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Slah Rectangular Bladelets Discovered at the Katra I Settlement RECTANGULAR BLADELETS DISCOVERED AT THE KATRA I SETTLEMENT IN THE VARĖNA DISTRICT OF LITHUANIA: A FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS GVIDAS SLAH Rectangular Bladelets Discovered Rectangular Bladelets Discovered at the Katra I Settlement in District of Lithuania: Varėna a Functional Analysis Abstract GVIDAS GVIDAS SLAH This paper deals with the function of rectangular bladelets produced in experimental studies. The function of the bladelets produced experimentally was compared with that of a similar flint inventory discovered at the Katra I settlement. The ex- perimental studies were carried out in the traceological laboratory at Klaipėda University. The functional dependence of the laboratory-produced flint blades and artefacts found at the Katra I settlement (in the Varėna district) were established with an Olympus SZX16 microscope. The experimental items were used in contact with dry reeds (Phragmites). It was established that the functions of the laboratory-produced blades and the ones discovered at the Katra I settlement coincided: most of the artefacts from the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods from the Katra I settlement were used for reed cutting. Key words: experimental archaeology, microlithic technology, microblades, sickle insert, functional analysis, use-wear traces DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/ab.v20i0.814. Introduction types of geometric artefacts, and small, frequently sin- gle-ended cores. According to him, the culture reached The first Mesolithic finds in Lithuania appeared in the lakes Svyriai and Narutis (Svir and Naroch in Belaru- collections of amateur archaeologists in the late 19th sian), and possibly the River Daugava. As the Tarde- century. In their papers, the researchers Zygmunt Glo- noisian campsites were located mainly on lake shores, ger and Vandalin Szukiewicz discussed artefacts col- Antoniewicz related them to fishermen’s and hunters’ lected by them, including microliths. In 1872, while groups. In his opinion, the fact that Late Tardenoisian sailing down the River Nemunas, Zygmunt Gloger culture survived until the Neolithic period was proven made a number of flint finds at Baltašiškė near Drus- by the Tardenoisian forms found among the artefacts kininkai, including Mesolithic microliths (Gloger of the Neolithic settlements (Antoniewicz 1931, p.34). 1903, pp.9-13, 36, Fig. 37:1). Over a number of years, We have to agree with the author, since from the point Vandalin Szukiewicz managed to build up a large col- of view of the information gathered about it in the early lection of Stone Age artefacts from southern Lithuania. 21st century, the microlithic technique also witnesses a His research results, as well as information about Stone wide use in the Neolithic period, especially in the first Age campsites, were published more than once (Szuk- half. In his 1935 article about the beginning of Lithua- iewicz 1901a; 1901b; 1907; 1910). In his articles, he nia’s population, Jonas Puzinas, a pioneer of academic provided rather detailed descriptions of the ancient archaeology in Lithuania, dated the Mesolithic period settlements and his finds, and tried to interpret them to 10,000 to 3000 BC (Puzinas 1935, p.271). He also by comparing them with material from neighbouring pointed out the widespread microlithic flint industry countries. It is not surprising that the Mesolithic pe- (Puzinas 1935, p.272). riod was not identified in the papers by Szukiewicz: R. Jablonskytė-Rimantienė (also see Jablonskytė-Ri- the concept was new, and not yet recognised in West- mantienė, and Rimantienė) wrote a paper on the Lithu- ern Europe. Szukiewicz argued in one of his papers anian Mesolithic period in 1952 (Jablonskytė 1952), that small fine tools that he called geometric should which took a critical view of the conclusions of inter- be attributed to arrowheads (Szukiewicz 1907, p.9ff), war researchers. In her opinion, it was not right to iden- following the Polish researcher Erzam Majewski (Ma- tify cultures by ‘typical’ artefacts, accounting for just a jewski 1910). In the early 20th century, the microlith few of the finds (Jablonskytė 1952, p.42). She argued artefacts were described by Włodzimierz Antonie- that, according to the data of the time, the population wicz. He pointed out that, next to Swiderian culture of Lithuania started in the Mesolithic period, which es- (Antoniewicz 1930, p.3ff), another Mesolithic culture, sentially coincided with the Epipalaeolithic period, in Tardenoisian, had existed and manifested itself in which she also included Swiderian culture. Moreover, southern Lithuania. It was characterised by different 162 she believed that the bone finds were also a legacy of the end of the Pre-Borealic and the Borealic periods. Swiderian culture. Microliths and large stone artefacts Microlithic-Macrolithic culture formed on the basis of appeared in Lithuania only at the end of the Mesolithic three cultural factors: the Palaeolithic Swiderian herit- period, and spread in the transitional period from the age, macrolithic Maglemosian culture, and the micro- Mesolithic to the Neolithic, and especially in the early lithic impact from the south (Rimantienė 1971, p.125). Neolithic period (Jablonskytė 1952, p.46ff). She dated the culture to the Borealic and Atlantic pe- riods. In neighbouring Poland, before the 1960s, the Meso- 20 BALTICA lithic period was discussed using old terms: Tardenois, Later studies of the Mesolithic period were greatly in- Swidero-Tardenois and Campigni. It was only in the fluenced by excavations of Mesolithic and Mesolithic- mid-1960s that the researchers H. Więckowska, M. Neolithic settlements. Excavations were carried out by Marczak and S.K. Kozłowski, when summarising the A. Butrimas around Lake Biržulis, in western Lithu- accumulated materials, identified Komornica, Janis- ania, at the Biržulis isthmus, Širmė Hill III, Kulnikas, lawice and Pienkov cultures, discussed the forms and Donkalnis, and other sites (Butrimas 1980; Butrimas ARCHAEOLOGIA distribution of microlithic artefacts, and assigned them 1986; Butrimas 1988). Excavations of Mesolithic and to individual cultures (Więckowska 1964a; 1964b; Mesolithic-Neolithic settlements in eastern Lithuania Więckowska, Marczak 1965; 1967; Kozłowski 1964; were carried out by A. Girininkas at Pakretuonė IV, 1965). the Papiškės IV peatland, Pasieniai I and Šaltaliūnė (Girininkas 1990). Excavations were carried out by New research data on the Mesolithic period that E. Šatavičius at Pasieniai I, Sudota I, Verbiškės I and was gathered over the period 1953 to 1965 enabled Rėkučiai I (Šatavičius 1992; 1994; 1996b; 1996a; Jablonskytė-Rimantienė to develop a new periodisa- 1998a; 1998b; 1998c). Excavations were carried out tion scheme for Lithuania’s Mesolithic settlements. by Vygandas Juodagalvis at Varėnė V (Juodagalvis The earliest reference to outcomes of the latest research 1998) and Glūkas X (Juodagalvis 2002, pp.197-238). was made in the paper ‘Lietuvos mezolito gyvenviečių Excavations were carried out by Tomas Ostrauskas at periodizacija’ (Periodisation of Lithuanian Mesolithic Šaltaliūnė, Dreniai, Varėnė II, Kabeliai II and Kabe- Settlements) (Jablonskytė-Rimantienė 1966). She liai XXIII (Ostrauskas 1992; 1994; 1996; Ostrauskas, identified three cultural groups of campsites: Eiguliai Butrimaitė 1994; Ostrauskas et al. 1994; Ostrauskas, type, Vilnius type, and microlithic-macrolithic culture Steponaitis 1996). The excavations and the updating (Jablonskytė-Rimantienė 1966, p.75). According to of the source base were reflected in publications of re- her, the first two types should be dated to the Late Pal- cent years, which have presented a slightly different aeolithic and Early Mesolithic periods, which devel- view of current research into Mesolithic settlements in oped independently in Lithuania, and only merged in Lithuania, and simultaneously of the view of the pro- the second half of the Mesolithic period. The third, mi- cess of micro-lithisation that took place in the Meso- crolithic-macrolithic culture, was attributed to the sec- lithic period. T. Ostrauskas argued that microlithisation ond half of the Mesolithic period. The periodisation of was greatly influenced by Stavinoga-Kudlajevka and III the camp sites of all three groups was presented on the Komornica cultures; E. Šatavičius pointed out that PREHISTORIC basis of their topographical location. Studies of Meso- early microliths, irregular trapezoids, appeared in Late MATERIAL lithic settlements were summarised in R. Rimantienė’s STUDIES IN Swiderian culture; and A. Girininkas supported R. LABORATORIES doctoral thesis, in her monograph ‘Lithuanian Palaeo- AT KLAIPĖDA Rimantienė’s view of Maglemosian culture having had lithic and Mesolithic Periods’ (Rimantienė 1971), and UNIVERSITY a great impact on the microlithisation process in Lithu- in a number of articles (Rimantienė 1973; Rimantienė ania (Ostrauskas 1996; 1998c; 1999a; 1999b; 2000a; 1974; Rimantienė 1977). In these publications, she 2000b; Šatavičius 1997, p.7ff, 2005, pp.149, 160ff; presented and developed the final version of her pe- Brazaitis 1998; Girininkas 2009, pp.92-103; Girinin- riodisation of Lithuanian Mesolithic settlements. The kas 2011, pp.71-89). Mesolithic period was dated to the eighth to the fourth millennium BC. Lithuanian Mesolithic settlements The present paper is based on unpublished material were divided into three groups: Epipalaeolithical, from the excavations of the Katra I settlement in the Maglemosian and Microlithic-Macrolithic. Moreover, Varėna district in Lithuania, during which a number of
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