Aeração Prévia Ao Tratamento Por Lodos Ativados De Efluentes Da Indústria De Polpa Celulósica

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Aeração Prévia Ao Tratamento Por Lodos Ativados De Efluentes Da Indústria De Polpa Celulósica JOSÉ ROBERTO ROSADO CORRÊA FILHO AERAÇÃO PRÉVIA AO TRATAMENTO POR LODOS ATIVADOS DE EFLUENTES DA INDÚSTRIA DE POLPA CELULÓSICA Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Federal de Viçosa, como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil, para obtenção do título de Magister Scientiae. VIÇOSA MINAS GERAIS – BRASIL 2019 Ficha catalográfica preparada pela Biblioteca Central da Universidade Federal de Viçosa - Câmpus Viçosa T Corrêa Filho, José Roberto Rosado, 1986- C824a Aeração prévia ao tratamento por lodos ativados de 2019 efluentes da indústria de polpa celulósica / José Roberto Rosado Corrêa Filho. – Viçosa, MG, 2019. xiv, 92 f. : il. (algumas color.) ; 29 cm. Inclui apêndices. Orientador: Cláudio Mudadu Silva. Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Referências bibliográficas: f. 53-61. 1. Águas residuais - Purificação - Processo de lodo ativado. 2. Polpação alcalina por sulfato. 3. Microbiologia. 4. Resíduos orgânicos. 5. Resíduos industriais - Purificação. 6. Águas residuais - Purificação - Tratamento biológico. 7. Águas residuais - Purificação - Aeração . I. Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Departamento de Engenharia Civil. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil. II. Título. CDD 22. ed. 628.35 ii Pelos meus pais. Se não fosse por sua luta, a minha não seria possível. iii AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a Deus, criador de tudo, pela oportunidade de estar nesta grande escola. À UFV por disponibilizar todas as condições para que este trabalho pudesse ser realizado. Ao professor Cláudio Mudadu, pela orientação, paciência, dedicação, carinho, puxões de orelha quando precisei. Qualidades de um pai. Aos meus pais, José Roberto e Tereza Maria, por todo amor e compreensão. Ao meu irmão Victor pela parceria. Aos primos e primas, tios e tias, avós, que fazem da minha caminhada mais iluminada. Ao César, que com amor e paciência, me ajudou a levantar sempre que caí e celebrou comigo todas as minhas vitórias nessa trajetória. E também à sua família por todo carinho. Aos amigos que fiz em Viçosa... Rubens, Bruna, Paulo e Raíssa. Família que escolhi. Aos meus amigos de toda a vida, em especial ao Josemir, por toda paciência. Aos orientados do Cláudio, Daiane, Mariele, Rafles, Rogério, Tatiana e Caio. Irmãos de caminhada. E aos meus estagiários Thiago e Michelle. Minha passagem pelo mestrado foi muito melhor com vocês. Aos amigos e colegas de mestrado por tornar essa caminhada um pouco mais leve e alegre. Aos funcionários do Laboratório de Celulose e Papel, Laboratório de Resíduos e Laboratório de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, e aos funcionários da secretaria da pós- graduação, em especial ao Luís Eduardo e à Priscila, que tanto me ajudaram. Aos professores da pós-graduação da Engenharia Civil, que tanto contribuíram para meu crescimento. Ao Laboratório de Microbiologia Aplicada do Departamento de Microbiologia da UFV, em especial a Lívia e a Deborah por todo o suporte na preparação e envio das amostras para análise microbiológica. À professora Cynthia, por todo suporte com as questões microbiológicas. Ao professor Miguel Salinas, pelas contribuições e experiência. Ao Paulinho da marcenaria da UFV, pela disponibilidade e carinho na montagem dos reatores. À Cenibra, em especial ao Deyvisson, que sempre esteve disponível para a coleta dos efluentes. À CAPES, CNPq e à SIF, pelo apoio financeiro. iv “São as nossas escolhas, Harry, que revelam o que realmente somos, muito mais do que as nossas qualidades.” J. K. Rowling v SUMÁRIO LISTA DE FIGURAS .............................................................................................................. vii LISTA DE TABELAS............................................................................................................... ix LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS E SÍMBOLOS .......................................................................... x RESUMO................................................................................................................................... xi ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................xiii 1 INTRODUÇÃO ....................................................................................................................... 1 2 HIPÓTESES ............................................................................................................................ 3 3 OBJETIVOS ............................................................................................................................ 4 3.1 Objetivo geral ................................................................................................................ 4 3.2 Objetivos específicos ..................................................................................................... 4 4 REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA ................................................................................................ 5 4.1 Geração e características dos efluentes da indústria de polpa celulósica kraft ............. 5 4.2 Processo de tratamento por lodos ativados .................................................................... 6 4.2.1 Parâmetros operacionais ...................................................................................... 7 4.2.2 Microbiologia ...................................................................................................... 9 4.2.3 Produção de lodo biológico no processo de lodos ativados .............................. 13 4.2.4 Seletores biológicos ........................................................................................... 16 4.3 Unidade de pré-aeração dos efluentes ......................................................................... 17 4.3.1 Microbiologia na unidade de pré-aeração ......................................................... 18 5 METODOLOGIA .................................................................................................................. 19 5.1 Montagem dos sistemas em escala laboratorial ........................................................... 19 5.2 Efluente industrial ....................................................................................................... 20 5.3 Plano de monitoramento dos parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos ............. 21 5.4 Caracterização físico-química do efluente e monitoramento dos sistemas ................. 23 5.5 Determinação da produção de lodo biológico ............................................................. 24 5.6 Análises microbiológicas ............................................................................................. 24 5.6.1 Formação dos flocos .......................................................................................... 24 5.6.2 Microbiologia da unidade de pré-aeração, seletores biológicos e reatores ....... 25 5.6.2.1 Observação e contagem de protozoários e metazoários ............................ 25 5.6.2.2 Coleta e caracterização da comunidade bacteriana ................................... 25 5.7 Efeito da aeração do efluente na degradação da matéria orgânica .............................. 26 vi 6 RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO........................................................................................... 27 6.1 Caracterização dos efluentes ....................................................................................... 27 6.2 Tratamento biológico ................................................................................................... 27 6.3 Produção de lodo biológico ......................................................................................... 33 6.4 Análises Microbiológicas ............................................................................................ 36 6.4.1 Formação dos flocos e sedimentabilidade do lodo ............................................ 36 6.4.2 Observação e contagem de protozoários e metazoários .................................... 38 6.4.3 Caracterização da comunidade bacteriana ........................................................ 40 6.5 Efeito da aeração do efluente na degradação da matéria orgânica .............................. 50 7 CONCLUSÕES ..................................................................................................................... 51 8 RECOMENDAÇÕES ............................................................................................................ 52 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ..................................................................................... 53 APÊNDICE A – Heat-map com a abundância relativa dos filos observados nas análises de sequenciamento em todas as amostras...................................................................................... 62 APÊNDICE B – Diagrama de Venn comparando-se os seletores dos sistemas com e sem UPA .................................................................................................................................................. 63 APÊNDICE C – Diagrama de Venn comparando-se os tanques de aeração dos sistemas com e sem UPA ................................................................................................................................... 64 APÊNDICE D – Linhas de tendência para avaliação da geração de lodo biológico ............... 65 APÊNDICE E – Índices de diversidade ................................................................................... 66 APÊNDICE F – Classificação das sequências obtidas com o primer 27f/338r para o domínio Bacteria ...................................................................................................................................
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