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Keeping Horses Barefoot: a Shared Accomplishment

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Keeping Horses Barefoot: a Shared Accomplishment Keeping horses barefoot: a shared accomplishment Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy By Sophie Beale July 2020 This thesis is based on research carried out in the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool. Except where indicated, this thesis is my own unaided work. Sophie Beale July 2020 i Abstract Keeping horses barefoot: a shared accomplishment Sophie Beale Introduction My research aimed to improve understanding of equine barefoot care and to show how horse owners work with others, particularly barefoot trimmers, to deliver this type of care. Methods Data were collected from trimmers and horse owners using in-depth interviews (face- to-face and telephone) and online questionnaires. Data collected via the trimmer interviews (n=6) were analysed using a grounded theory approach to facilitate the development of a conceptual model. Trimmer questionnaire data (n=58) and horse owner data (interviews: n=5; questionnaire responses: n=681) were used to support the conceptual model. Results The overarching conceptual model illustrated the relationships between essential elements of becoming and being a trimmer, regardless of trimmer barefoot beliefs. It comprised three elements: (i) a foot-centred approach, (ii) the provision of foot- centred care, and (iii) building and safeguarding reputation. Keeping a horse barefoot was shown to be a holistic, foot-centred approach to care. When making changes to the horse’s care or exercise, the effect of such changes on the horse’s feet took priority. The success of the approach was assessed by the extent to which the horse was comfortable barefoot (the foot-functionality goal). Foot-centred care was delivered using the balance management cycle (Assess, Plan, Do). Factors that affected the horse’s feet were assessed and findings from the assessment were used to develop a Plan. The Plan set out adjustments to care and exercise that were needed to help reach foot-functionality goals. The Do phase involved implementing the Plan. After a period that varied depending on individual circumstances, the cycle re-commenced. The success of the process was a shared accomplishment involving mainly the trimmer and horse owner, but also expert advisors and members of the horse owner’s social circle. The success of a trimmer’s business was also a shared accomplishment. Horse owners tended to find trimmers through word-of-mouth recommendations. Also, some owners decided to keep their horse barefoot after seeing how successful this approach was for other people’s horses. Trimmers employed several reputation- building and safeguarding strategies, including being selective about which clients they took on, providing a high level of customer service to support existing clients and ceasing to work with clients who were not implementing their advice. Conclusions Keeping a horse barefoot is a holistic, foot-centred approach to delivering care. It involves balancing the care, exercise and environmental factors that affect horses’ hooves. The approach is a co-production involving not only the horse owner and trimmer but also members of the owner’s equine and social networks. Trimmers’ businesses are reliant on reputation and they actively take steps to build and safeguard it. ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank Professor Rumona Dickson, who was Director of Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group (LRiG) at the University of Liverpool when I started my PhD, for providing the funding that allowed me to start this research. I would also like to thank Dr Angela Boland, who took over as Director of LRiG in 2019, for continuing to provide funding and support. I am extremely grateful to all of the trimmers and horse owners who contributed to my research by giving up their time and sharing their information and experiences with me. Without you, this study would not have been possible, and I hope that you will feel that I have done your stories justice. I am indebted to all my supervisors for their input. Thank you to Professor Liz Perkins and Professor Rob Christley for introducing me to grounded theory methods. This approach to analysis has been an interesting diversion from my work as a quantitative researcher. Your input has helped me explore abstract ways of thinking and provided me with new insights into the different ways that people see the world. Many thanks to both of you for your continued enthusiasm and interest. Thanks also to Professor Debbie Archer for taking on the role of lead supervisor during 2019 and helping to steer my research towards its conclusion. Whilst it has been a real privilege to complete this PhD, doing so has not been without challenges, and I am very grateful to Dr Robin Flynn for helping me to negotiate University processes, and to family and friends who have provided support and encouragement along the way. iii Table of contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................... iii Glossary .................................................................................................................... ix List of abbreviations ................................................................................................ xiii 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Providing care .............................................................................................. 2 1.2 Horses’ feet and their care ........................................................................... 3 1.3 Current hoof care in the UK ......................................................................... 5 1.4 Barefoot care ............................................................................................... 8 1.5 Aim and objectives ....................................................................................... 8 1.6 Overview of the thesis .................................................................................. 9 2 Background ....................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Human factors that underpin carer behaviour ............................................ 11 2.2 Unconventional approaches to care .......................................................... 17 2.3 A brief history of barefoot ........................................................................... 21 2.4 Barefoot controversy .................................................................................. 28 3 Methods ............................................................................................................ 32 3.1 My background .......................................................................................... 32 3.2 The mixed methods approach ................................................................... 35 3.3 The qualitative research strand .................................................................. 36 3.4 Quantitative research strand ...................................................................... 46 3.5 Notes relating to the presentation of results .............................................. 51 4 Introductory research results ............................................................................. 53 4.1 Overview .................................................................................................... 53 4.2 Information about the trimmers who participated in my research .............. 53 4.3 Information about the horse owners who participated in my research ....... 67 4.4 Overview of the conceptual model ............................................................. 73 4.5 Summary .................................................................................................... 75 5 Becoming and being a trimmer ......................................................................... 76 5.1 Overview .................................................................................................... 76 5.2 Becoming a trimmer ................................................................................... 76 5.3 Being a trimmer .......................................................................................... 84 5.4 Summary .................................................................................................... 92 6 The provision of foot-centred care: trimmers’ perspective ................................ 93 6.1 Overview .................................................................................................... 93 6.2 Introduction to the balance management cycle ......................................... 93 6.3 The balance management cycle: Assess .................................................. 94 6.4 The balance management cycle: Plan ..................................................... 119 6.5 The balance management cycle: Do ....................................................... 126 6.6 Summary .................................................................................................. 128 7 Reputation: building and safeguarding trimmers’ businesses ......................... 129 7.1 Overview .................................................................................................
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