NORTHEAST PAC IF IC F latfishes Families Bothidae, Cvnoalossidae, and F'leuronectidae
Ponald E, Kramer a i@i!liam H. Bares Brian C. F'aust + Barry E. Bracken
illustrated by Terry Josey
Alaska 5ea Grant Col/egeProgram Universityor Alaska Fa>rbanks P.O.Pox 755040 Fairbanks,Aiaska 99775-5040 907! 474-6707 ~ Fax 907! 47a 5285
Alaska Rshenes0eveioprnent Foundation 508 West seoono'Avenue, suite 212 Anonorage.Alaska 99501-2208
Marine Advisory Bulletin No. 47 a 1995 a $20.00 ElmerE. RasmusonLibrary Cataloging-in-Publication Data Guide to northeast Pacific flatfishes: families Bothidae, Cynoglossidae, and Pleuronectidae/by Donald E. Kramer ... Iet al,l Marine advisory bulletin; no. 47!
1. Flatfishes Identification. 2. Flattishes North Pacific Ocean. 3. Bothidae. 4. Cynoglossidae.5, Pleuronectidae. I. Kramer,Donald E. II. AlaskaSea Grant College Program. III. AlaskaFisheries Development Foundation. IV, Series. QL637.9.PSG85 1995
ISBN 1-5 !t 2-032-2
Credits
Thisbook is the resultof work sponsoredby the Universityof AlaskaSea GrantCollege Program, which is cooperativelysupported by the U.S,Depart- mentof Commerce,NOAA Office of SeaGrant and ExtramuralPrograms, undergrant no. NA4f! RG0104, projects A/7 I -01and A/75-01, and by the Universityof Alaskawith statefunds. The Universityof Alaskais an affirma- tive action/equal opportunity employer and educational institution. SeaGrant is a unique partnership with public and private sectors com- bining research,education, and technologytransfer for public service,This national network of universities meets changing environmental and eco- nomic needsof peoplein our coastal,ocean, and GreatLakes regions. Contents
Preface
About the Authors VI
Acknowledgments V I
Intn>duction
Using This Guide to identify Flatfish
External Charar.ters of Flatfish
Flatfish Measurements
Caudal Fin Shapes
Mouth Measurements
Pelvic Fin Symmetry
List of Species Anal Spine List of Species Lateral Line Shape
List of Species Accessory Dorsal Branch Map ot' North Pacific Ocean Family Bothidae "Left-eyed" Flounders Gulf Sanddab Citharichthys fragilis! 12 Pacific Sanddab C:itharichthys sordidus! 14 Speckled Sanrldab Citharichthys st{gmaeus! 16 Longfin Sanddab Citharichthys xanthostigm,>! 18 Bigmouth Sole Hi ppoglossina stomata! 20 California Halibut Paralichthys califomicus! 22 Fantail Sole Xystreurys liolepis! 26 Family Cynoglossidae Tonguefishes 30 California Tonguefish{Symphurus atricauda! 30 Family Pleuronectidae "Right-eyed" flounders Scalyeye Plaice Ar >nthopsettanarteshnyi! Kamchatka Flounder Atheresthes evermanni! 34 Arrowtooth Flounder Atheresthes stomias! 36 Family Pleuronectidae continued! RoughscaleSole Clidoderma asperrimum! Deepsea Sole Embassichthysbathybius! 40 Slender Sole Eopsetta exi /is! 42 Petrafe Sole Eopsettaj ordani! 44 Rex Sole Errex zachirus! 46 Korean Flounder G/y/rtocephalus stelleri! 48 Flathead Sole Hippog/ossoides elassodon! k3eringFlounder Hippog/ossoirles robustus! Pacific H a1ibut Hi p!rog/ossus stenolepis! Diamond Turbot Hypsopsetta guttulata! Forkline Sole Inopsefta ischyra! 58 Dover Sole Microstomus pacificus! 60 Starry Flounder Platichthys stellatus! Yelfowfin Sole Pleuronectes asper! Rock Sole Pleuronecfes bilineatus! Arctic Flounder Pleuronectes /;/acia/is! 70 Sutter Sole Pleuronectes isolepis! 72 Dark Flounder Pleuronectes obscurus! 74 Longhead Dab P/eurunectesproboscideus! 76 Alaska Plaice Pleuronectesquadritubercu/atus! Sakhalin Sole Pleuronectes sakh >/inensis! English Sole Pleuronectes vetulus! C-0 Sole Pleuronichthys coenosus! Curl fin Sole Pleuronichthys decurrens! 86 Spotted Turbot Pleuronichthys ritteri! 88 Hornyhead Turbot Pleuronichthys verticalis! 90 Sand Sole Psettichthys melanostictus! CrreenlandHalibut Re nhardtius hippoglossoides! 94
j l ossary
Selected References 100
index 102
About the Authors
Don Krameris professorof seafoodtechnology at the Universityot Alaska Fairbanks School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences. He is c hairman and seafoodspecialist for the AlaskaSea Gr>nt MarineAdvisory Program, where he has worked since 1980. Kramer also was research scientist with the CanadianDepartment of Fisheriesand Oceansfor 14 years.His research interestsare the handling,processing, and storageof fish and shellfish. Bill Barsshas been a marine fish and wildlife biologist with the Oregon Departmentot Fishand Wildlife since 197I, working with groundfish managementand research.In recentyears his dutieshave involved under- water research with submcrsihles and the Pacific whiting fishery. His many publicationson groundfishinclude a bookleton rockfishidentification. He is currentlythe coordinatorfor the Pacificwhiting shoresicleobservation program. Brian Paust has worked with the Alaska Sea Grant Program in several capacitiessince 1978. He hasconducted a varietyof practicalcommercial fisheries research projects and has published materials ranging from octopus fisheries to businessstrategies used in the development of c oldwater bivalve aquaculture.Paust is associateprofessor at the Universityof AlaskaFairbanks and marine advisory agent in Petersburg,Alaska. BarryBracken has held a numberol' positionswith the AlaskaDepart- ment of Fish and Game since 1967 and has been the Region 1 Groundfish Projectleader since 1978.In his currentposition, he has researchand managementresponsibility for state-managedgroundfish in theeastern Gulf of Alaska. Bracken is a member of the North Pacific Fishery Management Council's Gulf of Alaska Groundfish Team ancl the Canada/U.S. Groundfish Tec hnica I Subcommittee.
Donald E. Krarner Brian C. Paust Marine Advisory Program Marine Advisory Program School of F-isheries and Sc:hool of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences Ocean Sciences University of Alaska Fairbanks University of Alaska Fairbanks 2221 F, Northern Lights Blvd. P,O. Box 1329 Anchorage, Alaska 99508-4140 Petersburg,Alaska 99833
William FI. Barss BarryE. Bracken Marine Region, Finfish Program Division of Commercial Fisheries Oregon Dept. of Fish and Wildlife Management and Development 2040 SF Marine Science Ctr. Dr. Alaska Dept. of Fish and Garne Newport, Oregon 9736S-5294 P.O. Box 667 Petersburg,Alaska 99833 Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank Jeff Fargoanrl Tyson Vogeler, who reviewed the manuscr'pt. We also thank M, JamesAllen, Kunio Amaoka, and Doyne W. Kessler for reviewing species descriptions. Flatfish photographs were taken by the authors and the following: Kunio Amaoka, Ann Dalkey, Darrin Greenstein, Peter L, Haaker, Doyne W. Kessler, Milton S. Love, Douglas F, Markle, lames Meehan, Wayne A. Palsson,Nevill L. Venables, ancl the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. We are grateful to M. /ames Allen, Marvin Epps,Schon Hardy, Richard Macintosh, Tyson Vogeler, David Watson, the Monterey Bay Public Aquarium, and the University of Alaska Anchorage Fishery Observer Training Center for provid- ing flattish specimensto be photographed. illustrations were done by Terry Josey, Editing is by Laurie McNicholas and Sue Keller; layout and format is by Carol Kaynor, SusanCibson, Kalei Kagawa, and Judy Hargis; cover design is by Kurt Byers and SusanCibson; and cover art of starry flounder! is by Susan Ogle, The Alaska Fisheries Development Foundation provided funds for the illustrations, and the Alaska Sea Crant College Program provided pre- publication and funds for printing, Support tor the author> was furnished by the Alaska SeaGrant College Program, the Al vaskaDepartment ol Fish and Game, and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. Special thanks go to Ron Dearborn, director of the Alaska Sea Grant College Program; and Mel Monsen, former executive director ot the Alaska FisheriesDevelopment Foundation, for encouragement to complete this guide,
External Characters of Flatfish
Accessory dorsal branch Dorsa I fin
Caudal ral lin tail fin
Anal fin ventral fin
Arch in lateral line
axi i lary
Pores
cle
Anal cavity spine Flatfish Measurements
.gthout R~I C
R R
ry
Lateral line arch height
S Caudal Fin Shapes
Rounded Pointed
Lunate Truncate l3ouble Truncate
Mouth Measurements
I
,XIQ I I
gt +r 1 I
Maxillaryextends to Maxillaryextends to Maxillaryextends to below posterior below eye socket. anterior edge of eye edgeof eye socket; socket; sometimes sometimes goes past does not reach posterior edge of anterior edge of eye eye socket. socket. Pelvic Fin Symmetry
Pelvicfins asymmetricallyplaced. Eyed-sidefin insertson abdominalridge, Blind-sidefin irisertsoff abdominalridge.
FamilyBotltidae
One pelvic fin locatedon eyedside, No pelvic fin on blind side.
FamilyCynoglossidae
Pelvicfins symmetricallyplaced; Fins insert one on each side of abdomina! ridge.
FamilyPleuronectidae List of Species Anal Spine
See page 3 for anal spine Anal Spine Present continued! illustration. Flathead Sole p. 50! Hqrl>otdcrssoid< s elasson'on Anal SpineAbsent Bering Flounder p, 52! Gulf Sanddab p, 12! l fiplrogloss
See pages 3 4 for lateral line Straightto CurvedL.ateral Line i Ilu strati o n. continued! HornyheadTurbot p. 90! No Lateral Line Pleuronichthys vertfcafis California Tonguefish p. 30! Sand Sole p, 92! Symphurus airicaurla f'sett'1chthys me! anosti ctus Greenlancl Halibut p. 94! Straightto CurvedLateral Line Reinhardtius hippo/,/ossofdes Gulf Sanddab p. 12! Cithrrichlfrys fragiffs Low Arch in Lateral Line Pacific Sanddab p. 14! Roughscale Sole p. 38! Ci lharichlh ys sordidus Cfidoderma asperrimum Speckled Sanddab p, 16! Deepsea Sole p. 40! Ci tharicht h ysst>'gmaeus Embassichthys b.1th ybi us Longfin Sanddab p. 18! Flathead Sole p, 50! Ci rharfchrh ys x;1nrhostigma Hit>pogfrrssr>ideselassodon Kamchatka Flounder p. 34! Bering Flounder p. 52! Atheresthes everm.rnni Hi ppof,/oss<>ides robustus Arrowtooth Flounder p. 36! Butter Sole p. 72! Atheresthes slomi rs Pfeuronectes isolepis Slender Sole p, 42! Dark Flounder p. 74! Fopsetla exilis Plcuronectes obscurus Petrale Sole p. 44! Eopsettajordan/ Medium to High Arch Rex Sole p. 46! Errex zachi rus in Lateral Line Korean Flounder p. 48! Bigmouth Sole p, 20! Hrf1/>ogfr>ssl>11 ston!ata Cfyptocephafus stclleri Diamond Turbot p. 56! California Halibut p, 22! P,rr,rffchthyscahl'nrnic us H ypsopselt,rf; u! t uf.rl.r Forkline Sole p. 58! Fantail Sole p. 26! lnopsett,r ischyr,r Xysrreurys fiofepis Dover Sole p, 60! Scalyeye Plaice p, 32! fVlisrOStOmuS p,rCificus Acanthopsetta nadeshnyi Starry Flounder p. 62! Pacitic Halibut p. 54! Pl,rti chthys steflalus I /ippofjfossus steno lepi s Arctic Flounder p. 70! Yellowfin Sole p. 66! Pfeuroner les;rsper Pleuronectes gfaciafis English Sole p. 82! Rock Sole p. 68! Pleuronecles vetulus Pfeuronecles bilincalrrs C-0 Sole p. 84! Longhead Dab p. 76! Pleurr>nichthys coenosus Pfeuronet tes proboscideus Curlfin Sole p. 86! Alaska Plaice p. 78! Pleuronichthysdecrrrrens Pfeuronectes quadri tubercufatus Spotted Turbot p. 88! Sakhaiin Sole p, 80! Pfeuronec es sakhaf'>nensis Pfeuroni chthys ritteri
North Pacific Ocean 140" I50 160' 170' 180' 170"
70'
60'
50'
400
30'
Placenames on thesemaps are referred lo in textdes~ rihing flatfish rtistrihution, pages 12-94. North Pacific Ocean 160"150 130' 120" 110' 70G
60'
50'
400
30- Description:Lett-eyecf. Lyec] side uniform brownishr <>l<>r.k>lir>d sir1o off- whito to light an. t3oclyelong,>te tc> <>val. C,iud.il fiii roun
Sire: Tn 14 < m inches!. Rangeand Habitat: From M,inh,i tanBeach, s<>uthurn C.ilifo>ri,,, socrth,ilong the co,ist nt Baja C,ilifornia an > into the >uIFof California. M<>st c <>mmon in the >ulf ol California. I-rom 10 to 1'10 Fm.
Remarks: Similar to I'ac'I'ic sand Pectoral Finshorter than head; tip extends beyond shadow of gastric cavity to about Snout has distinct, halfway down body to base of caudal fin, angular projection Snout and mouth I arge scales have sharp profile Lateral line nearly straight 12 I'I li!II! llYI!AI INE'VLf NN ILIN Gulf sanddab, eye'd side. I'll ! I j!!'!I;,:::' E Gulf sanddab, blind side. 'J mottled sanddab,soft flounder, melgrirn! Description:1 efr-< ye Sharpbony Lateralline nearlystraight ridge above ly ed, Lower eye anterior to upperwith diameter Pectoral fin reaches to greater than snout about middle of eye length when folded forward I'III IT I BYf!OKAI I3 I KRAklLR K Paciiic sanddab, eyed side. RLIOTOIBY DONALD L. KRAh1LR Pacific sanddab, blind side. ,q! 'y' ~ [ .. l%-...4 XX!g>e<-toral lin; accessorydorsal branch absent, Mouth medium-sized with maxillary extending below anterior part of eye. Lyes smali to riiedi Size: To 17 cm inches!, but rarely over ! 3 < m S!inches!, Rangeand Habitat: Montagoe Island, Alaska, to MagdalenaBay, southerottoni from 0 to 2 ! ! Fni.Most conimon in shallow water to 10 Fni. Remarks:Common hut of no c<>mmercialimportance b«ause o!' sniall size, Serves as tood for other fisli, marine m,immals,,ind seabirds. Siniilar t<> Pacific sand Black speckling Spacebetween on body eyes ow no fin lo d Lowereye diameter Pectoral fin does not 5I I equalto or lessthan reach eye when snoutlength folded forward I'll !ICI 8! I! /llll/Ilail[IIII>III/IIIIII!II/IIII/IIII/IIII II!IIIIIIIIIIII!III,IIII[IIII]IIII!II1tlIItllm/ III IIII/!III[IIII[ III[IIIIIIIII[l II/II lfIIIIfll !]IIIIII I[I II II I[IIII/IIII IIII/II S 4 5 6 7 8 9 5Q 1 2 8 4 5 B 7 8 8 I, I ' . I, I Spcvklec s,>F!cldrir,eyed side. i'l l >I!i li! I K>Vhl ~ F KIC.'4K!LK Iillilrniili! Size; 1o 25 c rn 0 inches!. Rangeand Habitat: Mor>tcr«yB,>y, C,ilifonii.i, to Cost,i Ric:,iii>c.ludirig C ulf of C alitnrnia, Rar< north nt Santa Barhara, C alit'nrnia. C!r> hnttnm to clc.t>th »c>t 1 1 ! 1 m. Remarks:Con>n>oi> otf »outt>«rnC..iliforrii,i. E!istic>guist>« Lateral line nearly straight 1 tin Sharp ed abov eye , lon er Large scales than head length on body LC>t>gli i,>I ICIC/,7f!,C'y C/ Ride. I'I l il I ld'r'Fi KRRIX RFFVSTFIN Htpp&gE0$s @R.sfGNRf8.. Description: Left-vyvrl. Fyvclsicle brown with d,>rkblotches arid soriietinies w>th bluish st>erkles.fisc>ally five pairs ol l,irgc, darl< browri spots riv.ir upi>vr,inc1lower eclgeso1' bocly and one pair on the c auralpedi>nc-lv, ISIindsicie whitish. Roclysh,ipe elo»g.ite tc>c>v,il. Cac>rial 1'iri rouriclc.cl. High arch in lateral line c>verf>ec.toral fin, iccessory dorsal branch ,>t>tv>it.Mouth largewi1liout i«itic e;il>le teeth. Anal spinepresent. Size: To 40 c m t'>inches!, Rangeand Habitat: Monterey Bay, C alifornia, south into thc. Cic>lfof C;,>lilor- ni,i,inci inc:lucliiig C'uac1alupcilsk>nd, On bottom trom 1 >to 7'> rm. Remarks: I lesh ret>c>rtcrl to bv o liigli qu,>lity. Fish is uncomriiori «riel ol negi igible commerc ial imf>c>rtarice. Simil,ir to .alifc>min hililiut, whic h h,is Ic>ngvrjaw teeth,is larger, anil h;>sdifferent c audaltin sh,il>e. Lateral line has high arch over pectoral fin Hig betw fin Mo max tob y posterior part of eye Pectoralfin slightlymore than half of headlength Bigmouth ao/c, ey~v3~idc. I'I lt ! l I/Y%1IL I !N 8 I !t F Bigmouth sole, l!Ii!> !i k.. 21 Monterey halibut, southernhalibut! Description:Bclniigs ln lett-eyed flocinder l,imily, blil can also be right-eyed 0'z!>!. Eye i sicle greenish or grayish brown to black, may have lighter or darker iiioill I ng,YoLI g oil .'ii h~lvcwllll ' spots. BII icl s icicwhite. S<-alessninnth. Hoclysh,i pc c'lniig1tc tn ov,il. C,i id11fin slightly in- /ented near top ancl bottom, Llitc ral litic with high arc.h, a Lateral line has high arch Caudal fin over pectoral fin indented near m Mouth largewith maxillary extendingbelow or beyond Note: Eyesand darkercolor posterio~part of eye may be on left or right side 22 C!li/'On~i,~ J1,~!if~Iit,C.yl.d SiC!e. Rip;ht-eV~ f,>n CzlitOnsi, I h,>lil! wj C,!/iior!!i,v />,!/i/aL!t,cyvcl sic/ . LLLt-L yc Ll ~/>Lc i!nrn, C,siifomi,v />a ihcil, cy< cl sick-, Viight-ayre! cy!e Cali <>nai,sh,a/ih zt, Aliases/civic'. Riglvt eyer/ ~g!vein>esv. f Description:8< loligs to Ici't-cycclIlounrlcr f,iniily, but c,in,ili<> t>c right-c.y»d. Eye I sicle otlvc To blown with clark r mottling; may h;ive m,iny gray or reddlih-bn!wn t!lc>t hes; c< ov.il. C,iucl.il t Ii! n>c»ici»clor slightly indentecl near tc>p,ind l!ottorn. L,iteraillinc' with high;irc h over I>ectoralfin; acecsiory dorsal t>ranchat>sent. Mouth iniull wltti niaxillary cxt .nding below,ibout niicldl >f Ic>wercy .. hn,il spili»,ibS»lit. Size; To .>3 -m 1 inches!. Average size ii about 6 inch»s Rangeand Habitat: Mon crcy l3ay, Lalit'ornia, to central H,ij,i C,ilif >rni,>an l Ilit tieIiol'ttlcln C RemarkS: Un ' >nil>>on. I> >rely c augt!t ori sport fiShing g»!r. I-Ornis,i Sni,ill pol'tloli ol colilnlel el<11sole c<1t h II ' Eyedside pectoraltin equalto Lateral line has high arch orlongerthan head over pectoral fin II1 II 1 ivlouth extend middle of Iow Usually with two ocelli Lf/1f F ~nt~i I so@; cyc6 sin'e. I eft-e'ye F vntni/.~ole, l!Iv>6 cicfe. I eft-eyerI specimen, family: Sot4idae I'l l !I > Ill ANNI !.'ILlst'1 r t C P I- F;itsy.ri'/.sc~Jc,c.>:c.c/.si .ir Rip,lrl-c yv c! !per ir!!c.t7. t'I II > C !' l 'Sty" 7' I,rent,ail.~u/«, bli ul >ic/c..Riplrt-c.yc.c! spec.i !u.r7. Family:Cynoglossidae I'I III II! BYDBh! YLII F kk1Y11k HH IIPJIJJIJJJJIIflfl lit illlf/IIIIlfIfjffft IIIJPII IIII IIII IfIIIIfJt ftfl If!tiff!I IJffIlJfI IIII/!III JIII IIIIIIIIIIII fJfIfffIt JIHAD ffJfPJffffffIfNf IIJIIIJII IIIIIJIII IIII IIII I r e s 4 e s y e a sp < e s 4 e e v i a 60 I C,Iliior!Ii<~ tonl;ucff~h, cyvrl Yicle. I'I! I ! IIYI!L!hkLI! F kkAMFk Jtf IJIJPII JIJJ/JI IJtt tiff JJJ!Ill IIII elltitlt fff! JIIIIlflt liltJJJJ lfffIIJII IIIJIJIIJIIIIPlff w IIIIII IIIIIJIIJ Jilt/litt llllfIN IIIIttflrillIJ tttfIIJI ttlflfffl IJIIPIII IJIJIJI ll!IIf a 46 > a s 4 e s v e a $6 i s s 4 s s v s a I California tonguefich, lrli nd side. :~:P:Judice':::::::,':::--:::-':,::::::::::.~:",~" Nadezhny'sflounder! Description:Right-eyed. Eyed side cmiforni brownish. 13Iinctside white. I3c>rly sllape oval. Cauclal firi rou iciecl. L,>teraI line arc hed over pectoral t'in, brin< h n>nsforwircl,ilorig lors,il sicle ot lie,i l t >nc..ir origin of dorsal fin. /vlottth small to medium. Maxillary does not reach lo below micldle of lower eye, Low r ey sl>ghtlya>iteri >rto ui>t>ereye, Common name Size: To 4t! cm I f> inc hes!. Rangeand Habitat: I'rom Sc.ac>f ]at>ao co;ist along I-ul'ui I'rcfecture an Lateral line has arch over Lateral line branch runs anterior along dorsaI side of al fin ver eyes does below m>ddle head length of lower eye l'I l ! Lil kLNl ! XwlR !kX ! 92 3 J .I t8 Sc t,, Se,>lvc.'yc.p/,vie.c.', &linc/ sic c'. Asiatic arrowtooth! Description: liight-eyed. Lycd side clark brown. I3lin<3side <>ff-whiteor dirty vvhitc. k3odysh,itic clong,itc cfiamond. C audalt'iri i res«or>t-shape<3. L,iter,il line h,is slight < uriveover p< c-tor,il fin; accessory dors,il lirar>el> absent, Mouth very large with arrow-shaped teeth. M,ixill;iry extends to I>clc>wc>r bcyc>ncl t>c>stcric>r m,irgin ot lower cyc. No tang-like tooth ori vomer hone in roc>fc>f m<>uth!. Ul>lier «ye cisually below clorsil ridge not visible from blind side!. Anal spine absent. f'rec>pereie C.-shaped nc>t,iiigul,irk Ant Size: I o 84 cm :33 inches!. Rangeand Habitat: In Sca of lap in ind Sc i of Okhotsk riortli tc> >ulf c>f Ana<3yr. In ering Sea «ast to I3ristol f3,>y;norih,inf>00 trii. Most rcportcrl bc wc cri 27 ai>d 27U trii. Remarks:Very simil,ir t<>,irr<>wtc>cithflottndcr, which h,is cliffcrcnt.upper eye position, Similar to C>rccnlandhalibut, whic h has L-shat>ed angular! prcopcn lc. C .ink>c Dorsal fin origin Upper eye LateraI line has slight antenor to middle curve over pectoral fi below upper of head th on upper visible with uth closed Mouth large Preopercle Ca curved ci' Scalesare large, coarse, and deciduous 34 K,ssrs<.l>; if I F. I '.' '!', <92f'f!.rP' ': '. ~ 3I 1 l l I 0 ~ I I t 40 92 I I ~ I ~ I 92 Description:Right-«y< I. Fy c! sicl< rrniforrindark gr!yish hrnwn tn oliv« k!roiwn.blind side dirty white to light gr,ry. S Size: To tt >< m f34 in hes! ancI rl! fo 17 i!nllr! Retnart Lateral line nearly straight with Dorsal fin origin at slight curve over pectoral fin middle of eye rgin with I I th Scales large, coarse, Preopercle curved and deciduous ~ I I I I I I I 0 ~I ~ I ~ ~ I I JI I I I I 0 ~ I ~ 0 492I 0 0 I I ~ 0 I I 00I I I I ~ ~ .0I 0 +k;kKR-' t oti ti ~ t; >«r ..«t.. l !T ! hr 1! ! I JII! F kRJ k92F1 0 Ik0kkkkkkk . ' 'R I IkkI J000000k'QkfkIJI II I 1001kkkII'1110I k . ! ' ~ ' I ~ 10 ~ I 'I ~ 01111 ~ 1111 ~ 0011~ ~ ~ 1111011 ~ I I I ~ I ~ ~101 ~ I ~ ~ 11 ~ ~ 11111 ~: ~ IS ffkCSRRtSOJ!fk'kk@JJ.:Ak'~ I * I' 100 k.Ik 'J!I * ' '- 'kk ':1'k/4: kk'E'' 0!WJJ!fIfkk" :!!!.> ,. !qI" 'I-,,.:. ~, A n~ vt ~oth tlounder, blind ~i de. Description: liight-cyvd, Lyvd sidv u >iform brown. Blin Size: To '!.'r < m I22 in hes!. Rangeand Habitat: Yellow Seaand Sca of Japan north into Sva.of !khotsk, bvrlllg &ca south to junta 4or Lateral line has low arch over pectoral fin ine has Six anch irre eye r'ou Low ridge between eyes uth small, Cau x illary roun ends below erior margin of right eye !'! !92!! ! li! 1! !X ' I!! ! klan' MI! I !~II I I I OP!'!'! ! i I!» ! ' .LL!» ~!I I .' FL ~ I I ~ 1~ I I I I 92I I 0 401 I ~ 0 , ~I I I I Description:Right-eyect. Both sicles colorecJ. Eyecl «i leciark gray to reddish hn>wn, darker on upper and Ir>we!rtk>irds of bucly; bro«cJk>luish k>lot h«s r,>n b««««n in fr«sh sp«c in>cns. Blincl sicle dusky gray to brown. Bc>cly«hap» oval with small, rc>undedcaudal fin. Lateral line nearly skr Size: To 47 cm linc hes!. Rangeand Habitat: NorthernJapan thrc>ugh C'ulf of AI,>sk,>to Califc>rnia- Ivt«xi>o bcrrrlr, 6 rJ««pv',>t«rsp«c i«s found on nicrcll>c>ttoms from 18:> o 7:> Tfn>; mc>«t;>recieeper than SS>tm. ! Remarks: Extrerr>elyflabby tlatfish of nc>«>rr>r»«rc ral Import,>nc«.Sin>ilar tc> Oovcr sol«, which ha««n>or«sl«ndcr hocly ancl tc c th mc>«tlyon blind Broad bluish bands on Lateral line has very low fresh specimens arch over pectoral fin idge Cau roun large C sh mall ck lips Upperand lower thirds of body highly compressed Family:Pleui onectidae I'I I I I ! lit 1!i!X ! II !I I II 'lit!IR ~ l I' te I t I l ~ t~ t I I 92 1, 'I ~ 92~ I I I I I, I I le I ' I l ~, I l t~ I t I Dr cise ,! col< c ye I circ. I'l I ! Ir! l t 1! !t Lj I! I ltl Itit ' -!elet«':le!'.', w' It j 'tl t @+ype!!!ttt [ 'tel ' '' t tt eat!t,' j etst . eettes ~ e t ~ t t tit t ee e'e t ~ ~ tt t eeet f e ~ ftt t 4$k4hklhLkll~t~ktekltt toe ted . I 4 t " 92, ' .4 I ! I " '-.'e - ' . 4 <@&melt t Devi!s<,> ~oh, l~liircf iiclc . Sfend'er Sale . : f>>tr>>I>>rfi>r~:,:,4-;, rough sole! Forrr>crlyLyopsr.*ttv exilis Description:Migl!t-eyed, I-ye,>leo ive brown to r<«dish l>rc>wnwith l!I,!ck sl!<.ckli>igc>n eciges ot fir!s. I1lind side whitish to pale yellow or oringe. 13o«ysler!der, elo>!g'!te.c,>ucl, Remarks: Conlliion. I x< Piler!t Il,!d'or, hut too sniall to hv <>f< or!>mercial imp LateraI line nearly I.Iigh ridge between eyes to lateral line straight th Cau I'OU POI ize 1 1 Anal sp>n Large,thin scales, strong deciduous I'I IOI 0IIY 13 ?VGLASF.JvlARKLE Slenclersole, eye'dside. PlloTo BYBARRY E,15RA KEN Slencler so/e, blind side. Petrale Sole 1~@4 gbl4%ttf-,":= =, brill, Californiasole, roundnosedsole! I Description:Right-eye Lateral line has low No visible pores curveover pectoralfin behind lowereye C' I ows in on In of lid ed Anal spine strong GIyptecephafusstelleri Steller's smallmouth flounder! Description:Right-eyed, I-yed side giayisi> L!row». t3lind siclc I,ray. Bo Size: To f < m ir!chc's!, Most common size in catches is 15 to 17 inch<.s and 1 io 2 pounds, Rangeand Habitat:Fr<>ni Se.i ol lal!a» into Scaof Okhrtis lrom 10 to 137 tm. Remarks:I aken l>y tr,w I. A fi»e i'oorl tish wirh v Latera I I inc nearI y straight ave IO mall lips Dorsal and anal fins with scales Pectoral fin black Family:Pleuronectidae ' ! ! ! ll922. Nl ! 1l .:92 Kore,rrv 2 5 2 5 2 ~ 4 2 22 23 24 - 2 2' 2 2! Kore.,rn fkrurrcler, bfrncl sidr.', :::F'l>>c>ciia<>::::s'ol<.::-::::::::.::::::::::-:::::::-::>'!ij'i~::~+»: cigarette paper, paper sole! Description:Rit,'ht-eye Size: I o St! cn> 2 inc liesj. Ranf;eand Habitat:Kc>ril« lslanrls north tlong Al<.uti,i» lslar>dssou>h to >%Wont Lateral line with flattened arch over pectoral fin w of ~ b«h f both er jaw are C po I ce of Anal spine strong, exposed 10 I 4 'I 'I 1 'I 9 90 I 9 '.I 9 5 9 1 I 9 44 I ' :I 9 5 4 , ~ 9 90 I I 9 I / /,U//7C',76 O/P, Ft iF'C/ ilt JP. I'I I ! I I t 'I I 4 '92 l l 5l'.Xk lll tt/t UNtitt Uut / ~ ,11004FUNU/flan I'409UUNU UUNUl~tl U/ 4UPIU/4/Nliltt/NiNUNUN/tlliUU/Ult/IUP N 4/0/0UU I/INN /Ul/4/Nt/NPgP4/IUittq NU / ~ 041 ~ 014414 ~ Sot 40<4414 ~ 00192494410 BeringFlounder Hippoglossoidesrobustus l3escril!tior>:Kit;I> L-oy c. I. Lyccl !I lo ru lcll!h I!I owri to l,»k grayi!h I!ro Size: I o 30 UI» t I !»«he!t. Rangeand Habitat: I:II loki',! irlo norlh inlo Se! ol' Ol Remarks: Very !irnil,>r t<>fl,>the,>d !ole, l!ut ha! m<»e cion ate body, smallrr evc!, w i I ateral line with low Spa :e hetween eyes wider ar<'ho'v<'I' p .'tol il f»1 than tl >thea .au UUrve n!U par No wer taw dors,! I ancl .in,! I fins I3d Sole : t!'ieifie HaHbroit. northern halibut, right halibut! t?escriptic!n:Aln!os a waysright-r. yell. Lyc. Size: 1net700 poLln ls.Average size ir! comn!ercial <:atc:his 3 i t1»»1 lSc.'I ol C?kholskllol th t > iLlli ol Ana iyr. Bj> :! lilol'I'!lc1.I-ound trE'>00 tr». Mostly in I Sto 1. 11» Ir! sLlnln!ur,bllt Ic' 'l>erir! w II Ilol . Remarks:Rbcrnclant. Largest, n!ost vol ra !le tlattish in lhe no the,!st I!a<.i i'.; in>por ar!tas L omr»erci,ll;lncl spc!rl fislr. Srn!il,!r lc! ,! life!rni,! l!,!lil!L>t, rwhi< h hc!s herg 'I 1» > rillal l loSSI I'll lenrc~d ta I I. Lateralline has high Area between eyes flat archover pectoraltin to slightly concave ws Ca sh le ln Anal spine present 44!1414~ 44I 924 1 ~ ~ 'I I ~ 4~ I I 1 4 ~ I 4 4 44 I 4 4 ~ I ~ ~ I ~ 4 ~ ~ I ~ 444 I 9292 4 I 4 I 1 ~ ~I I I R!C !fly !1 !/!!! Jf VCC/,ilCJP. ~ I~ I ~ ~ I ~ I 92 4 ~I I 'I 92 92 ~ I I I I ~ ' ~ I I I Diamond Tel bot Hypsopsettaguttulata diamond flounder! Oescription:Isight- 'yc>rl.I-y cl si I ong,>ccessc>ry clorsai branch extends mo>»th,in halt I>ocly1 ngth. ra 1 line slight C.au e over I'ou oral fin Dor /vtc!uth t Ins srn;I I I lt>I I'HI!T ! R! .! NNI! 92Ikf'! Family: Pleuroneetidae StarryFlounder PIatichthyssteHatus diamond hack, emerywheel, grindstone! Description:Boloi>i>s t > ril>ht 'ye Lateral line has slight curve over p<'ctoraltin 0 sm«II; r eye i<>rto ma I I, below pa>'tof ye cales rough, st,>r-like Anal spine strong Family:P1eul'onectidae ! 92II! .it pn'I' ifcpctnc!E.'r,c."v'ecf ! icfc'. LE 'fi-c r'c .'>tarrytfoctncfc r, l~ftt~cf.~icfe. Lc ft-e eci,~ncfright-eve. cf specimens. 63 StarryFlounder Pfatichthysstenatus I I VlI >I» I>>L> I > 8 8 II» ~ >I > > » > >~ > ' > > 0 > > II > > '> > > . I 4» > > > 1 II ~ I' >>» >hl I> >8+>I > I > k>>>I k Family:Pleuronectidae Pll >T/>I>> I><>'»Ll> L kR>h>Lk 'I 0 >~ I > 5 I 'I 0 > I 0 1>lI 1 I 5 5 ' 'I 0 0 I 65 Family:Pleuronectidae I tjl j j I ISrLlj 4 92jD Fhjr'10tj ji I - i I 10 I I I r ~ 4 4 ii I 2 4 I 4 4 r t 4 4 r 4 I 4 4 4 -. 4 4 ~ 0t + 4 I 4 4 Yt'//osj'fio ~sr/p,0 yp i/ ~i 40r0trPtlp4IVIEIrrrirjrrr4jrj!1 0wrPrj44I44+04j41+tj40atij410t'Irtt41140jtj0tpl000jj!P~Ptrlllilrjjj000lijjlp]0000+rjll'40 rp'0 'I' 4r'jrIIPjrrjPPIP rril"'4!'itlj'Prj Ijrjli 10t4'jrjr I 0 ~ 00I ~ ~ 4 ~ ~ 4 0 ~ 00t 4 0 I 4 0 1 ~ 4 50I 4 4 4 4 ~ 4 4 4 00I 4 4 4 4 'I 'I ~ 0 1 ~I 040110lj0419$rjlg0,'I~PI'API'011IIIIWIL0rL.I~14.4I'Ir4Ir.~4'Irjwltlrljltl 4rPPrr,rjHj010444401jtjr0tlj0h;,ill Vo//oj,v/jpj so/o, /!/inc/ sic/<.'. Family:Pleuronectidae I'I t ilr I ill I 'ttN 'rl I! I kit 't'tIII' r . ",w. a't,t r ice t rt"rrrt"tommy t~ttttttt:a".. t t tt I t t r t t .' t t p ~r t t t 92~ r t ~ t92r ~ t ~ t ~ r t t tt I t t 92 t t Arctic Flounder P]earonectesglaciaIis polar flounder! Formerly liopsetla glacialis Description>R>gk>t-LyLrl. tyecl siclel!n!wnisl> will> l,>rk»»,rlci»gs.Dor~,>l,>» l ,II>alliI>s si!ott L Bli>E Si7e:1O !'! cm ti ! inc hes>. Rangeand Habitat:tA'I> itu sua e,>slthn!ugl> l3L,IL>t ie',1!I't lo H,>tlE»rstIIElct, N >rll>west 't'or>ito>ics. s >L>thinlo k!cring sea,EIE«sea ot e1khotsl . ShEll ICiCStnun l te! S ! tm. Remarks: A»o>tl>I rn sp Lies Son> lin!os c I>terslresh w>to>. Lateral line nearly straight, slight curve over pectoral fin LaLI rou cales sma Anal spine present FanIIy: Pleumneetidae ll II Family:Pleuronectidae !'~ !I ! t!i I!l!!si!! !i I h '!sll!' II!l'111!!l"ss'I''"I 44 s!!!!I!l'! 4 17!g'/4'l'I" f ' 'lll!'I'' " ' ' Is' 21!! s s c s 4 7 1 ~ 34 ! ~ s s 4 ~ ! 4 4 44 ! 1 ~ 4 1 8@tie. r ~oft. ~ vs si j< I II! I1 !!«! !I KlI !I 'ii' !%1!4 1 ~ 4 4 411! 4 4 4 4 4 ! 4 4 44 I 4 4 4 5 4 2 S 4 1! I ~ 4 4 4 4 ". 4 4 Dark Flovndel Plecirenectes ebs'eurus Formerty Liopseffa obscura Description:lvit:lit-c'yecl. Fyecl side uniformdark l!rowr!. I3lrndside yellowish whrtc. 1!ors,!l !n I,!r!al lrris li,iv inclistir!c.r.d,irk l>ars. C a»rial fin roun le l,!»cl sor»eti»!es!ipl>c cl with y I ow. I iteral line has low but rlistinct,!re h overl>ec tc!ral iin. Ac>cessory lors,!l l>rarir h absenl.Jvt,!vil- I iry reaches k>c.lowa»tc rior c.rlt, !f !ye. Te tli l!rye ari l l>lurit, prinl !- rily o!i I!! i»el sicle. SI>ac-rIic tween eyes i!as sc.iles. Anal sp!ne present. Size: Ic! 4rf! c ni ti f! i!ichcs1. Rangeand Habitat:I-rom Y .II !wS .,rir!d Sc,ic>f l,!p,!r! iritci Sc.i c!t !khotsk. Rcpurtcrl frc!r!!Al,!ska» witers, b !t th,!t recorrl is rlo rbttul. :ari l!ve in I»,! l I ateral line has Iow but lrstinct arch over pectoral fin ween scales Ca ro xtends 0 in I'10I Anal spine present Family:Pleuronectidae I'll ! >I I "rSI 4lf ! 4w','9!li 1 /! harkI'/our>etc.r, c.yc.cJ si O,rrl' Plo !rscfcr, la/i !r/ iid». LongheaciDab P/euronectesproboscideus longnosedflounder, FontterlyLirttaljdz proboscide1 l Description:Riglit-cyccl. Bye sicicolive hr Size: Tci 01 < ni i16 iri li«si Rangeand Habitat: Pro»i Pete r Ihc'< rentB;iy n Lateral line has high arch over pectoraI fin vel g Anal spine present Family:Pleuronectidae I'l l ~ I! I'I! I >I!! 4 I I+ i!t L !r>q'hc.',ac! A>l!, c.year! si A'. I" I !I' ! ll! I !II92 Xl !'! LI il I 4~, Longhe;~ JP,il!, 6!it!c! ~i I! . AIRSkB.Plill Ce PIearonectesquadriteberculatus lemonsole, yellow-bellied flounder! I Description:Right-«y«ck Fyccl siclc crnif !rmolive grccn to brown to i!la 3 to 7 large, bony Small br >nc"hof Lateral line has moderate protuberances in a row lateral ine runs arch over pectoral fin behind upper eye t ' along ead I'0 I head e convex extends broad body below anterir>rpart of lower eye Family:Pleuronectidae I'I I a a NNl a a < a a I a a NOI a a s a a I a a NaI I a s a a ; a a aa I a a a a ~ r!bSk,! Pl,>i 'S',C.'yS rt Si IS. I'ISI ! I !l:1 l lr! S'll I II il ' LhlI N INP N P W P S S P N P N P N I N P l f P + N P NP I PUPI ~ IPINPINP NIP IPNSN I I ISPUPPaP I N NIPNI PUP/ a /Pa NaIU P INIPNSPI I Nl /UNP Ia I| / NPNS laI Na I NUPI lffINP III P I I a PIPU /a] IQ /Is /Nl INI I jI II, / I INP I IPI;I I II@I NIPI P a/ / I a illN/P IPIIIPIN I NIPS IN/ PUN g Nf a N a a N ~ S a ' ~N4 I a N a N ~ 1 N a NQI N S S a ~ 7 ~ N NNI a a a S ~ S a 'S74 AI,!sk,p p ,ri .', l>tp pc.lsi k'. Sakhalin Sole P/euronectes sakbaIinensis SakhaIin flounder! Formerly t.imanr4 sakhalinensis Oescription:Rigl>t-eyecl, Fyorl sirk c>»if<>rmn>eclium to Size: I<> 45 c n>I t4 ir>cl>cs!. Rangeand Habitat: Snoot !khotsk throug>hyvestern,>nd c entralB<.rir>y, Sea at Ie<>st Lateral line has medium to high archover pectoralfin ver ye Ca rou outh mall e low Bo dge to ova ot lower eye Anal spine present FamiIy:Pleuronectidae r'II r lrr li92I! XlI! I krt XkrlI S e e tt ee I 1 1 s 5 a . 1 » V I - 1 e a e , 1 e 00 t e 1 e N .'Irt'.- I't It I Ir ttl'r . 1!8 1 I1 /ltl/NN!la»at/»INN»INisi»a»I/lta'taeatira/lais!»irl lit N»N! I' Nilrraltla ta'~»1 rlr rr . 't>r' Iit.".rlra»I'1! 1»'a»lrlrr»I rart; !let INII Nirl»esl'».",I'i'rr erl»I'HllrN»lr»I","I r»!'!i'»i it.itt!re/INIILN! N rlrekilpllrp» s e e 1 e D 40 1 e e e e e 1 e D 50 I a e e e e 1 e la 40 1 e e a e ~ ltltllatltllll'al»llritr'rlllrllieliiaiI'ai"i".i'll'tl'' i'1'92! "I» I t i Ii':!terri rlrrvit i,,rrl er» r' ii''iJirrts i' r ~ »..ir.r'rrrrlr slit»a'a»li iI s»iI-" r tlrlNabltrr»ll»rarllit»NN EnglishSole PIeuronectes veto!us C:alif >rniasc>le, lemon sole, FormerlyParophrys veful ts pointednose sole! Description:krght-r yud. Lyu I si le ccsuallyunif<>rcm I>rc>vvn to c>livel>rc>v n bul Iii iy 11>vo xvhit ' sl>n kles. D s 11uid ventl ' Remarks: Imp >rt,int < >mmer Accessory dorsal branch long ad ndeI < inted outh malI Cau spud at ce ends ge of AnaI spinestrong Family:Pleuronectidae 92'I I iN '.1111hl< ID I I 5 5 I I I I ll DDI I I < I 5 I h 5 5D I 5;I 5 I I 5 I 5 ID I hh < I 5 I 5 I, Fn<>liethCI !Ie, e VeCf~ilia. 11 5 D 7 6 ~ 46 D D D D 6 a D 6 D 60 I D h D h D D 6 60 I t D 4 Cn, li ill ~nfl, i! in f ~icA. PIPCfEOllk'Il fkP'f C989OSklS C-0 turbot, mottled turbot, popeye s Description:Isight-ev< cl I:ye Size: To 3f! cni 4 inc hesh Rangeand Habitat: Sitki, Al,isk,i,tc! S,iii !c!i»ti» H,!y,I3ala C alif >min. !n holli sol'l,iiicl hai l bott >ms froni 0 to I ! I fm. tJsuallv in water ess th'in 1 0 tnE. Remarks;t Accessory dorsal First 5 to 6 Dorsal and anal branchIong dorsalfin ray tins very Caudal fi rounded Prominent ridge between eyes !arge, uding Dark spotat middle Anal spine of body small Family: Pleuronectidae Nl4 III Pl-<>,' Description;I!ight-eye I, byed sicle yellowish or rerldish brown to «lark brown or I>l.» k, u!ually w,ith l!r<>vvn<>r gr«y n> >ttling. I-in! clark; Size: T I I S in< h !!. Rangeand Habitat. 13erint,Sea to San y,I3»j,> California. !n !c>ft I!ottoms trorn 4 to 2' tn>. i'vic>!t tounrl -ll!ovc 50 lr>l. Remarks: E Accessory dorsal First 9 to 12 dorsal fin branch long rays on blind side Ridge with >lunt spine t each end Ca smal I with Iou out r eye Anal spine present +%PPHHllllvlÃ~H '44''P ' ';;, ' '' ,~ ',l'",-,lj!,Hjl,llklllll4PIHH]144jlHHlllljlllltHHjpsjjHHjHHjIIHPHjIHljHlllj44jssjHIH4llljs41441'Hv 'll s s HS4 s S 4 4 4 s s PS 4 S s 4 S S 7 S S SP 4 S a s S S V S s sp Family:P!eurooectidae I.'.I <1 I l I1 1XIl 6 LI h.~ l lg 4;,.~. 13 14 15 16 17 1819 pig 2! 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 3g 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 3$ ~Q 41 429413 }+Ill>'illll'ill'I''~ill:}!~p'Ill!!l!Ii'1!I9 i i'!' "" ' "".." "''I!3l! I' . ''I'I'""" '' ' """""'"" i"' I II'li'II' ii]t'I'll''gl'i'i" l-i.",II'll hl I'! liil6'll}ll ll}II!1 'ipioik.ck turf!c!t, 1'yecP.P /e. I'Ilr ! Ill ll1 XXXI I11k I > ff 12 13 14 15 ld 17 1819 g } 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 2829 3 } 31 32 33 '24 35 3d 37 3$ '4 """ '.,I"I,'lllit'ldllll",6 ' "-II''ll'!!.';." ":!"4$I!'ll~'IIII i"""""'ill}i 1!I Jl,"ii'I.',III!! III!II"~! I' ' !''l . I}!II: SPC>ttCCVt irb<1t, blinCf ~iCk. HornyheadTurbot P/euro'chthys verti ca!is sharpridgcf1<>urt ler! Description:Right-eye First 4 to 6 Long ac C I'0 Narrow ridge with sharp spine at rear end th small; teeth on blind side Anal spine present Family:Pleuronectidae I' lr > I>> I>I >r>9 '>' ! L hp>Lac>c sp '! 4 5 4 7 5 9 SP ! f S 4 9 !> 7 6 9 60 ! 9 Hcrrtt i ! >,Il> /II>/I>l>,'/I>Il>'rtl>P/I/r>,I"I I>",.' I I'':I '>: I!>!' I ' 9 40 c s s 4 s 9 7 s 9 SO 7 S S 4 5 $7 8 9 6D l 2 s t tetrr t y he t C/turbOt, Alt I tc/Sictc . .Sand Sole . psettictsthys melsnnstictus fringe sole,sand flounder, spotted flounder! Description:kit;ht-cyc cl. Eye sidei lit',ht I.reei> or graytrown with tin , Size: I > F>.5c.n> 'S ii> Acccssory dorsalbr,>n h hays ce oF dc, Iow > c ween g!<' extends ddle of lO Family: Pleuronectidae I" I ! I ! Ill XVIII IXV ' I ' Nl'si ~ 18 C p ',," 'I'.49AP/IPOD GINA~JQ IIf ~ 4IB N ! 1 TC/5C!/C.', CVC.'Cf >PC/C. 'I K! I! Dl l3% S~iv/.~ul~; P~hncf,~i fe. Clossary The following termsfor describingflatfish are definedas usedin this guide- book and in the references listed in it. Abdominalridge: The marginalong the ventraledge of a flatfishseparating the eyed and blind sides. Accessorydorsal branch ADB!:A branchof the lateralline runningfrom near the head and back toward the tail, just below the base of the dorsal fin. Anal fin: An unpaired fin on the ventraI side of the body between the anus and the tail. Analspine: A hard,sharp spine pointing anterior and located anterior to the anal fin, Anterior: Of, related to, or toward the front or head end, Anus:The posteriorexternal opening of the digestivetract; the vent. Asymmetrical:Not symmetrical;one side is not a mirror imageof the other. Blind side:The bottom side of a flatfish. This side lacks eyes and usually has little or no pigmentation. Caudal fin: The tail fin. Caudalpeduncle: The narrow fleshy end of the bodythat supports the caudal fin. Confluent:A term used to describe adjoining fins that run into each other with little or no break between them, Deciduous:Describes scales that are easily detached. Dextral: Right-eyed; has both eyes on right side and lies on left side, as opposed to sinistral, Dorsalfin: An unpaired fin on the dorsal or upper side of the body, between the head and the tail. Dorsalridge: The marginalong the dorsaledge of a flatfishseparating the eyed and blind sides. Dorsalspine: Hard, usuallysharp fin supportsfound in anteriorpart of dorsal fin in some fishes, Double truncate: Refersto the caudal fin shape that is indented above and below the center; longer parts are at edges and at center, Elongate;Body shape stretched out; notably long in relationto width. Eyedside: The top sideof a flatfish,This side haseyes and is moredarkly pigmented than the side that lies against the bottom. Forklength: The measurementfrom the farthestanterior projection of the head to the tips of the middle rays of the caudal fin. Gill arch: The foundation or bony support of the gill. Gill cavity: Chamberat the back and bottomof the headthat containsthe gills. Gill cover: The bony covering of the gill cavity composed of the opercular bones; the operculum. Gill filament: Long projections from the posterior side of the gill arches that extract oxygen from the water. Gill raker: A bony, toothlike structure on the anterior edge of the gill arch used for protection or for straining out food. Head length:The measurementfrom the tip of the snout upper jawI to the farthest edge of the gill cover. Indented: Refersto the crescent-shapedcaudal fin. Interorbitalspace. The space on top of the head between the bony edges of the orbits or eye sockets. Lateral line: A series of modified scales with pore-like openings to a sensory canal along the side of' a fish. Lunate:Refers to the caudal fin shape that is indented and looks like a crescent, Mandible: The lower jaw. Maxillaries:A pair of bonesthat form the back part of the upperjaw and often have teeth. Median fin: An unpaired fin lying on the midline that divides the fish into right and left halves, such as dorsal and anal ins. Ocellus:A round to oval eyelike pigment spot pfural is ocelli!, Opercle: The large, rectangular bone that forms most of the gill cover. Operculum:The bony coveringof the gill cavity composedof the opercular bones; the gill cover. Pairedfins: Pectoral and pelvic fins that occur in pairs, in contrast to unpaired median fins. Pectoralfins: The uppermost of two sets of paired fins, Pelvicfins: Paired fins on ventral part of body; also called ventral fins. They may be nearanus, below pectoralfins, or nearthroat. Peritoneum:The inner lining of the abdominal cavity, Pointed: Refers to the caudal fin shape that is pointed at the center. Pore:A sensoryorgan in the skin of fish consistingof a blind openingor pit. Posterior: Of, related to, or toward the rear or tail end, Prernaxillaries:A pair of bones that Formthe front part of the upper jaw and usually have teeth. Preopercle:The mostanterior bone in the gill cover, lying anteriorto the opercle. Protuberance:An outward bulge. Ray:A flexible, jointed rod that supports the fin membrane. Rounded: Refers to the caudal fin shape that curves in a convex arc. Sinistral:Left-eyed; has both eyes on left side and lies on right side, as opposed to dextral. Snoutlength. The measurementFrom the tip of the snout upperjaw! ta the anterior edge of the orbit, Spine:A fin supportthat is moreor lessstiffened and may havea sharptip. Spinesdo not branch and do not have obvious segments. Square:Refers to shapeof caudalfin that is nearlystraight, as though cut off. Standardlength: The measurementfrom the farthest anterior projection of the head to the base of the caudal fin where it joins the body!. Stellate:Starlike in shape or arrangement. Strong anal spine!:Well developed,easy to find seeweak anal spine!. Subopercle.The bane in the gill cover below the opercle. SyrnrnetricahHaving one sidethe mirror imageot the other. Truncate:Refers to the caudal fin shape that is nearly straight, as though cut off. Tubercle:A lump or projection on the surface, usually a modified scale. Tuberculate: Covered with tubercles. Unpairedfins: Median fins. Vent: The posterior external opening of the digestive tract; the anus. Ventral fins: Paired fins on the lower part of the body; may be near anus, below pectoral fins, or near throat; also called pelvic tins, Vomer: A bone, usually bearing teeth, at the front part of the roof of the mouth, Weak anal spine!:Small, difficult to f'ind see strong anal spine!. Selected References Following are some of the referencesand guidebooks used in preparing this publication,They will provideadditional informationon the speciescovered in the guide.Many scientificpapers that wereconsulted in the preparationof this field guide are not included here. Allen, M.J., and G.B. Smith. 1988. Atlas and zoogeography of common fishes in the Bering Sea and Northeastern Pacific. NOAA Technical Report NMFS 66:115-133. Baxter, R, 1990. Annotated key to the fishes of Alaska, Red Mountain Homer!, Alaska: Arctic-Bio, 803 pp. Bykov, V.P. 1985. Marine fishes: Chemical composition and processing properties. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: A,A, Balkema. Eschmeyer,W.N., E.S.Herald, H, Hamann, and K.P. Smith. 1984. A field guide to Pacific Coast fishes of North America from the Gulf of Alaska to Baja California. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 336 pp. Gotshall, D.W. 1981, Pacific Coast inshore fishes. Los Osos, California: Sea Chal lengers. Hart, j.L. 1973. Pacific fishes of Canada. Fish. Res. Board of Can. Bull. 180, 740 pp, International Pacific Halibut Commission. 1987, The Pacific halibut: Biology, fishery,and management.IPHC Technical Report 22 Revisionof 6 and 16!, 59 pp, Kessler, D.W. 1985. Alaska's saltwater fishes and other sea life. Anchorage: Alaska Northwest Publ. Co., 359 pp. Lamb, A and P, Edgell. 1986. Coastal fishes of the Pacific Northwest, Madeira Park, B.C., Canada: Harbour Publ. Co,, 224 pp. Lee, R.S. 1979. White fish identification guide. Fairbanks: Univ. of Alaska Sea Grant College Program. MAB No. 9, 169 pp. Miller, D.l., D. Gotshall, and R. Nitsos, 1965. A field guide to some common ocean sport fishes of California. Sacramento:California Dept. of Fish and Game, 87 pp. Miller, D.l., and R.N. Lea. 1972. Guide to coastal marine fishes of California. Sacramento:California Dept. of Fish and Game. Fish. Bull. 157, 235 pp. 100 Orr, J.,D. Baker,and M, Brown.1992. Field key to the flatfishesfrom Point Conception to the Arctic, Draft.! I1 pp, Pereyra,W.T., J.F.Reeves, and R.G.Bakkala. 1976. Demersaland shellfish resourcesof the eastern Bering Sea in the baseline year 1975. NOAA Processed Report NMFS, 619 pp. !uast, J.C,,and E. Hall. 1972. Listof fishesot' Alaskaand adjacentwaters with a guideto someof their literature.Washington, D.C.: National Marine Fisheries Service, Technical Report NMFS SSRF-658, 47 pp. Robins, C.R., R.M. I3ailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea, and W.B. Scott. 1991. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United Statesand Canada, American FisheriesSociety Special Publica- tion 20 Fifth Edition!, 183 pp. Sakamoto, K. 'I 984, Interrelationships of the family Pleuronectidae Pisces: Pleuronectiformes!. Mem, Fac. Fish. Hokkaido Univ. 31 -2!:95-215, Somerton,D., and C. Murray. 1976. Fieldguide to the fish of PugetSound and the Northwest Coast. Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press,70 pp. Wilimovsky,N,J, 1954. Listof the fishesof Alaska,Stanford lchthyol. Bull, 4 !:2 79-294. Wilimovsky,N,J, 1958. Provisionalkeys to the fishesof Alaska.Juneau: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fish. Res. Laboratory, 113 pp. Note: Boldedtext indicates common and scientific names recommended by the American FisheriesSociety AFS!. For species not on the AFS list of North American species, boldedtext indicates currently accepted common and scientific names. Acanthopsettanadeshnyi 32 Diamond back 62 Alaska dab 66 Diamond flounder 56 Alaskaplaice 78 Diamond turbot 56 Arctic flounder 70 Dover sole 60 Arrowtooth flounder 36 Asiatic arrowtooth 34 Embassichthysbathybius 40 Atheresthes evermanni 34 Ernerywheel 62 4theresthes stomias 36 Englishsole 82 Eopsettaexilis 42 Bastard sole 58 Eopsettajordani 44 Beliingham sole 72 Errex zachirus 46 Beringflounder 52 Bigmouthsole 20 Fantail sole 26 Brill 44 Flathead sole 50 Broadfin sole 68 Forkline sole 58 Butter sole 72 French sole 36 Fringe sole 92 C-0 sole 84 C-0 turbot 84 Clyptocephaiussteiieri 48 California halibut 22 Glyptocephaius zachirus 46 California sole 44, 82 Greenland halibut 94 California tongue sole 30 G ree n la n d turbot 94 California tonguefish 30 Grindstone 62 California turbot 86 Gulf sanddab 12 Catalina sanddab 16, 88 Cigarette paper 50 Hippogiossinastomata 20 Citharichthysfragiiis 1 2 Hippoglossoideselassodon 50 Citharichthyssordidus 14 Hippogiossoides robustus 52 Citharichthysstigmaeus 16 Hippoglossusstenolepis 54 Citharichthys xanthostigma 18 Harnyheadturbot 90 Clidodermaasperrimum 38 Hybrid sole 58 Curlfin sole 86 Hypsopsettaguttulata 56 Curlfin turbot 86 inopsettaischyra 58 Dark flounder 74 Isopsetra i.soiepis 72 Deepseasole 40 Pleuronectesproboscideus 76 102 Kamchatka flounder 34 Pleuronectesprobosci deus 76 Korean flounder 48 Pleuronectesquadrituber culatus 78 Pleuronectes sakhalinensis 80 Lemon sole 78, 82 Pleuronectes vetulus 82 Lepidopsettabiline !ta 68 Pleuronichthyscoenosus 84 Lesser halibut 94 Pleuronichthysdecurrens 86 Limanda aspera 66 Pleuronichthysritteri 88 Limanda proboscidea 76 Pleuronichfhysverficalis 90 bimanda sakhalinensis 80 Pointed nose sole 82 Liopsettaglacia is 70 Polar tlounder 70 Liopsetta obscura 74 Popeye sale 84 Longfinsanddab 18 Psettichthysmelanostictus 92 Longfin sole 26 Longfinned sole 46 Reinhardtiushippoglossoides 94 Longheaddab 76 Rex sole 46 Longjaw flounder 36 Right halibut 54 Longnosed flounder 76 Rock sole 68 Lo ngsn outed fl ounder 76 Rough sole 42 Lyopsettaexilis 42 Roughscalesole 38, 68 Roundnosed sole 44 Melgrim 14 Microstomuspaci ficus 60 Sakhalin flounder 80 Monterey halibut 22 Sakhalin sole 80 Mottled sanddab 14 Sand flounder 92 Mottled turbot 84 Sand sole 92 Muddab 66 Scalyeyeplaice 32 Scalyfin sole 72 N adezhny's flounder 32 Sharpridge tlounder 90 N ewfou nd I and turbot 94 Shortfinned sole 60 Northern halibut 54 Skidegatesole 72 Northern sole 66 Slender sole 42 Slime sole 60 Pacific halibut 54 Slippery sole 60 Pacific sanddab 14 Soft flounder 14 Paper sole 50 Southern halibut 22 Paralichthyscalifornicus 22 Speckledsanddab 16 Parophrys vetulus 82 Spot flounder 84 Petrale sole 44 Spotted flounder 92 Platichthyssfellatus 62 Spottedturbot 88 Pleuronectesasper 66 Starryflounder 62 Pleuronectes bilineatus 68 Steller's smallrnouth flounder 48 Pleuronectesglacialis 70 Symphurusatricauda 30 Pleuronectesisolepis 72 Pleuronectes obscurus 74 103 Turbot 36 Two-lined flounder 68 Witch sole 46 Xystreurysfiofepis 26 Yellow-bellied flounder 78 Yellowfin sole 66 104sitiveiduri ili<..a ion uf gull sandclab,Pacific sand
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