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Hydrologic Analysis of Malewa Watershed HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS OF MALEWA WATERSHED AS A BASIS FOR IMPLEMENTING PAYMENT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES (PES) PHILIP LUKE OGWENO MASTER OF SCIENCE (Soil and Water Engineering) JOMOKENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY 2009 Hydrologic Analysis of Malewa Watershed as a basis for Implementing Payment for Environmental Services (PES) Ogweno Luke Philip A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment for the Degree of Masters of Science in Soil and Water Engineering in the Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology. 2009 ii DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other University Signature ………………….. Date…………...... Ogweno Luke Philip This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval university supervisors 1. Signature …………… Date…….……… Dr J. M. Gathenya JKUAT, KENYA 2. Signature…………….. Date………………… Dr. P.G. Home JKUAT, KENYA i DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my late father John Alfred Ondulo Aduda for his inspiration and mentorship. The discipline towards work that you instilled in me will live and I will propagate your legacy for the rest of my life, rest in peace. It is also dedicated to all who are struggling to conserve and preserve the environment for the future progeny, to my family members and Cecilia Anyango. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The success of this project owes much to the constant and helpful supervision given by Dr. J.M. Gathenya and Dr. P.G. Home, senior lecturers at the Department of Biomechanical and Environmental Engineering, Jomo Kenyatta University. Their guidance in getting research materials/project and encouragement throughout the course contributed constructively towards the success of this project. For such a course, I wish to register my sincere gratitude and appreciation. Thanks to all lecturers and technical staff in the Department of Biomechanical and Environmental Engineering for sharing with me their ideas, support and encouragement. Thanks also go to Mr. J. K. Sang for the discussions we had during the trying moments of model calibration especially when everything stood still. Several people gave a hand without which the research would not have been possible. Meteorological data was provided by KMD (Kenya Meteorological Department) while hydrological data was provided by the water bailiffs and hydrology department in the Ministry of Water & Irrigation (MoWI)-Kenya. Data on land use was provided by Mr. Simon Mulwa of USGS/Fewsnet. Thanks to the whole faculty of Agriculture masters‟ class 2005 fraternity for the numerous discussions we had in and out of class and for their moral support and encouragement especially during the hard times. Thanks to the WWF Naivasha team especially Dr. Robert Ndetei, and his driver Joseph for providing transport. Thanks to all my brothers and sisters for their prayers and encouragement during my entire rigorous academic venture. It is not possible to mention all by name. Thanks to you all. iii Special thanks go to Dr. C. F. F. Otieno and Prof. B.O.C. Aduda for their financial support that enabled me to complete the masters program. May Almighty father God enrich your pockets abundantly. Finally thanks to the Almighty Father for His abundance Grace, Knowledge and Mercies that enabled me complete the thesis work. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ...........................................................................................i DEDICATION ......................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................. v LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................xii APPENDICES ........................................................................................ xv ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................... xvi ABSTRACT ..................................................................................... xviii CHAPTER I .......................................................................................... 1 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Overview of Payment for -Environmental Services .......................................... 1 1.2 Problem Statement ......................................................................................... 2 1.3 Research Questions ........................................................................................ 5 1.4 Main Objective ............................................................................................... 6 1.4.1 Specific objectives ................................................................................................ 6 1.5 Justification ............................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER II .......................................................................................... 9 2.0BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY AREA................................................... 9 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 9 2.2 Climate ................................................................................................................... 9 2.3 Vegetation ........................................................................................................... 10 2.4 Soils ...................................................................................................................... 11 2.5 The Drainage Networks.................................................................................... 12 v 2.6 Geomorphology ................................................................................................. 13 2.6.1 Geology ............................................................................................................... 15 2.6.2 Hydrogeologic Setting ....................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER III ........................................................................................ 19 3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE ........................................................................ 19 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 19 3.2 Concepts of Payment for Environmental Services (PES) ................................ 28 3.2.1 Definition of PES .................................................................................... 30 3.3 Advantages and Opportunities of PES Schemes in Watersheds ................ 32 3.3.1 Assessment of PES ............................................................................................ 33 3.4 Design of PES Schemes in Watersheds .......................................................... 34 3.5 Identification and quantification of water-related environmental services .... 3736 3.6 Catchment Characterization ...................................................................... 3837 3.7 Hydrological Assessment .......................................................................... 3938 3.7.1 Hydrological models ...................................................................................... 4039 3.7.2 Model Selection .............................................................................................. 4241 3.8 Water Quality ......................................................................................... 4443 3.8.1 Sediments ........................................................................................................ 4544 3.9 Overview of Issues Related to Land Use Change........................................ 4746 3.9.1 Land Use Change and Land Cover Change ............................................... 5150 3.9.2 Land Use/Land cover and scenario Change ............................................. 5352 3.9.3 Scenario Analysis............................................................................................ 5352 3.9.4 Remote Sensing and GIS .............................................................................. 5554 CHAPTER IV .................................................................................... 5655 vi 4.0METHODOLOGY .................................................................................. 5655 4.1 Materials Used ......................................................................................... 5756 4.2 Available Data for the Study...................................................................... 5756 4.2.1 Land Use Change Detection ........................................................................ 5958 4.2.2 Landuse/landcover classification ................................................................ 5958 4.2.3 Study area extraction ..................................................................................... 6059 4.2.4 Composting and Signature development ................................................... 6160 4.2.5 Signature identification and image classification ....................................... 6160 4.2.6 Defining of the Training Sites ...................................................................... 6261 4.2.7 Training site and signature development .................................................... 6261 4.2.8 Extracting of Signatures ...............................................................................
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