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Sauveterrian Hunter-Gatherers in Northern Italy and Southern France : Evolution and Dynamics of Lithic Technical Systems Davide Visentin

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Sauveterrian Hunter-Gatherers in Northern Italy and Southern France : Evolution and Dynamics of Lithic Technical Systems Davide Visentin Sauveterrian hunter-gatherers in Northern Italy and Southern France : evolution and dynamics of lithic technical systems Davide Visentin To cite this version: Davide Visentin. Sauveterrian hunter-gatherers in Northern Italy and Southern France : evolution and dynamics of lithic technical systems. Archaeology and Prehistory. Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II; Università degli studi (Ferrare, Italie), 2017. English. NNT : 2017TOU20024. tel- 02063939 HAL Id: tel-02063939 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02063939 Submitted on 11 Mar 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Universita` degli Studi di Ferrara Dottorato di ricerca in Scienze Umane Curriculum Quaternario e Preistoria Ciclo XXIX - Coord. Prof. C. Peretto - S.S.D. L-Ant/01 Universite´ Toulouse -Jean Jaures` Doctorat de l’Université de Toulouse Specialité Préhistoire École doctorale TESC Doctoral Thesis Accademic years 2014/2016 Sauveterrian hunter-gatherers in Northern Italy and Southern France Evolution and dynamics of lithic technical systems Author: Supervisors: Davide Visentin Federica Fontana Marco Peresani Nicolas Valdeyron Tutor: Sylvie Philibert Jury Fabio Negrino - Ricercatore, Univesità degli Studi di Genova (Italy) Marco Peresani - Professore associato, Univesità degli Studi di Ferrara (Italy) Bénédicte Souffi - Responsable d’opération, INRAP (France) Nicolas Valdeyron - Professeur, Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (France) Annelou van Gijn - Professor, Leiden University (Netherlands) Reviewers M. Natividad Fuertes Prieto - Profesor, Universidad de León (Spain) Grégor Marchand - Directeur de recherche, CNRS (France) April 12, 2017 Abstract The Sauveterrian represents one of the main cultural aspects of the European Early Mesolithic. It was at first identified and described in southern France during the 1920ies. Following the discovery of similar lithic assemblages in north-eastern Italy (Adige Valley), during the 1970ies it was proposed that this culture had developed over a large territory whose central areas are represented by southern France and northern Italy. The presumed uniformity of this complex was based, in particular, on the presence in both regions of needle-like backed points (Sauveterre points) and triangular microliths. In the following years a first typological attempt to verify the actual homogeneity of the Early Mesolithic of this region arose some doubts regarding the appropriateness of this unification. Following this line of research the main aim of this work was, thus, to question and verify this association, by applying a broad technological approach to the study of the lithic assemblages belonging to 23 stratigraphic contexts from 12 French and Italian reference sites. More specifically these assemblages were investigated with the aim of reconstructing the entire reduction sequences, from the procurement of lithic raw materials to the use and discard of tools. Different analytical techniques were thus combined in order to understand and characterize the Sauveterrian assemblages from different and complementary viewpoints. Besides, the evaluation of the uniformity of the Sauveterrian complex in its central area with respect to the neighbouring cultural groups, allowed tentatively approaching the investigation of the very nature of western European Early Mesolithic. Results indicate that both in southern France and northern Italy lithic raw material provisioning was essentially local and, often, based on the exploitation of very different lithologies. Reduction schemes were aimed at obtaining two main dimensional sets of products, although these are not always both attested at the sites. Oversimplifying things, the production of small blanks for the manufacture of microliths as well as of small tool-types is associated to that of large-sized blanks to be used as tools (with or without previous transformation). From a technological point of view, the methods adopted for producing these sets of products are quite similar, being both characterized by short sequences of unidirectional removals, frequent core reorientation, a massive use of flakes as core-blanks and reduced maintenance procedures. At a functional level, sites reflecting the execution of different specific tasks are attested, although cynegetic activities appear omnipresent. In general, the two regions responded to a same conceptual scheme and their respective lithic technical systems shared the same rationale: an extremely optimized technology, not opportunistic in the least, but issued from a careful strategic planning, capable of exploiting differentially the spectrum of available resources and allowing an utter independence of Sauveterrian groups with respect to any constraint related to lithic raw materials. Nonetheless, in the context of this generalized behaviour, a consistent variability can be found, marked by differences of both “stylistic” and technical nature especially regarding i ii ABSTRACT the processes for the production of microlithic armatures. This divergence seems most significant in highlighting the presence of, at least, two main areas of influence: a Western Sauveterrian region (“Sauveterrien”) and an Eastern Sauveterrian one (“Sauveterriano”). By summarizing, in the context of the important environmental changes that characterized the Lateglacial and Early Holocene, the Sauveterrian technology was fundamental in allowing the development of a complex settlement structure, char- acterized by a mobility system based on relatively short distances and with a strong logistic component. Riassunto Il Sauveterriano rappresenta uno dei principali aspetti culturali del Primo Mesolitico europeo. Fu originariamente identificato e descritto nel sud della Francia negli anni ‘20 del Novecento. Negli anni ’70 in seguito alla scoperta in Italia nord-orientale (Valle dell’Adige) di complessi litici con caratteristiche analoghe, è stato proposto che questa cultura si fosse sviluppata su un ampio territorio le cui aree centrali sono rappresentate dalla Francia meridionale e dall’Italia settentrionale. La presunta uniformità di questo complesso era basata soprattutto sulla presenza, in entrambe le regioni, di punte a dorso aghiformi (cf. Sauveterre) e microliti triangolari. Negli anni successivi un primo tentativo tipologico di verificare l’effettiva omogeneità del Primo Mesolitico di questa regione sollevò alcuni dubbi sulla pertinenza di questa unificazione. Sulla scia di questa linea di ricerca il principale obiettivo di questo lavoro è stato quello di mettere in discussione e verificare tale associazione applicando un approccio tecnologico ampio allo studio dei complessi litici appartenenti a 23 contesti stratigrafici di 12 siti francesi e italiani di riferimento. In particolare, questi insiemi sono stati analizzati con l’obiettivo di ricostruire le intere catene operative, dall’approvvigionamento delle materie prime all’uso e abbandono degli utensili. Sono state integrate diverse tecniche di analisi al fine di comprendere e caratterizzare gli insiemi sauveterriani da punti di vista diversi e complementari. Inoltre, la valutazione dell’uniformità del complesso sauveterriano nella sua area centrale rispetto ai gruppi culturali delle regioni confinanti ha consentito di affrontare in modo preliminare la questione della reale natura del Primo Mesolitico dell’Europa occidentale. I risultati ottenuti indicano che sia in Francia meridionale che in Italia settentrionale l’approvvigionamento di materie prime era essenzialmente locale e spesso basato sullo sfruttamento di litologie molto varie. Gli schemi operativi erano indirizzati a ottenere due principali categorie di prodotti, sebbene questi non siano sempre entrambi attestati in tutti i siti. Semplificando, la produzione di piccoli supporti per la confezione di microliti e di piccoli strumenti è associata a quella di supporti di grandi dimensioni da utilizzare come strumenti (senza o con precedente trasformazione). Da un punto di vista tecnologico i metodi adottati per produrre queste categorie di prodotti sono simili, essendo entrambi caratterizzati da brevi sequenze di stacchi unidirezionali, frequenti riorientamenti e l’uso massiccio di schegge come nuclei-supporti, oltre che da ridotte procedure di mantenimento. A livello funzionale i siti riflettono lo svolgimento di un ampio spettro di attività specializzate, benché quelle di tipo venatorio siano onnipresenti. In generale le due regioni rispondono agli stessi schemi concettuali e i loro rispettivi sistemi tecnici condividono gli stessi principi: una tecnologia ottimizzata, per nulla opportunistica, bensì risultante da un’attenta pianificazione strategica, in grado di sfruttare in modo differenziato lo spettro di risorse disponibili e di permettere una totale indipendenza dei gruppi sauveterriani dai vincoli imposti dalle materie prime. Tuttavia, nell’ambito di questo comportamento generalizzato, può essere iii iv RIASSUNTO identificata una notevole variabilità, segnata da differenze di natura stilistica e tecnica, specialmente in rapporto ai processi di produzione delle armature
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