Bill Cosby Show“, „Roseanne“ Und „Eine Schrecklich Nette Familie“

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Bill Cosby Show“, „Roseanne“ Und „Eine Schrecklich Nette Familie“ Das Gesellschaftsbild in amerikanischen „domestic sitcoms“ am Beispiel der drei Serien „Bill Cosby Show“, „Roseanne“ und „Eine schrecklich nette Familie“ Wissenschaftliche Hausarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Magister Artium der Freien Universität Berlin vorgelegt von Frank Schlegel Berlin, 9. April 2001 1 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 EINLEITUNG.............................................................................................................. 2 2 ZUM STAND DER FORSCHUNG........................................................................... 5 3 DOMESTIC SITCOM: GENRE-DEFINITION ......................................................11 3.1 Definition: „Situation Comedy“ .................................................................................................................... 11 3.2 Die „domestic sitcom“ - Definition und Rollenstruktur.......................................................................... 17 4 KOMIKTHEORIEN...................................................................................................20 5 DIE GESCHICHTE DER „DOMESTIC SITCOM“..............................................28 5.1 Vorgänger der „domestic sitcom“................................................................................................................. 28 5.2 Darstellung von Familien- und Gesellschaftsbild in der Geschichte der Sitcom............................. 29 5.2.1 Die 50er Jahre ................................................................................................................................................31 5.2.2 Die 60er Jahre ................................................................................................................................................32 5.2.3 Die 70er Jahre ................................................................................................................................................34 5.2.4 Die 80er Jahre ................................................................................................................................................38 6 UNTERSUCHUNG DREIER AUSGEWÄHLTER SITCOMS............................42 6.1 Die „Bill Cosby Show“ ...................................................................................................................................... 42 6.1.1 Allgemeine Informationen ..........................................................................................................................42 6.1.2 Die Komik der Vaterfigur: Cliff Huxtable................................................................................................45 6.1.3 Die Komik der Mutterfigur: Clair Huxtable.............................................................................................52 6.1.4 Die Komik der Kinder..................................................................................................................................57 6.1.5 Komik und Familienbild ..............................................................................................................................59 6.2 „Roseanne“.......................................................................................................................................................... 67 6.2.1 Allgemeine Informationen ..........................................................................................................................67 6.2.2 Die Komik der Vaterfigur: Dan Conner....................................................................................................71 6.2.3 Die Komik der Mutterfigur: Roseanne Conner.......................................................................................77 6.2.4 Die Komik der Kinder..................................................................................................................................83 6.2.5 Komik und Familienbild ..............................................................................................................................84 6.3 „Eine schrecklich nette Familie“................................................................................................................... 91 6.3.1 Allgemeine Informationen ..........................................................................................................................91 6.3.2 Die Komik der Vaterfigur: Al Bundy .......................................................................................................95 6.3.3 Die Komik der Mutterfigur: Peggy Bundy...............................................................................................98 6.3.4 Die Komik der Kinder................................................................................................................................101 6.3.5 Komik und Familienbild ............................................................................................................................105 6.4 Vergleich............................................................................................................................................................109 7 SCHLUSS ...............................................................................................................114 LITERATUR...............................................................................................................117 ANHANG: ...................................................................................................................120 2 1 Einleitung Im US-amerikanischen Fernsehen beherrschen Comedy-Serien bereits seit der Frühzeit des Mediums, Anfang der 50er Jahre, den Bildschirm. In den 70er waren sogar acht von ihnen unter den zehn meist gesehenen Sendungen1, und bis heute sind sie noch immer als wichtiger Bestandteil der kommerziellen Fernsehunterhaltung auf den besten Sende- plätzen zu finden. 2 Mit dem Aufkommen des Privatfernsehens in Deutschland in den 80er Jahren hielt das Genre auch hierzulande Einzug. Mittlerweile hat sich auch in Deutschland langsam eine Fernsehindustrie entwickelt, die neue Comedy-Konzepte entwickelt. Nach wie vor wird aber auch das deutschen Fernsehprogramm von Comedy-Serien amerikanischer Pro- duktion dominiert. Zu den ersten Comedies, die in den 80er Jahren in Deutschland zu sehen waren, gehör- ten Familienserien wie „Hilfe, wir werden erwachsen!“ („Family Ties“), „Golden Girls“ („The Golden Girls“), „Wer ist hier der Boss?“ („Who’s the Boss?“) und die in dieser Arbeit näher betrachtete „Bill Cosby Show“ („Cosby Show“). Wenig später kamen so erfolgreiche Serien wie „Roseanne“ oder „Eine schrecklich nette Familie („Married ... With Children“) dazu, die auch von dem Boom der Privatsender Anfang der 90er Jahre profitierten und bis heute in regelmäßigen Abständen an unterschiedlichen Sendeplätzen zu sehen sind. Versucht man der Frage auf den Grund zu gehen, was das Genre der Comedy-Serie so beliebt macht, stößt man zuerst auf ihre ureigenste Eigenschaft, die Komik, und ihr kon- stantes Bestreben, die Bedürfnisse ihres Publikums nach Unterhaltung zu befriedigen. 3 Da es sich bei den Protagonisten der meisten Sitcoms um Familienmitglieder handelt, ist es jedoch besonders interessant, zu untersuchen, wieviel Komik von den einzelnen Charakteren ausgeht, und ob sie über die bloße Unterhaltung hinaus durch das Lachen des Publikums in ihrem Rollenverhalten innerhalb der Familie bestätigt oder abgelehnt 1 Vgl. Susan Horowitz, Sitcom Domesticus: A Species Endangered by Social Change. In: Horace Newcomb (Hrsg.), Television. The Critical view, New York, Oxford 1986 (2), 1987 (4), 106. 2 Vgl. Darrell Y. Hamamoto, Nervous Laughter: Television Situation Comedy and Liberal Democratic Ideology, New York 1989, 1. 3 Vgl. Brigitte Witthoefft, Formen und Funktionsweisen von Komik in ausgewählten amerikanischen Comedyserien. Wissenschaftliche Hausarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Magister Artium, Hamburg 1996, 1. 3 werden, inwieweit also durch die Komik ein bestimmtes Verständnis von Familien- und letztlich auch Gesellschaftsrollen vermittelt wird. Diese Frage ist umso bedeutungsvoller hinsichtlich der Tatsache, dass die Fernseh-Co- medy zu den beliebtesten Fernsehformaten gehört und dass das Fernsehen als Massen- medium die größtmögliche Verbreitung der Komik bietet.4 Ella Taylor bemerkte über das Verhältnis des Fernsehens zur Familie: „The ubiquity of television and its intensely domestic character make it an ideal narrative form in which to observe changing ideas about family. It is watched by a vast number of people in their homes; its advertizing is geared to both: the parts and the whole of the family unit.“ 5 In der Forschung wird immer wieder auf die Familie als kleinste soziale Gruppe und die Beziehung des privaten Haushalts zu der gesamten Gesellschaft Bezug genommen. 6 So fällt Taylor etwa ein heftig geführter intellektuellen Diskurs über die Betrachtung der Familie – wenn nicht als Quelle, so doch – als zentralen Austragungsort von sozialen Konflikten auf.7 Dabei geht es unter anderem um die Frage, inwieweit sich gesell- schaftliche Veränderungen im Familienalltag widerspiegeln, zum Beispiel durch einen Anstieg der Scheidungsraten seit dem Ende der 60er Jahre, Zweitehen, Alleinerziehende Eltern oder Single-Haushalte. Die Form der Komödie ist dabei, wie Neale und Krutnik es bemerken, seit Aristoteles das angemessenste Genre, um dieses Alltagsleben zu repräsentieren. 8 Sinclair Goodland sieht in der Fernseh-Comedy sowohl eine Reflexion der Wirklichkeit als auch einen ei- genen Teil von ihr, wenn sagt, sie sei beides: einerseits „expressive
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