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AB League 374, 376, 381, 382-4 Abolition of Universal Military

AB League 374, 376, 381, 382-4 Abolition of Universal Military

INDEX

AB League 374, 376, 381, 382-4 New 398 abolition of universal military service private 13-14, 73-4 33-48 recruits 38-9 central army 48-52 revolutionary 323, 344 failure of the 61-74 Shence Army 160, 163, 165 frontier armies 52-61 Song 217 nature of the abolition 34-9 standing armies 70-2 private armies 73-4 statistics 148 reasons for the abolition 39-48 strategic options 84-90 standing armies 70-2 Tang forces 94-5, 128-9, 144 Accord of Shanyuan 180, 212-19 Tiande army I 71 Afghanistan 118 Tianping army I 75 agricultural crisis 392-3 volunteers 226 Ai Rong 56 Xiang '413 Aju 245 Zhu-Mao Army 336 Alaung-hpaya 441 Ashina Helu 118 Allied Expeditionary Force 22, 288, Atlakh, battle of 130 439 Auden, W.H. 408-9, 411 Alp bilga Baoyi, Khaghan 166 August Harvest Uprising 332-3 Alp kiiliig bilga Zhangxin, Khaghan Averill, Stephen 373-4, 380 169 Altan Khan 267 Bagha Tarqan 151 An, Emperor 37, 51, 57 416, 420 Rebellion 13, 90, I 09, Baijuyi 106-7, 144-5, 161, 164 136-7, 137-40 Bai Shousu 21 7 An Sishun 138 Baidicheng 232 Anjur 236 Bailloud, General 31 7 Anleshancheng 232 Baisha Conference 340 Anlezhou 163 Baltistan 130 Anshi 90 Ban Biao 59 Anshicheng 90 Ban Chao 52, 55, 57 Anti:Japanese War 401, 403, 425-6 Ban Gu 56 Anxi 109, 127, 129, 154, 173, 175 bandits 224, 364 Arabs 16, 118, 122, 130, 162 Banzhu 83, 86-7, 95 Ardagh, General Sir John 295 71 armies Baoding Expedition 311-13 see also Red Army baqjia system 356-61, 395 bandit armies 93, 292, 322 battles 216-17, 237 campaign armies sizes 89, 128 Atlakh 130 n. 29, 135 'Day of Thirst' 130 central army 48-52 Fei River 409 frontier armies 52-61, 135, 148, 208 156 Hulao Pass 78, 82-6, 91, 95-6 Huai 413 Linyi 406-7, 418 Army 14, 413 Taierzhuang 401, 403, 407, 416, infantry armies 134 421, 425 lines of supply 89-90, 102 22

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Ulan Butong 270 Cheng, Emperor 65 Wangdu 196, 204 232, 237 Weilu 203 Chengzhou 230 Yancheng 407 Chiang Kai-shek 7-10, 23-6, 326-30, Ying 209 334, 351-4, 356, 362, 375, 407, 280, 306, 432, 440 412-3, 416, 424, 432 defence of 300, 303-4, 334, 418 loss of 414, 417 siege of the Legation 22, 288, New Life Movement 366-71 311-13 reduced communist influence 326 Beiting 17, 109, 129, 130, 154, 173 Taiwan 401 Belden, Jack 421, 423 victory 322, 349 Beshbalik 118 White Terror 326 Bi Shi'an 208 Bilga, Khaghan 141 agricultural aid 365-6 Billingsley, Philip 329 agricultural crisis 392-3 Board of War 14 armed forces 361 Bogii, Khaghan 142-3, 151 baqjia system 356-61 Bow and Arrow Society 226 boundaries 275, 281-3 Boxer Uprising 15, 22, 24-5, civil war 23, 326-30, 358, 401, 404 288-319, 431 co-operatives 364-6, 392 Allied troops 311-rn Communists 323 British troops 312 counter revolution 250-4, 350-1, Btsampo 164 372-6, 383 Buddhism 147 defence 412-13 Bukhara 118, 122, 126 foreign relations 253, 260-1 Burma 440-1 governmental reform 354-6 history of warfare 398-404 Chengxi Table Japanese War 15, 21, 290, 432, 439 Cai E 371 labour mobilization 360 Cai Shaoqing 329 maps 282-3 Cai Shenxi Table I military history 26-32 Cai Tingkai 420 national military service 35 7-8 Canton 326, 334 nationalism 21, 28, 275, 278, 396 Cao Bin 201 Nationalist army 323, 326, 350-1 71, 399 navy 438-9 Cao Feng 64 New Life Movement 366-71, 394 Caoyang 232 northwest frontier defences 272-8 Capa, Robert 48 Peace Preservation Corps 362-4 Carlson, Evans 420, 425 relations with Russia 280-1, 284 taxes 390-1 Han 12, 45, 60 troops 361, 412-16 Mongolia 244 China War see Boxer Uprising Tang 134 325, 425 Cen Chunxuan 316-19 see also Red Army Central People's Justice Council 384 armies Table I, 351, 413 Chaffee, Major General Adna R. 313 August Harvest Uprising 332-3 Chang'an 64, 78, 97, 100, 109, 111, campaigns against 138-9, 142, 149, 154 counter-revolutionaries 3 72-83 Chao Cuo, military technology 45-8 General Outline 335-6 Cheleda 242 land redistribution campaigns 337 Chen Duxiu 332, 370 mobilization 327 338, 341-3, Table 1, 381, mobilization drives 372, 388 388 opposition 394 Chen Yongfa 373-4, 380 party and army 340-4, 349-50

Hans van de Ven - 9789004482944 Downloaded from Brill.com10/05/2021 07:22:01PM via free access INDEX 445

purges 375-7, 381, 383, 393, 395 Dian Zhou 225 Red Terror 372-96 Diaoyii Mountain 233, 235 Chinese culture Diaoyucheng 223, 232-3, 235, 237, cultural realism 254 247, 249 influence 14 7 Dingyuan 419 interpretations 6 Doihara, General 405 operational culture 254 71, 72-3 ritual practice 255, 257-8 Dongtang 380 strategic culture 252-5, 257-86 Dongzhen 241 tributary system 25 7 Dou Gu 52 Chinese Revolutionary Party 375 Dou Rong 52 Chinese way of warfare 2-9, 43, 102, Dou Xuan 52 321-3 Du Shang 38 conduct of war 10 Du Xiquan 160 defensive strategies 4, 44-8 Du Xiujing 336 military technology 45-8 Du Yuanying 167 offensive strategies 4 Duan Chen 58 purpose of war 9-10 Duan Jiande 78, 79-80, 82-6, 88-9, Chinggis khan 222, 238, 269, 274 93-7, 98, 100 Chi'niu 232 Duan Jiong 55, 57 Choi Choong-Hun 240 Duji 229' Choi Hang 241-2, 24 7 Duke of Han 109 Choi Yi 240-1 Dunhuang 121 232-3 Dzungaria 112, map 1, 118 Christians 306-8, 310, 318 Chungju 242 East Asian Expedition Corps 311 Cixi, Dowager Empress 288, 291, Eastern 12, 40, 41, 48 311-12 armies 52-8, 61, 70-3 co-operatives 364-6, 391-2, 394 failure of military system 61-74 Cohen, Warren 260 Eastern Wei 91-2 communists see Chinese Communist emperor, relationship with Party commander 9 Conference of Brussels 294 Encirclement Campaigns 40 I Confucianism 369, 371 cosmological beliefs 10 I Fairbank, John 1, 255, 257 Cui Shi, Zhong lun 65 Fan Shizeng 333 323, 366, 395 Fan Tingzhao 194 Cuweifeng 327 Fan Xichao 160 Fan Zhongan 213 Da Tang Kafyuan 99, 100 Fang Yousheng 315 DaejibSong 240 Fanyang 137, 139 Daizong 149, 150 Fei River, battle of 409 Dalai Lama 270-1, 284, 285 421 Daoism 79 Fengtian 291 Daxing cheng 111 Fengxiang 155 de Crespigny, Rafe 65 Fengzhou 231 De'an 226 Ferghana 118, 130 defensive strategies 4, 44-8, 224-7 431 385 First Soviet Congress 386 Deng Xun 71 Fleming, Peter 408 Deng Yigang Table French Revolution 324 Deng Zihui 392 French troops 312-15, 317-18 Dezong 150-6, 160-1 Frey, Henri 314, 316 Di Deyu 171 Fu Bocui 375-6

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Fu Gongshi 111 Guo Huaruo, military writings 7 194-5 142, 150 Fu Yu 59 Guomindang 401, 426 Fuller, William Z. 264 Gutian Conference 325, 339, 343-4 Futian Incident 373-4, 378, 380, Giiyiig, khagan 236 382-3 Hague Peace Conference 290, 294-6 Galdan 266, 270-2, 277-8 Hailufeng Soviet 333-4 Gan Run 235 Hami 116 10, 121, 135, 137, 171 Han Dynasty 33, 77, 279, 398-9, 409 Gantimur 280 see also Eastern Han; ; Gao Huan 91-2, IOI Western Han Gao Kaidao 111 armies 12, 42-8, 70, 74 Gaozong 112, 116, 118, 120, 122, camps 50-1, 57-9 125-7, 128 cavalry 12, 45, 60 Gaozu, Emperor 115, 123 central army 48-52 Gaselee, General Alfred 312 Commandants 9, 37 Geluofeng 133 frontier armies 52-60 Geng Kui 55 loyalty 41-2, 62 Gengis Khan see Chinggis Khan military service 34-7 German troops 311-13, 316-18 non-Han troops 60 Geshu Han 137-9 recruits 38-9 Gibbons, Edward, Decline and fall ef the use of convicts 53-9 Roman Empire 429 attack on Korea 228-9 Gilgit 130 economy 40-1 Grain Co-operatives 391-2 military writings 7, 45-8 Great Wall 19, 63, 181, 202, 255, mountain bastions 224 266, 278, 281 population 40, 65-6 Gross von Schwarzhoff, Colonel 297 slavery 40 Gu Bo 381 Han Feizi 8 Gu Dacun Table I Han Fuju 405, 413-14 Guandong 67, 68, 225 Han Tan 160 326, 328, 329, 333 Hao Jing 238 Guangling 92 Hata, General 405 Guangwu, Emperor 68, 74, 224, 289 He, Emperor 59, 66 military policies 40, 54-5, 58, 59, He Chengju 188, 200, 203 62-3 71 military service abolished 36, He Kun Table 1 48-51 He Long 333, Table 26, 327, 357, 415 He Shu 301-2 Guangxi Clique 23, 31 n. 75, 329, He Yingqin 35 7, 361 334, 416 Hebei 78, 96-8, 137, 148, 190-2, Guangxu, Emperor 291 196, 199, 208-9, 215 Guangzhou 426 battle of 208 Guannan region 181-3, 188, 196, Hedong 84, 137-9 209-10, 215, 218 Heejong, king 240 64, 67, 68, 73, 150, 155, 78, 82, 87, 94, 96, 98 161, 225 Henriot, Christian 370 guerilla warfare 190, 343, 350, 419 Herat 118, 122 Guguan 317 Hesa, Khaghan I 70 Guiyi 150 Heshui 155 357 Hevia, James 20, 285 gunpowder 284 Hevia, James, Cherishing men from afar Guo Geng 57, 61 257, 259, 262-3

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Hexi 128, 137, 174 Jia Yi 67 Hezhou 175, 232-3, 237 Jiading 232 Hideyoshi, Toyotomi 438-9 Ji'an 379-80 Hojo 439 Jian'an 90, 137 horse pastures I 7, 31, 133, 135-6 Jiang Baili 329 horse trade 133-6, 142, 151, 169, Jiangnan 276, 410 172, 202, 274, 284 405, 410 Hu Gongmian Table I 327-30, 333, 340, 346, 351, Hu Hanmin 352 360, 364 Hu Linyi 367, 371 killing fields 3 78-83 Hu Pinzhi 293, 299-300, 319 Jiangxi Soviet 372-5, 393 Hu Shaohai Table I Jiangzhou 87, 132 413 Jiannan 128-9 Huaizhou 92 Jiezhou 230 Huang Gongliie Table I, 379-80 Jin 226, 239, 241 Huang, Philip 262 Jincheng, princess 149 Huang, Ray 31 Jinfeng Company 299-300 Huangfu Song 72 Jing, Emperor 60 Huayuankou 407, 424 Jinggang Mountaians 325, 330, Hulao Pass battle 78, 82-6, 91, 95-6 333-6, 339-40 Hun Xian 160 Jinghu 232 Hunan 327, 333 Jingrong Jun 187, 189, 196 Hunan Army 14, 413 Jingxiang 227 Hunan report 332 165 Huntington, Samuel 259 Jingzong, Emperor 182, 185 Huolu 304, 310, 317 JinPu Railway 407, 410, 414 Hutcheson, Captain Grote 313 Jizhou 225 Johnston, Alastair Iain, Cultural realism I Feng 418 7, 20, 252, 254-5, 259, 266 Inner Asia map 2 Jung Myo 240 Isherwood, Christopher 408-9, 411 Jurchen 77, 230, 239 Isogai, General 405 Jurchen Jin Dynasty 77, 222, 226 Itagaki, General 405 Italian troops 312 180, 181, 210 Ivens, Joris 408 Kang Youwei 291, 369 Kanghwa Island 223, 240-8 Jabi, king of Silla 228 Kangxi, Emperor 20, 266, 270, Jahangir revolt 276 276-8, 282 284, 441 Jalar 239 Karabalghasun 141, 170 Japan 116, 275 Karakhoja 116, 118 atrocities 405, 424 Karashahr 116, 126 attack on China 330, 432 Kashgar 116, 121, 126 attack on Manchuria 330, 352, 432 Kazakhs 276, 440 naval dominance 22 Keegan, John, History ef warfare 2, 3, Sino:Japanese War 15, 21, 290, 432 15, 429 Tang cultural influence 14 7 Keightley, David 3 taxation system 14-15 Khajin 239 War of Resistance 23, 26, 323, 361 Khalkhas 271-2 war with 432 Khotan 116, 126, 143, 174 Campaign 26, 398-426 Khri 'dus sron, king 127 Jaxartes valley 118 Khri gtsug Ide brtsan, king 164, 17 4 Jayun Island 240 Khri sron brtsan, king 114, 115, 120 Jesuit Atlas 282 Khri sron Ide brtsan, king 162 Jesuits 284, 422, 424 Khri 'U'i dum brtsan I 74

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Khubilai Khan 238, 244 115 Kiakhta treaty 280, 440 137 Kirghiz, Khaghan 170, 173 Li Ling 45 Kitan 17, 137, 146, 176 Li Lisan 335, 345-6, 374, 377, cavalry 134, 140, 181, 208 378-9, 382, 384, 393 rebellion against the Jurchens 238-9 88, 94, 97, 98, 154 wars with Song 180, 186, 190-7, grand international strategy 157, 200-4, 208-12, 215-19 159-61 Koguryo 16, 90, 110, 112, 116, 145, Li Mingfu 233 228-30 Li Pinxian 422 Kojong, king 240, 242-3, 247 Li Quan, Tai bai yin jing 101 Kokonor 120, 128 Li Shan Table 1 Kongiil 121, 126 156 Korea 17, 116, 146, 275, 438-9 Li Shiji 90 Kitan incursions 200, 207 Li Shimin 78, 82-4, 86, 89, 91-2, mountain fortress defences 227-30, 95-7, 99-100, 110-11 245-6 Li Shu-t'ung 80 naval warfare 242 101 Tang cultural influence 147 Li Tingxie 304, 307-8 war against Mongolia 222-3, Li Wenlin 378-81 238-46, 249 Li Ying 55, 57 war with US 28 Li Yuan 78-80, 88, 94, 110-11 Kou Zhun 208, 210, 211, 215 26, 400-1, 403, 405, Kucha ll6, 118, 121, 126 415-20 Kuchum, Khan 280 Liang ~chao 371 Kiicliig bilga Chongde, Khaghan Liang Shidu 111 166, 169 Liang Shoujian 165 Kuiyi army 174 Lianghuai 227 Kuizhou 232 Liangzhou 115, 121, 152, 170, 175, Kulug Bagha 170 224 Kuoduan 230 Lianyungang 407 Kiiriibir 170 Liao 17-18, 176 Kushu 439 cavalry 180 economy 182 labour mobilization 360 Shanyuan Accord 180, 212-19 Lai Xi 59 struggle with the Song 180, 183, Lake Kokonor 114 185-219 land redistribution campaigns 337, Liaodong 90, 238 392 Liaodongcheng 92 Lanzhou 121 Liaoning 112 Lao Gan 65 Libam 242 Lao Zi 79 Liddell Hart, Basil 3, 244 Lewis, Mark 3, 15 Ligden Khan 269 Li Chengcai 142 Lin Biao 341 Li Deming 207 Lin'an 230 Li Deyu 171-3 Ling Jing 84 Li Fu 310 Lingwu 139, 157 Li Guangbi 92 Lingzhou 109, 125, 160, 164 9, 13, 14, 299, 301, Linqiang 59 309, 315-17, 319, 371, 413 Linyi, battle of 406-7, 418 Li Huaiguang 152, 154 Linzhou 155 Li Jilong 207 literature on China's military 6-9, 115 259 Li Jiqian 20 I, 205, 207 An, king of Huainan 43

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Liu Angong 340-2 purges 383 Liu Ban 50 revolutionary war 373, 376, 379-84 Liu Bi, king of Wu 43 Zhu-Mao army 336, 340 71 Zhu-Mao problem 343 Liu E 299-300 Mao Zetan 379, 385 Liu Guangcai 315, 317 maps 282-3 Liu Heita 97 Mencius 8 Liu Kai 201-2 Meng Gong 230-3, 246, 248 316 Meng Haigong 88 Liu Mian 172-3 Mengyin 419 Liu Pi 163 Mgar Sto rtsan 120 Liu Shiqi 379 Mianzhou 231 Liu Tao 38 military classic texts 6-9, 259 Liu 70 military role in state 11, 26-7 71 18, 190-1, 225, 289-90, 327, Liu Zheng 222 n. 2 356-7 Liu Zidan Table I use of in war 25, 289-98 Liuho 419 Ming Dynasty 13, 65, 77, 96, 261, Liyang Camp 38, 51, 53, 58 283-6 Lizong, Emperor 231, 248 defensive strategies 274 n. 58 Long March 351, 389, 394, 401 offensive strategies 4, 259 LongHai Railway 407, 410, 424 wars with Mongols 19, 255, 266-9, Longyou 121, 128, 137, 143, 156, 271-3 164, 174 Mingsha 155 Lu Duan 200 Mingzhou 96 Lu Mengzheng 206 mining and railroad rights 289-302, 154 314 Luo Binghui Table I missionaries 293 Luo Ming 384-5, 389, 393 Mongke, Khan 237, 241-3, 246 Luofang Conference 380 Mongol Yuan 77, 126, 176, 279 68, 82, 91, 95-6, 138-9, Mongolia 19, 222, 276, 284-5, 437 142, 230 cavalry 244 Luzhou 232, 237 Korea invasions 222, 238-44 Luzzatti, Angelo 299 maps 283 Lyonggang Hyun 229 regarded as non-human by Ming 268-9 Jianzhong 299 relationship with Qing 269-72, 282 Ma Liang 200 war against Song 18, 222-3, 230-9 156 wars with Ming 255, 266-9, 271-3 Ma Yuan 59, 68, 73 mountain fortress defence system 18, Macartney Mission 20, 258, 262-3, 222-8, 232-8, 245-6 285 repair 232, 235 MacDonald, Claude 299 Moyanchuo Khaghan 141, 142 McMullen, David 8 Mu ne brtsanpo, king 162 Maha Si-thu 440 Muzong, Emperor 165-6, 183 Maha Thi-ha Thu-ra 440 Myungjong, king 240 Manchuria 20, 263, 274, 280, 440 attacked by Japan 330, 352 Nan 409 9, 24, 325, 330, 327 335-43, 351, 400 Nanchang Uprising 331-2 August Harvest Uprising 332-4 Nanchao Song Dynasty 409 Hunan report 332 Nanjing, Rape of 400, 404, 412 mutiny against 380 Nanxiong 328 'Problems of Strategy' 351 Nanzhao 16, 176

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alliance with Tibet 132-3, 138, 167 Pingcheng 43 alliance with 157, 159, Pingding 301 161-3 PingHan Railway 424 expansion 146, 175 164 Nathan, Robert 260 false treaty of 156-7, 163 National Revolutionary Army 323, Pinglu 137 326, 328, 334, 350-1 Pingyang 155 repulse of Red Army 330 Political Security Bureaux 384, 394 suppression campaigns 350-1, population 40, 65-6, I 02 372-3, 382-5, 395 portents nationalism in China 21, 28, 275, belief in 82 278, 396 influence on events 79 Nationalist Party 326 Posen, Barry 261 naval warfare 242, 438-9 Pu Yi, Emperor 405 Needham, Joseph 3, 282 Pugu Huaien 142, 149 Nerchinsk treaty 280-1, 440 purges 375-7, 381, 383-5, 393 New Army 398 Puxian Wannu 239, 241 New Life Movement 366-71, 394 Niangziguan 31 7 Qapaghan Khaghan 140-1 328 Qazar, Khaghan 172 Ningbo 438 Qazar Zhaoli, Khaghan 169, 170 Ningdu 327-8, 330, 340 Qj Shanxing 96 Ningdu Conference 384 Qjan Ruoshui 203 Niu Han 59 Qjang incursions 38, 51-2, 53, 59, North China Plain 303-5, 311-14, 63, 67' 69, 224 319 Qjanlong, Emperor 276, 277, 282, Northern Expedition 23, 326, 334, 398, 441 401, 409, 416, 417 Qjdamou 167 Northern Han 182, 183, 185 Qjn Dynasty 54, 74, 77 Qjn Shihuang 398 October Revolution 324 Qjng 13, 20, 77, 255, 278, 280, Oga 172-3 283-6, 398 Ogodei, Khan 230, 239 court 24, 288, 413 Oliver, Frank 424 expansion 274, 276, 278, 437 Ordos I 7, 109, 266-7 frontier regions map 6, 281, 284 Orm!zt 171-2 guest ritual 259, 262-3, 285-6 Oufu 405 legal system 262 Oxus valley 118 maps 283 military control 13-15, 398 Pang Bingxiong 406 militia 292 Parhae 176 naval force 14 Park Moon-Hee 240 relationship with Mongols 269-72, Parker, Geoffrey, Cambridge illustrated 282 history ef warfare 2, 3, 428 revenues 14 Peace Preservation Corps 362-4, strategic culture 261 Table 2 Qjnghai 19, 121, 135, 136-7, 143, 303 268 Qjngsaibao 165, 166 Pei Xu 114 Qjngshui, Treaty of 152-4, 156 Pekin Syndicate 299-302 Qjngzhou 165 Peng Daya 232 Qjnzhou 163 339-40, Table 1, 349, Qjzhou 151, 226 379, 381 Qu Qjubai 334 Perry, Elizabeth 93, 425 Qutayba 130 Piloge, king 132 Qutlugh Khaghan 140 Ping, Emperor 40 Quwo 292-3

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RanJin 233 relations with China 280-1, 284 Ran Pu 233 and Siberia 280 rebellions 399 Ryuu Song-lyong 228 13, 90, 109, 136-7, 137-40 Salida 239 Huang Chao 176, 225 Samarkand 122, 126 Jahangir revolt 276 Samnyeon Fortress 228 Kitans against the Jurchens 238-9 Samuels, Richard 264 13, 32, 290, Sanguo yanyi 400 354, 367, 371, 399, 413, 431, 437 Sanjiangqicheng 232 White Lotus 13 Self Defence Corps 394 Wu Xi 231 Seungchunbu 242 Yakub Begs 276 Seymour, Admiral 288, 303 Yellow Turban Uprising 13, 225 Shaboluo, Khaghan of the W estem Rectification Campaign 395 Turks 118, 121 Red Army 326-38, 342-6, Table l, 24, 291, 293, 413-14 378-80 Shang 268 Red Army Shanghai 330, 412, 420 3rd Red Army 381 Shangju 242 4th Red Army 336-43, 375, 378 5th Red Army 339, 381 Bow and Arrow Society 226 6th Red Army 379 Boxer Uprising 24, 288-319 20th Red Army 373, 381-3 civil war 306-10 AB League members 376 defence 304-19 benefits to dependants 386-8 mining and railroad rights Children's Regiments 387 289-302, 314 and Communist Party 340-4, 349-51 North China Plain 303-5, 311 economic mobilization 390-3 troop strength 315-16 purges 375, 381-2 use of militia 291-3, 297-8 recruitment 385-90, Table 3, 393 violence against Westerners 289, Red Guard Detachments 387, 392 298, 318 troops 377, 385-6 Shanyuan 180, 211-12 Young Vanguards 387 Shanyuan Accord 180, 212-19 Red Defence Detachments 335, Shaocun 418 337-8, 379-80, 385, 387 Shazhou 109, 174 Red Execution Teams 337 Shen Dunhe 316-19 Red Guard Detachments 387, 392 Shenbicheng 237 Red Spears 419 Shence Army 160, 163, 165-6 Ren Yan 52 Sheng Xuanhuai 309 Richthofen, Baron 298, 300 Shengzong, Emperor 180, 193, 199, ritual practice 25 7 208-9 guest ritual 259, 262-3, 285-6 Shi Chaoyi 143 in warfare 98-100 Shibian 96 Rongshancheng 232 Shin Ji-Bo 240 Ross, Robert 260 Shiwei 137, 173 Rothschild, Lord 299 Shizong, Emperor 183 380 Shun'an Jun 188, 189 Ruizong, Emperor 127 Shunzong 162 Russia Shuofang 58, 137, 150 see also Soviet Union Siberia, and Russia 280 boundaries 282, 440 26, 135, 137, 167, 222-3, fortresses destroyed 2 75 227' 238, 245 maps 283 defense 230-3, 246, 249 and Mongolia 280 invasions by Mongols 230-3 officer class 349 soldiers 417, 418

Hans van de Ven - 9789004482944 Downloaded from Brill.com10/05/2021 07:22:01PM via free access 452 INDEX sieges 91-2 Taizong, Emperor 112, 115, 118, Routes 118, 121, 127 123, 145, 170 Silla 116, 146 conflict with the Liao 183, 193, , 89 199-200, 218 Sino:Japanese War 15, 21, 290, 432, as 'Heavenly Khaghan' 124-5 439 invasion of Koguryo 116 Siu, Helen 329 invasion of Korea 229-30 Smith, Richard 30 protection of crops 182 Soghdiana 122, 130 Turks defeated 121 Soji, king 228 Taizu, Emperor 182, 192 Solae 242 Tang Dynasty Song 77, 176, 177 alliance with Uigurs 142-3, 157, foreign relations 215 159, 166 fortified cities 186-7, 226 army 94-5, 128-9 and Guannan area 183 attacks on Korea 229-30 Kitans invasions 180, 205, 208-11 communications system 134-5 Liao struggle 180-98, 204-5 control over trade routes 133-7 military writings 7 decline 144-5 militia 190-1 defence system map 3 Mongolia resisted 222-3, 230-8, 249 defensive military strategy 109, 145 Shanyuan Accord 180, 212-19 early conquests 116, 118 water network 180, 187-9 expansion of empire 112, 122 Xi Xia war 204-5 forces 94-5, 128-9, 144 Song Jingang 89, 94, 97 founding 77-9 Song Yi 61 frontiers 109, 144 Song-Mongol War 230-3 horse trade 133-6, 143-4 Songock Ku 228 international relations 15 7, 159 Songzhou 96, 115 military ritual and beliefs 99-102 Soviet Union military writings 7, 8 see also Russia militia 225 fortresses destroyed 2 75 population 112 menace of 405 relations with Arabs 130, 132 purge of Red Army 372 relations with Tibet 113-16, 126- 9, strategic culture theory 253-4 15269 Steiger, George 289 relations with Turks 122-4 Su Dingfang 118 relationship with Uighurs 142-3, Subei 410 150-1, 159-60 30, 77, 115, 229 scholar-administrators 7 7 Sui Yangdi 78, 89, 90, 92-3, 114 state finances 148 Sun Deqing Table 1 treaties 146-7 Sun Yatsen 329, 370, 375 Treaty of Qingshui 152-4, 156 Sun Yutang 37, 52, 54 Tang Enbo 415, 420 Sunzi, The art ef war 2-4, 6-8, 255 Tangud 241 suppression campaigns 350-1, 3 72-3, Tangut 115, 197, 200, 205, 214 382-4, 395 Tangut Xia 197, 200 Suzong 140, 142 Tao Zhuvin 408 Tarim 116, 118, 120, 125-7, 136 Taemusin, king of Koguryo 228 Tarim basin 109, 112, map 1, 126, Taierzhuang, battle of 401, 403, 407, 128 416, 421, 425 Tashkent 118, 122 Taihe, princess 166, 169, 171-3 Tatar 236 Taiping Rebellion 13, 32, 290, 354, Tegchi 236 367, 371, 399, 413, 431, 437 Tengxian 406, 418, 422 110, 173, 300, 304-11, 314 Terauchi, General 405

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Tezong 162 Turks 112, 114, 115, 118, 121-2 Tian Min 217 cavalry 134, 140 Tiande army I 71 relations with Tang 122-4 Tianfeng 224 Tuxietu Khan 270 Tianjin occupation 22, 288 114-15, 120 Tianping army I 75 Tianshuijiin 231 Uighurs 16, 140-2, 146, 165, 169-74 Tianxiong Jun 186, 188 cavalry 134 Tibet 146, 433 conflict with Tibet 162, 164, 167 alliance with Nanzhao 132-3 defeat by Tang 173 cavalry 134 relationship with Tang 142-3, collapse of I 74-6 150-1, 159-60 communications 133-4 Ulan Butong, battle of 270 expansion 120-1 United States extent of empire 10 defeats in south-east Asia 28 invasion 155 invasion 25 occupation of Gansu and Qjnghai strategic thinking 254, 261 143-50 troops 313-14 Tang China threatened 132 universal military service abolished Tang cultural influence 14 7 12, 33-48 Tang raided by 149-50, 161 'Uthman 125 Tang relations 113-16, 126-33, 152-69 Vietnam 28, 146, 175, 275, 440 treaties 146-7, 166-7 Voltaire 4-5 Treaty of Qjngshui 152-4, 156, 163 wars with Uighurs 162, 164, 167 Wade, Thomas 6 Tiele 137 Waldersee, Field Marshall Count von Tilly, Charles 11 311-12, 315 The Times 408 Waldron, Arthur, China's turning point Ting Yong 312 21, 321, 425 Toba Gui 29 walled cities 223-5, 241 Tokharistan 126 Wan Benhua 304 Tokmak 127, 130, 143 Changxian 91 Tongchuan 237 Wang Chao 196-8, 207, 217 Tongguan 139 Wang Chen 237 Tongking 440 Wang Chong 39 375 Wang Dechen 237 Torghut Mongols 276 65, 66, 69 Trachtenberg, Mark 264 235, 237 trade 144-5 Wang Jianmin 3 74 Transoxania 118, 122 Wang Jingwei 352 treaties 146-7, 166-7 Wang Jiying 202, 208 Kiakhta 280, 440 Wang Jizhong 197-8, 204, 210, Nerchinsk 280-1, 440 212-13 Pingliang 156-7, 163 Wang Li 237 Qjngshui 152-4, 156 Wang Mang, Emperor 40, 41, 224 Tuba 205, 207 rebellions against 41, 48, 74 Tukharistan 122 Wang Ming 382 Tumu Incident 19 Wang Mingzhang 406 Tun Bagha Tarqan 151 Wang Qjyao 160 tungsten 391 Wang Shichong 82-3, 85, 88-9, Tuoba Wei 77 95-6, 97-8, 100 Turfan 121 Wang Xian 207-8 Turgesh 121, 130, 134 Wang Xuance 116

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Wang Yangming 9 Western view of Chinese warfare Wang Yu 58 5-6, 428-31 Wang Yucheng 200 Western way of warfare 429 Wang Zuo 333 91 Wangdu battle 196, 204 Whampoa Military Academy 3 71 War of the Central Plains 22, 322, 13 330, 345, 349, 393 White Terror 334 War of the Great Wall 330 Wilhelm, Kaiser 311 War of Resistance against Japan 23, Wills, John 264 26, 323, 361 World War I 321 warfare Wong, R. Bin 11 conduct 10, 335 Wu, Emperor 40, 43, 54, 59, 205 cosmological beliefs I 0 I Wu Changyi 233 guerilla warfare 190, 343, 350, 419 Wu Peifu 426 history 398-404 Wu Tang 58-9 institutionalized warfare 321 Wu Xi rebellion 231 materials of war 420-1 , Empress 127-8, 140 naval 242, 438-9 Wuhuan 38, 59, 65, 425 people's warfare 323, 324, 349 Wuyuan 54 purpose 9-10 Wuzong 171, 173 ritual 98-100 third kind of war 323 Xi 137, 146 transfer of power I 03 cavalry 134, 140 in twentieth century 21-32 Xi Xia 186, 200-2, 204-6, 208, 218 21, 25, 321-3 Xia 268 Western view of Chinese warfare Xianbi 60-1, 65, 114 428-31 Xiang 96 Warring States 413 armies 3, 36, 43 Xiang Ying 382-3 military writings 7 226, 238, 245 water bastions 223, 227 Xianzong, Emperor 106, 144-5, weapons 5, 47 162-6 Weber, Max 6 Xiao, Dowager Empress 180, 193, Wechsler, Howard 79, 80 199, 208-10, 212 Wei 96 Xiao Talan 212 Wei Dynasty 29-30, 77 Xiaowen, Emperor 29 Wei Gao 162, 163 Xiazhou 155-6, 166 alliance with Nanzhao 157, 159, Xie Bi 201 161-3 Xihezhou 231 Wei Lun 152, 156 Xiliang 315-16, 319 Wei Xuexun 327 Xing Junya 160 Weilu 205 Xing Yitian 60 battle 203 Xingguo 340, 380, 388 Weilu Jun 187, 195-6 Xingyang 82 Weizhou 92, 175 Xinjang 20 Wells, John 257 Xinjiang 116, 129, 275-6, 278, 433 Wencheng, princess 116, 120 12, 43-8, 58-62, 68, 114 Wendi, Emperor 111 Xixia 17 Weng Wanda 267-8 Xizhou 127 Wenzong, Emperor 169 Xu Jishen Table I, 377 Western Han Xu Shuming 300 armies 49, 54, 70 Xu Yu 64 government policies 6 7 Xu Yuanlang 88-9, 96-7 universal military service 74 Xuan, Emperor 50, 54

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Xuanzang, Xi yu ji 126 Ying Shao, Han guan 55 Xuanzong 132, 134, 137-40, 145, Yinggui 292 173 Yinzhou 155 Xue Dubi 356 Yongzheng, Emperor 276-7, 441 Xun, Emperor 65 Yoo Seung-Dan 247 Xuwu Mountain 225 Yoon Choon 242 Xuzhou 87, 96 Yoon Lin 240 Xuzhou Campaign 26, 398-426, Youzhou 166 map 402 Yu Dusan 377 Xuzhou Campaign Yii Jie 222, 227, 232 civilian population 422 mountain fortress defences 233-8, heroism 423 246, 248 news coverage 408-9 Yu Xu 38, 55, 68 symbolic importance 409-12 Yu Zuoyu Table 1 Yuan Dynasty 77, 269 Yakub Begs rebellion 276 8-10, 22, 24, 290, 297 Yan Dynasty 138 Yuan Wencai 333, 337 Yan Gengwang 70 Yuan Zai 150 Yan Xishan 319 Yuanzhou 150, 159-60, 163 Yan-Yun region 17-18, 181-3, 192, Yubi 91, 101 199, 203-4, 207, 216, 218 Yubzhong 58 Yan'an 395 Yuchi Jingde 94 Yancheng battle 407 Yudu 340 Guozhong 139 132, 138, 176, 357 Yang Shilin 93 Yunsheng 316 Yang Xingmi 92 Yuwen Huaji 89, 92 Yang Xuangan 92 Yuxian 24-5, 289, 297-8, 302-11, 153 314-16, 319 Yang Yanlang 217 Yuxuan 319 Yang Ye 217 Yuyang 57, 65 Yang Yinlong 434 Yang Yongtai 353-5, 358, 362-3, Zan rGyal btsan 154-5 369, 395 Zang Zhidong 290 Yang Zhong 55, 56-7 Zeng Bingchun Table 1 Yangdi, Emperor 110 9, 13, 14, 367, 371, Yangzi 231 396, 413, 417 Yanzhou 88, 106-8, 155-7, 164-5 Zeng Shan 381 refortification 160-1 Zeng Xian 266, 267-9 Yarkand 116 Zeng Zhongshen 377 Yarlung Dynasty 114 Zhai Yi 41 333, 338 Zhang, Emperor 56 Yegu 242 Zhang Changyi 160 424-5 Zhang Chegji 315 Yellow Turban Uprising 13, 225 Zhang Guangsheng 151 Yelii Haili 199 Zhang Guotao 376-7, 384, 386 Yelii Liuge 238 Zhang Huan 65 Yelii Shanbu 185-6 Zhang Jue 235 Yelii Xiezhen 185 Zhang Mengjie 370 Yelii Xiuge 183, 185-6, 199 140 Yelii Xuegu 200 218 Yikuang 315-1 7 Zhang Wentian 393 Yimouxun, king 161 Zhang Xianfu 160 Ying 210 Zhang Xun 90 battle of 209 153

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Zhang Yichao 174-5 Zhou 268 Zhang Yunyi Table 1 325, 335, 342, 345-6, Zhang Zen 206 376, 383-4, 395 Zhang Zhaoyun 195 Zhou Jianping Table 315, 319 90, 94 Zhang Zizhong 407, 415, 417 Zhu Ci 151-5 Zhang Zong 36 381 Zhang Zuolin 23, 426 Zhu De 330, 333, 336, 339-43, 310 Table 1 Zhao, Emperor 64 71 Zhao Chongguo 63 Zhu Mu 55 Zhao Liangbi 244 Zhu Taifu 201 Zhaoxin, Khaghan 170 Zhu Yuanzhang 19 Zheng Chenggong 438 Zhu Zhixin 329 Zheng Tai 73 Zhu-Mao Army 336 Zhengding 300, 314 409, 418 Zhenzong, Emperor 180, 188-9, 191, Zhuguyu 239 198, 200-18 Zizhou 168 Zhili 288-9, 291, 293, 300, 318 27 5, 302 Zhili-Fengtian War 21, 321-2, 404, 425 Zunghars 20, 263, 270, 272, 275-6, Zhongguo 268 278, 28~ 282, 28~ 285, 437, 440-1 Zhongzong, Emperor 127 9, 275, 371

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