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A Sustainable Route to Produce the Scytonemin Precursor Using Escherichia Coli Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Dec 20, 2017 A sustainable route to produce the scytonemin precursor using Escherichia coli Malla, Sailesh; Sommer, Morten Otto Alexander Published in: Green Chemistry Link to article, DOI: 10.1039/c4gc00118d Publication date: 2014 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Malla, S., & Sommer, M. O. A. (2014). A sustainable route to produce the scytonemin precursor using Escherichia coli. Green Chemistry, 16(6), 3255-3265. DOI: 10.1039/c4gc00118d General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Green Chemistry View Article Online PAPER View Journal | View Issue A sustainable route to produce the scytonemin precursor using Escherichia coli† Cite this: Green Chem., 2014, 16, 3255 Sailesh Mallaa and Morten O. A. Sommer*a,b Scytonemin is an indolic–phenolic natural product with potent pharmaceutical activities and possible application as a sunscreen. However, the productivity of the existing synthesis systems restrains its appli- cations in medicine and cosmetics. In this paper, we report the generation of the monomer moiety of scytonemin from tryptophan and tyrosine in Escherichia coli. We heterologously expressed the biosyn- thetic pathway from Nostoc punctiforme and discovered that only three enzymes from N. punctiforme are required for the in vivo production of the monomer moiety of scytonemin in E. coli. We also found that the constructed recombinant E. coli strains are capable of producing novel alkaloids as shunt pro- ducts. The recombinant E. coli strain expressing the putative scytonemin biosynthetic gene cluster pro- duced 4.2 mg L−1 (2.46 µg mg−1 dry cell weight) of the monomer moiety of scytonemin without Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. Received 22nd January 2014, supplementation of extracellular substrates whereas upon supplementation with 1 mM of the substrates Accepted 1st April 2014 to the E. coli strain harboring scyABC genes, 8.9 mg L−1 (4.56 µg mg−1 dry cell weight) of the monomer DOI: 10.1039/c4gc00118d moiety of scytonemin was produced in 5 days. Combining this cell factory with the previously described www.rsc.org/greenchem chemical dimerization process will contribute to a sustainable production of semi-synthetic scytonemin. Introduction inhibit cell growth by cell cycle arrest in multiple myeloma cells and renal cancer cells through specific down-regulation Alkaloids, a diverse group of nitrogen-containing natural pro- of the PLK1 activity.7,8 Scytonemin is not cytotoxic (up to This article is licensed under a ducts, are produced by a large variety of organisms including 10 µM) to non-proliferating cells, highlighting its possible bacteria, fungi, insects, plants and animals. Numerous alka- application in medicine.9,10 In addition to kinase inhibitory loids are pharmacologically well characterized and are used as activities, scytonemin also acts as a natural microbial sunsc- Open Access Article. Published on 01 April 2014. Downloaded 23/02/2015 14:10:21. clinical drugs, ranging from chemotherapeutics to analgesic reen by effectively minimizing cellular damage caused by UV agents.1 Studies on plant alkaloids suggest that they are (315–400 nm) exposure.11 Scytonemin also exhibits a radical- involved in the defense mechanism against herbivores, insects scavenging activity12 and its synthesis was enhanced by oxi- and pathogens.2 Since alkaloids are toxic, they are usually pro- dative stress in cyanobacteria.13 duced in small quantities by their native producer organisms. The putative scytonemin biosynthetic gene cluster from Scytonemin is an alkaloid pigment consisting of a symmetrical Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133 consists of 18 unidirectional dimeric carbon skeleton composed of fused heterocyclic units open reading frames (orfs) (Fig. 2). Native expression of this with conjugated double-bond distribution (Fig. 1) synthesized gene cluster is triggered by exposure to UV light, resulting in by numerous cyanobacteria.3 Scytonemin is the first described extracellular pigment accumulation. Once scytonemin has small molecule that inhibits human polo-like kinase 1 reached sufficient quantities in the extracellular slime layer to (PLK1).4 PLK1 has multiple functions during mitosis and plays block the incoming UVA, the gene expression returns to back- a significant role in maintaining the genomic stability.5 ground levels and halts further scytonemin synthesis.14,15 Due Furthermore, PLK1 is highly expressed in a broad spectrum of to the potent UV light absorption of scytonemin, the accumu- − cancer cells, indicating its possibility of being involved in car- lated scytonemin concentration is low (∼1.3 µg mg 1 of dry cinogenesis.6 Scytonemin (at 3–4 µM concentration) can cell weight (DCW)) in currently characterized cyanobacterial strains under laboratory culture conditions16 whereas naturally growing colonies of a terrestrial cyanobacterium N. commune − aThe Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of contained only 0.4 µg mg 1 of DCW of scytonemin.17 Conse- Denmark, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark quently, direct extraction from natural producers is unfeasible b Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, on a large scale. Another route to produce scytonemin is Denmark. E-mail: [email protected] †Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/ through chemical synthesis. The total synthesis of scytonemin c4gc00118d has been reported from 3-indole acetic acid through a process This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 Green Chem.,2014,16, 3255–3265 | 3255 View Article Online Paper Green Chemistry Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. Fig. 1 Proposed biosynthetic pathway for scytonemin and the competing shunt pathways A and B in E. coli. The shunt pathways A and B produced new alkaloid derivatives. comprising nine chemical steps resulting in approximately 4% Materials and methods conversion to the final product.18 Accordingly, more effective approaches are desired for the continuous, rapid and cost Bacterial strains, plasmids, cultured conditions and chemicals This article is licensed under a effective production of scytonemin. All strains, vectors and plasmids used in this study are listed Microbial cell factories offer extensive opportunities for the in Table 1. All DNA manipulations were carried out by follow- industrial production of complex biomolecules for cost ing standard protocols.29 E. coli strains were routinely cultured – Open Access Article. Published on 01 April 2014. Downloaded 23/02/2015 14:10:21. effective biological synthesis.19 22 Furthermore, microbial in Luria–Bertani (LB) broth or on agar supplemented with the − fermentation often reduces the need for energy intensive reac- appropriate amount of antibiotics (ampicillin 100 μgmL1, − tion conditions, toxic organic solvents, heavy metal catalysts, chloramphenicol 25 μgmL1, streptomycin–spectinomycin − − and strong acids/bases, which are widely utilized in chemical 50 μgmL1 and kanamycin 35 μgmL1) when necessary. synthesis routes.23 Among the microbial cell factories M9 minimal medium was used for production of intermedi- designed, the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli has ates and derivatives of scytonemin. All chemicals were pur- become one of the most promising hosts, with a highly tract- chased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Restriction able genetic system and favorable fermentation conditions for enzymes and T4 DNA ligase were purchased from New – production purposes.24 26 Indeed, plant based alkaloid com- England Biolabs (Hertfordshire, UK) and Fermentas pounds have been successfully produced from the engineered (Denmark). The DNA sequence was determined on an auto- − E. coli strains. For example, 46 mg L 1 of the plant benzyliso- mated DNA sequence analyzer. The authentic scytonemin stan- quinoline alkaloid, (S)-reticuline, is produced from fermenta- dard was kindly provided by Professor Jerker Mårtensson tion of metabolically engineered E. coli by utilizing simple (Chalmer University of Technology, Sweden). carbon sources such as glucose or glycerol.19 Similarly, pro- duction of indole, a signaling molecule, from exogenous Plasmid construction tryptophan in E. coli has been extensively studied.27 Yields up The construction of recombinant plasmids pCDF-ScyA, to 6 mM of indole have been achieved from E. coli by sup- pCDF-ScyAC, pCDF-ScyACD, pACYC-ScyB, pET-ScyEF, plementation of enough tryptophan in culture media.28 In the pRSF-TyrP-DsbA, pC-ScyABC-ScyDEF, pE-GtAroB-TrpEC and present study, we described the construction of an E. coli cell pA-TrpAB-TrpDU is described below. All PCR primers used in factory for bio-based production of the key pharmaceutical this study are described in Table 2.
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