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Preliminary Analysis of the Swimming Endurance of Atlantic Cod (Gadus Morhua) and American Plaice (Hippoglossoides Platessoides)

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Preliminary Analysis of the Swimming Endurance of Atlantic Cod (Gadus Morhua) and American Plaice (Hippoglossoides Platessoides) ' .. 'I. Not to be cited without prior reference to the authors International Council for CM 1997/W:13 the Exploration ofthe Sea Theme Session: \V The Catching Performance of Fishing Gears used in Surveys PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF THE SWIMMING ENDURANCE OF ATLANTIC COD (GADUS MORHUA) AND AMERICAN PLAICE (HIPPOGLOSSOIDES PLATESSOIDES) • by Paul D. Wingert, Pingguo Hel, and Stephen J. Walsh2 IFisheries & Marine Institute, Memorial University ofNewfoundland, P.O. Box 4920, S1. JoOO's, Newfoundland, AIC 5R3 2Department ofFisheries & Oceans, Science Branch, P.O. Box 5667, S1. JoOO's, Newfoundland, AIC 5Xl ABSTRACT Swimming flume studies were eonducted for Atlantie eod and Ameriean plaiee to investigate the effects ofwater temperature and fish size on swimming endurance. Fish were tested on a routine basis over a duration of29 weeks from the fall of 1996 to the spring of 1997. Swimming trials far cod were tested aeross a range offish sizes (41 to 86 em), temperatures (0.0 to 9.8 °C), and swimming speeds (0.6 to.l.3 m/s). Swimming trials for plaiee were tested across a range offish sizes (14 to 44 em) and temperatures (-0.2 to 9.6 °C) at a swimming speed ofO.3 m/s. A preliminary examination ofthe data was eondueted using multiple linear regression. The results do not support the hypothesis oftemperature related bias in catching performance for either species. In cod, swimming speed was the only significant factor affecting swimming endurance. Fish length largely influeneed swimming endurance in plaice, hut had no apparent effect on swimming endurance in eod. 1 INTRonUCTION Identifying and measuring the factors that affect survey trawl catchability has been the subject ofmuch research in recent years (see for example, Godo & Walsh 1992; Dickson 1993a, 1993b; Godo 1994; Walsh 1996; Somerton & Munro 1996). Changes in environmental conditions in the survey area arid biological constraints within the targeted species are two sources ofbias which can increase variance around abundance indices. Several variables ofthis nature are known to affect trawl-induced herding and avoidance behaviours, leading to variation in catching efficiency. Chiefamong these include ambient light intensity and fish size (Parrish et al. 1964; Wardie 1983, 1986; Walsh 1991, Walsh & Hickey 1993). Other factors may include age, physiological condition, arid bottom temperature (Laevastu & Favorite 1988; He 1991, 1993). With the possible exception oflight intensity, each is thought to affect swimming endurance in the trawl path in some manner. Unfortunately there is little empirical data to support these theories. Fish size and water temperature are generally thought to be two ofthe most important variables affecting prolonged swimming performance (Le., endurance). Direct video observation near the bosom ofbottom trawls has " demonstrated the scale-effect in trawl-induced swimming endurance (Main & Sangster 1981). It is weIl established that a typical fish can swim forward 0.7 body lengths for each complete tailbeat cycle (WardIe & Videler 1980). Consequently, smaller fish can be seen to swim more vigorously than larger fish in order to maintain position in the • bosom ofa trawl, resulting in an earlier onset offatigue (Wardie 1983, 1986). The effect ofbottom temperature on trawl-induced swimming endurance, however, is not as apparent. Video observation ofthe capture ofwalleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) by Inoue et al. (1993) indicated a very weak swimming response by fish at low temperatures. In contrast, Walsh & Hickey (unpublished) have witnessed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) swimming in the trawl mouth with ease for considerable time and distance at temperatures weIl below 0 °C. A limited number oflaboratory studies have measured the swimming performance ofcommercial groundfish species. Among these, there has been no systematic attempt to measure swimming endurance over a range of temperatures and fish sizes for either AtIantic cod (Gadus morhua) or American plaice (llippoglossoides platessoides). In the case ofcod (Beamish 1966; He 1991; Nelson et al 1994), the result has been a compilation of experiments in which the swimming apparatus, training routine, and temperature treatments differed markedly. Similar studies with flatfish species have also been conducted (Beamish 1966; Priede & Holliday 1980; Duthie 1982), but with no investigation into the swimming performance ofAmerican plaice. This paper will present a prelirriinary analysis ofa systematic investigation ofswimming endurance in both these species across a range of temperatures and fish sizes using a standardized methodology. The results are discussed in relation to other swimming studies and the implications for research surveys. MATERIALS & METHOnS Swimming endurance was investigated in Atlantic cod and American plaice across a range ofwater temperatures and fish sizes using a swimming flume tank (He 1991). In addition, cod were tested across a range ofswimming speeds. Trials were completed on a routine basis over a duration of29 weeks from the fall of 1996 to the spring of 1997. A total of229 cod swimming trials, and 228 plaice swimming trials were completed during the study. Apparatus: The swimming flume is a 1/8 scale model ofthe flume tank located at the Fisheries and Marine Institute, and has a maximum working section of 1.8 X 0.5 X 0.46 meters (IengthXwidthXdepth). The total volume ofthe flume tank is 3450 litres. Three electric 1 HP pumps deliver a continuous flow, variable between zero and 1.76 rnIs. The floor of the flume is also equipped with a variable speed belt designed to simulate the passing ofground (i.e., in the wild) as the fish swims. This moving belt eliminates boundary layer effects near the bottom and enhances uniformity ofthe flow. Perhaps the most functional use ofthe belt is to prevent the flatfish from adhering to the bottom ofthe flurne, 2 ~- ------- ----------- .. forcing them to swim continuously. Tests were conducted at the Ocean Sciences Centre ofMemorial University of Newfoundland at Logy Bay, Newfoundland. FisII: Cod and plaice were captured from a variety oflocations throughout the year to support the experiment (Table I). Tbe fish were transported to the Ocean Sciences Centre for tank adaptation and endurance testing. A minimum tank adaptation oftwo weeks was required for all specirTIens before endurance testing. Cod were kept in a large raceway compartment (2.5x2.5xl.O m) while the plaiee were kept in a smaller 2.0x2.0xO.5 m fiberglass tank. Both tanks received a continuous supply ofambient temperature seawater. Fish were fed on a maintenance diet ofchopped Atlantie herring (Clupea harengus) onee a week. A food ration ofapproximately 2% (winter/spring) and 5% (summer/fall) ofthe mean body weight per week was maintained. None ofthe fish were tested within 48 hours following feeding. Only fish that appeared to be in good condition (i.e., good colour and weight) were used. Treatments: Tbe flume Was operated on a flow-through basis with a continuous supply offresh ambient temperature seawater • from the nearby Logy Bay. Seasonal changes in temperature during the 29-week study provided a range of temperatUres (-0.2 - 9.8 oe) for testing swimming endurance. Natural short-term fluctuations in the ambient temperature were ignored and no attempt was made to artificially manipulate the temperature from ambient. Tbis technique allowed us to test the swimming endurance offish across a range oftemperatures, changing slowly with natural seasonal change. Fish size was treated as a continuous variable, and every attempt was made to test fish across a broad length range. Cod ranged in length from 0.41 to 0.86 m with a mean length ofO.58 m, while plaiee ranged in length from 0.14 to 0.44 m with a mean length of0.31 m. Swimming speed treatments were chosen based on initial pilot trials during the laie summer of 1996. Similar to He (1991), cod were found to swim comfortably up to a maximum prolonged speed (Urop) of 1.3 mls in the flume tank. Speed treatments for this species were randomly assigned between 0.8 and 1.3 mls, at increments of0.1 mls. A number ofadditional trials were also conducted at 0.6 mls at temperatures below 3°C. Plaice on the other hand were more difficult to condition for steady swimming behaviOllr within the flume tank. Our initial pilot trials resulted in almost 100% faUure at conditioning plaiee to swim at speeds greater than 0.5 mls. Due to this low " percentage ofsuccess, a single speed treatment of0.3 mls for plaiee was ultimately chosen for the experimental design. A calibration offlume speeds was conducted using a Seba mini-current meter (Geneq Ine., Model 486). • JUetllOdolog)': A number ofpilot swimming trials were initially conducted for both species to determine whieh experimental conditions would best encourage natural swimming behaviour within the flume tank. Among these were water depth, downstream grid voltage, and the ambient light intensity. Cod were found to swim best at the maximum water depth of0.46 m. However, when tested at this same depth, the plaieeoften 'flared-up' perpendieular to the swimming plane becoming considerably disoriented. Tbey also tended to display the recognizable behaviour of many flatfish species in captivity by occasionally swimming near the water surface. Tbe vertical nature ofboth these swimming behaviours was not conducive for swimming into a current, often leading to cases ofhigh drag and an immediate fall-back to the electrified grid. To curb these behaviours and encourage forward s\vimming irito the current, the water depth was redueed to 0.26 m, and a floating Iid apparatus was introduced into the flurne. Tbis modification prevented the plaice from swimming near the surface and reduced the Iikelihood of'flare-up' behaviour leading to high drag. Swimming was encouraged by placing pairs ofelectrodes in the downstream end ofthe swimming flurne. A 3 ..,~ pulsing stimulus (2 Hz) with peak voltage ofapproximately 15 V (cod) and 8 V (plaice) was applied to encourage the fish to swim against the flow until exhaustion.
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