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University Modfilms International INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed, a definite method of “sectioning” the material has been followed. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again-beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For illustrations that cannot be satisfactorily reproduced by xerographic means, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and inserted into your xerographic copy. These prints are available upon request from the Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. University M o d film s International 300 N. Zaeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 8418951 Hsu, Wan-hua W, Tung A STUDY OF FOUR HISTORICAL "PIEN-WEN" STORIES The Ohio State University Ph.D. 1984 University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 A STUDY OF FOUR HISTORICAL PIEN-WEN STORIES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Wan-hua W. Tung Hstl, B.A., M.A. xxxxx The Ohio State University 1984 Reading Committee: Approved By Tien-yi Li Daniel Barnes David Y. Ch'en Yan-shuan Lao Adviser Department of East Asian languages and Literatures "Now unto Him that is able to do exceeding abundantly above all that we ask or think according to the power that worketh in us." Ephesians 3 : 20 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The pien-wen has long been an object of my admiration. Once I was charmed by "Han P'eng . one of the su-pien, the secular pien-wen, I became determined to write on the secular pien-wen some day. In some secular pien-wen stories, the attractive images of the super-ego, the glamorous issue between Heaven and Man, and the heterodox spirit of the way of man have eventually compelled me to do research and also the writing of this thesis. Since the summer of I98 I, after my "sister," Miss Li Hwei-ying (along with Hwei-ying's family and my senior in school, Miss Chang Yeh-min) had helped me to collect materials overseas, I started to check bibliographies for my study. In March, 1982, Yen Hstt and I together stepped on to a new stage in our lives. Since then, in various ways Yen has greatly stimulated me to work on my thesis. From Yen's recommendation of the inspiring movie, From Mozart to Mao, to his practical share of my burden in typing my first draft, I have been deeply grateful for his love and "push." From 1982 to I9 8 3. even to the beginning of 1984, not only did my adviser, Prof. Tien-yi Li, direct my study, but also both Prof. Daniel Barnes and Mr. Gordon J. DeLaVars in the English Department helped in reading the entire manuscript; improving the style, and suggesting iii 1 iv more appropriate words. The Writing Skill Labratory, where Mr. DelaVars is turturing, is an unforgettable studio for me Over the past one and half years, this facility has exhibited genuine love, whole hearted teaching, and sincere and bold encouragement. I am indebted to Mr. DeLaVars for his selfless enthusiasm and kind instruction. He has read my thesis more times than anyone else. I also owe a debt of gratitude to Prof. Daniel Barnes, my minor field instructor, for his careful reading and fervent guidance. He is a diligent scholar with very tight schedules. Sometimes we needed to reschedule our appointment three or four times? nevertheless, he has enjoyed' reading Arthur Waley's translation of the pien-wen, and has always given me his utmost warm and encouraging direction. During the period in which I wrote my drafts, Mrs. Katherine Redner Ackers graciously gave me unfailing assistance as well. As a lover of both writing and teaching, she was not only eager to study and apeculate on many words and phrases for my composition, she also did not mind my frequent phone calls for questions on some late nights. I am much obliged to my adviser, Prof. Tien-yi Li, for his kind advice and direction; particularly, for his unusual final help offered while on campus during his professional leave. My special thanks also go to Professors David Y.. Ch'en and Yan-shuan Lao for reading through my final draft and giving precise corrections and important V suggestions, and, to Prof. Feng-sheng Hstteh for answering my questions. All these final teachings and support are memorable. Finally, I am grateful to my parents, my relatives, my friends, and my brethren in Christ for their unceasing prayers, devoted concern, and help. More than to any other human being, again, I owe to my husband, Yen, the inspiration and faith without which this work might never have been completed. Especially, since this work was eventually done during the period we were temporarily apart from each otha*, I dedicate it as one of the rewards for his prayerful waiting and persevering affection. Wan-hua Tung Hsti May, 19 8 4 / VITA Dec..8 , I9 L9 ......... Bora - Taipei, Taiwan 1971................ B.A., National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 19 7^................. M . A. , National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 1975................ Lecturer at Churig-yUan University, Chung-li, Taiwan 1975-1976........... Lecturer at National Yang-ming Medical University, Yang-ming shan, Taiwan PUBLICATION Ts'ung Liao-chai chih-i te .jen-wu k'an Ch'ing-tai te k'o-chti chih-~fcu ho sung-vtt chih-tu ? f ^ > -7Taipei: Chia Hsin Foundation, 1976. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Chinese Literature Studies in Chinese Novel. Professor Tien-yi Li .Minor Field: American Literature Studies in American Literature Prof. Daniel Barnes vi TABLE OP CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................ i ii VITA ......................... vi 11ST OF CHARTS ........................................ x INTRODUCTION .......................................... 1 CHAPTER I. TOWARDS A DEFINITION OF "PIEN" AND "PIEN-WEN" AND AN EXAMINATION OF TUN-HUANG STUDIES ..... 7 The Origin and Influence of the Pien-wen .... 8 The Meaning of "Pien" and 11 Pien-wen” ....... 11 Authorship and Audience of the Pien-wen 14 The Value of the Tun-huang Manuscripts ..... 15 The Unfinished Work in Tun-huang Studies ... 16 II. "MENG CHIANG-NU PIEN-WEN" ...................... 23 The Early Evolution of the Meng Chiang-ntt Story Zh ■ Outstanding Features of ."Meng Chiang-ntl Pien-wen" .................................. 31 A Spiritual Dimension ....................... 42 III. "WU TZU-HStJ PIEN-WEN" .......................... 47 The Early Literary Versions of the Wu Tzu-hstt Story .......... 48 "Wu Tzu-hstt Pien-wen": An Analytical Study .. 50 I^olklore Elements ........................... 64 The Creative Episodes and the Meaning ....... 70 vii viii "Pao," The Way of Heaven and This Man, Page Wu Tzu-hstt ................................ 7*4- IV. "LI LING PIEN-WEN" ............................. 82 Li Ling: A Tragic Hero and His Tragedy ..... 83 The Diminishing of the Tragic Effect ....... 93 The Presentation of Wars and Warriors: From Fury to Tears ........................ 97 A Heterodox Tone ........ 102 A Reappraisal from the People: An Example of an Acceptable Surrenderer ... 103 V. "WANG CHAO-CH0n PIEN-WEN" ...................... 118 The Early Records of the Story of Chao-chttn.. 120 The Presentation of the Heroine: A Literary Comment on "Wang Chao-chttn Pien-wen" ..... 126 From Personal Tragedy to Cultural Intercourse: Chao-chttn's Adventure and Its Symbolic Meaning ................ 139 life Determination. Death and the Green Tomb: The Integrity of’ the Heroine's Character!zatim. 1*4-6 Historical Fiction and Historical Account ... 153 An Idealized Image .......................... 155 VI. A GROUPING STUD! OF THE FOUR PIEN-WEN ......... 162 The Popularity .................. 163 The Related Characteristics and Values Among the Four Pien-wen ......................... 165 The Types of Heroes ...................... 166 The Interrelative Merits ................. 17^ 1 The Basic Issue Between Heaven and Man 17*4- 2 The Heterodox Spirit and Tone: The Way of Man .............................. 179 3 Universality ....................... 185 4 A Conscious Literary Style 5 Folklore Elements and Realistic Pictures .................... Inheritance and Continuity ........ CONCLUSION . BIBLIOGRAPHY LIST OF CHARTS Fage Chart 1. The Development of the Important versions on Chao-chttn.................................... 201 x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ArchOrien Archiv Orientftlni BEJEE2. Bulletin de l'Ecole fran9 ai.se d'Extreme Orient BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies BSWS Erh-shih-wu shih (K* ai-ming shu-chtt) 3z MAS Harvard Journal of Asian Studies HS Han shu y % % JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society JAS Journal O f A s i a n Studies.
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