as well as the construction of essential infrastructure projects; b) Security assurance policies stipulated by the World Bank, especially the operational procedures for minorities (OP4.10); c) The Feasibility Study (FS) rendered by the consignor, and adequate reference to the Project’s Resettlement Action Plan (January 2011 revision); d) Statistical yearbooks with respect to local economic and social development rendered by local governments and competent authorities along the line; e) Feasibility study reports, work summaries and development rendered by local governments and competent authorities, including certain research findings from experts and scholars; f) Electronic documents of policies and regulations, government work reports, development plans and essential information of local circumstances made public on the websites of the governments along the line.

Moreover, it also includes certain firsthand knowledge acquired by the consignee through various forums and door-by-door visit in field investigation. 1.2 Competence in Assessment

The setup and qualification of the consignee’s personnel are as follows:

(I) Project superintendent and leading experts

Zhang Haiyang, the Consignee’s consultant on the project’s social assessment, male, Han nationality, professor, doctor of ethnology, director of the Western Development Research Center of the Minzu University of China, director of the Chinese Minorities Research Center, primary research fields include theories, methods and applications of ethnology.

Advisory consultants: Huang Youfu, Korean nationality, professor of ethnology of the Faculty of Sociology of the Minzu University of China, expert of history and culture research on Korean nationality in Northeast China; Piao Chengquan, doctor of anthropology, Korean nationality in Yanbian, Jilin, associate professor of the Department of Korean Language and Culture of the Minzu University of China; Piao Guangxing, doctor of Anthropology, Korean nationality, associate professor of the Faculty of Ethnology and Sociology of the Minzu University of China, expert of transnational movement of population in Northeast Asia; GUAN Kai, Manchu nationality nationality, citizen of Jilin, doctor of anthropology, associate professor of the Faculty of Ethnology and Sociology of the Minzu University of China.

Project superintendent: Jia Zhongyi, male, Miao nationality in Guangxi, associate professor, doctor of ethnology, deputy director the Western Development Research Center of the Minzu University of

9 China, primary research fields include history and culture of Chinese minorities and community relations.

Project superintendent has abundant experience in fundamental and applied researches, also more than ten years of experience in project survey in the areas inhabited by minorities in China’s western region, has presided over or participated in the social assessment of reservoir, watershed management and railway projects for many times, including 4 completed projects financed by World Bank loans. The superintendent is also familiar with China’s applicable policies and regulations as well as the World Bank’s polices and job specifications, and familiar with Chinese minorities and the areas inhabited by minorities. Relevant research projects completed by him in the most recent five years are as follows: a) Minority Development Plan for the Water and Soil Reservation Project of the Upstream of Changjiang River/Zhujiang River financed by World Bank loans (2004/05-2005/03); b) Culture Preservation and Developmental Research for Chinese Minorities (2006/07-08) c) Social assessment and minority development plan for the Guiyang-Guangzhou Railway Project financed by World Bank loans (2007/05-2008/12); d) Social assessment and minority development plan preparation for the flood control and watershed management project of Xining, Qinghai financed by World Bank loans (07/11-09/01); e) Study on the resettlement compensation and allowance system for hydroelectric projects in areas inhabited by Chinese minorities (2008/04-2008/11); f) Social assessment for the Nanning-Guangzhou railway project financed by World Bank loans (2008/09 - 2009/10), etc.

(II) Members of project team

Zhao Jianli: female, Miao nationality in Hunan, associate professor of China Agricultural University, expert on rural social security issues, has performed project survey for many rural issues in Guangxi, Hunan, Yunnan and other regions, also a cooperative expert in the Social Assessment for the New Construction Project of Nanning-Guangzhou Railway.

Hu Yingzi: female, Zhuang nationality in Guangxi, PhD candidate majored in sociology of the Minzu University of China, has work experience in several NGOs, also participated in the survey and research on the Social Assessment for the New Construction Project of Nanning-Guangzhou Railway.

Zhang Mingxin: male, Han nationality, PhD in Literature of Osaka University, associate professor of archeology of the Minzu University of China, deputy director of the Discipline Planning Office of the Minzu University of China.

Zhang Wei: female, Han nationality, teacher of the Department of Sociology of Beihua University (Jilin province), PhD candidate of the Faculty of Ethnology and Sociology of the Minzu University of China, has performed field survey in Guangxi as well as other regions.

10 Wei Guomin: male, Hui nationality, PhD candidate of economics of the Minzu University of China.

Jia Zhen: female, Miao nationality in Guangxi, undergraduate majored in history at Xinyang Teachers’ College, has participated in investigations of Miao, Dong, Zhuang and Yao villages in Guangxi, also has participated in the field survey for the Social Assessment for the New Construction Project of Nanning-Guangzhou Railway

(III) Features of the team

The configuration of the execution team emphasizes the following considerations:

The first consideration is diversified discipline structure. Most members of the team have academic background in ethnology or sociology, and yet some members have academic background in history and economics so as to eliminate any blind spot that can be possibly caused by a single discipline.

The second consideration goes to the capability in approaching vulnerable groups. Four female members are included in the team to have better communications with women, senior citizens and teenagers. During various forums and especially those door-by-door visits, their amicable personal image and satisfactory academic accomplishment had been put into a good play, which increased the affinity and acceptability of the entire and hence made the investigation effective.

The third consideration is abundant experience in similar projects. Not only the project’s superintendent has abundant experience in similar projects, other members also have participated in field survey for many times and therefore have satisfactory skills in understanding the project’s intention and have proficiency in survey tools.

The fourth consideration is that some members or advisory consultants are familiar with local languages and culture, including the status of local minorities. Most minority residents along the line are Korean nationality, which means they speak Korean in daily in-group conversations, but they also demonstrate satisfactory skills in Chinese language and characters as a result of well- developed school education. During the investigation, there has been any real challenge of language except for a small number of elderly women may use a little translation aid from village officials. As for the colleagues in Korean nationality from the Minzu University of China, they have provided the team with detailed counseling service in folk cultures both before and after the survey, thanks for which the team went through inter-culture communication very smoothly.

(IV) Division of labor a) Jia Zhongyi and Zhao Jianli took charge of designing survey and research approaches and preparing survey tools, which were reviewed by Professor Zhang Haiyang; b) Jia Zhongyi and Zhao Jianli jointly took charge of the team’s training, while professor Huang Youfu, Piao Guangxing and doctor Piao Chengquan from the Faculty of Ethnology and Sociology were invited as advisory consultants to provide the team with counseling service in culture; c) Jia Zhongyi and Zhao Jianli jointly took charge of leading the team to perform field investigation, Jia Zhongyi and Zhang Mingxin particularly took charge of arranging various forums, Zhao Jianli particularly took charge of guiding door-by-door visits, while postgraduate students

11 assisted in collection of references and information, photography and video recording, forum minutes, door-by-door visit and questionnaire survey; d) Jia Zhongyi and Zhao Jianli took charge of the preparation of research papers, while postgraduate students assisted in data processing and statistical analysis; e) Professor Zhang Haiyang took care of the writing guidance and quality assurance of the Chinese version and English version of research papers. 1.3 Investigation and Research Methods and Process

During the investigation and research process, the consignee mostly used the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) method. According to the holism theories and comparative study criteria in anthropology and sociology, the method of field investigation had been carried out to collect information, namely using participatory observation, discussion with resident representatives, sampling inquiry of typical-case villages and all kinds of farmers and so on to collect first-hand information, and using a reference list to collect local literatures and statistics. In the meantime, certain research methods of historical documents and analytical methods of policies and regulations had been adopted to reinforce the study’s depth and extent.

According to the progress of the Ji-Tu-Hun Passenger Dedicated Line Project, the consignee had carried out three field investigations respectively in August 2010, January 2011 and February 2011, in which the investigation carried out in August 2010 is an investigation on typical-case communities; the investigation carried out in January 2011 is an extensive screening investigation on the minorities within the five kilometers belts at the each side of the line under the railway construction offices of each government responsible for the Ji-Tu-Hun Passenger Dedicated Line Project; and the investigation carried out in February 2011 is a supplementary investigation on the Korean nationality villages dispersed in Jiaohe City. 1.3.1 Location Selection and Methods of Typical-case Investigation

At the end of July 2010, the consignee accepted the investment party’s qualification review as well as the commission for preparing social impact assessment and minority development plan. Since the project’s site line was not confirmed at that moment, it was not possible to carry out an extensive screening investigation on the minorities within the five kilometers wide belts at the each side of the site line, therefore a typical-case community investigation had been carried out first so as to get acquainted with the economic, social and cultural features of the minority villages along the line as well as what kind of knowledge and support the minority residents along the line have towards the project. Through document study and consultation with relevant experts, minority service authorities in the project sites as well as the survey and design institute, the Consignee has understood the general information of the minorities in the project sites. The Consignee learned that: the indigenous minorities in the projects sites comprise Korean nationality, Manchu nationality and Hui nationality mostly; the Korean nationality residents in the project sites basically share the same pattern in livelihood as well as social and cultural features, most of them are concentrated in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture while a small number of them are dispersed in Jilin City;

12 Manchu nationality residents are scattered along the line without their own clusters, in most cases they live together with Han nationality residents and indicate high level of ethnic fusion; the number of Hui nationality residents is very low in the project sites and without their own clusters, they live together with Han nationality residents and indicate no obvious differences with local Han nationality residents and Manchu nationality residents except for their religious belief in Islam and some living customs related to the religion. Therefore, the Consignee came to the idea of a typical- case community investigation that considers Yanbian prefecture as the pivot of such field investigation, considers Korean villages as primary objective and yet covers Manchu nationality and Hui nationality. Under the assistance of all levels of government of Yanbian prefecture, and based on regional economic development level as well as the types and distribution of minority villages, it has been confirmed that Hunchun City, Tumen City, Yanji City and Antu County should be the places to carry out typical-case community investigation, and 9 villages has been selected to represent places inhabited by Korean nationality and places inhabited by Korean nationality and Manchu nationality or Han nationality together, meanwhile three kinds of field investigation have been carried out including informal discussion with villager representatives, door-by-door investigation and personal interview. Please refer to Figure 1-1 below for more details.

13 On Villager-Representative Symposiums in Typical-Case Villages

Measures Adopted County/ National Township/Town Community Time Representatives Family Individual Characteristics of Sample District Proportion Symposium Survey Interview A typical Korean village located in suburb of Woman 0 Cadre 6 High income 2 Hunchun, with workers Korean Cadre 2 Jingbian Aug. Villager 2 Middle income working abroad with high Jing’an Town nationality Morning Ethnic Village 6th Woman 3 3 income. Some of its 100% minority Young people 0 Low income 2 farmlands will be people 7 requisitioned for passing-by viaducts and tunnels. A village where people of Huanchun Korean nationality, Manchu City Han nationality and Han nationality Woman 1 nationality nationalities live Cadre 7 High income 4 16%, Manchu Cadre 3 together, with labor export Mijiang Mijiang Aug. Villager 15 Middle income nationality Afternoon Ethnic being the major income Township Village 5th Woman 9 5 4%, Korean minority source. Viaducts of the Ji- Young people 0 Low income 5 nationality people 10 Tu-Hun Railway fly over the 80% village’s farmlands; part of dry farmlands will be occupied. A village where viaducts of the Ji-Tu-Hun Railway flying Han Woman 0 over its farmlands, with the Cadre 4 High income 2 nationality Cadre 1 biggest area to be Tumen Nanda Aug. Villager 6 Middle income Liangshui Town 25%, Korean Morning Ethnic requisitioned among all City Village 7th Woman 3 5 nationality minority villages of the town, Young people 0 Low income 3 75% people 10 involving many farmers. There are a lot of workers working outside (abroad).

14 Measures Adopted County/ National Township/Town Community Time Representatives Family Individual Characteristics of Sample District Proportion Symposium Survey Interview Woman 1 Cadre 2 High income 1 Villages where farmlands Korean Cadre 1 Lifeng Villager 2 Middle income are dominated by dry ones. Yueqing Town nationality Afternoon Ethnic Village Woman 1 2 A lot of workers work 100% minority Young people 1 Low income 2 outside. people 4 A village located at the fringe of Yanji City, enjoying Korean Woman 0 favorable traffic and nationality Cadre 5 High income 3 Cadre 2 information facilities. Dacheng 90% Aug. Villager 5 Middle income Yilan Town Afternoon Ethnic Farmers make money Village Han 8th Woman 6 5 minority mainly from house renting nationality Young people 0 Low income 2 people 7 and labor export. The Ji-Tu- 10% Hun Railway passes by its Yanji City profitable vegetable fields. A village with 5 natural sub Korean Woman 1 areas involved in land nationality Cadre 3 High income 3 Cadre 2 requisition and about 100 Chaoyangchuan Guangshi 80% Aug. Villager 3 Middle income Morning Ethnic families to be relocated. A Town Village Han 9th Woman 1 4 minority railway station will be built nationality Young people 0 Low income 3 people 9 within its territory. 60% of 20% the farmers work outside. A village behind which the Korean Woman 0 Ji-Tu-Hun Railway passes nationality Cadre 3 High income 4 Cadre 2 by, with one family to be Antu Jingcheng 60% Aug. Villager 8 Middle income Shimen Town Morning Ethnic relocated. There are few Country Village Han 10th Woman 2 7 minority paddy fields, among which nationality Young people 0 Low income 2 people 5 those belong to 10 families 40% will be requisitioned.

15 Measures Adopted County/ National Township/Town Community Time Representatives Family Individual Characteristics of Sample District Proportion Symposium Survey Interview A village with few house Korean sites and diverse income nationality Woman 0 sources: planting, breeding, 30% Cadre 3 High income 2 Cadre 1 transportation and labor Chongshan Manchu Villager 4 Middle income Afternoon Ethnic export. Its appearance Village nationality 7% Woman 0 3 minority might be affected by about Han Young people 0 Low income 1 people 2 200m of rail-track of the Ji- nationality Tu-Hun Railway passing 63% through. A village near city, with vegetable growing, taxi Korean driving and labor service as Woman 2 nationality Cadre 2 High income 6 its major income sources. Cadre 2 35% Aug. Villager 11 Middle income As viaducts of the Ji-Tu-Hun Mingyue Town Hexi Village Morning Ethnic Han 11th Woman 5 7 Railway passes through it, minority nationality Young people 1 Low income 3 21 families need to be people 2 65% relocated, and part of vegetable fields will be requisitioned. 93 people took 91 families 7 villages 5 women, part in interviewed dominated by 16 cadres symposiums (35 (27 of high Korean and 56 cadres and 58 income, 41 of Subtotal 8 towns 9 villages nationality, 2 ethnic villagers, among middle villages of minority which there were income and multi- people 30 women and 2 23 of low nationalities interviewed young people) income) Date source: On-site investigation

16 As the above Table 1-1 indicates, of nine villages investigated, two feature Korean nationality, five have multiple nationalities with Korean nationality people dominate, two have multiple nationalities with Han nationality people dominate, and two are multi-nationality ones with Manchu nationality people among them. It basically reflects the distribution and layout of Minority along the line. 1.3.1.1 Patterns of Typical-Case Investigation

The consignee carried out investigations at two levels: typical-case village and the government. Village survey involves its layout and farmers; government research focuses on authorities at county/city level and villages and towns involved.

(I) Village investigation

The survey was carried out at two levels: the “village” (villager representative symposium and village baseline-data research) and the “family” (questionnaire at home and interview with the head of the household). The consignee, with understandings of basic information of all villages, comprehensively considering such factors as administrative division, pattern of livelihood, economic situation, national structure, to what degree and by what means to be affected as well as historical experiences, and referring to advices and suggestions from local cadres in the government who are in charge of the project and well understand those information along the line, chose the following nine villages for site investigation: the Jingbian Village, Ying’an Town and Mijiang Village, Mijiang Township (Hunchun City), the Nanda Village, Liangshui Town and Lifeng Village, Yueqing Town (Tumen City), the Dacheng Village, Yilan Town and Guangshi Village, Chaoyangchuan Town (Yanji City), and the Chongshan, Jingcheng Villages, Shimen Town and Hexi Village, Mingyue Town (Antu County).

The villager symposium, with village cadres, women, young people, old people, rural teachers and grand old men invited, focuses on understanding the village’s resources, pattern of livelihood, population, national structure, ethnic relations, social system, customs and folkways, economic situation, development direction, project design in the locality, residents’ knowledge about and attitude toward the project, experiences drawn from projects in the past, demands and suggestions for this project, etc.

Family survey adopts questionnaire at home and in-depth individual interview, with regard to the family structure, means of income, economic situation, ethnic background, gender, life experience, attitudes toward the project, etc. of the sample families and people interviewed.

(II) Investigation at government level

Symposium was adopted for the investigation, with heads of functional departments and authorities involved convened. They are: office of the county/city’s government, the development and reform bureau, the office of national (religious) affairs, the women’s federation and institutions of education, poverty relief, civil affairs, communications, agriculture, forestry, public security, etc. In addition, the investigation at the township/town level focuses on interview with local leaders in charge of local railway construction. Investigation at government level involves:

17 (1) Difficulties for the local government in carrying out railway construction and perform its territorial responsibilities;

(2) Relations between local development demands and plans and this project;

(3) The implementation of this project by the local government and progress made so far, including formulation of related laws and regulations, institutional construction, social publication and mobilization, also communication and negotiation with the designer and property owners;

(4) Experiences and lessons drawn from projects in the past, and countermeasures tailored for this project;

(5) Opinions and demands collected by the local government from villagers and ethnic minority people along the line; and

(6) Performances in assisting, according to the list of data collection provided by the consignee, collect relevant materials in laws and regulations, statistics and documents.

As Han nationality people dominates the Chang’an Town, Tumen City and the Xiaoying Town, Yanji City, the consignee carried out the investigation across four cities/counties and eight towns/townships. The Table 1-2 below shows the details.

18 Table 1-2 On Investigation along the Line

Material and Department investigated and Measure Time Site information Key information issue involved adopted obtained Li Jinwen (Korean Nationality), deputy director of the Yanbian Materials; Prefecture’s Development and the contact list; As the government paid great attention to the Reform Bureau, was Interview and project, the National Development and Reform Mornin Yanji interviewed and the National and data the assignment Commission (Bureau) was designated to take g City and Religious Affairs Bureau collecting of supportive job charge of coordination and liaison for the visited for the progression of to cities and moment. Aug. the project and how people are counties involved 4th informed The Hunchun section of the railway passes Consultation with the city’s through two towns, where there are ethnic minority Development and Reform The almanac and natives; As Hunchun dose not have railway, it is Afternoo Hunchun Bureau for the arrangement of Working visit ethnography of eager for this project and wishes an earlier n City department symposium the next Hunchun, etc. commencement; Those Hui nationality natives day living in the urban area won’t be obviously affected by the project.

19 Material and Department investigated and Measure Time Site information Key information issue involved adopted obtained

Heads of departments of Understanding of The project is welcomed; Expected Ji-Tu-Hun development and reform, local demand for railway line to transport both passengers and national and religious affairs, the project; goods; The railway station shall be designed civil affairs, women’s federation, Information of foresightedly with a larger capacity and area; For education, public security, ethnic minorities in native people of Korean, Han nationality, Manchu Mornin Hunchun poverty relief, agriculture, Symposium villages along the nationality and Hui nationalities, the former three g City communications, etc. were line; and shall be distributed near the site-line, while the interviewed for information on Written materials latter concentrated in urban areas; It is popular local economic development, provided by among people of Korean nationality to work national situation, project effect various outside China, with higher income than the local Aug. evaluation, etc. departments average. 5th The Mijiang section of the railway passes through Deputy township head Che the Mijiang Village by means of viaduct and tunnel; (Korean nationality) and deputy Basic facts of the It is a village where people of Korean, Manchu township head Wang (Han Symposium, township and the nationality and Han nationalities live together; nationality, female) of Mijiang Afternoo Mijiang questionnair village, as well as There are legacies of land acquisition for and Township government, cadres n Township e, interview, other information construction of expressway; The construction of from the Mijiang Village etc. that attracted the Ji-Tu-Hun railway is welcomed; Social committee and villager social comments evaluation and attention paid to residents’ opinions representatives were in association with the project have won interviewed appreciation.

20 Material and Department investigated and Measure Time Site information Key information issue involved adopted obtained The Ying’an section passes by seven villages, among which Jingbian Village and other four villages have residents of Korean nationality, the Deputy town head An (Korean Basic facts of the only ethnic minority, accounting for above 50% of nationality), deputy director Yu Symposium, town and the the population; There is a trend that tenants come of the Development and Reform Aug. Mornin Ying’an questionnair village, as well as from outside the village as a result of land Bureau, director and secretary 6th g Town e, interview, other information circulation are going to settle down; The residents of the Jingbian Village etc. that attracted welcomed the project and appreciated launching committee as well as villager social comments social comments; There are worries about railway representatives noises, low land expropriation compensation standards, delayed compensation, insecure life because of reduced land, etc.

21 Material and Department investigated and Measure Time Site information Key information issue involved adopted obtained A meeting hosted by the The Tumen section passes by two towns and Understanding of Development and Reform eleven villages, among which Nanda Village and local demand for Bureau, with heads of other six villages are dominated by Korean the project; departments of national and nationality, the only ethnic group; The project and Information of religious affairs, civil affairs, social comments are welcomed; A new railway ethnic minorities in Afternoo Tumen women’s federation, education, station is expected to built at the existing site; Land Symposium villages along the n City public security, poverty relief, expropriation and demolition has been limited to line; and agriculture, communications, the minimum extend by the project design; As Written materials etc. took part. Issues involved incidents of due-salary demanding by construction provided by were local economic workers because of wage arrear have happened, it various development, national situation, was suggested that strict management of project departments project effect evaluation, etc. contracting shall be carried out. Deputy director Li (Korean The Liangshui section passes by six villages, nationality) of the Development among which Nanda Village and other four villages and Reform Bureau, director Basic facts of the are dominated by Korean nationality, the only Guan (Manchu nationality) of Symposium, town and the ethnic group; This project requires land requisition Aug. Liangshui the agricultural economics questionnair village, as well as Morning but no resident relocation; Residents had 7th Town station, Liangshui Town, e, interview, other information complaints of unacceptable compensation from secretary Jin of Jinda village etc. that attracted expressway construction; They worried about committee and villager social comments insecure life because of reduced land; Expressed representatives were their support for the nation’s construction. interviewed

22 Material and Department investigated and Measure Time Site information Key information issue involved adopted obtained Deputy director Li of the The Yueqing section passes by three villages Development and Reform Basic facts of the basically dominated by Korean nationality, the only Bureau, deputy town head Lv, Symposium, town and the ethnic group; The construction mainly involves Afternoo Yueqing director Chen of the town questionnair village, as well as viaducts and tunnels within the territory, with few n Town government office, secretary Yin e, interview, other information lands to be requisitioned; Residents expressed of Lifeng Village and villager etc. that attracted their support for the nation’s major projects while representatives were social comments expected reasonable land expropriation interviewed compensation. The relation The Yanji section passes by three towns and between twelve villages, of which eleven are dominated by nationalities and Deputy director Li (Korean Korean nationality; In recent years, Yanji City Aug. the direction of the Morning Yanji City nationality) of the Development Interview witnessed accelerated expansion with rapid land 8th site-line, towns and Reform Bureau appreciation. Farmers demand relatively high and villages along compensation standard for land requisition and the line and the demolition, which became the focus of negotiation. construction

23 Material and Department investigated and Measure Time Site information Key information issue involved adopted obtained Director Li (Korean nationality) The Yilan section passes by four villages, among of the Development and Reform Basic facts of the which three are dominated by Korean nationality Bureau, town head Yin (Korean Symposium, town and the and three faced resident demolition; As Yilan Town Afternoo Yilan nationality) of the Yilan Town, questionnair village, as well as is located near urban areas with high land prices, n Town director Li (Korean nationality) e, interview, other information part of the residents demanded negotiations on of the Dacheng Village etc. that attracted compensation standard for land requisition and committee and villager social comments resident demolition before discussion of project representatives construction. The Chaoyangchuan section passes by seven villages, where Korean nationality accounts for Basic facts of the over 70% of the population; Town head Chi (Korean Symposium, town and the As recent years witnessed rapid construction and Chaoyan Aug. nationality), director Jin and questionnair village, as well as high land prices, residents expected a reasonable Morning gchuan 9th secretary Zhang of the e, interview, other information compensation standard; Town Guangshi village committee etc. that attracted As the railway station was planned to be built in social comments the Guangshi Village where farmers live in beautiful houses and favorable conditions, they were unwilling to move and be relocated.

24 Material and Department investigated and Measure Time Site information Key information issue involved adopted obtained The Tiantu section passes by two township and eight villages with a lot of Korean people; As site- The relation line of a few sections has not yet been determined, between Minority some farmers have been asked to stop building Deputy director Xu of the and the direction Afternoo Antu their house, which is likely to affect their moving-in Development and Reform Interview of the site-line, n Town on schedule. They hope the project be determined Bureau of Antu Town towns and villages early to facilitate their work plan; There is a great along the line and pressure in resident demolition task for this winter the construction and the next spring as there are a lot of residents near the town waiting for resettlement. The Shimen section passes by five villages, of Director Xu of the Development Basic facts of the which all have Korean nationality residents; The and Reform Bureau, director He Symposium, town and the railway passes through the Jingcheng Village at its (female) of the agricultural Aug. Shimen questionnair village, as well as back, where one household would face house Morning economics station of the town, 10th Town e, interview, other information demolition; Part of the farmers were reluctant to accountant Zhou of Jingcheng etc. that attracted leave their favorable farmlands, no matter how Village and villager social comments much, to be requisitioned; There were worries representatives about noises, dust and safety.

25 Material and Department investigated and Measure Time Site information Key information issue involved adopted obtained Chongshan Village is a place where people of Han, Korean and Manchu nationality nationalities Director Xu of the Development live together; About 200m subgrade of the Ji-Tu- and Reform Bureau, a cadre Hun Railway passes through the village, where Basic facts of the surnamed Xiaoxiao, who took Symposium, fifteen Han households would face house village, as well as Afternoo part in the site survey, deputy questionnair demolition and relocation, they worried about other information n town head Liu, director Wang e, interview, difficulties in getting a new site for house; The that attracted and secretary Wang of the etc. villagers worried that the construction of social comments Chongshan Village committee infrastructure and the appearance of the village and villager representatives would be affected; There were worries about traffic jam, potential dangers and pollution of noises and dust brought about by the railway construction. The Mingyue section passes by three villages, of which all have native Korean nationality residents; Town head Cao, director Lin of Basic facts of the The Ji-Tu-Hun railway cross over the Hexi Village Hexi village’s agricultural Symposium, town and the by means of viaduct, therefore residents worried Aug. Mingyue economics station, concurrently questionnair village, as well as about affected village appearance, noises and Morning 11th Town secretary of the village’s e, interview, other information other sudden accidents; Residents hoped to be committee, and villager etc. that attracted informed as soon as possible of the compensation representatives social comments standards for land requisition and demolition. Special consideration shall be made to relocate vegetable growers near their land.

26 Material and Department investigated and Measure Time Site information Key information issue involved adopted obtained Zhuang Huiguang, deputy Among a population of 480,000 in Dunhua City, director of the Development and It was confirmed only 5% are Korean people, in addition to fourteen Reform Bureau of Dunhua City, that in all villages other ethnic groups, including Hui nationality. They Sun Lingzhe (Korean along the are not located near the site-line; nationality), deputy director of recommended Afternoo Antu Telephone Among a population of 470,000 in Jiaohe City, the city’s national and religious route/site-line of n County interview about 40,000 are ethnic minority people including affairs bureau, and leaders from the Ji-Tu-Hun Manchu nationality, Korean and Hui nationality. the Development and Reform Railway, there is These Korean people live across the Wulin Korean Bureau and the national and no ethnic minority township far from the site-line, without significant religious affairs bureau of settlement direct impact of the project. Jiaohe City.

Date source: On-site investigation

27 1.3.1.2 General Operating Procedures

(I) Basic procedures for village investigation (1) Explain purposes of the investigation to cadres at town and village levels, let them assist in calling in villager representatives of such categories as cadres, farmers affected, families in high, middle and low income levels, women, grand old men, young people, etc., about 10 in total, and hold symposiums at the village committee’s office or a villager’s house in better conditions, and keep the symposium open so as to collect villagers’ information and suggestion at any time; (2) The consignee prepared the meeting with paper, pen and the like for the representatives, as well as candies and cigarettes to make them relax; (3) Jia Zhongyi, the leader, introduced members of the investigation consignee and explained the causes, purposes, contents and patterns of the investigation, application of investigation results, by what means residents can see such results, and told the participants that no legal responsibilities shall rise from any information, opinion or suggestion they’ve given; (4) Gradually master, in flexible ways and with representatives’ concerns as the entry point, such information as of the village’s basic facts, customs and habits and villagers’ understanding of the project, listen to the representatives about historical experiences, analysis the project’s potential effects, both positive and negative, propose countermeasures and plans to handle such negative impacts, also listen to residents’ discussion and different opinions; (5) Record the issues at the meeting seriously and ask the representatives to examine, check and supplement the record until they approve the presentation of their views, opinions and suggestions made by the consignee; (6) The representatives sign their name on the record sheet then get their compensation for loss of working time; (7) Members of the consignee leave their contacts to the village cadres and representatives; (8) Ask the representatives to help determine typical families and individuals for interview and show the way; and (9) End the symposium by extending thanks to the representatives. (II) Survey at home and individual interview The basic procedures of survey at home and individual interview are as follows: (1) Visit the interviewee with village cadres, villager representatives or young people as a guide; (2) Explain the purposes of visit to the head of the household or the individual and present them gifts; (3) Explain the contents and purposes of the questionnaire, consult the farmer on his/her requirements in language and environment for investigation and declare the confidentiality principal that protects the interviewee’s privacy;

28 (4) Ask the farmer to finish the questionnaire independently or with the investigator’s assistance; any questionnaire finished by an investigator shall be examined, checked and approved by the farmer; (5) Carry out a semi-structured interview with the farmer so as to find out his/her understanding of the project, opinions and suggestions and to listen to his/her ideas and countermeasures to handle the project’s negative impacts; (6) Listen to the farmer about his/her life, including the marriage, the family, relations between neighbors, relations between the cadres and the masses, experiences during working outside, etc.; and (7) Say good-bye to the farmer after leaving contacts. The consignee have, in nine villages, carried out totally nine villager representatives symposiums, implemented questionnaire survey 91 farmers of various categories, and interviewed 91 residents of different groups. (see Table 1-3). With assistance and support from local officials, village cadres and villager representatives, the consignee carried out 11 symposiums in addition to five department interviews. Participants called in were from four counties/cities along the project’s line. They were directors of the Development and Reform Bureau in charge of preliminary work of the project and departments involved of the national and religious affairs bureau, cadres in charge of preliminary work of the project from towns/townships along the line, as well as village cadres and villager representatives of various nationalities interviewed. The consignee listened to them to understand the ethnic distribution along the line, economic and social status there, by what means and to what extend they would be affected, national relations, ethnic minority people’s attitude and reactions to similar communications infrastructure projects in the past, lessons and experiences drawn from such projects for this one, legacies at the locality that would possibly affect the construction of this project, etc. and to grasp resident’s opinions and comments on the project, and, helped by participants interviewed, collected documents and materials needed. 1.3.2 Ethnic Minority Screening The ethnic minority screening was carried out to comprehensively understand the population and distribution of ethnic groups within this project’s territory, to provide basic reference for determining samples for investigation and carrying out targeted typical-case survey, and to see if it is necessary to draw ethnic minorities’ development plans for specific groups and regions. As the site-line of this project had not yet been determined during the typical-case community survey in August 2010, it was hard to decide the precise scope for ethnic minority screening, or the so-called “banded zone 5km from both sides of the site-line”, the screening had to be postponed. With the determination of the site-line and, subsequently, the banded zone for screening 5km from both sides of the line, on 20-30 January 2011, the consignee, assisted by the China Railway Engineering Consultants Group, the surveyor and designer of the project, with precise measurements of administrative divisions along the line, decided the accurate area for ethnic minority screening, prepared a comprehensive list of villages involved (5km from both sides of the line), and

29 summarized the spatial relations between the site-line and these villages. Helped by railway construction offices and town governments of cities/counties involved, cadres in the listed villages have collected such key screening data as the total population of the village, of all ethnic groups and of each nationality. Such results from site survey carried out by local governments and village cadres, after comparison with those by the resident relocation survey team, were proved as true and effective. The survey also found out whether and how each listed village would be affected by the project. See Chapter II for data and conclusion of the screening. 1.3.3 Supplementary Investigation Through strictly carrying out ethnic minority screening along the line, the Consignee noticed the Xianfeng Village and Xintun Village, two Korean nationality villages located in Jiaohe City outside the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture. Korean nationality people there live in a scattered and mixed pattern, which accords with the definition of “ethnic minority” in the World Bank’s related policies. Therefore, an ethnic-minorities development plan shall be formulated for them. These two villages were forgotten during the typical-case village survey in August 2010 as emphasis was laid on the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture. On 12-13 February 2011, the consignee carried out site survey in these two villages for base-line data, Korean residents’ understanding of and attitude toward this project, and their requirements and suggestions on the development plan. As it was the time of the Chinese Spring Festival, also a major festival for Korean people, and villagers were busying with visiting each other while few young people returned for the holiday, village cadres were unable to help us to held villager representatives symposiums. However, with cooperation of the cadres, the consignee carried out random family interviews by means of questionnaire at home and in-depth individual interview in these two villages, with totally 18 families and 18 farmers involved. 1.3.4 Additional Remarks to the Investigation & Acknowledgement The evaluation and survey on the project’s social effects involve a wide range of objects, including related government departments at various levels and residents of various nationalities in villages along the line. Fortunately, people from sectors involved understood well the importance and necessity of investigations carried out by the Consignee and offered their cooperation and support. The typical-case community survey in August 2010 was carried out alongside the rainstorm disasters in Jilin Province and flood relief struggles within the site-line region. Considering our personal safety, the Development and Reform Committee at levels of Jilin Province and Jinlin City suggested postponing the site survey. However, the Consignee decided to risk carrying out investigations on schedule, considering the consigner’s desire to speed up the project and reliable flood information provided by friends in places along the site-line. Finally, we finished the research right within a relatively peaceful period of time between floods at the end of July and those in the middle of August. During the strenuous research, confronting lack of hands, heavier workload and affected daily routines because of flood relief efforts, cadres in the four cities/counties still took the interview without complaints, assisted us in holding symposiums, provided data and materials we needed, and even led us to the interviewee’s home, served as an interpreter and took good care of our daily life. When we visited villages and families for the investigation, the villagers, though

30 busying for their bread and butter, stopped working to participate symposiums, take interviews, provide information, answer questions and some of them even treat the interviewers with fruits and cakes, showing their sincerity and hospitality. We are thankful for these! And all members of the Consignee worked so hard that they usually went out early and returned at dusk and sorted out notes from dusk to dawn, showcasing admirable attitude and spirit. It was because of efforts and support from various sectors that the research finished smoothly as scheduled. The ethnic minority screening in the late January and the supplementary investigation in February in 2011 were carried out around the traditional Spring Festival. The China Railway Engineering Consultants Group, leaders and staff members in related functional departments of governments involved at various levels, village cadres and residents of all nationalities they didn’t complain at our disturbing but instead understood us and offered their hands. We the Consignee are thankful for what they did and express our gratitude to them!

31 2. Screening and Related Policy Review of Minority 2.1 Objectives and Necessities of Minority Screening

Jilin is a province of multiple nationalities. Since the Pre-Qin Dynasty, three major families of many branches have been successively active in Jilin province: one branch is “Sushen” which was called “Sushen” in books before the Western Han Dynasty in ancient China, “Yilou” in Eastern Han Dynasty, “Wuji” in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, “Mohe” in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, “Nvzhen” in the Song Dynasty, and Manchuria in late Ming Dynasty, constituting major source of the present Manchu nationality and being principally active in the middle and eastern party of Jilin; another branch is “Huimo” appearing in the bibliography in the periods of the Shang Dynasty and the Zhou Dynasty, boasting many branches including Gaogouli active in the southeastern part of Jilin; the rest branch is called “Donghu” which was once powerful in the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Periods and later morphed to ancient nationalities including the tribes such as “Wuhuan”, “Xianbei”, “Qidan” and “Shiwei” etc, mainly active in West Jilin. The current Mongolian nationality and Xibe nationality etc principally come from this branch. The fifth population census of China in 2000 showed that there were 49 ethnic compositions in Jilin and the minority population took up approximately 9% of the total population of the entire province. There, the Han, Manchu, Mongolian, Hui and Korean nationalities etc were the nationalities living here for generations. Chinese governments at all levels, in accordance with related regulations of national policies and regulations towards nationalities and the practice of minorities living compactly in a small community but fixedly in a large area in Jilin province, successively established 1 autonomous prefecture, 3 autonomous counties 1 and 34 minority towns (towns). The data showed that more than 2000 villages throughout the whole province had minorities. This project, namely, the Ji-Tu-Hun Railway is led from Jilin City, going through the Jiaohe City of Jilin from northwest to southeast, crossing the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture and arriving at the termination in Hunchun City. Since there are minorities living for generations such as the Korean nationality in this project area, it should accurately master the population of different nationalities of minorities along the line of the Ji-Tu-Hun Railway and its actual distribution, know the economic society and cultural status of minorities possibly distributing in this project area, judge the possible fragility exposed by the characteristics, design program, construction and future operation of this project, possible influence especially adverse effect and proper technical measures and policies to be adopted to avoid or alleviate the influence and safeguard the interests of the minorities to the maximum extent, constituting not only the significant prerequisites to ensure smooth and successful promotion of this project and the basic spirits of the national ethnic policies and regulations of China and the fundamental requirements of minority policies of the World Bank, in addition to the preconditions to strive for loan support to this project provided by the World Bank. 2.2 Approaches, Procedure and Basic Conclusion of Screening

1 One prefecture refers to the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture; three counties refer to the Changbai Korean Autonomous County, the Qianguo’erluosi Mongolian Autonomous County and the Yitong Manchu Autonomous County. 32 In recent 10 years, since the flow of urban and rural population and flow scale of trans-provincial and cross border population in the project area are very large, the rural population along the line of this project area has witnessed drastic changes and the original data from the fifth national population census of China kept in the archives establishment of each county and city has had difficulties in reflecting the current population; however, the present specific population of each nationality in each village can be practically controlled only by the cadres of the village. Reliable data of village population structure can be acquired only through the village committee. In consideration of this situation, the situation of minority was screened from January 20th-30th 2011 with the assistance of related parties after the consignee of this project basically determined the basic line. The operating approaches of screening were: (1) The administrative map of this project area made by the Department of Survey and Design by using the plotting scale of 1:50000, designating the belt region of 5 km along the lines of both sides of this project, counting the spatial relationship between all the villages and the lines in it one by one and formulating the list of villages within the screened area; (2) Handing the list of all the villages in to the government of city, county and town along the line for checking and determination; (3) Asking the cadres familiar with the situation of corresponding village committees to fill in information relevant to the names, total population and composition of minority population etc in accordance with administrative relationship and the screening list designed by the consignee (see Annex 3); (4) Basic situation of the minorities in the belt area of 5 km along the lines of both sides of this project area summarized by this consignee. In accordance with the screening of Minority in the above-mentioned procedure and combining the information mastered through bibliographic research and fact finding in typical villages, the consignee arrived at the following conclusion: (a) The minorities living in Jilin City and Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture for generations were mainly the Korean nationality, the Manchu nationality and the Hui nationality. The Manchu nationality living along the line for generations was the earlier citizens in the local area, such as the Manchu nationality in the Mijiang River in Hunchun that might be the descendants of native “Kuyala Manchu” in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. After the policies of prohibited enclosed paddock in late Qing Dynasty ceased to be binding, the Korean nationality and the Han nationality immigrated to reclaim wasteland and go in for production, developing the situation of living together with the native Manchu nationality. The Manchu nationality made a living by fishing and hunting and the population was few and disperse while the Han nationality and the Korean nationality made a living through agricultural cultivation, took roots, settled and inhabited in this region and developed advantages in population and culture. After long-term mixed inhabitation and intermarriage, the Manchu nationality has now completely lost the lingual and cultural features, integrated into the local Han nationality with not difference in living methods and living standards etc. Nonetheless, ordinary citizens have clear awareness of their own identity as the Manchu nationality. The Hui nationality proliferated by means of trading and cultivation at the Chinese-Russian and Chinese-Korean borders in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, following the system of imperial music office of the Hui nationality, that is to say, formulating living community around the mosque and

33 still keeping the customs of Muslin belief, eating Moslem foods and instant burial in the ground etc till now. The Chinese governments at all levels had restrict management on Moslem foods to ensure the Hui nationality and other Moslem nationality to arrange the foods in accordance with traditional customs and religious regulations; China had policies and regulations for the minorities living scattered to make sure of various rights of the minorities including the Hui nationality living scattered together; villages or places of minorities including the Hui nationality had dedicated graves (cemetery of the Hui people) planned and protected by the government in accordance with the customs of burial in the ground of the Moslem nationality; adopting marriage within the nationality; dealing with planting, trading and transporting goods for sale; getting along harmoniously with surrounding Han nationality and the Korean nationality etc. The Hui nationality had clear ethnic awareness and its distinct ethnic identity had been recognized by other nationalities. The Korean nationality successively immigrated mainly from the Korean Peninsula since the late Qing Dynasty namely in the 1860s, distributing in each county or city along the line with most villages living in the small units or together with the Han nationality and the Manchu nationality in the same villages. The Korean nationality still maintains complete mother tongue and their ethnic language are commonly used in daily production and life. They also keep their remarkable ethnic characteristics in life and customs etc. Their awareness of nationality is clear-cut and affirmed by other nationalities. Since Yanbian is a Korean autonomous prefecture and the Korean nationality is the principal nationality in the local area, the government of the prefecture in accordance with the Constitutional Law of the P.R.C and the Law of Regional National Autonomy formulated and issued the Rules of Korean Language of the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, the Cultural Regulations of the Korean Nationality in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture and the Educational Rules of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture etc to protect and develop the languages, cultures and education; their religious beliefs involve Shamanism, Buddhism and Christianity etc, excluding the concepts such as holy mountains or holy forests etc; traditional livelihood takes rice planting and household breeding as the main. Labor economy has been on the fast lane in recent 20~30 years. Transnational (mainly Korea and Japan) labor export or labor export oriented to domestic developed area along the southeastern area has brought most families large quantities of cash income and the income per capita and that per household are generally higher than those of the Han nationality and the Manchu nationality; the people on the whole give priorities to education, home education is strict and school education is advanced, the educational level per capita is higher than that of the Han nationality, the Manchu nationality and the Hui nationality and most families have college students; most people choose marriage within the nationality while the young have gradually broken this situation; they are in good terms with other nationalities; they live together with different family names and the rural communities have prominent dual features of region and blood relationship. (b) The population of 242 villages of 2 cities/prefectures, 10 counties/cities/regions and 29 towns in the scope of approximately 5 km on both sides of the line of this project totals 173,400; there are 194 villages inhabited by minorities, 64 villages with minorities such as the Korean nationality, the Manchu nationality and the Hui nationality etc comparatively living together for generations whose

34 population exceeds 100 and 62 villages where the population of single minority is more than 100. There are 6 villages where the population of the Manchu nationality exceeds 100, 2 of the Hui nationality and 54 for the Korean nationality. There are 38641 people of minorities, taking up 22.28% of the total population of the screened area, in which, the Korean nationality takes up 90.39% of the population of the minorities on the whole, the Manchu nationality 7.83%, the Hui nationality 1.54% and other nationalities 0.54% (see Annex 3 Information Survey of Minorities in Belt Area of 5 km on Both Sides along Special Passage Railway Line of Ji-Tu-Hun for detailed data of screened minorities). Over 90% of the population of minorities concentrate and distribute in the borders of the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture.

Table 2-1 List of Current Situation of Ethnic Minority Screening within 5km along the Two Sides of Jilin- Tumen-Hunchun Passenger Dedicated Line Name of Number of Village Inhabited by Ethnic Minorities District/County VillageIncluding Village Village Village where administrative village, with where people of natural village people of people of single ethnic Ethnic Ethnic more than 100 Minority Minority more than 100 Jilin 15 15 4 Manchu CityDistrict nationality 2 Jiaohe City 53 48 7 Korean nationality 4Manchu nationality 4 Dunhua City 70 35 3 Hui nationality 2 Antu County 45 41 12 Korean nationality 12 Yanji City 8 8 8 Korean nationality 8 Longjing City 17 17 5 Korean nationality 5 Tumen City 16 13 11 Korean nationality 11 Hunchun City 18 18 14 Korean nationality 14 Total 242 194 64 Korean 54Man 6Hui 2

(c) Compared with the list of direct negative influence on the villages such as crossing by the railway, land acquisition (permanent and temporary) and demolition along the line provided by the resettlement investigation team, it can be affirmed that altogether 32 out of the whole 64 villages where the population of minorities exceeds 100 are crossed by the railway line of this project. These 32 villages simultaneously suffer from permanent and temporary influence of land acquisition to

35 different degrees. The minority whose 3 villages are influenced is the Manchu nationality and the rest 29 villages are of the Korean nationality; in the 15 villages influenced by demolition in this project, 2 are those of the Manchu nationality while the rest 13 are mainly for the Korean nationality. The Korean nationality directly influenced by land acquisition and demolition etc of this project concentrates and distributes in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture while the Manchu nationality principally concentrates in the borders of Jilin City. See the following table for details (Table 2-2).

Table 2-2 List of Project-Affected Villages Inhabited by People of Ethnic Minority More Than 100 along Jilin-Tumen-Hunchun Passenger Dedicated Line Name of Number of Detail Modes of Influence Nationality District/County Affected Railway line Permanent Removal Categories Village passing and Village through temporary land acquisition Jilin 1 1 1 1 Manchu CityDistrict Jiaohe City 2 2 2 1 Manchu Dunhua City 1 1 1 0 Man·Korean Antu County 5 5 5 1 Korean Yanji City 6 6 6 5 Korean Longjing City 1 1 1 1 Korean Tumen City 8 8 8 3 Korean Hunchun City 8 8 8 3 Korean Total 32 32 32 15 Man, Korean (d) There are 560 people of the Hui nationality in the scope of the screened area, mainly distributing in the Changyi Village of the Jiangnan Town in the Dunhua City and the Hui Nationality Village in Dashitou Town, 111 of the Hui nationality in the Changyi Village (472 people in the village on the whole, with the Hui nationality taking up 23.51%) and 380 of Hui nationality in the Hui Nationality Village (520 on the whole with the Hui nationality taking up 73.08%). They live together with the Han nationality while inhabit in a compact community around the mosque. There are also scattered Hui Nationality people in other 20 villages totaling 69 with the number ranging from 1 to several. They live in these villages because of intermarriage with other nationalities. The Changyi Village is 2 km away from the line while the Hui Nationality is 3.2 km away from the line. After consultation with the Department of Survey and Design and the Resettlement Plan Report Compiling Team of this project, these two villages will not be influenced by land acquisition and demolition of this project. Their cemetery is not affected by the construction of this project but can share the convenience and opportunities brought be fast railway and safe communications. Since the Hui nationality has many insignificant differences in economy, culture and social life with those of the Han nationality while living together with the Han nationality for a long term and using the Han

36 language, the practice does not tally with the fundamental features of “minority” in Article OP4.10 of the Minority Policies of the World Bank. Consequently, the social assessment will not list them in the specially protected target groups to survey and assess social influence. It is not proposed to map out minority development plan of the Hui nationality. (e) The Manchu nationality has developed the pattern of living together with the Han nationality and the Korean nationality along the line. The villages where the Manchu nationality inhabit in the screened area touch 109 while there are only 6 villages whose population of the Manchu nationality comparatively concentrates and exceeds 100, namely, the Yongan Village (154 of 3049 of the whole village are Manchu) of the Jiangnan Town of the Fengman District of Jilin City, the Dagujiazi Village (103 of 3013 of the whole are Manchu), the Tuanjie Village of the Jiaohe New Area of Jiaohe City (106 of 3204 of the entire village are Manchu), the Zhongxing Village of the Qingling Town (115 of 1514 of the whole village are Manchu), the Xinkaihe Village (102 of 2222 of the entire village are Manchu) and the Bashangdi Village of the Henan Street (294 of 2173 of the whole village are Manchu). After fact finding and consultation with the Department of Local Minority Affairs and Manchu experts, the consignee has affirmed that the Manchu nationality in this project area is basically identical with the local Han nationality in each aspect such as language, culture, production and living customs etc, equal with the local Han nationality in income standards, living and producing conditions. Besides, intermarriage between the Manchu nationality and the Han nationality is common simply with relatively clear ethnic awareness. It is obvious that the Manchu nationality does not boast the fundamental features of the Article OP4.10 of Minority Policies of the World Bank concerning “minorities”. The consignee in the survey does not regard the Manchu nationality as the special group of people boasting fragility of social cultures, that is to say, not listing the Manchu nationality as the special target group to assess social influenced of this project. Meanwhile, it does not suggest taking the Manchu nationality as the object to formulate minority development plan. (f) The Korean nationality is the main minority along the line of the project. In the 242 screened villages, altogether 155 villages are populated with the Korean nationality whose number totals 34926, taking up 90.39% of the total population of the minorities. There are 54 villages whose population of the Korean nationality exceeds 100, 50 villages concentrating in the 5 cities and counties such as Antu, Yanji, Longjing, Tumen and Hunchun in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, another 4 villages distributing in the Jiaohe City including 2 villages inhabited by the Korean nationality living together (see Table 2-1 for details). After fact finding and consultation with the Department of Local Minority Affairs and the experts of Korean nationality, the consignee has affirmed that the Manchu nationality in this project area is basically identical with the local Han nationality in each aspect such as language, culture, production and living customs etc with distinct ethnic features, boasting the basic features of the Article OP4.10 of the “Minority” Policies of the World Bank. Nevertheless, since the Korean nationality in the Yanbian Prefecture enjoys the autonomous rights of the regional minority nationalities, they are not vulnerable groups in politics, laws, economy, social affairs, education and culture etc. For this reason, minority development plan will not be specially formulated for this part of Korean nationality. Nonetheless, the people of Korean nationality lives scattered outside the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, especially

37 those in the Xianfeng Village and the Xintun Village of the Henan Street in Jiaohe City tally with the definition of the Minority Policies of the World Bank concerning “minority”. Minority development plan should be formulated to protect their rights to maintain and develop ethnic cultures (see Chapter 8 of this report). 2.3 Identification and Meaning of Minority along the Line in this Project 2.3.1 Identification of Chinese Nationalities and Meaning of “Minority” Many nationalities have lived together in the boundary of China since ancient times. As early as in the Pre-Qin Dynasty, the pattern of minorities with Xia living in the middle, Rong, Di, Yi and Man living in the west, north, east and south had been formed. Since the Central Royal Courts in all ages of China took the policies to placate and tolerate the surrounding ethnic groups and implemented indirect governance of “governing according to customs” in the areas where the minorities living together for a long period. The Yuan and Ming Dynasties and the earlier days of the Qing Dynasty developed the policy of mollification featured by “governing according to customs” to the “Hereditary Headman System” what ensured the political, economic and cultural rights of the leaders of the minorities in their own inhabitation so as to inherit and continue the political, economic, cultural and social characteristics of the minorities. In the Yongzheng Period of the Qing Dynasty, although the Central Government tried to enhance direct governance of the border areas and adopted the policy of “bureaucratization of native officers” and the big powers of occidental capitalism in modern times infringed upon China by force, consequently the Central Royal Court was tire with tackling foreign aggression and the governance strength over the domestic minority areas was not reinforced, resulting in the characteristics of social structure of multiple ethnic groups and diverse economic and cultural types in the boundary of China. After the foundation of the New China in 1949, the Chinese Communist Party in power formulated the minority policies of the New China in accordance with the Marxist theories and policies on ethnic groups, combining the historic experiences and actual national situation of China and on the basis of political consultation with other democratic parties and representatives of all social groups and all walks of life. The minority policies of the New China were clearly written in the first document of the nature of constitution in China, namely the Common Program of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (approved on September 29th 1949, hereinafter referred to as Common Program). Thereinto, Article 9 regulated that: “all the nationalities in the People’s Republic of China had equal rights and obligations”. The “Minority Policies” in Chapter 6 of Common Program had 4 articles in all, namely, Article 50, 51, 53. Thereinto, Article 51 definitely regulated that the areas where the minorities living together should adopt regional national autonomy and respectively establish various institutions for national autonomy in line with the size of inhabiting population and region of the nationalities; each nationality in the places where all the nationalities living together and the national autonomous regions should have representatives in corresponding quota in the local organs of state power. Article 53 regulated that: “all minorities had the freedom to develop their own languages, keep or reform their customs and religious beliefs; the people’s government should help the masses of the minorities develop the construction of their politics, economy, culture and education”.

38 Although the minority policies have been established, China has never defined, affirmed or identified what kind of people’s community within its borders can be called “nationality” in a true sense in its history? How many nationalities there are in China? What is the population of each nationality? Where they are distributed and what characteristics they have on their own etc.? These are the problems in knowledge, theories and policies requiring urgent solutions. As a consequence, the Chinese government has started with the identification of ethnic groups which had continually proceeded for nearly 40 years from 1950 to before and after 1990. Ethnic identification of China was organized by the government and specifically participated in and implemented by experts and scholars in the disciplines such as nationality sciences, anthropology, sociology, history and linguistics etc. The standards to determine “nationality” was the definition of nationality given by Stalin that nationality was the stable community of the same language, area, economic life and psychological quality reflected in the same culture developed in human history. However, Chinese scholars did not indiscriminately imitate Stalin’s definition but judge in accordance with actual situation flexibly in the course of ethnic identification. Generally speaking, the ethnic identification of China did extensive investigation in the features such as the distribution area, group titles, historic sources, languages, economic life, material cultures, spiritual cultures and ethnic belonging or identification etc of the ethnic group of a human community and referred to the data in history and linguistics etc for overall research to judge the ethnic belonging of each group to be identified. The survey conclusion and the specific titles of the nationalities were finally determined by the Central Government with the consensus of the Central Government after consultation with the representatives of these nationalities. Ethnic identification primarily distinguished “Han nationality” and “minority”; secondly further identified 55 single “nationalities” with specific and definite titles. Although the 56 Chinese “nationalities” including the Han nationality differ from each other in population size, economic and social development level, the Chinese government uniformly adopts the concept of “nationality” to designate them to show the uniform attitude to each nationality. Then, that is the meaning of “minority” in the Chinese context? Briefly, the so-called “minority” is firstly the community of people not believing or thought to be not the “Han people (Han nationality)”; secondly, there is textural research of the origin as non Han people or/and their features such as languages and religions etc are different from the Han nationality. The nationalities besides the community of Han nationality although have the names or other names accepted by the members of this nationality and the names of the nationalities have been affirmed by the Central Government to be statutory names, however the population of Han takes up more than 90% of the total population nationwide while all the nationalities besides the Han nationality take up less than 10% of the total population nationwide, other nationalities no matter as individuals or as a whole consequently compared with the Han nationality are customarily called “minority”. This concept does not indicate and discrimination or inequality but a title in a broad sense established by usage to refer to other nationalities besides the Han nationality. 2.3.2 Identification of Ethnic Groups along the Line of the Project and the Meaning of “Minorities”

39 The Korean nationality and the Hui nationality along the line of the project have sharp-cut ethnic features, clear ethnic awareness and ethnic belonging, playing actively on the political stage of modern China. For this part, at the beginning of the foundation of the New China, they became the first group of the 11 minorities whose identity of single nationalities had been affirmed without identification. Although the Manchu nationality lost its ethnic features, the ethnic identity of the Manchu nationality was affirmed in the 1950s since the local Manchu nationality not only lived in its origin for generations but also maintained some family names of the Manchu nationality such as Guan, Tong and Zhao etc whose original clues were quite clear. The ethnic identity of the Korean nationality, the Hui nationality and the Manchu nationality was quite clear. As the above section said, since they are not the Han nationality, they are customarily called “minority” uniformly. Although the Hui nationality in the project area has developed the pattern of living in a compact community, the population is quite small and there is no national autonomous area. The Yitong County where the Manchu nationality inhabiting comparatively together (with the Manchu population taking up 38% of the total population of the county) established the Yitong Manchu Autonomous County in 1988, which is subject to the Siping City. However, the Manchu nationality in the project area lives scattered and has not conditions to establish autonomous counties or national towns. The Korean nationality in the project area mainly lives in the borders of the Yanbian Prefecture and the population proportion takes up more than 36% of the total population of the prefecture on the whole. As a result of this, the Chinese Central Government approved to set up the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Region in 1952 which was changed to be the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in 1955. There is also the unique Korean autonomous county namely the Changbai Korean Autonomous County at the foot of the Changbai Mountain in the southwest of the Yanbian Prefecture which was established in 1958 and subject to the Tonghua City of Jilin Province. 2.4 Policies and Regulations towards Chinese Nationalities

The economic development of the area where the Chinese minorities comparatively inhabit together is relatively backward for complicated reasons such as restrictions of natural geological conditions, low starting point and weak foundation etc; in addition, they compose only a little part in the population of the whole country, they are easy to be peripheries in politics and social life. With the purpose to ensure their equal standing with the Han nationality in legislation, politics, economy and social life, the Chinese Government after the foundation of the New China formulated a series of special policies, laws and regulations for the minorities and the regions where they comparatively lived together to provide reliable political and legal guarantee and administrative frameworks for the minorities to completely enjoy the equal rights granted by the state and help the minorities develop faster. These policies achieved world spotlight in the practice of more than half a century. The currently prevailing system of laws and regulations are composed by three parts, namely, the Constitution, the Law of Regional National Autonomy and laws and regulations formulated by the authorities and the legislative body of the national autonomous regions in accordance with related laws, regulations of the Central Government and in combination of the reality of this area.

40 The Constitution and the Law of Regional National Autonomy grant the Chinese minority and the national autonomous areas the following rights: 1. The positions as administrative chief of the national autonomous areas must be taken by the local minorities. The administrative chief of multinational autonomous areas should be arranged in the sequence of the names of the nationality or the number of the population of this area. 2. The national autonomous areas enjoy favorable treatment of the Central Government in administrative capital, development fund, construction projects, poverty-alleviation funds and other economic subsidies. 3. Educational and medical organs of national autonomous areas can apply to the local minority committee for capital assistance. The children of minorities enjoy favorable policy in enrollment mark for higher education. The local citizens encountering special difficulties in education and medical care can apply to the local minority committee for subsidies. 4. The governments of national autonomous areas have the rights and liabilities to promote the languages of local nationalities. The citizens of minorities have the rights to adhere to the religious beliefs and use the languages of their own ethnic groups. The rights to use languages and characters of their own in the lawsuits are best implemented. 5. The rights of minority citizens in marriage age, family planning, languages, religious beliefs and customs including festivals and holidays of their own ethnic groups are most concrete. 6. Yanbian is one of the 30 national autonomous areas in China and the Korean nationality exercises the autonomous rights in the Korean Autonomous Prefecture along the line; thanks to advanced ethnic education, high proportion of the people to enjoy higher education and abundant resources for cadres and talents, the Korean nationality enjoys relatively ample authorities and opportunities in politics, economy, culture, education and social life of the entire Yanbian area. In addition, the Chinese Government attaches tremendous importance to protecting the interests of the minority living scattered, issuing the Decision to Protect All Minorities Living Scattered to Share Rights as Equal Nationalities in 1952, making regulations in the policies and regulations such as the Law of National Autonomous Area etc to protect the minorities living scattered. In 1993, with the view of further enhancing the protection of the rights and interests of the minorities living scattered, the State Council of China authorized the National Ethnic Affairs Commission to release the Administration Rules in Ethnic Towns and the Rules of Urban Ethnic Affairs. 2.5 Definition of “Minorities” in the Policies of the World Bank

The World Bank is always laying significance on the social benefits of the investment projects, giving special priorities to protecting the benefits of the citizens especially the minorities and other vulnerable groups affected by this project and specially working out the OP4.10 of the policies of the World Bank (the minority) which fails to give a clear and uniform definition of “minority” based on the complexity of the situation of the “minority” in the third world countries and due to the difference of the definition of “minority” in each country. However, the policy points out that:

41 In this policy, the word “minority” is used in a general sense, that is to say, the unique and vulnerable social and cultural groups. It has the following characteristics to different extents as follows: (a) Identifying themselves as members of a certain unique cultural group of the minority and being identified by others in this way; (b) Collectively depending on the living communities or the realms handed down from the ancestors boasting unique geological features in this project and relying on the natural resources of these living communities and realms; (c) Boasting traditional cultural, economic, social or political systems different from mainstream society and culture; (d) Boasting languages of the minorities distinctive from the official languages of this country or this region. If a certain group loses “the living communities or realms handed down from ancestors boasting unique geological features in this project area they collectively depended on [para.4 (b)]” due to “mandatory segregation”, then they are fit for the regulation of this policy. Affirmation whether a certain group belongs to the “minority” referred to in this policy might need the ideas of the experts (see para.8). In accordance with the above-said statement, the “minorities” concerned in the policy of the World Bank is featured by three aspects: One, subjective recognition, that is to say, the "minorities" should have the awareness of ethnic groups of their own to distinguish themselves from the principal nationality and other people/ethnic groups of their country or regions also recognize this distinction; Two, objective difference, that is to say, the “minority” must have their own traditional cultural, economic, social or political systems different from the mainstream society and culture in addition to unique unofficial languages; Three, the “minority” must collectively depend on the living communities or realms handed down from ancestors with unique geological features and their natural resources, which is the basis for them to maintain their traditional cultural, economic, social and political systems, touching and occupying of which will make it easier for the minorities to lose the base to keep the particularity. 2.6 Comparison of “Minority” under Two Different Policy Frameworks of China and the World Bank

There is common ground in the policies of China and the World Bank in affirming the minority. That is to say, the identity of the minorities should be principally a subjective affirmation which is not the unilateral assertion of the minorities but the identification of other social members at the same time. Nevertheless, there are some significant differences in the two: (1) “Minority” in the policy of the World Bank has an objective and fundamental distinctive feature, namely, they are the unique social and cultural group boasting traditional cultural, economic, social or political systems differing from the mainstream society and culture. Obviously, the distinctive feature it stresses is the current reality and fact. Nevertheless, the minority called in this way might

42 be for the reason that they still objectively keep social and cultural characteristics to different degrees, for instance, the Korean nationality; another reason is that they have once had their unique social culture and textual researches can be found concerning these features by means of historic bibliography, cultural relics and folk data passed on by word of mouth etc which have been inconspicuous in reality and even almost completely disappeared, such as the Manchu nationality and the Hui nationality. In brief, the “minorities” concerned by the policy of the World Bank is based on these realistic characteristics, highlighting its special situation and the necessity and possibility to protect these unique social cultures. Nonetheless, the "minorities" affirmed by China take roots in historic facts and national awareness. They are the identity clearly approved by national laws and can continue for generations, having no necessary connection with the practical circumstances of the collective and individual minorities. (2) The policy of the World Bank stresses the vulnerability of the “minority” which might result from their few number and different economic, social, social systems and languages (characters) from the mainstream society. On the one hand, it is difficult for them to share various opportunities from the mainstream society. On the other hand, it is easy for them to be assimilated by the mainstream society and culture. For this reason, vulnerability and fragility are shown in keeping their own characteristics and the ability to acquire development opportunities. However, the minority in China have the representatives on behalf of the nationality in every aspect of national political life in accordance with the Constitution and the National Regional Autonomy Act. National regional autonomy is ordinarily implemented in the provinces, prefectures, counties (flags) and towns where they relatively live together develop their economy and culture according to their will and acquire preferential policies and fiscal support from the governments of higher levels and the state. Consequently, no matter in the political, economic and social life of the state or the local areas, the Chinese minority is not bound to be vulnerable groups. (3) The Policies of the World Bank emphasize that the “minorities” collectively depend on the living communities or the realms with unique geological features or handed down from the ancestors and their natural resources. In other words, the minorities live together in the living communities or the realms with unique geological features or handed down from the ancestors and depend on the natural resources to make a living and live together, resulting in maintaining their unique traditional cultural social, economic or political systems. In China, the minorities, the Han nationality and the minority themselves have not only naturally developed the distribution pattern of “living together and in compact community” in the provinces, prefectures, counties (flags) and towns of different levels and scopes in the realms of the state but also rarely live independently as a singular nationality or ethnic groups. Even in most villages, different ethnic groups always live together. Landlord (Individual) ownership of basic means of production such as land etc had been implemented in the areas where most Chinese minorities inhabited at latest in the Qing Dynasty, with only part of waste mountains, slopes, rivers, lakes and forest land as water sources and some areas prohibited from development for being regarded as holy mountains of holy water belonging to the collective of the village communities. In the 1950s, the territorial resources were in the possession of the state and the collective. The land was in the possession of the collective and its power of operation was also once dominated by the collective of the village community, which

43 were not handed over to the peasant households in the mode of contract until the 1980s (see detailed statement in next chapter). That is to say, the Chinese minorities had not possessed the land of the collective units as individual nationalities or ethnic groups or used the natural resources in the living areas for more than one century. (4) The policies of the World Bank also points out that the “minority” always “have the languages of their own nationalities different from that of the country or the official languages of the local place”. Besides, using unofficial languages is not the past fact but the present situation of language used. This language situation has complicated significance, indicating not only that the language of minorities is an important tool for communications between the members of the minorities, the important bond to maintain identification and the important carrier of ethnic cultures and therefore the important content needing the common life of the minorities to maintain and carry forward traditional cultures but also that due to dependence on ethnic languages, most or part of the minorities lack the opportunities to study and use official languages, it is difficult for them to successfully communicate with the mainstream society and there is lingual barrier to maintain the rights to be informed and the rights of participation which makes the interdependence between the members of the minorities enhanced. When they are faced with the external world especially the mainstream society, their vulnerability appears. In China, whether owning the language of minority is different from the official languages of the state and the local places is a basis to identify the minorities. It is not the prerequisite and unnecessarily the present fact. For instance, the Manchu nationality and the Hui nationality of this project area have already had no languages (characters) of their own; although the Korean nationality has its own ethnic language and characters, the language and characters are the statutory official language and characters in the Yanbian Prefecture and used simultaneously together with the Chinese characters. 2.7 Conclusion

In conclusion, the “minority” concerned by the World Bank and the counterparts in China have many vital differences. The “minority” in the policy framework in China is broader than that in the counterpart of the World Bank and many Chinese minorities do not boast the features concerned in the policies of the World Bank. For this part, we cannot believe that the policies of minorities of the World Bank are popularly suitable for the Chinese minorities. In-depth survey and analytic demonstration are needed to make sure which minorities in China or which specific ethnic minorities tally with the requirements of the policy OP.4.10 of the World Bank. Specifically as to the minorities such as the Manchu nationality and the Hui nationality along the line of this project, they not only clearly tally with the characteristics of the World Bank policy of “identifying as the member of a unique ethnic cultural group by themselves and by others”. The Hui nationality only maintains the Moslem beliefs and customs of related production but does not boast other important features. Hence, they do not belong to the “minority” in the scope of the World Bank policy, which is also the reason why the consignee does not list the Hui nationality and the Manchu nationality as the objects of the minority development plan. The Korean nationality basically tallies with the four fundamental features described in the minority policy OP4.10 of the World Bank. However, as the above point relates, only the Korean nationality living scattered

44 outside the Yanbian Prefecture and forming the singular settlement of the ethnic group can accord with the definition of “minority” in the policy OP4.10 of the World Bank. As a consequent, the minority development plan of this project takes the Korean nationality of this kind as the main object.

45 3. Land System 3.1 Basic State Land System

The basic land system of China is mainly embodied in the Land Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China (hereafter referred to as the Land Administration Law). The Land administration Law was compiled and published for implementation in June, 1986 and revised three times in 1988, 1998 and 2004 until now. The latest version of the Land Administration Law (2004 version) clearly specifies: Article 2 The People’s Republic of China resorts to a socialist public ownership i.e. an ownership by the whole people and ownerships by collectives, of land. In ownership by the whole people, the State Council is empowered to be on behalf of the State to administer the land owned by the State. No unit or individual is allowed to occupy, trade or illegally transfer land by other means. Land-use right may be transferred by law. The State may requisition land owned by collectives according to law on public interests and pay compensation accordingly. The State introduces the system of compensated use of land owned by the State except the land has been allocated for use by the State according to law. Article 3 To cherish and give a rational use to the land as well as to give a true protection to the cultivated land are seen as a basic principle of land use in the country. The people’s governments at all levels should manage to make an overall plan for the use of land to strictly administer, protect and develop land resources and stop any illegal occupation of land. Article 4 The State is to place a strict control on the usages of land. The State shall compile general plans to set usages of land including those of farm or construction use or unused. A strict control is to place on the turning of land for farm use to that for construction use to control the total amount of land for construction use and exercise a special protection on cultivated land. “Land for farm use” refers to land directly used for agricultural production, including cultivated land, wooded land, grassland, land for farmland water conservancy and water surfaces for breeding; “land for construction use” refers to land on which buildings and structures are put up, including land for urban and rural housing and public facilities, land for industrial and mining use, land for building communications and water conservancy facilities, land for tourism and land for building military installations. The term “land unused” refers to land other than that for agricultural and construction uses. Land should be used strictly in line with the purposes of land use defined in the general plan for the utilization of the land whether by units or individuals. Article 5 The land administrative department of the State Council shall be unifiedly responsible for the administration and supervision of land in the whole country.

46 The setup and functions of land administrative departments of people’s governments at and above the county level shall be decided by the people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities according to the relevant provisions of the State Council. Article 8 Land in urban districts shall be owned by the State. Land in the rural areas and suburban areas, except otherwise provided for by the State, shall be collectively owned by peasants including land for building houses, land and hills allowed to be retained by peasants. Article 9 Land owned by the State and land collectively owned by peasants may be allocated to be used by units or individuals according to law. Units or individuals using land shall be responsible for the protection, management and a rational use of the land. Article 10 In lands collectively owned by peasants those have been allocated to villagers for collective ownership according to law shall be operated and managed by village collective economic organizations or villagers’ committee and those have allocated to two or more peasants collective economic organizations of a village, shall be operated and managed jointly by the collective economic organizations of the village or villagers’ groups; and those have allocated to township (town) peasant collectives shall be operated and managed by the rural collective economic organizations of the township (town). Article 11 People’s government at the county level shall register and put on record lands collectively owned by peasants and issue certificates to certify the ownership concerned. People’s government at the county level shall register and put on record the use of land collectively owned by peasants for non-agricultural construction and issue certificates to certify the right to use the land for construction purposes. People’s government at the country level shall register and put on record uses of land owned by the State by units or individuals and issue certificates to certify the right of use. The State Council shall designate specific units to register and put on record State-owned land used by central government organs. Certifications of ownership or use right of wooded land and grassland and the uses or of water surface and beachland for breeding purpose shall be managed according to related provisions of the Forest Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Grassland Law of the People’s Republic of China and the Fisheries Law of the People’s Republic of China. Article 12 Changes of owners and usages of land, should go through the land alteration registration procedures. Article 13 The ownership and use right of land registered according to law shall be protected by law and no unit or individual is eligible to infringe upon it. Article 14 Land collectively owned by peasant shall be contracted out to members of the collective economic organizations for use in crop farming, forestry, animal husbandry and fisheries production under a term of 30 years. The contractees should sign a contract with the correspondent contractor to define each other’s rights and obligations. Peasants who have contracted land for operation are

47 obliged to use the land rationally according to the purposes agreed upon in the contracts. The right of operation of land contracted by peasants shall be protected by law. Within the validity term of a contract, the adjustment of land contracted by individual contractors should get the consent from over two-thirds majority vote of the villagers’ congress or over two- thirds of villagers’ representatives and then be submitted to agricultural administrative departments of the township (town) people’s government and county level people’s government for approval. Article 15 Land owned by the State may be contracted out to units or individuals for farming, forestry, animal husbandry and fisheries operations. Land collectively owned by peasants may be contracted out to units or individuals who are not belonging to the corresponding collectives for farming, forestry, animal husbandry and fisheries operations. The contractees and contractors should sign land use contracts to define each other’s rights and obligations. The contracted term for operation is to be agreed upon in the land use contracts. Contractors for the land operation are obliged to protect and use the land rationally according to the usages specified in the contracts. Whereas a land collectively owned by peasant is contracted out for operation to ones not belonging to the corresponding collective organizations, a consent should be got from the over two-thirds majority vote of the villagers’ congress or over two-thirds of the villagers’ representatives with the resulted contract being submitted to the township (town) people’s government for approval. Article 16 Disputes arising from the ownership or use right of land shall be settled through consultation among parties concerned; should consultation fails, the disputes should be handled by people’s governments. Disputes among units shall be handled by the people’s government at and above the county level; disputes among individuals or between individuals and units shall be handled by township level people’s government or people’s governments at the county level or above. Whereas parties concerned refuse to accept the decisions by related people’s government the dispute may be brought before the people’s court within 30 days after the notification on the decision is received. No party shall change the status quo of the land before the disputes over ownership and use right are settled. 3.2 Rural Land System

The rural land system of China is clearly specified in the Land Administration Law-the rural land resource is owned by collectives. The ownership of rural lands belongs to rural collectives, but the land-use right was transited to individual farmer through remuneration linked output around 1980, the government of the people’s republic of China protects the long term legitimate occupation of land-use right of farms through legislation. The Law of the People’s Republic of China on Land Contract in Rural Areas (implemented from March, 1st, 2003) specifies: Article 4 The State protects, in accordance with law, the long-term stability of the relationship of land contract in rural areas.

48 Article 9 The State protects the legitimate rights and interests of the owners of the collective land and the right of the contractors to land contractual management, which no organizations and individuals may infringe upon. Article 10 The State protects the circulation of the right to land contractual management, which is effected according to law, on a voluntary basis and with compensation. Article 20 The term of contract for cultivated land is 30 years. The term of contract for grassland ranges from 30 to 50 years. The term of contract for wooded land varies from 30 to 70 years; the term of contract for wooded land with special trees may, upon approval by the competent administrative department for forestry under the State Council, be longer. Article 24 After a contract goes into effect, the contractee may neither modify nor revoke the contract due to the change of the representative for the contractee or the responsible person concerned, or due to the split or merger of the collective economic organization. Article 26 During the term of contractthe contractee may not take back the contracted land. Article 27 During the term of contract, the contractee may not readjust the contracted land. Article 32 The right to land contractual management obtained through household contract may, according to law, be circulated by subcontracting, leasing, exchanging, transferring or other means. Article 42 For the purpose of developing the agricultural economy, the contractors may, of their own free will, jointly pool their rights to land contractual management as shares to engage in cooperative agricultural production. 3.3 Land System in the Project Area

Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture is an autonomous area at prefecture level where implements regional national autonomy system by taking Korean nationality as main body. The article 4 of the Law of the people’s republic of China on Regional National Autonomy clearly specifies: “The organs of self-government of national autonomous areas shall exercise the functions and powers of local organs of state as specified in Section 5 of Chapter III of the Constitution. At the same time, they shall exercise the power of autonomy within the limits of their authority as prescribed by the Constitution, by this Law and other laws, and implement the laws and policies of the state in the light of existing local conditions”.

According to relevant laws, the organs of self-government of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture completed and published the Regulation on Administration of Land Assets of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (1997), the Regulation on Land Supervision of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (1997), the Regulation on Wooded Land in Rural area of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (1995), the Regulation on administration of land used for animal husbandry of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (1996), etc on the administration of land resources, in which clarified provisions are made concerning the ownership, development and utilization mode, acquisition, compensation standard, administrative supervision and management, etc, all provisions are the restatement and elaboration of relevant law and regulation of the state and Jilin province, the principle and spirit is unchanged.

49 3.4 Conclusion

Through carefully reviewing the existing laws document concerning land system of China, we can find that China unifiedly implements a socialist public ownership without lands handed down from ancestor or the land and other resources owned by some nationalities or group of population. Rural land is owned by collectives of village community, where there single nationality or group of population settled, the ownership of collective is coincided with that of group of population, but later is only the appearance and the form, that the ownership of collective and the right of operation is long term contracted by individuals according to law are the fact. In addition, the nationality distraction in China has the characteristics of “Different nationalities live together in whole country, but some nationality resides centralizedly in partial area”, in most township (town) and administrative village, natural village, multi-nationality lives together, thus, the land and natural resource owned by collectives are shared by member of villager community, without exclusiveness of nationality or group of population. According to the information obtained by on-spot- investigation, the circulation of the right to land contractual management among farms is common in project area, especially in village of Korean nationality, the contracted farm certainly can subcontract out the land to other farms in the village, but due to most of family of Korean nationality become increasingly relying on labor export, the labor in rural area is in serious shortage, so the land mostly be contracted out to Han nationality coming from other villages, township (town) and counties. In other word, within the state policy framework, the circulation of the right of usage for land has completely break the traditional limitation of geopolitical and blood relation ranges and administrative region, providing with market color increasingly.

50 4. Minority 4.1 General Situation of Minority 4.1.1 General Situation of Minority in Jilin Province Jilin is a multiracial province where 49 nationalities live together, the population of minorities is 2.4534 million, accounting for 9.15% of whole province population, in which the population of 5 native nationalities of Korean, Manchu, Mongolian, Hui and Xibe accounts for 99.03% of that of whole province minorities, other 43 minorities only accounts for of 0.97%.

There are totally 4 national autonomous areas, say 1 autonomous prefecture and 3 autonomous counties in the province, which are Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (founded on September 3rd, 1952), Qianguo’erluosi Mongolian Autonomous County (founded on September 1st, 1956), Changbai Korean Autonomous County (founded on September 15th, 1958), Yitong Manchu Autonomous County (founded August, 30th, 1988). The four national autonomous areas have population of minority 1.15 million, accounting for 46.9% of that of all minorities of the whole province, the land area of which accounts for 29.5% of the total area of the province. There are 33 nationality townships (town) and 1 town enjoying nationality treatment, including six townships (town) of Korean nationality, 10 townships (town) of Manchu nationality, 9 townships of Mongolian nationality, 2 townships of Hui nationality, 4 township of Manchu and Korean nationalities, 1 township of Korean and Manchu nationalities, and 1 township of Manchu, Mongolian and Xibe nationalities. The area of administrative district of national township (town) is 7156 square kilometer, accounting for 3.8% of the area of whole province. The characteristics of nationality of the province are great quantity of nationality, large proportion and widely distribution, which are mainly distributed in mountain area, half-mountain area, pasturing area and border area. 4.1.2 General Situation of Minority along the Line of Project There are totally 34 minorities including Manchu, Korean, Hui, Mongolian, Xibe nationalities, etc in Jilin City, and the population is 433.4 thousand, accounting for 9.66% of that of whole city, in which, the minorities of population more than 10 thousand include Manchu nationality (229.4 thousand), Korean nationality (160.4 thousand) and Hui nationality (33.4 thousand). There are 6 minority townships (towns) in the city, which are Manchu nationality township of Wulajie in Longtan district, Manchu nationality township of Dakouqin, Manchu and Korean nationality township of Tuchengzi in Changyi district, Manchu nationality township of Liangjiazi, Manchu nationality township of Jinjia in Yongji county, and Korean nationality township of Wulin in Jiaohe City. In the urban area, there are three streets that resided by more minorities, which are Zhihe Street, Beiji Street and Qindao Street in Chuanying District. There are 116 villages of minority (5 villages of Manchu nationality, 4 villages of Hui nationality and 110 villages Korean nationality). Jiaohe City is a city at county level in Jilin City, there are totally 6 streets, 8 towns, 2 townships and 2 economic development zones at province level and the total population is 470 thousand, in which agriculture population is 299 thousand. There are 18 minorities of Korean, Manchu, Hui nationality, etc of about 40 thousand and the population of Korean minority is relatively great, which is mainly concentrated in Korean nationality township of Wulin. The population situation along the line the Yanbin prefecture is listed in the table below:

51 As for special distribution situation of minorities within 5km range of two sides along the line of the project has been described in the 2.2 (a) of Chapter II, so it will not describe here repeatedly.

Table 4-1 List of Population Composition in Various Counties and Cities of Yanbian Prefecture along the Rail Line (Based on the China’s 5th census data 2000) Items Hunchun Longjin Tumen Yanji Antu Dunhua Areakm2 5145 2591 1442 1350 7438 11545 Total Population 21 26 13 43 22 48 Ten thousand Population of Ethnic 96687 173710 71983 239893 51710 36053 MinorityPerson Korean Nationality 4.6 172 72 292 46 2.3 Ten thousand Other Permanent Ethnic Man MinoritiesPerson 9000Hui 700 Proportion of Ethnic 45.80 66.42 54.38 55.49 23.47 7.50 Minority% 4.2 Rural Resources Condition and Livelihood Means of Residents in Project Area 4.2.1 General Resources Situation

The terrain Jinlin province decreases stepwise from southeast to northwest. Changbaishan primeval forest is distributed in eastern part, and grassland wetland, serving as important ecological barrier of Jilin province, in western part, and Songliao plain in middle part, which is the national important grain and livestock production base. Mountain, hill and plain account for 36%, 58% and 6% respectively. The population density 143 perons/km2 and the urbanization rate is 53.2%. Located in Asian black soil belt, Jilin province has fertile land, being a major grain-producing areas and biggest maize production area in China, with 25 commodity grain base counties (cities). The grain output of whole province has reached the phase level of 50 billion Jins annually. According to the survey of land use change of the province, by the end of 2005, the area of province’s land for farm use is 16.3973 million hectares, accounting for 85.79% of total land area. Among which, the cultivated land, garden land, wooded land, pasture and other agricultural land areas are 5.5368 million hectares, 115.6 thousand hectares, 9.2441 million hectares, 1.0456 million hectares and 455.2 thousand hectares respectively. The land unused is 1.6653 million hectares, accounting for 8.72% of total land area. Per capita land area is 0.72 hectares, per capita cultivated land 0.21 hectares, which 2 times of national average level. The land use structure is centralized by

52 agricultural land, with characteristics of more agriculture land, cultivated land, reserved land sources and less construction land, etc. 2 Jilin City processes the land area of 2.766 million hectares, with population density of 154 persons/km2. The geomorphological type is complicated, which is medium mountain area, low mountain and hill area, valley lake area and valley plain area from southeast to northwest. The land form changes from mountain land to undulate terrain and Hetao plain. Vegetation varies from forest into the forest meadows, meadows swamp vegetation. The water system is abundant in the city, which consisted of three water systems of Songhua River, Lalin River and Mudan River. Basin area of Songhua River in Jinlin City is 84% of total area of water system of the city. Jilin City belongs the continental monsoon climate area, with average temperature of 3-5, frost-free period of 130- 150 days and annual precipitation of 650-750 mm. According to the survey statistics of change of land use status in 1996, the cultivated land is 666 thousand hectares, accounting for 24.1% of total land area, Garden land is 25 thousand hectares, accounting for 0.9% of the total land area, wooded land is 1.685 million hectares, accounting for 60.9% of total land area; Grassland is 3 thousand hectares, accounting for 0.1% of the total land area, Waters is 124 thousand hectares (including land for water facilities about 10 thousand hectares), accounting for 4.5% of the total land area, land unused is 96 thousand hectares, accounting for 3.5% of total land area. 3 The total land area of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture is 4.35 million hectares, including: 353 thousand hectares of cultivated land, accounting for 8.12% of total land area of the prefecture, 26 thousand hectares of garden land, accounting for 0.61% of total land area of the prefecture, 3.624 million hectares of wooded land, accounting for 83.3% of total land area, 39 thousand hectares of grassland, accounting for 0.89% of total land area; 163 thousand hectares of land unused, accounting for 3.76% of total land area; 63 thousand hectares of waters area, accounting for 1.45% of total land area, with per capita cultivated land of 0.16 hectares. The forest resources are abundant in Yanbin prefecture and the area of wooded land is 3.327 million hectares, which is mainly distributed in Changbaishan area, with per capita land forest occupation of 1.53 hectares and forest coverage rate of 73%. 4 4.2.2 General Situation of Resources along the Line of the Project According to the data obtained by consignee’s on-the-spot investigation on administrative villages and peasant households along the line of the project, the resource processed by residents along the line of the project is as follows.

Table 4-2 Data of Social Assessment and Household Census for Jilin-Tumen-Hunchun Railway Line— Current Situation of Land Ownership (Unit of land area: Mu ) Items Paddy field Dry land Garden Other lands Total 509.35 1098.33 157.93 1119.80 Number of household providing the 53 69 38 38 data

2 General Planning of Land Use in Jinlin Province (2006-2020) compiled by state land resource bureau of Jilin Province 3 General Planning of Land Use in Jinlin City (1997-2010) compiled by state land resource bureau of Jilin Province 4 General Planning of Land Use in Jinlin City (1997-2010) compiled by state land resource bureau of Yanbian prefecture 53 Average for each household 9.61 15.93 4.16 37.08 Note: Other lands means forest land, private hill etc. During this investigation, due to there are no young person in part of farm households, and there are situation of family division and minor adjustment of contracted land, etc, it is the elder people who attend symposium and accept household survey to provide the actual quantity of cultivated land, so, part of questionnaire and interview failed to obtain relatively accurate data of farm land. But according to the farm household who can provide explicit data, we can see that the actual land area of farm households along the line who are engaged in agriculture is bigger, especially for the farmer households whose main income comes from agriculture, in addition to their own contracted land, they also contract the cultivated land of their relatives and neighbors whose main income is from labor export, the actual area of land operation is relative great, even partial villages appear professional farmers, for example in Jingcheng Village, Shimen Town, Antu County, there are more than 20 households with actual operation area of land of 5-10 hectares. Generally speaking, there is no household suffering by difficult situations due to lack of cultivated land along the line of the project. 4.3 Livelihood Means of Residents along the Line of the Project

Jilin City and Yanbian prefecture are superior in water and land resources. Since the late Qing dynasty, the state have adopted the policy of encouraging to reclaim and cultivate wasteland, which has attracted farmers in Shandong and Hebei provinces, the poverty farmers in Korean peninsula without farm lands to immigrate in to reclaim and cultivate waste land, which made the area gradually form into an importance agriculture area in China. After successfully introduction of the rice planting by Korean nationality in this area, the Han and Manchu nationalities also grasped this technology, and corn, potato, soybean and other crops were introduced this area in succession, Jilin province became an importance production area of corn, potato, soybean and rice in China, thus the crop farming became a traditional livelihood mean in rural area. According the this investigation, the traditional livelihood mean of residents of various nationality along the line of the project is crop farming, the main crops of which are corn, potato, soybeans, wheat and rice; Partial farmers also plant apple, pear and watermelon, cantaloupe, etc., but not widespread. Because it is in mountainous area, with large areas of primeval forest and secondary forest, the collection and hunting resources are also abundant, in the past, some experienced farmers also climb mountains to dig up ginseng and collect Chinese herbal and go hunting. But in recent three decades, the state has adopted the ecological protection policy of restriction of chopping and colleting and prohibition of hunting, the auxiliary livelihood mean is almost extinct. According to document literature, we can see that since mid 1980s, surplus rural labors along the line began to transfer to large and medium cities, such as Jilin, Changchun, Shenyang, etc and the factories located in southeast coastal area of China, commonly known as “people who live in rural areas to come into and work in city”. After establishment of diplomatic relation between China and South Korea in 1992, the Korean nationality in the project area began to export labor to South Korea or went to work in Korea endowment enterprise in southeast coastal areas, the scale is increasing year by year. With the open up of labor market both inside and outside, the livelihood

54 mean along the line began to change from the traditionally mean that only relying on farming to laying same importance on crop farming and labor output, and cash income of labor export becomes much bigger than that of crop farming increasingly. At present average net income of farmers along the line is about CNY 5000. The labor export is basically in two ways: one is the perennial labor export which is taking young adults as main body, whose destination is generally outside the country/province, they are all year working outside the home except spring Festival or special circumstances, this is the main form of local labor export. As for labor export within the territory of China, the per capita monthly salary ranges from CNY 1500 to 5000 and the average is about CNY 2500. The result is that only children and old persons are left at the home and the group engaged in agriculture is old aged, which has negative impact on structural adjustment of agricultural industry and improvement of quality of the group engaged in agriculture, the crop farming follows the traditional management pattern, even becomes extensification due to the shortage of labors. And the other one is the seasonal labor export within small radius which is taking middle aged people as main body, according to the investigation, due to most of villages along the line are distributed in surround area of county town, along with the rapid growth of consumption and service industry in small and medium-sized cities stimulated by the increase of labor income of tourism in surround area of Yanbian area, foreign investment as well as labor export. In recent years, the small radium labor export within county city or prefecture border also comprise a certain proportion in part villages, this part of labor export include part of young people, but middle aged person still serves as main body. Most young people choose to go out perennially, middle-aged people are mainly using slack season to go out for primarily doing odd-jobs, with per capita monthly income of about CNY 1500. Farming season in rural area along the line is mainly as below (by Gregorian calendar): Mid-to-late April: sowing, raising seedlings; May: transplanting, planting of corn, soybean and melons, June to September: field management season, and also a season for building house and seasonal labor export; Early October to early November: autumn harvest and plowing; November: selling grain to cash crop; December to next March: winter fallow (local commonly known as “stay at home in winter time”), it is freezing outside, indoor activity is preferred, women do all kinds of manual work and men repair the machine and tools and visit relatives, spend Spring Festival, etc. [Case 1] [Shimen Town, Antu County] Chongshan Village has already included original Shimensan Village and Jiuyan Village, at present, there are totally 267 households including 802 persons in whole village, among which more than 80 are Korean minority, more than 20 are Manchu nationality, and others are Han nationality. Han and Manchu nationalities now basic have same production and living habits, only Korean nationality still retains distinctive national characteristic, using the language and characters of the nationality, and most of them concurrently understand Chinese and maintain the life habits that have certain difference with the Han and Manchu nationalities. There are totally 450 hectares of cultivated land in the village, including more than 100 hectares of paddy field, and there are 400 hectares of wooded land, 5 water ponds of about 7 hectares. The income of most villagers relies on crop farming and labor export, and a few of them engage in

55 animal breeding and transportation. There are totally 120 persons in whole village going out to work, both Han and Manchu nationalities went to other places in China, with annual income of CNY 10-30 thousand; more than 50 persons of Korean nationality went abroad and most of them went to Korea and a few to Japan, with annual income of CNY 70 to 100 thousand. The per capita net income of whole village is about CNY 5000. Due to most of the persons of Korean nationality went out to work abroad, so their incomes are generally higher than Han and Manchu nationality. The cultivated land in the village is basically planted by villagers in the village, with contractor from outside. The land is circulated within the village and there are about 10 households whose contracted land is over 5 hectares, one animal breeding household, and six cow raising households, with annual income of CNY 30-50 thousand. There are about 80 households of more than 150 persons receiving allowances, including five guarantees, basic guarantee, disability, edge household, exceptional poverty household, etc, among which more than 10 are households with special difficulty. 4.4 Social Culture and Livelihood of Korean Nationality 4.4.1 General Situation of Korean Nationality According to the statistics the fifth national population census of Chinese government in 2000, there were totally more than 1.92 million Korean people in whole country, which were mainly distributed in Heilongjian, Jilin and Liaoning Provinces, the rest were scattered in Inner Mongolia, Beijing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Jinan, Xi’an, Wuhan, and other lager and medium inland cities. Korean nationality ancestors immigrated into China from Korean peninsula. Earlier branch settled in the territory of northeast China in the late Ming and early Qing dynasty. Since the middle of the 19th century, the number of Korean nationality going into China has increased annually. Until the 1920s, the Korean nationality in northeast area of China was already nearly 300 thousand. At present, the Yanbian prefecture is still the most concentrated areas of Korean nationality. The traditional livelihood mean of Korean nationality is rice planting. In 1870s, Korean nationality ancestors succeeded in experimentally planting rice in Dadianzi etc, in Tonghua County of Jilin Province, and successively following by extension planting in Linjiang, Huairen, Xingjing, LiuHe, Hailong, etc. and parts of Yanbian district. In 1906, farmers of Korean nationality dug channels in Dajiaodong in Zhiyong village of Helong county to introduce water for irrigation, which improved the rice yields, and from then on the rice yield of Yanbian region has increased year by year and become a important rice production area in northeast of China. The region resided by Korean nationality became the area of rice planting famous for production of high quality rice. The main grains of Korean nationality are usually rice and millet, and kimchi is an indispensable dish for them. Rice cake, cold noodle, Soya bean soup, peppers and dog meat are their favorite. Korean nationality villages often locate on flat land at foot of mountains, with living rooms facing south, southeast and southwest. The most traditional houses are tile-roofed house and thatched cottage, in which there are generally bedroom, guest room, kitchen and warehouse etc. Flat Kang are set indoor, when entering indoor, should take off shoes and seat on the Kang. Now brick

56 buildings are popular in rural area, but they still enjoy single-story house with separated house and yard. They pay attention to hygiene, spitting on everywhere is prohibited. Room, tableware, cloth and quilt are all very tidy and clean. Korean nationality has a long and exquisite tradition of national culture and artist, skilled in singing and dancing. When in festival or spare time, they can express emotion by singing and dancing. Gayageum playing and singing, water dance, fan dance, long-drum dance, folk music and dance, etc are traditional singing and dance program. Famous songs include chorus of the Joyful Songs of the Changbai Mountains, solo of the Song of Young Girl etc., famous folk songs includes A Folk Song of Balloonflower Root, Arirang, Nuoduoer Riverside, etc. The folks sport activities are also very popular, and wrestling is a physical and recreational activity with long history. Playing football is a popular sport activity which is a favorite of man. During holidays, various kinks of sport games will be held centering by playing football. Swing and the springboard are women’s favorite recreational and sports activities. The Korean nationality attaches the importance on education, with tradition of “even they has nothing but bark to eat, they still let their children to go to school”. After the foundation of new China, the areas resided by Korean nationality set up various kinds of schools at different level, a complete national education system from kindergarten to university was set up in Yanbing prefecture. Talents of Korean nationality came out in succession, and per capital education time and all college students’ number per 10 thousand people came first among all nationalities in China. Korean nationality implements polygamy, preferred marriage within the nationality, persons who are close relative or have same ancestor or with same surname shall not be married. The “man takes charge of external matters and woman takes charge of internal ones” is traditional custom of gender division in a family. Father-son relationship is the basis of all human relations, respecting elder and feeling disgraceful for being unfilial and respectful to elder. There are two kinds of basic level society organizations: one is a village committee, which is the villagers autonomy organization democratically elected villagers, belonging to the basic level political organization of the state, being main organization forms of villagers along the line including Korean nationality to communicate with governments at all levels. During the investigation, villagers generally reflected that the villager committee can represent the interests of villagers, being main channel of villagers to express their claims. In communication with villagers, we can also feel that the vast majority of village cadres along the line are elected by the villagers for successive years, who enjoy high prestige, with strong capacity, daring to express claim for villagers and solve problems for them. And the other one is pure nongovernmental organizations, such as the fruit association, rice association, breeding association, etc, which are the voluntary labor cooperative organization of villagers promoting by government and accepting guidance of government technology department, serving as certain role in production technology aspect. Traditional religious beliefs among the Korean nationality are the Shamanism and Buddhism, and the Christianity has more significant impaction on them in the modern and contemporary time, but the people doesn’t have a unified belief, and the religious people is not the majority. The people

57 living in the countryside prefer the burial in the earth, but the people scattered in the cities and towns implement Cremation. Festival days include the Spring Festival, Tomb Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, etc. The people visits the tomb and add some soil on the tomb in the Tomb Sweeping Dayand clear the grass on the tomb in the Mid-Autumn Festival, and offer sacrifices to show the grief for late relatives at the same. There are also three family holidays, namely: the First-Birthday Party (when a baby is one year old), the 60th Birthday (the 60th birthday of an old person) and the 60th Wedding Anniversary (the 60th wedding anniversary of parent). Celebrations of the 60th Birthday and the 60th Wedding Anniversary are very ceremonious, the sons and daughters, relatives and neighbors of the old person all come to offer birthday greetings and wish happiness to the old person. 4.4.2 Livelihood Means of Korean Nationality in the Project Area Through on-the-spot investigation and consulting with relevant experts, it is basically affirmed that the livelihood means of Korean nationality in the project area are largely identical but with minor differences. Here we will briefly illustrate their livelihood condition by taking Lifeng Village of Yueqing Town in Tumen City as example. [Case 2] There are totally 123 households of 547 registered permanent residents in the village, which are all Korean nationality. The village cultivated land is 270 hectares of basically dry land. Main crops include corn, soy bean and potatoes. The gross income of corn per hectare is CNY 18 to 20 thousand, with investment of about CNY 800, Soy bean per hectare CNY 12-15000, with investment of CNY 4-500; the income of potatoes is similar to that of soy bean, but the investment is about CNY 300 (including seeds and fertilizer). The most economical way is to plant potatoes, if they are planted early, cabbage or radish can be planted after harvesting potato, which per hectare income is similar to that of soy bean and potato. Many villagers go out to earn money, there are basic no adults below the age of 45 in home. And only more than 200 persons are actually staying in the village and no one is young, the men of age of 50’s are “young man”. People working in the country, mainly young adults, go to Qingdao, Shanghai and Shenzhen. There are many Korean and Japanese enterprises now in China, which need talents who can understand Korean, Japanese and master certain professional skills, the young people of Korean nationality mostly choose this kind of enterprise to work after graduated from college, they has relatively high income and don’t need work so hard as in abroad. The income in Shenzhen, Shanghai is relatively high, with monthly income of CNY 6000-10000; and relatively low in Qingdao, with monthly salary of CNY 3-4000. Middle-aged persons mostly choose to work in South Korea, because they began to work in Korean since early 1990 when they were young and familiar with the way; moreover, they have not any professional skills and usually do some work Korean people do not want to do, but the income is higher than that in China, man can generally have monthly income about three million Korean won, women can have 1.5-1.8 million Korean won. If they live frugaly, they can bring back CNY 70000-80000 each year. Because all young people go out to work, there are only elder people and children left in the village, they are depending with each other, if one family needs help, whole village will provide assistance,

58 so relations between neighbors become closer. Since 1998, there has been non-local Han people coming into the village in succession for contracting land for planting, currently, it is totally 13 households of 27 persons, who are coming from Tonghua and Antu City in the province and from Heilongjiang province, including two households in total with long contracting period of 7 year, the short contract period is generally 3 year, all of which have entered into contract with local villagers. These people coming from outside are honest farmers, for the purpose to maintain the land tenancy relationships, they also pay attention to establish good relationships with local villagers, so they get well along with everyone in the village, seldom contradiction occurs between them. Although highway passes through the village, the villagers seldom lock the door when they go out. 4.5 National Relation and Inter-nationality Relation Comparison in the Project Area

Except for manchu nationally is real original resident grown in “Changbai mountain and Heilongjiang”5, Han, Hui and Korean nationalities are all offspring of immigrants from mainland China and Korean peninsula since Ming and Qing dynasty. After long time living together, Manchu nationality had been merged into Han nationality, but Hui and Korean nationalities retain the national religious and distinct cultural characteristics, in addition, when they immigrated in, there were vast lands not reclaimed, so they can form a pattern of partial living together of single national village or Jiaofang, and maintain a relatively stable custom of internal intermarriage, however, inter-nations relation between nationalities who live in neighbors or live together is harmonious. According to local document literature, there is no record of occurrence of inter-nation conflict events. From household visit and forum, we didn’t hear negative evaluation on other nationality from interviewee. Historically, the local nationalities had ever successively unite together to defend their homes and homeland against Czarist Russia and the Japanese aggressors, and established deep friendship. After the foundation of new China, due to implementation of National equality and national unity policy, frequent movement of population since the reform and opening-up, multi- nationality mixed school education are constantly promoting, the communication and contact between young people of Korean, Han, Manchu and Hui nationalities become more closely than their predecessors. During the investigation, many villagers reflected that now the young people of Korean nationality will not search for this spouse in the nationality like their predecessors, inter- nationality marriage gradually become general. The interviewee also said they understood and supported it. In addition, we notes that local harmonious national relations is not only benefit from the friendship established in long term production and living process, and but also from local national cadre paying attention to deal with relationships between nationalities, cadres of different nationalities pay attention for unity, playing the guidance and model role in national relation in local social society. In view of comparison, the Korean nationality has remained relatively complete and distinctive national cultural characteristics; because they attach importance on education, their per capita education time is higher than the average level of the local nationalities and all kinds of talents grow

5 Generally refer to the Northeast area of China, Bai Mountain refers to Changbai Mountain (system), and Black water refers to Heilongjiang (Basin). 59 comprehensively. In countryside, due to increasingly international labor export since 1990 and domestic labor export to Korean and Japanese enterprises in southeast coastal developed area, the income level of Korean nationality families is generally higher than local average level, which correspondingly realizes the improvement of consumption ability and housing conditions. Hui nationality, except for folk beliefs and life custom keeping the characteristics given by Islam, other aspects, such as livelihood means, income level, etc are basically same with that of Manchu and Han nationalities, without apparent inter-nations differences. 4.6 The Guarantee of the Right of Participation and Know of Minority in the Project Area

Through on-the-spot investigation, we find that there are many ways for residents of different nationalities in villages to receive information in the project area. The levels of district and county towns have their own special channel in closed-circuit television to broadcast circular of local government, local news and other importance information every day, due to nearly every family has a television, so all families are able to receive the information; in addition, there is a broadcasting room in every village, which broadcasts all kinds of notification and program in special time; The villages all have special newspaper column to make public village work, which is set in village hall for posting various kinds of notices, announcement and making public of finance and other village work for the village; Peasant households mostly install home phones or use mobile phone, SMS (short message service) or telephone notification is also common way for communicating information between villagers, In recent years, the basic-level organization construction in rural area pays special attention to the Internet construction, until now, all villages have opened the Internet, the village committee offices are equipped with computer, the partial villagers also has opened the Internet. In addition to television, radio, newspaper column, mobile phones, Internet, etc. due to residents live in more concentrated way, the cadres of villager committee and villager group often visit villager at home to notify the importance information to villagers, especially for elder villagers who are not familiar with modern communication methods, such as mobile phone, internet, etc. If there are important situations or matters needed to be negotiated, the villager committee, villagers group will hold villagers congress for negotiation. In the villages that experienced the construction of highway along the line, the interviewed villagers can receive related information form the said ways; most of notices of county city or township (town) government and previous publication announcements including acreages of farm land, four boundaries of land of requisition, compensated amount, payment situation of compensation as well as information of demolished house, such as area, structure, cost evaluation, etc are still be completely posted in publication column, all of above shows that the right of know of villager of different nationality is ensured. In the informal discussion and visiting with farmers in project area, the consignee knows that in the past, during the forming process of compensation and resettlement scheme for land requisition and demolitions, including items involved with vital interests of villagers, such as compensate standard, compensation scope, resettlement points and selection of lands for building house, payment method of compensation, etc. the investing party, survey and design party, construction party, basic level

60 government department and affected farms all have site negotiation system, including the arrangement of project kick-off meeting in village convened by local government, relevant parties site symposium, entering village and visit family for confirmation by signing. In negotiation processes, such as kick off meeting, symposium, signing links, etc., farmer collective or individual can put forward his appeal to the working staff of investing party, survey and design party, construction party and the local government departments; In recent years, village cadres were directly elected by villagers, who, on one hand, generally got villagers trust, with better individual management ability, social relationships and family economic conditions as well as strong responsibility and competence, and on the other hand got government subsidies wages and stayed in village hall all working time every day, with time and spirit in participating in negotiation or reflecting appeal of villagers represented by villagers, all of above guaranteed the participation of villagers in project in systems and conditions. The mechanism of negotiation, appeal and participation prepared by the migration team of the project for affected individual and collective as well as the scheme of guarantee and promotion of participation right of affected groups and individuals through process monitoring and evaluation (see Chapter IX and X of the resettlement action plan) are feasible, which is applicable to the minority group in the project area. Due to both Manchu and Han nationalities speak Chinese, no language barrier occurs between them. Korean nationality is used to using Korean language, but most of them also know Chinese, moreover, there are cadres of Korean nationality in government at different level, and the Korean language is also official language together with the Chinese language in Yanbian prefecture, and therefore, the right of know and participation of Korean nationality can not be impacted by language problems. 4.7 Conclusion

To sum up, the consignee thinks that the Korean nationality is confirmed as a minority in the project area, but the nationality is not vulnerable groups in livelihood mean, personnel quality, local political, economic and social status, etc. Because their education system is well developed, the distinctive national culture not only not hinders its communication with other local nationality, but also provides language and culture advantage for going abroad and entering foreign-capital enterprise. The definition of “minority” in World Bank is not applicable to the Korean nationality in Korean Autonomous prefecture of Yanbian but to the Korean nationality scatted resided outside the Yanbin prefecture. The report will provide special chapter to discuss the “development plan of minority” for latter of Korean nationality.

61 5. Poverty and Social Gender 5.1 Poverty Situation in the Project Area 5.1.1 General Situation Regional economic development in Jilin Province is at the medium level of China, where the poverty phenomenon is comparatively insignificant. In accordance with the situation mastered by related scholars, the poverty-stricken population in the whole Jilin province was 390,000-750,000 before and after 2000. 6 According to the information provided by the article Brief Analysis of Basic Situation, Causes and Alleviation of Rural Poverty-stricken Households in Jilin Province 7 released by China National Bureau of Statistics and referring to uniformly designated standards in 2000, Jilin province determined 1024 villages as the first group of key poverty alleviation villages. In late 2002, it made another assurance on the basis of the determined key poverty alleviation villages and 961 villages were successively determined to be key poverty-stricken villages, altogether covering a population of 1.145 million. The distribution of poverty-stricken villages is that 291 in Yanbian taking up 30.3%, 268 in White City taking up 27.9%, 108 in Songyuan taking up 11.2% and 107 in White Mountain taking up 11.1%. The distribution of covered population is 111,000 in Yanbian taking up 9.7%, 277,000 in White City taking up 24.2%, 173,000 in Songyuan taking up 15.1% and 33,000 in White Mountain taking up 2.9%. In 2002, the state listed 8 relatively disadvantageous economic counties (cities) in Jilin province such as Jingyu, Da’an, Tongyu, Zhenlai, Helong, Antu, Longjing and Wangqing etc. as the key counties to support. These 8 national key counties to support altogether have 496 poverty-stricken villages covering 259,000 people. The amounts of villages they cover exceed half of the total poverty-stricken villages of the whole province. Calculated from sample survey data, the absolute rural poverty-stricken population (the annual net per capita income lower than CNY 627) in Jilin province in 2000 was 591,000, taking up 1.8% of the total poverty-stricken population nationwide. During the four years till 2004, the poverty- stricken population gradually dropped year by year thanks to the implementation of various poverty alleviation policies and enhancement of poverty alleviation strength of the governments at all levels. By the end of 2004, the absolute poverty-stricken population province-wide (the annual net per capita income lower than CNY 637) had fallen to 293,000 by 50.4% than 2000, taking up 1.1% of the total poverty-stricken population nationwide, down 0.7%. Due to the influence of natural calamities especially droughts, wind damages and low temperatures successively happening to the White City in the west and Yanbian in the east in 2003, the income of most peasants in poverty- stricken areas lowered, the poverty-stricken population increased and the amount had once rebounded to be 435,000. The problems of province-wide poverty have been tremendously alleviated from the indicators allocated to each area by Alleviation of 80,000 Rural Poverty-stricken Population Realization

6 Wang Shulan: Research on Urban Poverty and Subsistence Allowance System in Jilin Province (Results of Philosophical Social Sciences Planning Fund Project of Jilin Province, 2002), see the webpage of Philosophical Social Sciences Planning Fund Project Office of Jilin Province. 7 Baidu Bar: Article of September 28th, 2005, marking: “Sources: National Bureau of Statistics of the P.R.C”. 62 Program of Jilin Province in 2009 released on April 9th 2009 by the office of Government of Jilin Province, with the details shown in the following table:

Table 5-1 Schedule for Realizing Poverty Reduction and Elimination Target of 80 Thousand Poor Population in Rural Area of Jilin Province in 2009 City(Prefecture), County Task City(Prefecture), County Task (City, district) Number (City, district) Number Changchun City 6940 Liuhe County 1050 Shuangyang District 270 Baishan City 4860 Nong’an County 1390 City level 170 Jiutai City 2820 Linjiang City 310 Yushu City 2100 Fusong County 740 Dehui City 360 Jingyu County 2890 Jilin City 4890 Changbai County 290 City level 850 Jiangyuan District 460 Huadian City 800 Songyuan City 10500 Jiaohe City 500 City level 240 Panshi City 1200 Changling County 2880 Shulan City 860 Qianguo County 450 Yongji County 680 QIan’an County 5620 Siping City 2830 Fuyu County 1310 City level 440 Baicheng City 27550 Gongzhuling City 100 City level 2260 Lishu County 930 Taonan City 1930 Yitong County 1080 Da’an City 9140 Shuangliao City 280 Zhenlai County 7800 Liaoyuan City 1840 Tongyu County 6420 City level 220 Yanbian Prefecture 17590 Dongfeng County 600 Yanji City 290 Dongliao County 1020 Tumen City 950 Tonghua City 3000 Dunhua City 1600 City level 100 Longjing City 3410 Meihekou City 320 Hunchun City 1000 Ji’an City 470 Helong City 2750 Tonghua County 680 Wangqing County 4130 Huinan County 380 Antu County 3460 Total 80 thousand

63 From the practice of 9 villages of fact finding, the situations of various villages are not completely consistent, for instance, there is basically no poverty-stricken population in the Jingbian Village of Yingan Town in Hunchun City; the Jingcheng Village of Shimen Town in Antu County is relatively salient where 15 of the 238 households in the entire village are poverty-stricken households, constituting the incidence of poverty of approximately 6%. 5.1.2 Reasons for Poverty and Salvation Methods

In accordance with the information of fact finding by the consignees, poverty of few peasant households of some villages results from two principal aspects: On the one hand, some families lack labour. Since ordinary families mainly depend on ploughing, sowing and labour export to acquire income, lack of labour not only makes the plough unable to be effectively operated and brings insufficient supply of food, the peasants also cannot acquire direct cash income through labour export, which invites difficulties to ameliorate living conditions and ensure necessary expenditure. Hence the life in distress. On the other hand, the poverty due to diseases, that is to say, some families are reduced to be poverty-stricken since some family members are caught by diseases and the medical expenses are too much; or the major labour force of the family catches diseases, which not only needs large quantities of expenses for medical care but also makes the family unable to operate normally since for the temporary loss of working capability of major labour force, which adds insult to economic injury of the family. Poverty factors such as poverty caused by education or shortage of plough in other areas are seldom in this project area. Presently, the government of this project area provides allowances for the poverty-stricken peasant households for their difficulties. The standards of governmental allowances are divided into three grades: CNY 900 per head each year for the special poverty-stricken households, and the other two grades such as CNY 659 per head each year and CNY 420 per head each year for ordinary poverty- stricken households. The amount of the allowances is determined by poverty degree and is often assessed by the village committee and the villagers. There are also folk salvation approaches in the villages along the line for the families with material difficulties in the same village, including the help with ploughing and harvest of the families with material difficulties given by other villagers organized by the village committee, lending money, grain or free material assistance between relatives, friends and neighbours etc. These help not only improves the relationship between villagers but also temporarily meets the crying needs of the families with material difficulties to some extent. 5.2 Relevance of Poverty-stricken Nationalities

The necessary relevance between poverty and minorities does not exist in the project area. Integrally, there is no inherent relationship between the nationality structure and the economic development level of the village and citizen income of the villagers. From the survey on 9 administrative villages conducted by the consignees, the net per capita income of the peasants of the villages along the line is at the level of about CNY 5000 per capita whose source is generally the same, namely, mainly ploughing and labour export. There is no obvious ethnic difference in labour skills; the methods and profits of ploughing of the villagers in the same village are equal on the

64 whole. Nevertheless after China and Korea established diplomatic relationship, Korean nationality exported labour to Korea with relatively high income and Korea-funded enterprises and Japan- owned enterprises in domestic southeast coastal areas, whose benefits of labour exports are remarkably better than the labour exports of the Han nationality and the Manchu nationality to the domestic Chinese cities. Consequently, the economic situation and producing and living conditions of the ordinary families of the Korean nationality are often a little bit better than the villagers of the Han nationality and the Manchu nationality in the same village. The villagers and local cadres of all nationalities in the villages along the line also agreed on this point. In other words, different from other domestic Chinese areas, the integral economic situation of the Han nationality in this project area is a little bit inferior to the Korean nationality as the minority. Nonetheless, the situations of the Manchu nationality and the Han nationality are fundamentally identical. 5.3 Women 5.3.1 Quality of Women and Tradition Labour Division

According to fact finding, the education degree of the female especially the woman in business in this project area is generally lower than that of the male. Traditional roles of female are almost to do all the housework, take care of the elderly and the children and simultaneously take part in productive labour together with male members. They take little part in the affairs beyond their families or various meetings of affairs of the village community as long as there are male. However, with the emerging labour economy in recent 20 plus years, young and strong men and unmarried female either work all year around or make money out of their hometown in slack seasons, so the women staying at home not only shoulder almost all the housework but also undertake most farming. Women’s cultivating the land and keeping the land and men’s making money out of their hometown becomes the mode of gender labour division of ordinary families. In the project area, since the Korean nationality attaches more importance to education than other nationalities, the education degrees of children for age and male and female youth are usually a little bit higher than other nationalities, which not only makes the individual quality, the integral quality, labour division, family roles and social status etc of the female of the Korean nationality as good as the Han nationality and the Chinesized Manchu nationality but also displays comparatively obvious advantages on the whole. In the villages, the opportunities for women of the Korean nationality are no less than those of the women of the Han nationality and the Manchu nationality. They are not inferior in politics or social life for the reasons such as learning minority languages since childhood etc. 5.3.2 The Project and Women

The labour division mode of “women dominating at home while men outside” makes the unrestricted prophase informed negotiation of this project in each phase must place special stress and emphasis on the participation of women staying at home. This is not only the influence of local traditions of labour division upon them and lack of initiatives and consciousness to participate but also due to the negative influence of their housework on this project, for instance, the disturbance of construction, inconvenience of the changes of production and life brought by the railway and

65 ancillary facilities and safety of the elderly and the children etc. The feelings are more delicate, more direct and stronger. With the aim to enhance the degree and effects of participation of the women, the consignees suggest: (1) Enhancing publication and mobilization of this project and strengthening the participation awareness of the women. The publication and mobilization of this project must make sure of the presence of the women. When necessary, women can be specially called on to attend the meeting to understand the targets, meaning, contents, participation modes and requirements of this project so as to boost their consciousness of participation; (2) Preparing and executing the project, the negotiation, supervision and assessment of operation of each phase in later stage, participation of women of the community in this project area must be ensured, respecting their ideas on modes of participation; (3) Enhancing skill training of women. The governments of various levels in the possession of this area carry out various skill trainings in this project area, giving special consideration to the requirements of the women and arranging special class shifts for women with pertinence when necessary. (4) When the local governments at various levels take account of the participation framework of women in this project area, attention should be laid on the ideas of the departments familiar with the situation of rural women such as the Women’s Federation. Since there is no difference between social roles and people's quality of the women of the Korean nationality in this project area, the above-said description of the relationship between women and the project in this project area and the suggestions brought forward to protect the rights of participation of women also apply to the women of Korean nationality. 5.4 Conclusion

To sum up, the producing and living skills and household economy of the Korean nationality, the Manchu nationality and the Han nationality in this project area are almost equal. Reflected in the aspects such as the amounts of per capita income and the poverty-stricken population, the Korean nationality not only has no remarkable disadvantages as minority with prominent ethnic characteristics but also exhibits some superiority owing to special historic opportunities, boasting the congenital privileges not owned by the Manchu nationality and the Han nationality in the local area in at least increasing family income. The women of the three nationalities have no sharp difference in the positions, roles and situations in family and social life. What is assured is that the Manchu nationality has basically been integrated into the local mainstream society and culture. Nevertheless, although the Korean nationality still keeps the language and cultural customs different from those of the mainstream Chinese society, it is the main nationality of the Yanbian prefecture in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture. In addition, since the integral quality of the members is relatively higher, there is no inferiority in politics, economy, society and cultural life in local areas. In brief, the Korean nationality and the Manchu nationality do not show particularity and fragility needing special attention in poverty and gender due to historic and cultural background different those of the Han nationality.

66 6. Project Impact and Residents Attitude in the Project Area 6.1 Resident’s Attitude Survey and Support Show

As pre-feasibility report of the project indicates: the construction of Jinlin-Hunchun railway is the need of implementing Tumen river regional cooperation and development, of strengthening international cooperation and development, of constructing Bai’a--Changbai--Chang-Tu international channel, of expanding domestic demands and ensuring the stable economic growth, of satisfying the requirements of region transportation and optimizing the transport structure along the line, of realizing sustainable development and constructing economy society, of promoting regional economic development along the line, of promoting national solidarity, consolidating national defense and enforcing long passageway. The necessity and importance are beyond doubt. However the project construction brought not only a lot of advantages and long-term benefits, but also much negative impact resulting from land acquisition and demolition. The project activities such as land acquisition and demolition directly result in impact and influence on the production and living of the residents along the line. In order to gain the understanding and support of the residents of all ethnic groups in the project area, to ensure the project construction proceed smoothly and orderly, and to bring more benefit more to local regions and residents, it is especially essential that developing the assessment of the project social impact, widely solicit the comments and suggestion of the residents along the line on which the improvement of project design, construction plans and all related measures is based. The consignee has fully understood the impact of assessing the project and realized the extreme importance of social support of the project. On the premise of guaranteeing the right to know of the residents along the line, their welcome and support to the project, anticipation and worries to the impact, as well as comments and suggestion on how to avoid or reduce the negative impact on the project are important basis for the investment and construction parties of the project to improve the decision, policies and work program. Only when the comments of the residents along the line are fully respected, their comprehension, support and necessary consideration could be won. For the purpose mentioned above, according to the factors such as the constitution features of residents along the line, local social and economic development level, administrative divisions, living and income of the residents, and past project experience, with the assistance of local relevant government departments, 9 villages out of 4 countries and 8 towns (Tab.6-1 marked in red) were selected as typical communities by the consignee. The investigation procedures are detailed in section 3 of chapter one in the report (1.3). 7 out of the 9 villages (see Tab. 6-1 and Tab. 1-1 for details) are mainly inhabited by the residents of Korean nationality, 4 by the indigenous peoples of Manchu nationality, 2 by Han nationality. The consignee got familiar with their support to the project, comments and suggestions on the project design and resettlement by means of informal discussion, individual interview and family questionnaire etc. There were 9 villager representative informal discussion held in 9 villages with 93 participants from all ethnic groups who were 100% supporting the project; the interview and questionnaire survey were performed among 91 households of villagers covering 56 minorities, with 91 questionnaires were sent out and all were valid to be retrieved. The comprehensive ratio of their support to the project is 95%. About 3% of the residents were indifferent because of ignoring the specific situations of the project, 2% expressed resentment and anxiety to the new project because of some remaining problems cause1d by past

67 project (such as irregularity of land expropriation compensation delivery or with a relatively lower standard). (See attachment 1 for details: Data Table 1 of household visit along Jinlin-Hunchun railway line; attachment 2: Data Table 2 of household visit along Jinlin-Hunchun railway line).

68 Table 6-1 List of Project-affected Villages within 4 Counties/Cities Inhabited by Ethnic Minorities in Compact Communities along Jilin-Tumen-Hunchun Railway Line County Township Village Total Ethnic Living Structure Per Capita Net Project Design and Mode of City Town Name PopulationPerson Minority IncomeYuan/Year Influence by Project Shuaiwanzi 530 Korean190 Cultivation, labor export, 5800 Railway tunnel passes through this persons individual entrepreneurs, village without occupying cultivated transport land. Guanmen 1121 Korean 366 Ditto 6000 Railway viaduct passes through this Village Man 70 village, 2-3 households need to be removed, viaduct pier occupies Ying’an Town cultivated land. Hunchun Fuxin Village 540 Korean 106 Ditto 6000 Railway tunnel, viaduct pass through City this village, few area is occupied, no removal. Jingbian 575 Korean Village More than 20 households 6100 Railway tunnel, viaduct pass through Village cultivate lands, others this village, slightly more land area is mainly work outside the occupied, no removal. village Dongguan 701 Korean 379 Cultivation, labor export, 6000 Viaduct pier occupies land, no Village individual entrepreneurs, removal transport Bakeshu 1039 Korean 340 Ditto 6000 Hunchun station is probably set to build here, but only land acquisition is concerned, no removal. Shuangxin 1166 Korean 889 Ditto 6000 Area of railway station and yard, land Village acquisition is concerned, no removal. Mijiang Mijiang 1105 Han170 Cultivation, livestock 5400 Railway viaduct passes through Township Village persons breeding, labor export cultivated lands of 50 households, Man more than few land expropriated, but the 40, others are cultivation and management of Korean cultivated land becomes difficult; only dry land is occupied, no occupation of paddy field. Qingrong 761 Korean 680 Cultivation, labor export 5400 Ji-Tu-Hun rail line passes through, a Village few cultivated lands are expropriated, no removal Liangshui Town Nanda 823 Korean 575 Ditto 6000 Railway viaduct passes through this Village Man26 village, the most land acquisition in town, no removal Liangshui 1412 Korean 1263 Ditto 5500 Ji-Tu-Hun rail line passes through, a Village few cultivated lands are Tumen expropriated, no removal

69 County Township Village Total Ethnic Living Structure Per Capita Net Project Design and Mode of City Town Name PopulationPerson Minority IncomeYuan/Year Influence by Project City Shitou 605 Korean 595 Ditto 5500 Ji-Tu-Hun rail line passes through, a Village few cultivated lands are expropriated, no removal Helin Village 560 A few Ditto 5500 Railway tunnel passes through hill field, no land acquisition or removal. Longhu 437 More than 100 Ditto 5500 Railway tunnel passes through hill Village field, no land acquisition or removal. Yueqing Town Yuji Village 300 Pure Korean Cultivation, livestock 5300 Ji-Tu-Hun rail line passes through village breeding, labor export this village, some is occupied by tunnel and viaduct pier Lifeng 547 Korean Cultivation, working 5200 Ji-Tu-Hun rail line passes through. Village village,13 Han outside households rent lands Jizhong 1595 0 Vegetable cultivation, 5300 Tumen station is probably set to build Village livestock breeding, here, houses highly concentrate in working outside this village, no detail data of removal and land acquisition. Chang’an Town Guangxing Not in detail Han nationality Ditto 5500 Rail line passes through, permanent Village and temporary land acquisition Guangji 780 Korean220 Ditto 5600 Rail line passes through, land Village acquisition, removal Xiaoying Town Minzhu 1111 1108 Ditto About 6000 Rail line passes through, land Village acquisition, removal Dacheng More than 2000 Korean 95% Vegetable cultivation, 6000 Railway tunnel, viaduct passé Village More than 100 restaurant, transport, through vegetable field with relatively Hans house lease, labor export high benefit in this village Yilan Town Xing’an 2200 Korean 1760 Vegetable cultivation, 6000 Ji-Tu-Hun rail line passes through, Village Man 32 cattle breeding, labor land acquisition concerned, about 7- export 8 households need to be removed Dongxing More than 200 Vegetable cultivation, 6000 Ji-Tu-Hun rail line passes through, 5- Village Korean cattle breeding, labor 6 households need to be export removedno land acquisition and Yanji removal concerned for people of City Korean nationality. Beida More than 2000 Korean 70% Vegetable cultivation, 6000 Ji-Tu-Hun rail line passes through, Village Han 30% cattle breeding, labor land acquisition concerned, no export removal Guangshi 1947 Korean1512 40% cultivate land, 60% 5000 passes through, 5 natural Village Man 21 work outside communities need to be expropriated, about 100 households need to be removed.

70 County Township Village Total Ethnic Living Structure Per Capita Net Project Design and Mode of City Town Name PopulationPerson Minority IncomeYuan/Year Influence by Project Chaoyangchuan Zhongping 1395 Korean 1290 Vegetable, tobacco 4700 Ji-Tu-Hun rail line EMU station and Town Village plant, drug, livestock yard, 38 households need to be breeding, labor service removed, lot of rural households affected by land expropriation. Taidong 1742 Korean 1687 Ditto 5000 Ji-Tu-Hun rail line passes through, 4 Village households involved in land acquisition, 2 households for removal, greenhouse of 2 households shall be expropriated Chaoyang 1538 Korean 1522 Ditto 6500 Ji-Tu-Hun rail line passes through, 6- Village 7 households involved in land acquisition, no removal Taixing 2255 Korean 1388 Ditto 5500 Ji-Tu-Hun rail line passes through, Village more than 30 households involved in land acquisition,concentrate in one nature village, no removal Qinlao 1200 Korean 80% Ditto 6000 Ji-Tu-Hun rail line passes through, a Village Han 20% few cultivated land occupied, no removal Jicheng 2045 Korean 1107 Cultivationeconomic 5800 18 households to be removed, no Village crop: yellow tobacco, detail data for households involved sun-cured tobacco etc. in land acquisition. Antu Chongshan 802 More than 80 Cultivation, livestock 5000 Location of railway line hasn’t been County Village Korean breeding, transport, labor yet determined, it may cause 15 households, export houses to be demolished and 16 more than 20 households removed in this village Man Shimen Town households Jingcheng 770 Korean 60% Cultivation, work outside 5484 Rail line passes through the back of Village Han 40% this village, 1 household involved in removal and paddy fields of more than 10 households shall be expropriated. Chatiao 1137 Korean 75 Labor export, cultivation 7300 Railway viaduct, tunnel passé Village Han 25% through the village, 2 plots of land shall be expropriated, no removal involved. Xinfeng 400 Korean 95 Cultivation, labor export 5000 Railway line passes through this Village Han 5% village, 34 plots of land shall be expropriated, no removal involved.

71 County Township Village Total Ethnic Living Structure Per Capita Net Project Design and Mode of City Town Name PopulationPerson Minority IncomeYuan/Year Influence by Project Yushuchuan More than 800 Korean 75 Cultivation, work outside 5800 Railway line passes through this Han 25% village in form of bridge and tunnel, a few plots of land alongside the river shall be expropriated, about 3-4 ha, no removal involved. Longshan 341 More than 90 Labor export, vegetable 5780 More than 20 households of railway Village are Korean cultivation, transport, taxi employees shall be removed, no driver influence on rural resident, except Mingyue Town that a part of land shall be expropriated. Ming’an 278 Korean village Export labor outside the 6800 Ji-Tu-Hun railway viaduct passes Village country, like Korean etc. through this village, no removal involved, lands to be expropriated are mainly cultivated land converted back to forest. Hexi Village 230 More than 20 Vegetable cultivation, 6500 Railway viaduct passes through the Korea labor export, transport, center of village, 7 rural households households, taxi driver shall be removed; a part of vegetable others are Han field shall be expropriated. nationality 4 8 39

72 6.2 Attitude of Village Residents of Minorities

On 12-13 February 2011, the consignee made an additional field investigation for two villages on Henan Street of Jiaohe City, namely Xintun and Xianfeng Villages, which comply with relevant policies of the World Bank concerning the definition of “minority”, the Korean nationality villages require arrangement according to the Minority Development Plan. On the occasion of Spring Festival which was also important for the Korean nationality, the villagers paid visits each other, and few youth returned home for the festival, so the village cadres were unable to help us to assemble informal discussion of villagers’ representatives. For this reason, both villages did not hold the discussion. However with the assistance of village cadres the consignee directly made a randomized interview in both villages, including questionnaire survey and individual in-depth interview concerning family information, in which 18 households and 18 villagers participated. The questionnaire statistical data showed that 4 households existed only on agricultural income, 7 only on labor income and the others on both labor and agricultural income, reflecting the three representative living modes of the residents in two villages; on the income level, 2 households had annual gross income of about CNY 8,000, with average less than CNY 2,000 per rural resident, 7 of between CNY 40,000-80,000, with average less than CNY 10,000, the other 9 of CNY 90,000- 180,000. The above households basically stood for the families with different income: low, moderate and high, therefore the random survey should be representative and valid (see attachment 2 for details). The household survey data of the village showed 11 out of 18 households said they had learned about the relevant situations of the project prior to the interview and questionnaire survey, accounting for 61.11%, 7 had expressed they had no knowledge of the project, accounting for 39%. The interviewed residents held the following attitude on the project: half expressed their support clearly, accounting for 50%; the other half was indifferent, accounting for 50%. No interviewer expressed disapproval of the project. It may be certain that the project has a better foundation among the village residents of ethnic minorities. However the right to know of the residents must be guaranteed by more wide and diversified public information. The most important thing is the policies and measures related to the project, especially the land acquisition, the compensation standard of demolition and resettlement method closely related to the residents’ interests, as well as the instruments and means to reduce project noise, pollution and safety potential must be propagated and explained timely so as to sweep away the worries of the residents in the project area. 6.3 Judgment of Residents on Project Benefit

Through field investigation, the villagers of Korean nationality, Manchu nationality and Han nationality in the project area are sure the project may bring the following positive benefit to the local region: (1) The project concerns a special railway for passengers with high capability and speed, comprising the stations along the line, which will provide rapid, safe, smooth traffic means with strong accessibility for the outgoing of villager along the line, thus greatly narrowing the distance

73 between the rural residents and the big cities such as Jilin, Changchun and Beijing and making going out for work, business, education, medical treatment, tourism convenient for them; (2) With the easy traffic, the outworkers may return home at any time, no matter in case of family emergency or creating festive atmosphere on the festivals, they may come at the drop of a hat, but cost less money than that of the airline; (3) The convenient and smooth traffic is conducive to stimulate the large people, logistics and information flow with more commercial opportunities, to attract investment and implement local economical development, as well as expand the second and third industries with more employment and business opportunities, by which more peasants may obtain the chances for work and business in the neighborhood; (4) The improvement of transportation and market prosperity is helpful to further stimulate the commercialization and specialization of agricultural production along the line so that the rural households may increase the income by cultivating the land; (5) The gradual improvement of supporting infrastructure construction and development and prosperity of local economy enable the peasants increase the value of their limited land and their wealth potential. (6) Some residents thought the project construction would bring benefit to the offspring despite a certain positive impact at present. Moreover, as the cultivated land is getting more profitable, it will call forth the initiative and creativeness of the peasants who explore more effective and reasonable land utilization way. The rich peasants and village development of suburbs and developed region have provided generalized successful experience. In the course of field investigation, no matter at the villager representative discussion, household survey or individual interview, the residents of Korean nationality and Manchu nationality had the basically consistent anticipation of the project profit with that of the residents of Han nationality. The consistent anticipation also reflected their similarity in living conditions and experience. 6.4 Judgment of Residents on Negative Impact of the Project

While widely contacting with the rural residents of Korean, Manchu and Han nationalities along the line, who understood and confirmed the selection of the technical program mainly consisting of tunnels and viaduct in the project, particularly trying to avoid track laying on the ground when passing through the villages where muffler measures will be adopted, so that the impact on the land occupation and villages along the line will minimized, however they has raised the following concerns: (1) The construction of bridge piers and unavoidable track laying on local ground sections in the project will require part of cultivated land requisitioned of the project area and some land occupied for homestead to resettle the demolished household, which will cause a absolute reduction in the amount of local cultivated land, at the same time the project is the basically parallel to the Jinlin- Hunchun highway which has been substantially completed and put into operation, not far from it,

74 part of villages have been re-imposed by repeated land acquisition; if they have not an alternative living skill, the reduction of cultivated land means the living style with land as key guarantee is facing direct risk; (2) The cultivated land requisitioned by the project has been contracted by each households which depend on the land to different extent, but the compensation policies have restricted flexibility in operation, the village collectivities can not share the risk by adjusting the land again arbitrarily, thus increasing the living risk for the rural households mainly dependent on the land; (3) Even the development of local economy is relatively low in the project area and the cultivated land has a limited output value and huge multiplication space, the compensation is evaluated according to past harvest, and the financial capacity of local government is also limited, based on these the rural households are inclined to take a pessimistic view of possible compensation and to consider the project as a harm to their profit; (4) With the decreasing total quantities of cultivated land, the pressure of the rural household in the project area who try to increase income source through labor export and nonagricultural employment is further enlarged, but the labor market is responsive to the economy prosperity, so is the enterprises and industries where the rural migrant workers in the project area concentrates, therefore the deduction of cultivated land suggests the increasing life risk of affected rural households; (5) In case of poor management or rehabilitation benefits, the temporarily occupied cultivated land will bring loss to the rural households, which has been demonstrated by the past experience; (6) In the course of construction or after the completion of the project, if the agricultural infrastructures of the villages destroyed by the project fail to be repaired or replaced with alternative facilities, they will directly affect the productive activities and income of the households; (7) According to the principles of saving land, the project will minimize the amount of land acquisition; however some sections of the railway will inevitably cross the cultivated area to cause the following situations such as most parts of the cultivated land of the rural households are requisitioned but edges and corners are left for difficult management, or the whole cultivated land is crosscut so that people have to cross both sides of the railway to cultivate and manage the land. Due to the project area has been accustomed to large-scale mechanically farming, the irregular or long and narrow edge and corner fields, the cultivated land with viaduct pier and so on will result in inconvenience to mechanical farming, if the proper compensation for the similar situation is ignored, the rural households will also suffer from loss; (8) Flooding disaster occurs in the project area relatively frequent, such as during July-August of 2010, the project area was attacked by the severe flood. Such indicates the cultivated land and crop harvest may be affected by flood, drainage and irrigation in case of improper disposal of the spoil; (9) The concerns of the residents in several villages which the railway cut through definitely are generally the problems such as noise, safe, the impact on the appearance of the village, as well as obstruction to the infrastructure and appearance improvement of the village, which are caused by

75 the crossing railway. The villagers look forward to a more considerable program from the owner to ensure that minor impact on the village appearance and daily production and life; (10) In the course of resettlement and demolition of suburbs, the residents worried that their resettlement followed the way of the ordinary cities and towns family. Since the rural family has cultivated land to operate, the problems such as display of agricultural tools, domestication of livestock, and minimization of the distance with cultivated land, need to face every day. If only the living facilities such as water, electricity and roads are taking into account, regardless of the actual needs such as the productive and operative convenience, much troubles and inconvenience may easily occur. The above concerns of potential negative impact on the project, as the past experience of all villages in the project area is not exactly consistent, the concerns and importance of the residents have the local difference, however the residents of the same village, regardless of Korean nationality, Manchu nationality and Han nationality, have the similar views. The residents of Korean nationality have not put forward different views from that of the Manchu nationality and Han nationality, or special wishes and request. 6.5 Analysis on Interracial Effect of Project Impact

As for the residents of Korean nationality, Manchu nationality and Han nationality, the potential impact of above project has not significant national difference regardless of positive or negative impact, degree, range and means. From the perspective of potential positive impact of the project, land acquisition and demolition of the project has a direct connection with the location and direction, the relationship between the line position and distribution of residential housing along the line, location of cultivated lands is contingent, and the residents of Korean nationality, Manchu nationality and Han nationality live together in many land section along the line, where their houses and cultivated land contracting by the farmers are mixed, therefore the impact probability of residents of all ethnic groups is equivalent. Concurrently due to the unified land system along the line, similar living style and productive skills of Korean nationality, Manchu nationality and Han nationality, and equal income level and economic capability, therefore the negative impact resulting from land acquisition and demolition is extremely unlikely to cause the marked interracial difference, nor does the capability and way for the residents to overcome the positive impact of the project. For the impact on the infrastructures such as transportation and water conservancy of the villages, and environmental impact and interference to normal life and production of the residents owing to the project construction, since the local residents has basically similar customs, traditions and activities methods and so on, the potential positive impact will not show significant ethnic difference. The consignee found that through field investigation, no matter at the villager representative discussion, household survey or individual interview, the residents of all ethnic groups had raised the similar prospect, requirement, proposal and concern. Likewise, the project might have positive effect on the villages and rural households along the line, including the convenience because of improvement of traffic conditions, the individual opportunity

76 owing to local economic development, with the same significance and value to Korean nationality, Manchu nationality and Han nationality. 6.6 Specific Comments and Suggestion Raised by the Residents on the Project

Specific comments and suggestion proposed by the residents in the project area mainly include: 1. Concerning land expropriation compensation (1) Hope to reduce the intermediate links for releasing compensation payment; (2) Growing crops is more stable and longer than one-time compensation, they hope to be provided with long-term life guarantee rather than money payment; (3) Hope to be provided with endowment insurance to solve the retirement problems; (4) The compensation for paddy fields and vegetable plot should be higher; (5) The land made a decrease in value after being cut, with edge and corner fields which should be compensated due to difficult cultivation. 2. Concerning demolition and resettlement (1) Most of interviewers concern the low compensation standard of demolition so that their houses can not be established in accordance with the same specifications, and hope to replace the house and obtain a ready-made demolition and resettlement house with the equal size, area comparing to the demolished house; (2) In case of demolition and resettlement, hope concentrated resettlement so that they are easy to take care of each other, especially the old people are able to communicate with the acquaintances; (3) The interviewed residents hold two different comments on the resettlement way, about some of one thirds intend to resettle in the cities and towns, the others hope not to leave the village where they had lived; (4) Some villagers wish to expand the housing area, and they hope the government will consider the actual needs of the villagers in the course of demolition and resettlement; (5) Hope to decide the demolition plan as soon as possible, allocate homestead earlier so that they may build the house for resettlement in season with a good production and living. 3. Concerning construction design (1) The rail-track passing through the village causes the impact on the village appearance, noise nuisance and security risks; (2) Viaduct crossing the residents area cause security risk and noise nuisance; 4. Concerning project construction (1) The villagers hope construction control in busy farming season and guarantee of the normal productive activities so as to ensure the productive operation suffers form less loss;

77 (2) Hope the construction unit to enhance safety precautions not to cause too much disturbance to the resident of construction area, particularly the construction vehicles shall be cautious to keep away from the agricultural vehicles and pedestrian to guarantee the safety of lives and properties of local residents; (3) Remedy measures shall be taken for the destruction of local road and irrigation facilities incurred in the course of construction; strongly urge the construction unit must restore the damaged infrastructure facilities and temporary site incurred in construction before evacuating. 6.7 Suggestion of the Consignee

In the course of field investigation, the consignee felt keenly: all ethnic groups of project area presented uncommon generosity and understanding to the national infrastructure projects. Even they had some concerns on the project construction, and some residents complained that some remaining problems had not been timely solved, however most of them had confidence in the government would act as a mediator to settle the remaining problems, also in all investment parties of the project would seriously take their opinions. The consignee thought on the premise of the residents of the project area respecting the needs of national project construction, in order to safeguard their own legal rights, their proposal was just and reasonable, so the ministry of railway, local government at all levels and the construction party should deal seriously. Combining with the collected investigation opinion and related project experience, the consignee suggests: 6.7.1 Concerning Land Expropriation Compensation (1) As an important life source to the rural residents, the cultivated land has a great potential for high value with increasing business competencies and technical level of the villagers and improving of operation conditions. For this reason, the principle for determining the land expropriation compensation standard is appropriate increase of compensation standard, and guarantee of full and timely compensation payment to the imposed household. Each household is recommended to set up a bank account to which the compensation payment is directly delivered, avoiding the intermediate links in which delay or deduct the payment may occur. (2) The comments of the residents in the project area concerning the edge and corner field in difficult operation and management shall be properly compensated, is in accordance with the actual local situation. Since the project area mainly use agricultural machinery for farming, the irregular and small cultivated land can not be cultivated, or need additional manual input. Therefore, in order to reduce actual loss suffered by the rural residents, although the common practice of the consignee concerning compensation is performed according to the actual occupied area is reasonable, also for the purpose of reducing project land acquisition and protecting limited cultivated land, appropriate compensation standard must be determined through consultation with the rural households and implemented. 6.7.2 Concerning Demolition and Resettlement (1) The house is important rely on for the rural households living and engaging productive activities. The rural houses usually have affiliated facilities such as hovel, hutch, toilets and water

78 source, as a part of the house which is inseparable. Therefore in the course of demolition and resettlement, mechanically disposal shall be avoided. Favorable conditions shall be created, consisting of providing necessary compensative funds to help the demolished rural households completely restore the house with full functions. (2) Although compensation standard of demolished house must be based on the material, area, and structure of original residence, taking the peasants of the project area with a low income into account, most of the rural households have unstable annual income and little savings, and reconstruction of residence frequently needs huge one-time investment. Therefore on the one hand the investment party shall properly increase the compensation standard which should offset the price difference in material and labor charges resulting from the price inflation, on the other hand, in order to ensure the rural households can complete the house timely but their living will not be affected by the housing loans, it is suggested the local governments at all levels manage to provide interest-free or low-interest policy loans dedicated to the residence reconstruction for the demolished household. (3) The selection of resettlement location and method shall be determined through full consultation between the territorial government responsible for resettlement liability and the demolished households whose desires shall be fully respected instead of being treated with law of identity. 6.7.3 Concerning Construction Design (1) As the rail-track or viaduct cross the village, the design department and investment party shall ensure that production and living of the residents are not affected or only slightly affected through increasing muffler measures or guardrail facilities and building more bridges or culverts and so on. (2) In the village of project area, particularly most of the rural households of Korean nationality grow paddy rice, so the irrigation system is very important for them. The design and construction must avoid destruction to the irrigation system. (3) The travel road for the productivities and livelihood of the rural residents is rather complex, closely related to their productive and living space and resource distribution, the project design and construction should try to prevent damage from the original travel road system, or to provide the convenience for the local residents through increasing construction of tunnel and over-bridges, broadening and reinforcing the subgrade and substrate. 6.7.4 Concerning Project Construction

(1) The engineering building materials, construction temporary house, and construction spoil etc. require temporary site expropriated, when the construction is completed, the territorial government should restore the site promptly jointly with supervision and construction parties; in case of unsatisfied recovery, reasonable compensation shall be made for imposed rural household through consultation. (2) The construction party shall attach great importance to construction safety and take strict measures to prevent or reduce the construction disturbance, as well as prevent the overloading,

79 speeding of construction vehicles and blasting operations which cause threaten to the lives and property safety of the residents along the line. (3) The construction party shall consider the characteristics of production and life of local residents regarding arrangement of working hours during the construction, avoidance measures shall be adopted in the busy farming season to prevent from the severe impact on the normal production and life of rural households. (4) The construction party shall strengthen personnel management to prevent the workers from intruding into the village and disturbing the life of local residents resulting in damage to the project image. 6.7.5 Other Suggestions Benefit the Residents in the Project Area (1) The territorial government should help the rural households to restore the production and operation promptly for land requisitioned or demolished through the services such as labor training, or open up new ways of production and operation or employment opportunities to reduce the risk of life due to the impact of project. (2) The territorial government should take the initiative in consultation with the construction party, and help the residents in the project area with the appropriate conditions and ability to participate in the project construction, so that the project construction may benefit local residents in various directions. (3) When the railway is completed and put into operation, requiring all kinds of staff, the project area residents, especially those rural households directly affected by land acquisition, demolition shall enjoy the priority of employment under the same conditions. 6.7.6 A Number of Specific Suggestions Concerning the Residents of Korean Nationality in the Project (1) Although the Korean nationality has a relatively high level in the overall acceptance of Modern school education, due to the general practice of using their own national language in daily lives, comparatively, it is more proficient in the national language than in the Han language, additionally most of the rural residents of Korean nationality left along the line in the project, are women and the elderly, depending on the national language more strongly comparing with the youth, therefore when providing labor training to the rural residents of Korean nationality along the line in the project, Teachers should master the Korean language which should be served as the main educational language. (2) In recent two decades, the Korean nationality had trans-provincial, cross-border flow movements in large scale, but with less flow-back population who are obviously inclined to move and settle in the cities and towns. Therefore, in the course of the project land acquisition and demolition, when involving Korean nationality residents, in case they initially request cash compensation and cities or towns resettlement, their requirements should be satisfied as possible. (3) As the Korean nationality has a strong affinity, and their internal communication are tighter, the Korean nationality requiring the implementation of urbanization resettlement should be properly

80 concentrated in the resettlement process, so that they are easy to visit each other, to maintain and develop social contacts and cultural recreational activities with ethnic characteristics; at the same time, in the concentrated resettlement course, some places should be reserved for the residents to make their daily eating pickled vegetables (Korean called “kimchi”). (4) The Korean nationality is adept at growing rice and fond of eating rice. Most of their cultivated land is paddy fields, and such production activities require improved irrigation system as the guarantee. In the course of the project design and construction, special attention must be attached to protect and maintain their irrigation system of the Korean nationality villages which the railway passes through; in case of any damage or destruction, their irrigation system should be promptly restored. 6.7.7 Concerning Guarantee of the Right to Know of the Residents in the Project From August 2010 to February 2011, the consignee has successively performed two in-depth investigations in the residents of villages along the line. The consignee felt that there were still a considerable part of the population (e.g., minority villages in the latest survey showed that awareness of residents was only 61%) knew little about the project, particularly about the specific considerations in terms of technical design, implementation arrangements, security, compensation standard, and resettlement measures of the project, which are closely related to the vital interests of the residents along the line, also the issues they are very concerned about. If the propaganda and mobilization are not performed promptly, the fears and worries of residents may be deepened, thus resulting in unnecessary misunderstandings which are not conducive to the advancement of the project. In the investigation of the typical and minority villages, the consignee has tried to propagate the available information on the project as much as possible, it is learned, the design units, migrants teams has also promoted communication in the residents along the line. However, it seems far from enough. Local governments are required to make the extensive publicity to residents of all ethnic groups along the line through local newspapers and television broadcasting and other media, notices, and government organization channel to disseminate information, such as township and village committees, etc. Government at all levels should work out the decision concerning the compensation standards that the residents along the line was particularly concerned as soon as possible, and make a public notice to reassure the public. 6.8 Conclusion

This chapter has analyzed and summarized the reflection of the residents and the potential effect of positive and negative impacts on the Korean, Manchu and Han nationalities, and drawn the conclusion that because of the unified land system in China, minority and Han nationality were basically consistent in land system, living style, economic development, production and living skills and other aspects in the project area, so they had the same potential to withstand the possible negative impact of the project, and use of the opportunities offered by the project, as well as the ability and approaches to address the adverse impacts of projects, etc.

81 This chapter has proposed specific suggestions regarding how to relieve the negative impact of the project construction on the resident in the project area, especially on rural residents, magnifying that the project residents benefit from this project, and put forward four suggestions according to the national characteristics of Korean Nationality. The starting point of these suggestions is to maximize the maintenance of the basic rights and interests of residents in the project area, enhance the acceptable level of residents in project area on the project through benefit measures, and build a good project image.

82 7. Stakeholders 7.1 Identification of Project-related Groups

This report is based on project feasibility study the engineering consulting group Co., Ltd. iron compiled files of the, identifying the project-related stakeholders/groups are as follows: Ministry of railways: owners, finance party and the World Bank loan borrowers of the project; Construction headquarters of Jin-Tu-Hun special line for passengers (hereinafter refer to “Jin-Tu- Hui headquarter”): Ministry of Railways needs to set up special project implementation agencies for this project; Jilin provincial government: As an owner of the project uses the local funds invested for land acquisition and resettlement of territorial area of the project as the project investment;

Prefecture (city), county/district, township government in the project area are responsible for the specific implementation of territorial land acquisition, demolition and resettlement; World Bank: World Bank is the major provider of investment loans in the project; Residents of project area: inclusive of residents of Han nationality and minority, also immigrants etc;

Construction party: Project contracting party undertaking the construction task. 7.2 Stakeholder Analysis 7.2.1 Ministry of Railways Ministry of Railway is the highest administrative department for construction, development, operation and management of national transportation in China, and it is the major finance party, borrower of World Bank, as well as supervisor of the project construction. It assumes the concrete functions such as construction, operation and management of Ji-Tu-hun railway project through the organization and establishment of Ji-Tu-hun passenger special line headquarters. As the state administrative organ, Ministry of Railway reflects and represents the state will in its administrative behavior, subject to the regulation of national legal system. Chinese Constitution and Law on Regional National Autonomy are the basis and regulation to exercise administrative functions in the field area, which is interested in how the project construction is carried out scientifically and reasonably under the framework of national policies and laws, discriminatory measures, policies shall not work out and adopted for different ethnic residents in the project area, especially the relevant provisions must be strictly observed in case of the policies problems involved in the project, without any contravention. 7.2.2 Construction Headquarter of Ji-Tu-hun Railway Passenger Special Line The headquarter is a specially established agency as the Ji-Tu-Hun railway project construction needs, engaged in tender-inviting and bid for the project construction, the supervision and management of construction activities of the units contracting the project, and coordination and cooperation with local governments at all levels or related agencies to jointly complete the tasks of

83 land acquisition, demolition and resettlement etc.. After the construction is completed and put in operation, according to relevant agreements, the Harda passenger special line will be responsible for management, operation and dispatch. From the perspective of social assessment, the important activities such as the land acquisition, demolition and resettlement, construction within the project functional range, are all directly associated with the well-being of the rural residents in the project area. For one thing, the project must conscientiously perform the supervisory management functions, strictly supervise the safe and standard construction of the contracting units, carefully protect the productive and living facilities of the villages and villagers along the line, in case of occupation, appropriate compensation shall be performed and the facilities shall be returned as soon as possible, in case of damage, the restoration should be provided promptly; with the local government, properly carry out the land acquisition, demolition and resettlement work, deliver the full compensation payment to the affected rural households timely. For another thing the project should consciously accept the oversight of ministry of railway, territorial government and residents along the line; ensure the governing compliant with national and local policies and regulations, and consciously based on the principle of “prior informed consultation with indefinite duration”, deal with the problems concerning the interests of the residents along the line may occur at each stages of project construction, effectively protect the interests of residents in the project area, and maintain a good project image. The activities of the headquarters are under the supervision of Ministry of Railway, local government at all levels, and the residents along the line. Properly dealing with the relationship between the project construction and production and living of residents along the line, and maintaining the normal social order along the line are the premise for the headquarters smoothly proceeding in the project construction. Since the potential negative and positive impact possibly incurred in the project area on the resident of Korean, Manchu and Han nationality are basically consistent, and the residents of Korean, Manchu and Han nationalities showed no ethnic differences at the aspects of organizational forms, legal means and actual capacity used for safeguard their own rights and interests, as a result the Ji-Tu-hun railway headquarter will not work out and adopt policies arrangement having ethnic discrimination in terms of compensation and resettlement and so on. 7.2.3 Jilin Provincial Government

Jilin provincial government plays the role of investment party in the project. According to Minutes on speeding up the construction of Jilin railway, “Jilin provincial government are responsible for investing 10% of the project capital, and for the land acquisition and demolition work and cost which may be counted as local shares with the approval of both ministry of railway and Jilin Province. Concurrently Jilin province is also the main beneficiaries of this project, not only burden the construction cost of land acquisition, demolition and resettlement, safeguard the normal construction of the construction team within the territorial scope, but also shoulder the important duty such as maintaining and safeguarding the rights and interests of territorial villages and residents. Therefore its attention must be paid to coordinate the relationship between the construction unit and residents along the line, properly settle the argument and dispute which may occur, timely deliver the full compensation payment for land acquisition,

84 demolition and resettlement to the affected rural households, arrange the temporary house or homestead without any delay for the demolished household. The provincial government must strengthen communication and consultation. Through proper consultation they should work out the solution in respect of the compensation standard issue which is very sensitive, related to the vital interests of the affected enterprises and residents. The provincial government should attach great importance to the remaining issues of past project which may disturb the advancement in the territory, and work out a solution through negotiating all parties concerned to reduce barrier for the work of government at basic level. Through field investigation, the consignee realized that Jinlin provincial government boasted of rich project experience for they had separately or corporately implemented numerous of major constructions such as railway or highway in its territory in recent two decades. At present the National Development &Reform Commission is tentatively responsible for taking lead in dealing with the pre-stage work of the project, after the project is officially launched, the government departments at provincial and municipal/ state and county levels will set up special institutions responsible for the project construction. In the project area, particularly national minority regional autonomy is practiced in all cities and countries of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture where Korean nationality distributes more concentrated along the line. The Korean nationality has its own national spokesperson in the governments at all levels, and it will not be treated unfairly. 7.2.4 City, County, Districts and Township Governments along the Line City, county, district and township governments along the line are both the beneficiaries of the project construction and the bearer of territorial responsibility at all stages such as project preparation, construction and putting into operation etc. They also assume the tasks such as specific implementation of land acquisition, demolition and resettlement, delivery of compensation payment, guarantee of normal order of territorial project construction, to settle the contradictions and disputes resulting from the project construction, to maintain the local social order and the interests of affected enterprises and residents, and so on. It may be said that they are carrying heavy responsibilities with light powers and in an awkward position, therefore, on one hand they must perform the duty fairly according to the national and local policies and regulations; on the other hand, making use of being familiar with not only the local folk customs and attitude, but also the law, regulations, in addition to the advantages of the moderate master the policies, they should play an intermediate role in coordinating relationship, communicating information and settle contradictions, etc. Through field investigation and contact, the consignee found that governments at all levels along the line in the project area, in particular the cadres appointed by the local government at the same level to assist the work of the project are well aware of the situation of the project, with good anticipation of the potential risks of the project and difficulties in performing their duties, also a deep understanding of public sentiments and opinion in their possessions. Moreover they were very familiar with the residents of all ranks particularly the village residents affected by the potential

85 impact of the project, and they had won the trust of the residents. Such was the important condition to ensure that they can make an active contribution to this project. Local authorities at all levels within Yianbian prefecture along the line are lower organizations under the jurisdiction of the autonomous prefecture. They are governed by the autonomous government, exercising power in accordance with national law. Each department of local authorities has Korean representatives who can reflect the wishes and requirements of their own nation, and safeguard their national interests of residents, so that Korean residents in the project area will not be marginalized. 7.2.5 World Bank The World Bank is the loan provider of the project. At the same time the World Bank did more contribution to the project, not limited to providing loan. In order to help the owner to develop the project construction smoothly and reduce loan risk, the World Bank specially set up a project team to provide strict supervision and professional guide at each stage such as preparation, implementation, management and operation at later stage based on the associated business policies and rich international project experience. The World Bank adheres to implement the security policy in the whole process of the project, which is of great value to increase the policy support capability and standardization of operation as well as to decrease the potential risk. Minority polices of the World Bank full reflects the special attention of the World Bank and its expert team on safeguarding minority rights and interests, will not ignore the occurrence of ethnic inequality in the project by itself, or even cause national question. 7.2.6 Residents of Project Area The residents of project area mainly refer to all kinds of urban and rural residents distributed within the project area, belonging to local permanent residents. They can be divided into cities and towns/rural residents, cities and towns common residents/cadres and staff of enterprise and public institution, Han nationality/minority residents, project involuntary migration and so on. They may continuously share the advantages such as convenient traffic and local development, while also being directly exposed to various potential positive impacts due to the project construction. Through field investigation, the consignee found that due to the residents of all ethnic groups along the line in the project area with the experience of projects such as Jilin-Tumen railway construction and operation, Ji-Tu-hun highway construction had general knowledge on the potential positive and negative impacts caused by the project activities. They trusted the local government and cadres responsible for the work, and hope to settle the possible contradictions and disputes through equal consultations. They thought the village committee had represented the public opinion of the community. They were familiar with the necessary rights protection approach such as appeal to the government or legal body, having general understanding and support of the project. The problems of their common interests were as follows: whether the affected rural households could get the full compensation in time; whether the homestead of demolished household could be arranged reasonably and timely; how to deal with the affected village appearance properly; how to solve the inconvenience in agricultural production and living when the suburbs rural households resettled in

86 the towns, and whether their living standard could be maintained or raised; whether the related information could be open to the public; whether the comments of rural residents would be respected and adopted; whether the project would leave all kinds of hazards to the production and living of community residents and so on. 7.2.6.1 Minority Residents of the Project Area Namely they are the residents of Korean and Manchu nationality. Their comments, wishes and demands had not significantly difference with and other community residents. They did not emphasize that they had special problems requiring attention of the owners, government and experts. They do not think neither the project had caused the impact on the special interests of ethnic collectives either nor they had weakness in the local political and community life. 7.2.6.2 Project Non-voluntary Migrant Namely the urban and rural residents along the line affected by the potential negative impact incurred in the land acquisition, demolition and others of the project. The consignee has attached great importance to the non-voluntary immigrant in rural minority communities, based on the principle the unlimited pre-informed consultations, through informal discussion, household visits and individual interviews, carry out more adequate interview with non-voluntary immigrants. In addition to the community issues raised by common residents, the special problems raised by non- voluntary immigrants were as follows: whether the compensation standards and full compensation payment can deliver timely; whether arrangements of homestead could be prompt and reasonable (inclusive of area, location, cost and procedure); whether there were enough time left to ensure that the household built a house prior to his house demolition; whether future life could be maintained or improved, etc. The problems and demands raised by non-voluntary immigrants of Korean, Manchu nationalities had no difference with the Han nationality, without specific requirements or hint based on ethnic background. 7.2.6.3 Other Vulnerable Groups in the Project Area Namely the poor, elderly, women, juvenile and disables. The consignee has attached great importance to them. It should be noted as follows: (1) Since rural young adults in the project generally go out, the consignee had not seen the youth representative in most of the villages; (2) Similarly, due to a large number of the young adults served as migrant workers, about 80% of those who participate in the informal discussion on behalf of the community residents are the elderly; (3) Since there are relatively more women left in project area, the female representatives attending the informal discussion are basically equal to male representatives. The female views, aspirations and demands are roughly consistent with those of male villagers. Through the field investigation, the consignee found that the elderly and women specially concerned about the following problems: whether the project land acquisition, demolition and construction and future rail operations, would bring inconvenience to their production and living in

87 the community; whether they were be far from relatives and friends of the community after resettlement; whether there was danger when children went school or play; whether the reduction of cultivated land will affect the family, particularly the life of future generations; how to solve the problem that the compensation for the elderly persons of no family was unable to sustain their living during his lifetime ? And so on. During the process of communicating with local government officials and grassroots cadres as a accompanier in the investigation, the consignee learned that the local government implement living security for the household in hardship along the line in three way: firstly provide basic living security by incorporating them into the scope of subsistence allowances; Secondly, the local new rural cooperative medical care has fully spread, which can prevent from the “impoverishment”, “returning to poverty due to illness” more effectively; thirdly the rural basic education along the line has been raised the general attention of the government and rural households, with a relatively high level of youth education, and better quality of the population, and the production and living conditions may be changed through increased training efforts. The railway security risks during the construction and operation can be minimized as much as possible through technical design, construction specifications, supervision and management, strengthening the warning means and rails, public education of the territorial government and other mean; the homestead will be arranged in the village for reconstruction as much as possible in demolition and resettlement. In the course of survey, there is no ethnic difference in the situation and demand reflected by the vulnerable groups. 7.2.7 Construction Party At present, the project is still at the earlier preparation stage. The owners indicate they will make an open tender-inviting and bid for project engineering strictly in accordance with the relevant policies and regulations of state and departments, to make sure that the qualified construction unit shall undertake the project engineering, also strengthen the supervision and management of the units contracting the engineering give priority to the qualified surplus labors of the project area in employment. The owners also said they would propose the units contracting the project based on the principle of increasing the benefits of village and villager of project area, with a prior consideration of resources and products from the villages and enterprises along the line in raw materials selection. Particularly the local rural households usually own the agricultural vehicles which may be employed for contracting transportation equipment and materials etc. to acquire a certain income. The project construction activities of construction party are governed the ministry of railways, government of the project area at all levels, and the residents along the line under the Chinese relevant policies and regulations. Since the potential negative and positive impact possibly incurred in the project area on the resident of Korean, Manchu and Han nationality are consistent, so are their proposed right appeal, the ability, way and means to safeguard their own interests, for the above reasons the potential interests of the construction party are basically as same as that of the residents of Korean, Manchu and Han nationality, neither necessary nor possible in dealing with the relationship between the residents along the race to distinguish between other strategies, It is neither

88 possible nor necessary to adopt strategies which are diverse in different ethnic groups in the course of handling the relationship with the residents along the line. 7.3 Conclusion

Combining with relating stakeholder groups analysis, the consignee have an opinion: although around the project, the residents of project area has formed a complex interests relationship with various relating stakeholders outside, however, these stakeholders do not have the damage to the residents of Korean, Manchu nationality rights or motivation or inclination to get them trapped in the vulnerable situation, It is impossible occur under the relevant Chinese laws and policies.

89 8. Development Plan for Minority 8.1 Objects and Applicable Scope

As mentioned, although Korean nationality, Manchu nationality and Hui nationality exist within the scope screened in the project, the Manchu nationality and the Hui nationality do not conform to the definition “Minority” specified in the minority policy OP4.10 of World Bank, according to the information obtained from typical investigation, screening of minority along the line and additional investigation on February 12-13 in 2011 performed by the consignee, as well as to the definition “Minority” specified in the minority policy OP4.10; although the Korean nationality wholly features by the description of several important characters with respect to “Minority” set forth in OP4.10, the Korean nationality within the Yanbian Autonomous Prefecture is of regional national autonomy implemented locally, and therefore the minority policy of World Bank does not apply; for the scattered Korean nationality outside the Yanbian Prefecture, most of them reside together in rural communities including Xianfeng Village and Xintun Village in Henan Street in Jiaohe City, and the definition “Minority” specified in relevant policy of World Bank is applicable to them. Therefore, such Korean nationality are targeted in the development plan of minority in the project, and the applicable scope of the development plan of minority in the project are limited to the Xianfeng Village and Xintun Village (for the distributions of the Korean nationality in the screened scope, see Appendix 3: Screening of Minority Distributed in Strips 5km Away from Two Sides of the Special Ji-Tu-Hun Passenger Line). However, when other Korean communities are mentioned, corresponding solutions, suggestions and measures can be proposed in their resettlement plan according to the development plan of minority. 8.2 Overview of Targeted Communities 8.2.1 Xintun Village in Henan Street in Jiaohe City8 Introduction by village cadres: The Xintun Village has two natural villages, i.e. Xintun Group 1 and Xintun Group 2. The Village has 539 registered persons and 230 households with average population of 2.34 in each family. Among those persons, 14 are dead and 4 are newly born. Additionally 15 persons are from other places. Therefore the actual number of persons living in the village is 544, all of which are Korean nationality. When the Korean nationality communicating within their nationality, they use the Korean language and words; however, they use the Chinese when communicating to other nationality. Almost all the villagers can speak the Chinese, but the old feel a little of difficulty. The Korean nationality remain their custom, even the young Korean at home who have great experience and are quickly informed of new knowledge from outside all year round. Usually the number of the whole permanent residents is 68, only accounting for 12.62% of registered population. Most of the residents are old, and 43 persons live in Xintun Group 1 and 15 persons live in Xintun Group 2. The rest persons go out for working, and most of them are young.

8 Basic information about the Xintun Village is sourced from site investigation for the Village performed by the consignee in the afternoon of February 13 (Sunday), 2011. The information is provided by the Accountant Liu (male) of the Village. Investigation and information collection are performed by Zhang Wei. 90 60% of the migrant workers go to Shanghai and Guangzhou, and 40% of the migrant workers are for Republic of Korea. Some of the migrant workers have a fat salary up to several hundred thousand yuan, but some are low-paid, as the case may be. The Village has 130 ha cultivated land, and each village member has 0.24 ha land equivalent to 3.6 mu. Approximate 40% of the cultivated land is irrigated land, in which paddy rice is planted. Because of smaller permanent residents, the capital supplied by the State is insufficient in building diversion dam, and thus most of the irrigated land is changed as dry land, in which corn and soybean are planted. The Village has four households that do farm work in more than 20 ha land; the Han nationality from nearby places rent and cultivate land of more than 100 ha, accounting for 90% of the whole land. The land rent is dependent on the quality of land, CNY 400 per mu per year for fertile land and CNY 350 for infertile land. The Village has two households that do cultivation work, but the scale of cultivation is small, and only 7-8 cows are raised. The net annual income per capita in the Village reported last year is up to CNY 6600. The Village has 13 households receiving the minimum living support, and most of them are handicapped, old and weak. Generally the farming activities of the Village begin since April of each year, about one month after the Spring Festival. Specific farming arrangements include: sowing and seed-breeding are performed in April; rice-transplanting, corn and soybean planting are performed in May; farm management is performed from June to September, during which the peasants have a leisure time and young peasants will go to nearby cities and towns to work for some time; autumn harvest is performed from the beginning of October to the beginning of November; grains-selling, changing the harvest to cash and tilling with plow are performed in November; the period from December to March of the next year is a free time for peasants who will warehouse agricultural machines, visit their relatives, celebrate the Spring Festival and perform the wedding, etc. Now the Village has basic-level political organizations of Village Committee and militia, and mass organizations of Communist Youth League and Women’s Federation. Because the younger go out for working, the village affairs are in the charge of the Village Committee. In December of the last year, the Government assigned persons to dig a well. The construction material yard for Ji-Hun High-Speed Railway is located in the west of the village, and it has a land area of 45 ha, with the length of 1500 m and the width of 400 m. Most of the yards are acquired from cultivated land of 84 households. Presently no department personnel are assigned to negotiate with us the affairs related to land acquisition, and only a notice that we are not allowed to cultivate the 45 ha land was delivered to us in December. From statistics of questionnaire performed for 11 households sampled at random from the Village, it is shown that: (1) Population structure: there are 40 persons totally in the 11 households, averagely 3.6 persons per household; the household having the greatest scale has 6 persons and the household having the smallest scale has 2 persons, and most of the household have 3-4 persons; the youngest person is 8

91 years old, and the oldest person is 90 years old; there are 13 persons aged above 60, 1 person aged below 17, 21 persons aged in 18-45 and 15 persons aged in 46-59. Education background: 14 persons (accounting for 35% of the sampled population) receive the education of primary school, and most of them concentrate in the age period of above 50; 20 persons receive the education of junior high school and 4 persons receive the education of high school, concentrating in the age period of 18-50; 2 persons are illiterate, and one is 90 years old (woman) and the other is 41 years old (man); gender structure: 135:100feminine23masculine 17 (2) Economic conditions: income sources of the 11 households are agriculture and labor service. There are 2 households that only have the income from agriculture, 6 households that only have the income from labor service, 2 households that have the incomes from labor service and agriculture, and additionally 1 household that is only paid by salary; there are 2 households whose income is less than CNY 10,000, 3 households whose income is in CNY 10,000-50,000, 6 households whose income is above CNY 50,000, and the highest income is CNY 180,000. 8.2.2 Xianfeng Village in Henan Street in Jiaohe City9

Introduction by Accountant Cui and Director Jin: the Village is located in the connection of town and country, and it is divided into 8 groups with 258 households with 861 persons. The Village has 5 natural villages, including Beixiao Village, Taiyang Village, Yangshulinzi Village, North Waizi Village, East Waizi Village, adjacent to the Xinmin Village. All the people of the Village are Korean nationality. For daily communication, the Korean nationality use the Korean language/word within their nationality and between family members, and they use the Chinese in case of communicate with other nationality. In recent years, because immigrated Han nationality rent the land of the Village and they live in the Village, mixed inhabitation of the Han nationality and the Korean nationality exists in the villages other than the Taiyang Village. Because most of the Han nationality can not understand the Korean language and words, the Chinese is widely used in the communication with the Han nationality progressively. Our Korean nationality still remains our custom, and the custom is identical to that of Korean nationality living in neighboring places. The Village is surrounded by flat ground, and all cultivated land of the Village is irrigated land, without forest land. Additionally some land is covered with vegetables. The Village has a total 153.2 ha cultivated land, with main crop of paddy rice. Now there are 12 households doing farm work in the Village, 2 in Beixiao Village, 2 in Yangshulinzi Village, 5 in Taiyang Village, and 3 in East Waizi Village. There are 40 ha land contracted to and rented by the 12 households, and the rest land, more than 100 ha are rented by immigrants. The land rent is generally is CNY 240-300 per year. According to experiences for years, the gain per mu is about CNY 1500-2000, whether in dry land or irrigated land. The annual income per capita in the Village reported last year is about CNY 6000, but the income of most of the farmers is greater than the value. There are 400-500 migrant workers going out for working, and almost half of the workers live out all year round. The actual number of registered

9 Basic information about the Xianfeng Village is sourced from site investigation for the Village performed by the consignee in the morning of February 13 (Sunday), 2011. The information is provided by the Accountant Cui (male) and Women’s Director Jin (female) of the Village. Investigation and information collection are performed by Zhang Wei. 92 residents in the Village may be merely more than 100. The workers go out for places covering Beijing, Qingdao, and even Korean, and most of them work for foreign-owned enterprises. For the workers in Korean, their average equivalent CNY income per month may be up to 5000. The Village has 10 households receiving minimum living support, 3 in North Waizi Village, 1 in Beixiao Village, 4 in Yangshulinzi Village, 1 in East Waizi Village and 1 in Taiyang Village. These poverty-stricken households mainly are suffered from handicap or illness. In previous years, the infrastructure construction carried out by the Government occupied 30 ha land concentrating in Beixiao Village, and 9 households from the village are relocated to and arranged in the relocation building. The land compensation provided by the Government in 2007 is up to CNY 600,000, and the relevant policies are well performed. The land compensation is calculated based on the unit of square meter, and the compensation given to us is about CNY 7/m2. Surveys show that social organizations in the Xianfeng Village include Village Committee and militia, as well as Communist Youth League, Women’s Federation and primary Party organizations, essentially identical to those of Xintun Village. No other civil groups are heard of. The Village Committee bridges the communication between the village collective or its members and the Government. For agricultural activities, because most of the cultivated lands in the Village are planted with rice, the task of farm management after sowing in spring and before reaping in autumn is heavy. Sufficient and continuous water is required for rice field and lodging and sprouting of rice due to soaking in water shall be avoided when the rice is nearly mature. The time intervals for agricultural activities are essentially identical to those in the Xintun Village. From statistics of questionnaire performed for 7 households sampled at random from the Village, it is shown that: (1) Population structure: in the 7 households there are 28 persons totally, averagely 4 persons in each household; the big household has 5 persons and the small household has 3 persons. Gender structure: there are 13 men and 15 women with minimum age of 12 and maximum age of 74, and there are 3 persons aged below 18 (exclusive), 10 persons aged from 18 (inclusive) to 45, 9 persons aged from 46 to 60 (inclusive), and 6 persons aged above 61. Education background: there are 8 persons receiving the education of primary school, 17 persons receiving the education of junior high school, and 3 persons receiving the education of high school. (2) Economic conditions: income sources are agriculture and labor service. There are 2 households that only have the income from agriculture, with respective gains of CNY 80,000 and CNY 60,000; there is 1 household that only has the income from labor service, with the annual gain of CNY 5,000 and the annual average gain per capita of CNY 1,000; there are 4 households that have the incomes from agriculture and labor service, with minimum income of CNY 60,000 and maximum income of CNY 14,000. 8.2.3 Main Features of Targeted Communities From site observation of the consignee and interview of village cadres and villagers, many common features are identified in the two Korean nationality villages:

93 (1) The two villages are in the connection of town and country, close to town. With continuous expansion of town, the space between two villages and town is being reduced. The process of “urbanization” is expediting, and thus the Xianfeng Village is becoming a “village in town”; the Village Committee of the village has been relocated to a rented place in downtown, and most of the villagers have not lived in the village. (2) The living methods of Korean nationality villagers change dramatically. Traditionally they live by cultivating the land, and the land is their basic means of livelihood. At present, there are only 4 households doing farm work in the Xintun Village and 12 households doing the farm work in the Xianfeng Village. Farmers of more than 95% and most of labors change to work in non-agricultural industries, even in Korean or in foreign-owned enterprises (mainly Korean-owned and Japanese- owned enterprises) of the southeast coast of China. (3) Social structure changes dramatically. At present, most of persons living in the village are old, and the “empty-net” family becomes much obvious. Population of permanent Korean nationality decreases dramatically, and the permanent residents population in the Xintun Village is only about 12% of the registered residents population and in the Xianfeng Village the value is about 15%. Immigrants are increasing, and most of them are the Han nationality renting the land. The ethnic population structure of the villages has a significant change, and accordingly the use of language changes. The household economic conditions show an obvious difference, and most of persons left in the villages, except the ones involved in large-scale cultivation, are old, weak, ill and handicapped, and they become a main part of poverty-stricken group. In contrast, the economic conditions of migrant workers and their households are generally better. (4) The overall economic condition is better, but the polarization between the rich and the poor is serious. From the information obtained from site observation and investigation, it is shown that the annual net incomes per capita of residents in the two villages are above CNY 6000, exceeding the national, provincial, and city average income. Poverty rate is about 5%. The per-capita income of poverty household is about CNY 1000, but the maximum income of rich household is up to CNY 180,000, contributing to a per-capita income difference of more than 15 times. Of course, there are some differences between the two villages. The Xintun Village has the residents living closely to each other, and it only has two natural villages; however, the Xianfeng Village has 5 settlement points, relatively dispersed. Most of cultivated land in the Xintun Village is dry land, approximately accounting for 60% of its total land, and main crops include corn, rice and soybean, etc; however, all the land in the Xianfeng Village are irrigated land, with main crop of rice. The Xianfeng Village is closer to the Jiaohe City, and essentially becomes a “village in town”; however, at present the Xintun Village is not involved in the urbanization temporarily. 8.2.4 The target community Korean Minority complies to OP4.10 definition on “minority” The implementation party confirms as the following through investigation: (1) The Korean minority in Xianfeng Village and Xintun Village are conscious of minority, who believe that they belong to the same minority with other Koreans. They precede in Korean island,

94 while different with other nationalities such as Han, Hui and Manchu. Residents of other nationalities, such as Han also think it a nationality of Korean nationality, who have their own language and customs. (2) Xianfeng Village and Xintun Village are the origin of Manchu nationality. Qing government has forbidden development by immigrants in a long term. Since revocation of the ban in late Qing dynasty, Korean nationality removed here from the Korean peninsula, and became the predecessor that lived here early. Though the natural resource, such as land belongs to Qing government, in custom, the use right and beneficiary right of the natural resource around the inhabitation area shall belong to the pioneer that first live here and develop. Therefore, the Korean predecessors and their descendants in Xianfeng Village and Xintun Village live on the natural resource within their influential power. (3) The Korean pioneer in Xianfeng Village and Xintun Village have become a unique nationality before their movement to the present place. They have their own culture and living method, including planting rice, holiday, dancing, clothes and architecture. The tradition passes from generation to the follower, and remains until today. (4) The Korean residents in Xianfeng Village and Xintun Village use their own language and word. They use Chinese sometimes in foreign contact, while keep intact nationality language, which is basic in their communication. Other nationalities such as Han, Manchu and Hui all use Chinese. More than 90% of people in Jiaohe are Han people, whose official language is Chinese. Obviously, the Koreans in Xianfeng Village and Xintun Village conform to the four basic features of “minority” defined in OP4.10, who shall be regarded as “minority”. 8.3 Influence of Project and Requirements of Residents

According to measuring data provided by design department of the project, the Xianfeng Village and Xintun Village are located in the left of Ji-Hun Railway, and the Xianfeng Village is a direct distance of 3370 m from the Railway and the Xintun Village is 4350 m from the Railway. The Xianfeng Village is not influenced directly by land acquisition and demolition for the project, but the Xintun Village has partial cultivated land to be taken as the material yard for the project construction. Because of different direct influence extent by the project, the suggestions to the project given by residents of the two villages are different. Data from household survey for the villages shows that: among 18 respondent households, 11 households (accounting for 61.11%) are informed of relevant information of the project prior to the interview and questionnaire and 7 (accounting for 39%) households are not informed of the information previously. The attitude of respondent households indicates that 9 households (accounting for 50%) expressly show welcome and 9 households (accounting for 50%) show indifferent. No respondent show opposite to the project. The Xianfeng Village has 7 households that receive the questionnaire and household interview (see Annex 2) performed by the consignee. For the information of the project, 4 households are not well informed prior to the interview of the consignee but 3 households are informed. For the attitude to the project, the 3 households informed above show welcome but the 4 households not informed above show indifferent. For the influence

95 of the project, 1 household shows not informed; 1 household worries about noise; the rest 5 households shows nothing to worry about, and they believe that the Railway will facilitate their trips, and they has no opposition to the Railway because it is far away from the village and no land acquisition and demolition are involved. From the questionnaire, it is understood that in recent years land acquisition and demolition for municipal construction were performed in the village by the Government, which then stipulated and implemented relevant policies and measures, and thus the villagers show general satisfaction. Consequently this contributes to an increased confidence to the project. The Xintun Village has 11 households that receive the questionnaire and household interview (see Annex 2) performed by the consignee. For the information of the project, 8 households are informed but 3 households are not well informed prior to the interview of the consignee. For the attitude to the project, 6 households show welcome but the rest 5 households show indifferent. For the influence of the project, 1 household shows not informed; 1 household worries about pollution arising from materials placed in the material yard; 1 household worries about land acquisition compensation; 1 household worries that its normal life will be influenced; the rest 6 households show no worry. However, they believe the project will facilitate their trips, and they declare the project is national construction, thus showing understanding. When receiving the interview, the village cadres show that: (1) The most concerned issue is land compensation. It is heard that a compensation standard is CNY 2000 per mu, and CNY 4000 for occupation for two years; after the two-year occupation, another 3- year period of compensation will be provided as compensation for recovery of land capability. As such, the compensation per mu will be more than CNY 10,000, and it is acceptable. The Village Committee has held a meeting for the compensation, and we are concerned with the implementation of the compensation. We hope express terms and transparent policies from the Government. We also hope the compensation will be performed according to documents, without level-to-level deduction. (2) We have considered the problems including public safety that will be met in the course of high- speed railway construction. Construction personnel will not certainly live in our village, and however in the way of material acquisition and transport, the increased personnel will lead to some influence on our village. We will show great support to national decisions, but we hope the construction will not influence our regular livelihood. In a word, the consignee thinks that the residents of the minority villages show general support to the project, and the project has a good social base. However, because local government at each level provides insufficient propaganda for the project and the policies for land acquisition, demolition compensation and resettlement are not published, the residents have insufficient knowledge and many worries about the project. This shall be addressed by quickening the preparation of relevant polices and make it public, and strengthening the communication to eliminate the worries, in order to ease the residents. 8.4 Details of the Development Plan for Minority

96 According to the opinions and demands proposed by minority residents as well as the experience accumulated by us in similar projects, the consignee thinks that opinions and suggestions proposed by the residents are fair and reasonable and shall be fully understood and respected. As to specific measures, detailed suggestions have been put forward by the consignee in 6.6 of this report. The investment party and construction party must implement them. According to specific situations about the Xianfeng Village and Xintun Village, we think that four major aspects shall be considered for the key points of the development plan for minority. (1) Strengthen the water conservancy construction of villages. The traditional livelihood of both villages is crop farming, in which rice occupies an important place. Currently, some left residents of Korean nationality still take crop farming as the main source of income, in addition to Korean nationality’s strong suit to planting paddy rice and their addiction to rice. Therefore, strengthening the water conservancy construction is not only the needs for protecting the fundamental interests of the local Korean residents, meeting the living demands of Korean residents as well as transmitting and carrying forward the labor wisdom of Korean nationality, but also the concrete measures to benefit the minority residents through this project. The consignee has noticed that much emphasis has been put in the water conservancy construction of villages by Chinese Government in recent years. Document 1 launched by the Central Government on December 31st, 2010 has further stressed the extreme importance of developing water conservancy. In accordance with the requirements of the Central Government, the local governments at all levels will implement the work and corresponding policy measures and funds will be gradually phased in. In order to manifest the social benefits of this project and establish the project image, governments at all levels, especially the Water Conservancy Bureau and other relevant functional departments in the project area, will be suggested to formulate concrete measures in relation to demands from the water conversancy of the Xintun Village and Xianfeng Village as soon as possible and give first priority to their implementation. (2) Pay major attention to the poverty groups and older age groups. As put forward above through analysis, the main left residents in the Xianfeng Village and Xintun Village currently are old. The aging of resident population in the villages is very serious and these residents need cares and attentions in daily life. Among the left crowds, other than the old, persons who partially or totally loss their working capacity due to disability and sink into hard life conditions take up a large proportion. It is known from investigation that the poverty-stricken population of villages along the line has basically received poverty relief from the Government at present. A specified sum of subsidy is allocated to them every month from the national and local public finance. The very elderly people can also enjoy an aging subsidy. Simultaneously, a new type of rural corporative medical care system carried out by the Government has basically covered all the local population. These policy measures have provided a certain degree of security for the basic existence needs of poverty-stricken and elderly crowds. However, such security level is still relatively low. Their difficulty in going out, aspire to tendance, difficulty in walking and other problems are still serious. Therefore, it is suggested that local governments at all levels, especially Civil Affairs Bureau, Public Health Bureau, Construction Bureau, and Nation and Religion Bureau which have the direct responsibility, shall improve rural infrastructure and public service, carry out new rural

97 construction, give a preferential arrangement of anti-poverty projects as well as other resources for the project area. In order to let the elderly and poverty-stricken crowds in the villages can enjoy the benefit of this project earlier and more realistically, the Xianfeng Village and Xintun Village shall also be given preferential consideration. (3) Explore and protect national culture resources. The culture transmission of Korean nationality is relatively completed with obvious. The consignee has learnt during the investigation that, in recent years, the Municipal Government of Jiaohe City has strived to develop national cultural tourism in Wulin Korean Town and has achieved remarkable success. The folk-custom village of Korean nationality in Wulin has become a famous tourism destination for its folk-custom cultural tourism of Korean nationality. Folk-custom cultural tourism not only brings direct economic benefits, but also has an extremely positive influence on transmitting and carrying forward the national culture of Korean nationality, stabilizing the village residents, enhancing the national unity and confidence, etc. We suggest that local governments at all levels, especially the Tourism Administration, Nation and Religion Bureau and other departments, shall extend the successful tourism development experience of folk-custom village of Korean nationality in Wulin to the Xianfeng Village and Xintun Village, so as to help the residents of Korean nationality in both villages to develop an attractive and competitive folk-custom cultural tourism in connection with their own situations. This can not only transmit and carry forward the traditional culture of Korean nationality more effectively, increase the income channels of villagers, but also provide more choices for the livelihood of local residents. (4) Highly emphasize and strengthen the labor training. According to data of household questionnaire, the degree of education of both the Korean nationality villages is junior in the majority, accounting for 60% of the total young and middle-aged people. The number of people owning high school background only accounts for 10% of total families interviewed. The situation is not optimistic for such workforce to face the coastal foreign-owned enterprise job market and international labor force market with increasingly fierce competition. Seeing that rural households of Korean nationality mainly live on labor service income for at present, relevant departments of local government and relevant education institutions, involving Human Resource Administration, Social Security Administration, Bureau of Education, municipal vocational and technical schools, etc, shall strengthen the investigation and study of labor force market demands, in order to reduce the risk brought by the way of making a living without land. They also shall improve the total quality and competitive power of local residents especially the young and middle-aged workforce of Korean nationality in connection with the vocational and knowledge training of the young and middle-aged workforce and school adolescents. The consignee understands that the unique advantage from transnational labor service export of the Xintun Village and Xianfeng Village has facilitated the intensification of land management. The income of rural households is relatively high in the mass. Compared to other local villages, the income and living standard of these two villages can be classified as the middle or upper class (per- capita net income of rural households of the whole city is CNY 5549 in 2009). Under this circumstance, the suggestion mentioned above that gives priority to the resident needs of these two villages lacks persuasion, according to the general working thoughts and habits of local

98 governments. However, as one of the investment parties of this project, local governments at all levels along the line not only have a direct responsibility for the development of all the attributed nationalities, but also assume an obligation to optimize the project image and increase the benefit from this project to residents along the line. Therefore, in view of the expansion of social benefits brought by this project, local governments at all levels along the line, especially all the corresponding functional departments and institutions, shall give preferential consideration to and support the construction mentioned above of the Xintun Village and Xianfeng Village. The corresponding concrete arrangement, involving the implementation of financial sources and budget estimation, shall be carried out as far as possible when the strategic decision for this project is underway. 8.5 Budget and capital resource for the minority development plan The following is the budget as to the four measures on minority development plan: 1. Water irrigation of the village: The Xintun Village water dam demands CNY 500,000; Xianfeng Village trench enhancement demands CNY 150,000; The capital comes from the central and local rural water irrigation special fund by the local water irrigation department. 2. Care of the poor and the elder: The local government, especially the three-level government of Jilin province, Jilin city and Jiaohe shall properly increase the subsidy for the rural people with low income according to the price increase and local revenue, so that the 23 low-income families in Xintun Village and Xianfeng Village can be guaranteed for their living. 3. To develop and maintain Korean culture: The minority ethnic bureau in Jilin province, Jilin city and Jiaohe, the three-level government, will sponsor CNY 10,000 every year to each county in four years during construction, so that the rural committee can organize the minority holiday activities, and develop and popularize the holiday culture. It needs CNY 80,000 in total. 4. Labor training: As there is training institution in Jiaohe, and Xintun Village and Xianfeng Village are located in the suburban area with open traffic, it is suggested to invest CNY 20000 into course developing, employment of teachers and labor intensive training every year in the construction period. It needs CNY 80,000 in total. The total budget is CNY 810,000. The party expects that the local government in the project area can realize their responsibility for the development of the minority. Meanwhile, as the investor of the project, they shall improve the project image and improve the benefit of the project to the residents along the line. Therefore, the local government along the line, particularly the functional department and authorities, shall focus on the social benefit of the project and support the project for Xintun Village and Xianfeng Village. The government shall also take the corresponding measures in decision-making, including the capital resource and budget. 8.6 Suggestions for Implementation of the Development Plan for Minority The project Development Plan for the Minority is to be implemented by Jilin provincial and regional government, including arrangement of the management, technician and budget. The implementation and schedule shall be decided with Xintun Village, Xianfeng Village committee and the rural people. Evaluation of Development Plan for the Minority can be incorporated into the immigrant settlement plan.

99 9. Conclusions and Suggestions 9.1 Public Knowledge and Participation and Resident Support

Governments at all levels and residents along the line in Jilin Province have long been looking forward to the project. After the Ministry of Railways and Jilin Province in 2008 reached an agreement Meeting Minutes on Issues Related to Acceleration of Jilin Railway Construction, all levels of the government in Jilin Province have propagandized the Ji-Tu-Hun railway project to the society through many channels including the television, the broadcast, the newspaper and all levels of the government portals. In 2010, the teams of survey and design, resettlement, social assessment and so on also widely contact with the villages and residents along the line by each form. Territorial government, migration team and social assessment team commonly use unlimited early knowledge and negotiation measure to communicate with the affected villages so that the residents of the project area have a better understanding of the project. According to our two on-the-spot investigations and assessments, the villages and residents of the project area show high recognition and extensive support to the project. In the on-the-spot investigation from social assessment Consignee, the supporting rate from the village resident representative symposium is 100%, and the supporting rate from household visit and personal interview is above 90%. It should be noted that at present residents of the project area pay more attentions to related policies and measures arrangement of land acquisition compensation standard, resettlement measures, distribution channel of farmers’ compensation and so on. Residents in the villages that are within the screening scope of the project but not directly affected by land acquisition are not very high awareness of the project's related situation. Consequently, the investment party especially the local governments should further expands the scope, widely, timely and comprehensively propagandizes the related policies and the related situation to the residents of all ethnic groups to ensure their right to know, and then effectively guarantee their rights of participation and supervision. 9.2 Representation of Minority Policy (OP4.10)

This report analyzes the “Minority” policy and basis recognized by China, and compares them with the related regulations of the World Bank’s minority policy; at the same time, it researches Chuang nationality’s land systems, cultural traditions and current situations, livelihoods, social and political systems and a comparative analysis of the relationships with its mainstream of society and culture, also discusses the relationship between poverty and social gender, the potential impact of the project ethnic effect, residents and related stakeholders of the project. Through these analyses, the report considers that Manchu nationality and Hui nationality have a high degree of integration with the mainstream of society and culture without obvious national characteristics and a weak nature in the project, so they do not meet the “minority” the World Bank policy OP4.10 described as; although Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture have distinct national culture characteristics, they are the main ethnic group of exercising regional autonomy in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, without a weak nature in the local political, economic, cultural and social life, and thus the policy OP4.10 does not apply. Therefore, the project is mainly aimed at the Xintun Villages and

100 Xianfeng Village lived scattered in Henan Street, Jiaohe City to draw up Development Plan for Minority. 9.3 RAP Formulated in the Project Is Applicable to Korean Nationality and Manchu Nationality

RAP in the project has carried out a thorough investigation and research on the potential positive and negative effects, combined the present economical and social development situation of the project area, national related policies and regulations, the desires and the requests of residents along the line, and proposed the policies and measures for the compensation and resettlement. The consignee confirms that the data of RAP is reliable, analysis of problem is reasonable, the basic conclusion is credible, and the proposed series of countermeasures have the pertinence and the feasibility to relieve or compensate the negative effects of the project, enhance the positive effects and guarantee the Minority’s rights to know and participate in the project. RAP is also suitable for Korean nationality and the Manchu nationality residents of the project area. It is suggested that RAP refers to the development plan for minority of the report, aiming at the social and cultural characteristics of the Korean nationality villages along the line to perfect the resettlement measures, and the Xintun Village and Xianfeng Village are integrated into the monitoring and evaluated scope of the resettlement plan. 9.4 Special Explanation about the Language

In view of the Korean nationality use the Korean language generally, and the elder and women with the low average educational level are the main crowds along the line. In order to facilitate them to read and understand the contents of the report, it is suggested that the report should be published in Chinese, English and Korean. [The end]

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