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A SOCIAL WORKER LOOKS at the RAMAYANA Entire Literature of The A SOCIAL WORKER LOOKS G. R. BANERJEE* AT THE RAMAYANA SCARCELY HAS any other poem in. the Kausalya gave birth to Rama, Kaikeyi bore entire literature of the world influenced the Bharata, while Sumitra bore Lakshmana and thought and poetry of the nation for centuries Shatrughna. as the epic Ramayana in India. It is a masterpiece of art. Art brings out certain Rama married princess Sita, the daughter inner experiences of human beings in of king Janaka of Mithila. Her birth is external forms such as, painting, sculpture, shrouded in mystery. It is stated that one music, dancing and poetry. These experien­ day when Janaka was tilling sacrificial ces may relate to our biological or spiritual grounds, he found a baby girl in the furrow. urges. However, no creation can be regarded He named her 'Sita' meaning furrow and as a good piece of art simply because it is an brought her up as his own daughter. expression of some experience. It has to be After marriage, Rama went to Ayodhya ennobling and uplifting. Depiction of the with his bride. There, smooth and joyous ugly and debased has a place in art when it is were the early married days, and they led done to throw light on or to show in contrast the wedded pair to the flowery paths till the nobler side of life. In ancient Indian they stood on the steps of the throne. literature and other creations of art, along Dasharatha felt the approach of old age and with the portrayal of the higher side of life proposed to make Rama, his eldest son, the we find graphic presentation of the lower heir apparent to the throne. But Kaikeyi, aspect of nature also for the purpose men­ the stepmother, instigated by her maid tioned above. Manthara, set his plan at naught by making As a piece of literature, the Ramayana him promise to install Bharata on the royal presents the good and the wicked side of throne and to banish Rama to a forest from human nature so that the reader is able to the kingdom of Ayodhya for fourteen years. get a glimpse of the nobler aspects of life Dasharatha was much upset by Kaikeyi's easily. The Ramayana is not the story of demand. Rama took the initiative to go in conquests and big battles fought by mighty banishment for he felt that it was his duty as a son to help his father to keep his promise. warriors, even when there are a number of battle scenes, but of the life of the people Before Rama could go in banishment, in varied aspects. Sita and Laksmana insisted upon accompany­ Let us now have a glimpse into the com­ ing him. Rama tried to dissuade them, but position that unfolds so effectively the saga of they were determined to go with him. life. In the city of Ayodhya there ruled a Dasharatha was overwhelmed with grief mighty king named Dasharatha. The three at the exile of his son and died soon after wives of the king bore him four sons. Rama's departure from Ayodhya. After the *Dr Banerjee is Head, Dept. of Medical and Psychiatric Social Work of the Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Bombay 71. 364 G. R. BANERJEE death of Dasharatha, Bharata came to know in search of Rama. As soon as Lakshmana of the evil intentions of his mother and was was away, Ravana, in the guise of a furious. He went to the forest to persuade Brahmin mendicant came there. He tried Rama to go back to Ayodhya and to occupy to entice Sita by telling her about his wealth the throne. But the latter would not change in Lanka and that he would make her the his mind, and finally Bharata consented to chief queen. When she refused to yield, conduct the affairs for Rama. He requested Ravana, the monster with twenty hands, Rama to give him his sandals which he forcibly carried her away to Lanka placed on the throne as representing the across the ocean. He conducted her round king. He managed the affairs of the kingdom his palace, showed her all its splendours for Rama as his faithful servant. and described to her the immeasurable riches and marvels over which he ruled. Rama and his companions passed several He tried again and again to persuade her years in exile not unpleasantly in the shady to become his wife. But Sita angrily replied forests through which the trio roamed. They that she would never marry him but remain befriended people amongst whom they lived. faithful to Rama. Then Ravana threatened In the course of their wanderings they that if she did not yield to him within twelve came to Panchayati where Sita saw a golden months he would cut her to pieces. deer and she was enamoured by its beautiful Thereupon, he took her to the corner of skin. She was told that it was the spell his garden and delivered her to the of a demon but she had taken a fancy for demonesses. the deer and persuaded Rama to capture it alive or dead. Rama acceded to her request In the meanwhile, Rama and Lakshmana and went out to get the deer leaving Sita in returned to their hut and were shocked to charge of Lakshmana. Soon after, the beast find it empty. In course of time they were pierced by Rama's arrow was in the throes of able to trace where Sita had been taken. death, and it cried piteously in Rama's tone. With the help of monkey king Sugriva and The deer was no other than a demon, Maricha his subjects they were able to cross the by name, sent by demon king Ravana, of ocean to fight the demon king. Lanka, who wanted to kidnap the wife of Rama. Ravana had asked Maricha to When the news of the approaching army undergo the form of a golden deer to attract of monkeys reached Lanka, Ravana Sita's attention so that she might ask her summoned his counsellors to plan for the husband to fetch it. When Rama would be attack. While other relatives and counsellors away the demon would also find out some encouraged Ravana to fight, Vibhishana, means of removing Lakshmana from the a brother of Ravana, who was a righteous scene and then capture Sita. person, advised him to return Sita to her husband. Ravana was very annoyed On hearing Maricha's cry in Rama's tone, with him and insulted him. Feeling deeply Sita believed it to be her husband's cry hurt Vibhishana deserted him and allied fraught with anguish and asked Lakshmana himself with Rama. After Ravana was to go out at once to give him timely aid. killed, Vibhishana was installed as king of But Lakshmana, obedient to his brother's Lanka by Rama. In the meanwhile the order of looking after the safety of Sita in period of exile was over, and Rama returned his absence, did not like to stir out. Sita to Ayodhya with his wife and brother. There censured him and forced him to go out Rama was received with open arms by A SOCIAL WORKER LOOKS AT THE RAMAYANA 365 Bharata and Shatrughna and consecrated and divine in spite of the sins and errors as king, and he ruled happily for the welfare to which man falls a victim. The process of of his subjects.1 re-education helps him to move towards his real goal. The inner symbolism and significance of the epic are generally overlooked by The reader of the Ramayana can easily readers who are impressed by the superb see that a constant battle of Lanka is being workmanship of the great author, Valmiki waged in every one of us at all crucial Psychological and sociological insight of moments of the action. According to dynamic the poet is superb. psychiatry, when ego is threatened by id impulses or external pressures or super ego The epic indicates that a human being demands, man faces a stage of disequili­ (Rama) who is wedded to peace (Sita) brium. A healthy ego develops methods lives happily with unpurturbed equanimity of dealing with chaotic drives, external both in the royal palace (of Ayodhya) in dangers and superego inhibitions. If the ego the midst of luxury and in the forest. is not strong enough to handle them, chaos "His sorrows start when his consort, peace, or anti-social activities result. falls a prey into the hands of Ravana, the ten-headed monster. This represents the The much detested character of Kaikeyi lower animal nature in an individual, which depicts the above very vividly. The has ten heads even today the five organs Ramayana presents Kaikeyi as the spoilt of perception and the five organs of action. favourite of fortune and her husband. When King Dasharatha announced the day of "Rama, then seeking for his consort, the coronation of Rama and her maid has necessarily to cross the ocean, reach servant Manthara brought her the news Lanka, destroy the demoniac forces and she was very happy. Kaikeyi was fond of rediscover Sita, his lost peace.... the ocean Rama and she gave a precious jewel to the to be bridged over is the delusory attach­ maid for bringing the good news. The latter, ments and fascinations and the forces that however, spurned the gift and decried her array themselves against Rama are the prudence for welcoming the rule of her step negative tendencies, which are natural in son. Manthara tried to bring home to her a deluded mind.
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