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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51722-5 - You Are All Free: The Haitian Revolution and the Abolition of Slavery Jeremy D. Popkin Index More information

Index

abolition of slave trade, 344, 381 Ami de l’Egalité, 173 abolition of slavery; in British empire, 381 April 4, 1792, law of, 45–6, 51, 328 in France, 2, 12, 16, 20, 87, 287, 333–4, reaction to in Cap Français, 81, 101, 356–65, 370–3, 376, 380, 383 330 in Saint-Domingue, 1, 20, 270–2, 274, Second Civil Commission and, 85 277–9, 360, 376, 383 Archives nationales (Paris), xii in United States, 19, 289, 374, 381. army, French, in Saint-Domingue, 99, 107, See also emancipation edicts, 16 plu- 118, 195, 279 viôse An II, decree of August 10, 1792, journée of (in Paris), 2, abolitionist movements; in Britain, 15–6, 97, 103–4, 329, 331 382–3 impact in Saint-Domingue, 103–4 in France, 89–90, 382 August 13–14, 1792, crisis of (in Cap in United States, 15–16, 382 Français), 82–4 Adet, Pierre (French politician), 351 “affaire Galbaud,” 9. See also June 20, Baillio, Jean (white agitator), 116 1793, journée of Baltimore, refugees from Saint-Domingue Affiches américaines, 79, 145, 259 in, 293–4, 301. See also Moissonnier, Africa, cultural influence in Saint- J.F. Domingue, 130 Barbé-Marbois, François (French official), Ailhaud, Jean-Antoine (member of Second 32 Civil Commission in Saint-Domingue), Barère, Bertrand (French politician), 354, 88, 98, 110, 137 356–7, 367 Algeria, 2 Barnave, Antoine (French politician), All Souls’ Rising (by Madison Smartt Bell), 5 349 Amar, André (French politician), 347, Bastille Day, celebration of; in Saint- 352–4, 367 Domingue, 264–5 America (French warship), 23, 100, 136, in United States, 301 139, 256, 266, 346 Batilliot (printer), 79, 194, 313 role in crisis of June 20, 1793, 191, 237, “Battalion of the Colonies,” 338–9 239 Beaumont, Chevalier de (white militia American traders (in Saint-Domingue), commander), 202 168–9, 181, 293, 319, 326, 393. Bellecombe, Guillaume Léonard de (French See also Perkins, Samuel official), 34

411

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51722-5 - You Are All Free: The Haitian Revolution and the Abolition of Slavery Jeremy D. Popkin Index More information

412 Index

Belley, Jean-Baptiste (black deputy to Brissot, Jacques-Pierre (French politician), 12, French National Convention), 16, 35, 44–6, 86, 89–90, 93, 175, 247–8, 194, 201–2, 278–9, 320–1, 323, 317, 328, 331, 333, 336, 358, 366 327–8, 355 (illus.), 388 and Second Civil Commission, 86–90, 96 portrait of, 355 (illus.), 388 trial of, 348–9, 389 Bénot, Yves (historian), 354, 381 Britain; occupation of Saint-Domingue by, Biassou, Georges (black insurgent leader), 190, 279, 284, 286–7, 317 47–50, 104, 127–33, 252, 286 war against France, 124, 136, 147, alliance with Spanish, 253–6 378–9 rejects French emancipation offers, 236, Brudieu, Joseph (French official), 349 251, 253 Brulley, Augustin-Jean (colonial lobbyist), royalist sentiments of, 104, 129–32 261, 384, 389 sale of slaves by, 128. See also Jean- and abbé Grégoire, 348 François and crisis of June 20, 344, 1793 Billaud-Varennes, Nicolas (French arrest of, 368 politician), 343 mission to France, 329–30, 332–4, black insurrection (in Saint-Domingue 337–54, 356–7, 367. See also colo- 1792–4) 127–9 nial lobby (in France), Page, Pierre- alliance with Spanish, 250, 253–4 François rejection of French emancipation offers Brunswick, Duke of (military commander), by, 249–51, 274–6, 282. See also 157 Biassou, Georges, Jean-François Bullet, Jeannot (black insurgent leader), 41 slave uprising (August 22–23, 1791), Bush, George W. (president of United Toussaint Louverture. States), x–xi Black Jacobins, The (by C.L.R. James), 7, 381 Cabon, Alphonse (historian), 129 Blackburn, Robin (historian), 6 Cadusch, Paul de (colonial politician), 77 Blanchelande, Philibert-François Rouxel de Cairou (commander of free men of color in (French official), 23–5, 38, 43, 49, 52, Cap-Français), 107, 162 72, 75, 77, 83, 105, 127–8, 332 Cambefort, Joseph (military officer), 80, colonists’ accusations against, 80, 105 83, 107–9, 131 trial of, 25, 261, 337–8 Cambis, Joseph (naval commander), 15, Boerner, Captain (army officer),200 , 231 35, 100, 152–3, 163, 346n Bois Caïman ceremony, 9 role in crisis of June 20, 1793, 184–7, Boisrond, Louis (representative of free men 190–1, 193, 222, 233–4, 236, 238–40, of color in Saint-Domingue), 106, 126, 246 153, 258 role in United States, 292–3, 299, Bompard, Jean-Baptiste François (naval 301–3, 305–7. See also June 20, 1793, captain), 307, 317 crisis of; Jupiter, sailors, role in Cap Bonne (mutiny leader), 305, 307–8 Français Bordeaux, 72 Camboulas, Simon (French politician), Borel, Auguste (white agitator), 137, 336, 354 139–40 Canada, 308–9 Boucher (political figure in Saint- Cap Français, 53–84 Domingue), 157, 161, 165, 170–1, 258 after crisis of June 20, 1793, 267–8, 279, Boukman (black insurgent leader), 47 391–2 (illus.), 393 Bourdon de l’Oise, François (French black population of, 55, 58, 64–7, 74, politician), 365 81–2, 118–9, 267–8 Boyer, Jean-Paul (president of Haiti), 18 climate, 56–8 Bréard, Jean-Jacques (French politician), crisis of December 1–8, 1792, 113–9 342–3 cultural institutions of, 54, 56, 59, 62

Index 413

destruction of (1793), 2–229 –30, 236–7 Cayenne, 373, 380 (illus.), 240–4, 246 Cercle des Philadelphes, 54 destruction of (1802), 4, 379, 393 Césaire, Aimé (author), 369, 381 earthquake in (1793), 171 Chanlatte, Antoine (free colored military economy of, 60, 67, 70 leader), 194, 275 impact of French Revolution on, 68–70 Charlestown, Saint-Domingue refugees in, journée of August 13–14, 1792. See 294, 301, 309. See also Mangourit, under August 1792, 82–4, 117 Michel-Ange journée of October 19, 1792, 108–9, 331–2 Chaumette, Pierre (French politician), merchants in, 168–70, 181 91–2, 339, 349, 389 militia units in, 78 and abolition of slavery, 356, 369–1, 373 population of, 58, 147–8 and Sonthonax, 91–2, 370. See also 16 press in, 68–70, 79 pluviôse An II, decree of public mood in (1793), 145–7, 149–50, Chesnu, Toussaint (sailor), 190 161–3, 169, 183 Christophe, Henri (black leader in Saint- Second Civil Commission and, 23–4, 101 Domingue), 194, 379, 393–4 slave uprising of 22–23 August 1791 “citizens of June 20, 1793,” 3, 257, 268–9 and, 73–6, 78–9 Civil Commission (1792–3). See Second white population of, 58, 62, 68–9, 73, Civil Commission 78. See also Cap Français, free popula- Civil Commission (1791). See First Civil tion of color in, Cap Haïtien, June 20, Commission 1793 crisis of Civil War (U.S.), 19 Cap Français, free population of color Clavière, Etienne (French politician), 164 in, 58, 62–4, 65 (illus.), 68–71, 73–4, Clinton, Cornelia (wife of Edmond Genet), 76–7, 81–2, 84, 152–3, 259 320, 326 creation of “free companies” by, 125–6, 195 Club Massiac, 35, 329–30, 333. crisis of August 13–14, 1792 and, 82–4, See also colonial lobby (in France) 117 Code noir, 28–30, 33, 95 crisis of June 20, 1793 and, 181–2, reissue of, by Sonthonax and Polverel, 184–8, 194–6, 200–1, 206, 208–11, 142–4, 166 219, 223, 226–7, 239, 360 Colonial Assembly (1790, known as crisis of December 1–8, 1792 and, 114–7 Assembly of Saint-Marc), 32–3, 70–1 General Galbaud and, 162, 181–2 Colonial Assembly (1791–92), 45, 49, role in campaign against black insur- 72–8, 83–4 gents, 133–4 dissolution of, 106 Sonthonax and, 112, 120, 122–3, 125. free people of color and, 76–7, 80 See also Cairou, Cap Français, Casta- sends Page and Brulley to France, ing, Charles Guillaume, free people of 329–30 color (in Saint-Domingue), Pinchinat, slave uprising of August 22–23, 1791, Pierre and, 73–4 Carteaux, François (pro-slavery author), Sonthonax and Polverel and, 101 49, 229 colonial lobby (in France), 327–9, 332–3, Cassasola (Spanish official),254 340, 352, 368, 373 Castaing, Charles Guillaume accusations against Sonthonax and (representative of free population of Polverel by, 335–7, 341–2, 345 color in Saint-Domingue), 9, 76–7, crisis of June 20, 1793, and, 344 103, 153, 186, 258–9, 311, 318, 388 law of April 4, 1792, and, 328–9 appointed to Interim Commission, 106 slavery and, 333, 347–8. See also Brul- General Galbaud and, 171–3 ley, Augustin-Jean, Club Massiac, Sonthonax and, 122–3 Larchevesque-Thibaud, Jean-Gabriel, Castries edicts (1784–85), 30 Page, Pierre-François

414 Index

Colony of Citizens, A (by Laurent Critical Examination of the Prophecies of Dubois), 7 Jérémie, and of the Gospel according Colwill, Elizabeth (historian), 260 to Saint-Marc (by Polverel), 281 Committee of General Security, 327, 347, 368 Cul-de-Sac, slave revolt in, 137–8, 141–2, and deputies from Saint-Domingue, 145 353–4, 356. See also Amar, André Committee of Public Safety, 14, 342, 358, Dalbarade, Jean (French politician), 98, 362 343 and abolition of slavery, 354, 357, 362, Dalmas, Antoine (white colonist), 202, 366–7 211 and deputies from Saint-Domingue, Danton, Georges (French politician), 331, 353–4 354, 356, 358, 362, 366–8, 389. and Genet, 317 See also “Indulgents” and Sonthonax and Polverel, 350, Daugy (white colonist), 125 365–6. See also Barère, Bertrand, Debray, Colonel (military officer), 204–6 Robespierre, Maximilien, Saint-Just, Declaration of the Rights of Man, 13–4, Louis 18n, 32, 51, 271, 278, 374, 376 communism, 270 impact on slave uprising of August 1791 Concorde (French warship), 187, 239, 291 18n, 40–1, 51, 360, 1791 Condorcet, (French politician), 333, 341–2 Delacroix, J.-F. (French politician), 354, Conscience, André (aide-de-camp to 356, 389 General Galbaud), 161, 174–5, 197, Delpech, Olivier (member of Second Civil 211, 307–8, 324, 390 Commission), 101, 104, 256, 278 Constituent Assembly (1789–1791), 13, 36 Deputies to Convention, from Saint and colonies, 32–3, 36–8 Domingue, 290, 320–3, 326–8, 370 and slavery, 32, 36–7, 131. See also May arrival in Paris, 327–8, 350, 352–5 15, 1791, law of campaign against white colonists, 368. Constitution of 1793, (in France), 14 See also Belley, J.-B., Dufay, Louis, consuls, French, 295, 309. Garnot, Pierre Nicolas, Mills, Jean- See also Hauterive, Alexandre, Baptiste, Rechin Mangourit, Michel-Ange, Moissonnier, Description topographique, physique, J.-F. civile, politique et historique de Convention (1792–1795), 14, 98, 320, la partie française de l’isle Saint- 331–2 Domingue (by Moreau de Saint- and abolition of slavery, 21, 135, 328, Méry), 53 340, 363, 374, 377 Desparbès, Jean-Jacques-Pierre (general), after 9 thermidor An II, 377 98–9, 105, 107–9. See also Cap colonial committee of, 336, 347, 367 Français, journée of October March 5, 1793 decree of, 212, 272, 19,1792 336–7, 354 Dessalines, Jean-Jacques (general), 379–80, 16 pluviôse An II, decree of, 356–65 394 recall of Sonthonax and Polverel Développement des causes des troubles et by, 280–1, 287, 328, 342–3, 345. désastres des colonies françaises (by See also Committee of General Secu- Page and Brulley), 341 rity, Committee of Public Safety, 16 Devèze, Jean (doctor), 312 pluviôse An II, decree of; Robespierre, Diderot, Denis (writer), 29–30 Maximilien Directory, 378 Cordon de l’Ouest, 43, 49 Drescher, Seymour (historian), 15 Council of Peace and Union, 52, 101, 115 Dubois, Laurent (historian), 7, 11 creole language, proclamations issued in, Duclos-Guyot (naval captain), 346 143, 258, 260 Ducos, Roger (French politician), 366

Index 415

Dufay, Louis (deputy from Saint-Domingue), crisis of June 20, 1793, and, 194–6, 200–1, 9, 123, 258, 278–9, 320–3, 368, 388 206, 208–11, 219, 223, 226–7, 248 abolition of slavery and, 356–61, 369, Interim Commission and, 106 383 insurrection launched by, 36, 38, 43–4, 76 arrival in France (1794), 327–8, 350, 354 political rights of, 13, 34–7, 45–6, 76, 131 César Galbaud and, 172–3 “pompon blanc” faction and, 43–4, 52 events of June 20, 1793, and, 223, situation after crisis of June 20, 1793, 359–60 265, 281. See also Boisrond, Louis, General Galbaud and, 166, 171–2, Cap Français, free population of 359–60 color in, Castaing, Charles Guillaume, Dumouriez, Charles-François (general), Pinchinat, Pierre, Raimond, François, 157–8, 174, 261, 359 Raimond, Julien Dunmore, Lord (British military officer), Freemasons, 54, 198 (illus.) 213 French Revolution, 381 Dutty, Boukman. See Boukman and Saint-Domingue, 31–2, 40–1. See also April 4, 1792 law of, Com- earthquakes, in Haiti; Cap Français (1793), mittee of Public Safety, Constituent 171 Assembly, Convention, Declaration Cap Français (1842), 394 of the Rights of Man, Directory, 16 Haiti (2010), xiv pluviôse An II, decree of emancipation edicts, 376 August 29, 1793, 98, 248, 269–72, 274, Galbaud, César (military officer), 159–60, 277–9 170, 172–3, 176, 179 June 20, 1793, 195, 208–13, 245, 248 role in crisis of June 20, 1793 190–1, 16 pluviôse An II, 287 197, 203–4, 220, 229, 233 Polverel’s, in West and South Provinces, views on slavery, 160 277–8, 284. See also abolition of slav- Galbaud, François-Thomas (general), 7, 9, ery, 16 pluviôse An II, decree of 136, 153–5, 344, 385–6 Eole (warship), 77, 100, 151 (illus.), 291. arrival in Cap Français, 153–4, 161–3 See also sailors, role in Cap Français, career after 1794, 390–1 Sercey, Pierre-César-Charles crisis of June 20, 1793 and, 183, 187, 189–92, 196–7, 199, 202–7, 213, Facing Racial Revolution (by Jeremy D. 215–8, 220–2, 229, 232–4, 238–40, Popkin), ix 246, 300, 359–60 Fauchet, Joseph (French diplomat), 324 flight to Canada, 308–9 February 4, 1794, abolition decree of, 2, free people of color and, 169–71 14. See also 16 pluviôse An II, French Revolution and, 156 decree of Genet and, 302–4, 323–4 Fick, Carolyn (historian), 8 mission to Saint-Domingue, 159 Fine (warship), 191, 239–40. policies in Cap Français (May–June See also Truguet, Augustin 1793), 168–9 First Civil Commission (1791–92), 38, 41, political ideas of, 162–6, 171–2, 176, 49, 77. See also Mirbeck, Frédéric, 178 Saint-Léger, Edmond de, Roume, pre-revolutionary career, 155–6, 177–8 Philippe relations with Sonthonax and Polverel, Fouquier-Tinville, Antoine (French 165–6, 170, 174–9, 262–3 politician), 352–3 Galbaud, Madame (Marie-Alexis Tobin), Fournier, Claude (white agitator), 116 156, 160–1, 179, 384, 389–91 free people of color, in Saint-Domingue, 2, crisis of June 20, 1793 and, 222, 233 11–2, 33–4, 138–40, 145, 247, 343, 384 in United States, 300, 305–9, 311 adherence to republicanism, 138 Galineau de Gascq (military officer), 258

416 Index

Garnot, Pierre-Nicolas (deputy from Histoire philosophique des Deux Indes (by Saint-Domingue), 123–4, 259, 279, Raynal), 29–30 320, 322. See also Castaing, Charles Hochschild, Adam (author), 382 Guillaume, Robquin, Pierre Charles Hugues, Victor (French politician), 338, Gaterau (colonial journalist), 309 353 Gauthier, Florence (historian), 13n human rights, Haitian Revolution and, 10, Geggus, David (historian), 5, 50 13–4n, 17–18n, 383 Genet, Edmond (French diplomat), 4, 261, French Revolution and, 13–4 289, 295, 298–9, 318, 325–6, 388 Hyacinthe (black insurgent leader), 141 General Galbaud and, 302–4, 307, 323–4 recall of, 317, 350 Inconstante (warship), 266 relations with Saint-Domingue refugees, “Indulgents,” 35, 389. See also Danton, 290, 301–2, 306, 310–1, 314, 321 Georges sailors and, 301, 303–4, 306, 317 Interim Commission, 106, 115, 126, 136, slavery and, 296–7, 320–3, 383 145–6, 282–3 support for Sonthonax and Polverel, establishment of, 106 247, 290, 295–7, 323 Iraq war, x–xi United States government and, 297–8, Isnard, Jean Nicolas Martin (merchant), 316, 318 225–6 Gervais, Charles (white agitator), 116 Gignoux (Saint-Domingue politician), 258 Jacmel, 137, 141, 166 Girard, Jean (colonial merchant), 134, Jacobin movement, 13–4, 29–3, 87–8, 338, 147 346 Girodet, Anne-Louis (artist), 355, 388 and free people of color, 94–5, 369 Girondins 14, 86, 337–8, 342, 349, 358. General Galbaud and, 156 See also Brissot, Jacques-Pierre and issue of slavery 334, 339–40, 369. Gouly, Benoît (French politician), 367, See also Brissot, Jacques-Pierre, 373 Committee of Public Safety, Danton, Grégoire, Henri (French abolitionist), 36, Georges, Robespierre, Maximilien 131, 331, 333, 348, 362, 365 Jamaica, 2, 151 Gros (white colonist and author), 80 Jamaica convoy (1793), 298–9, 302 Guadeloupe, 373, 380, 387 James, C.L.R. (historian), 7, 381 Guittard de Floriban, Célestin (diarist), Jean-François (black insurgent leader), 346, 371 47–50, 127–8, 131, 133, 208, 252, 255, 286 Haiti; American occupation of, 395 alliance with Spanish, 250, 253–6 independence of, 4, 9 rejection of French emancipation offers Haitian Revolution, 5, 9–10, 20, 387 by, 252–3, 256 free people of color and, 11–2 royalist sentiments of, 130, 250 slavery and, 12 sale of slaves by, 128. See also Biassou, sources for study of, 5–6 Georges Hanus de Jumécourt (colonial politician), Jeanbon Saint-André (French politician), 43 342, 345 Haut du Cap, 114–5, 117 Jefferson, Thomas (American politician), role in crisis of June 20, 1793, 219–20, 297, 312, 316, 318 228, 235 Jérémie, 190, 279, 302, 311, 317, 351–2 Hauterive, Alexandre (French diplomat), Jews, 227, 369 296, 320–2, 323–4 Journal des Révolutions de la partie Havre, Le, 371 française de Saint-Domingue, 310. Hébertistes, 389. See also Chaumette, See also Tanguy-Laboissière, Claude- Pierre Corentin

Index 417

Journal politique de Saint-Domingue, 79 leads campaign against black insurgents, June 20, 1793, journée of, 1–2, 4, 7, 132–3 190–216 (illus. 201), 385–6 and politics in Cap Français, 107–8, 114, background to, 183–8 149, 153 black insurgents’ role in, 228, 234–5 role in crisis of June 20, 1793, 184, 195, death toll, 240, 242 220 emancipation proclamation of, 1, 3, 15, and situation after crisis of June 20, 195, 209–11, 248 1793, 258, 268, 279–80, 282–3, 286, events of June 21–24, 1793 217–45 288 looting, 204, 214–5, 230–1, 235 and Sonthonax and Polverel, 179 outbreak of fire, 229–30 Lazzary, Bramante (black military officer), significance of,6 –15, 19–20, 374, 376–7 277 sources, 5–6. See also Cap Français, Leblanc, Lieutenant-Colonel (army officer), Galbaud, François-Thomas, Polverel, 207, 311 Etienne, slaves, role in events of June Leclerc, Charles-Victor-Emmanuel 20, 1793 (general), 379 Sonthonax, Léger-Félicité Legislative Assembly (1791–92), 44, 86, July 16, 1793, Convention decree of, 14, 97, 330 98, 280–1, 287, 323, 342–3, 345, 358, response to slave insurrection of August 365. See also Brulley, Augustin-Jean, 1791, 44–5, 131. See also April 4, colonial lobby (in Paris), Page, 1792 law of Brissot, Jacques-Pierre, Pierre-François, Polverel, Etienne, Second Civil Commission Jeanbon Saint-André, Sonthonax, Léopard (warship), 71 Léger-Félicité Léopardins, 71 Jupiter (warship), 100, 151–2 Lequinio, Joseph (French politician), 334 role in crisis of June 20, 1793 184, Lettre au citoyen D***, député à la 190–4, 196, 207, 222, 232, 238–40, Convention nationale (by Julien 246 Raimond), 335 and Saint-Domingue refugees, 291–3 “Lettre de Jean-François, Biassou et Belair,” in United States, 303–7 (illus. 305) 17n–18n, 50–1, 128 Levasseur, René (French politician), 362, Kentucky, ix 364, 389 Kina, Jean (black military commander), 283 Lincoln, Abraham, 359 Lindet, Robert (French politician), 352–3, Labuissionnière, Julien (free colored 356. See also Committee of Public activist), 339–40 Safety Lacoste, Jean de (French politician), 86, Louis XVI (king of France), 45, 86, 130–1 95–6 Louisiana Purchase, 379 La Forest (free colored activist), 76–7 La Haye, Guillaume de (priest), 129–30, Macaya (black insurgent leader), 235–6, 132, 134, 259 252 La Salle, Adrien de (general), 133–4, Mahé de Corméré (colonial politician), 137–41, 179, 280 183, 199, 252, 258, 264 Larchevesque-Thibaud, Jean-Gabriel Maistral, David (naval captain), 185 (white agitator), 78, 105–6, 110, Makandal conspiracy, 28 125–6, 330–1, 347–8 Making of Haiti, The (by Carolyn Fitch), 8 and Sonthonax and Polverel, 102 Mangourit, Michel-Ange (French Laurent, Gérard (historian), 8 consul), 232, 261, 294–5, 309, 316. Laveaux, Etienne (general), 99–100, 107–8, See also Charlestown, South Carolina, 112, 132–3, 136, 146, 149, 161, 242, refugees from Saint-Domingue, South 377, 387 Carolina

418 Index

Marat, Jean-Paul (French politician and Moreau de Saint-Méry, Médéric Louis Elie journalist), 93, 343 (author), 37, 53–5 marronage, 28, 67 Mossut (plantation manager), 105, 119, “Marseillaise coloniale,” 132 121, 134 Martinique, 104, 158, 373, 380 My Odyssey (anonymous work), 18n, 199, Mascareigne islands, 373, 378 203, 223–5, 291–2, 325 Masse, Jean-Pierre (colonial official), 161–2, 168–9, 175, 265–6 Napoleon (French politician), 379–80, 387 Mauduit, Thomas-Antoine (military restoration of slavery by, 377 officer), 25 seizure of power by, 378 May 15, 1791, law of, 36–8, 51, 54, 72, National Guard, 99 74, 77, 81, 88 Navy, in Saint-Domingue, 100, 150–2, American reactions to, 293 266 revocation of, 76, 328 role in crisis of June 20, 1793, 237–8. May 31–June 2, 1793, journée of (in Paris), See also America, Cambis, Joseph, 14. See also Brissot, Jacques-Pierre, Eole, Jupiter, sailors, role in Cap Girondins Français Meadows, Darrell (historian), 62 Nesbitt, Nick (historian), 10 Mercier, Louis-Sébastien (author), 55 New York; and refugees from Saint- Milhet (militia commander), 201, 203 Domingue, 4, 231, 303–4 Millet, Thomas (white agitator), 143, 163, slavery in, 321. See also Hauterive, 173, 183, 304 Alexandre Mills, Jean-Baptiste (deputy from Noel, Bien-Aimé (free man of color), 226 Saint-Domingue), 279, 323, 327–8. Norfolk, Virginia; Saint-Domingue refugees See also deputies from Saint- in, 293–4, 301 Domingue Normande, La (warship), 180, 183, 185, Milscent, Claude (journalist), 91, 135, 190, 234 373 North Province (Saint-Domingue); and Page and Brulley, 333, 344–6 abolition of slavery in, 248 Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel de Riqueti, provincial assembly of, 33, 101 Count of, 32 slave insurrection in, 10–23, 38, 47. Mirbeck, Frédéric (member of First Civil See also Cap Français, slave uprising Commission), 38. See also First Civil (August 22–23, 1791) Commission Nouvelles politiques, 345 Moissonnier, J.-F. (French diplomat), Nully (military officer), 251, 256 293, 296, 298–9, 301, 309–10. See also Baltimore, Genet, Edmond, Odo, Jeanne (free woman of color), 339 Jamaica convoy Ogé rebellion, 35–6, 71–2, 122 Môle Saint-Nicolas, 190, 279, 317, 351–2 Ogé, Vincent (free colored militant), 35–6, “Mon Odyssée” (anonymous manuscript). 71–2 See My Odyssey Monge, Gaspard (French politician), 94, Pache, Jean-Nicolas (French politician), 158 98, 104, 136, 158–9, 164, 331 Page, Pierre-François (colonial lobbyist), Moniteur général de la partie française de 261, 384, 389 Saint-Domingue, 79, 81, 111, 146, arrest of, 368 197–8 (illus. 198) and crisis of June 20, 1793, 344 and crisis of June 20 1793 187–8, 197 ideas of, 341, 343, 389 and journée of October 19, 1792, 109. mission to France, 329–34, 336–54, See also Batilliot, Saint-Maurice, H. D. de 356–7, 367. See also Brulley, Montagnards. See Jacobin movement Augustin-Jean, colonial lobby (in Montesquieu (author), 142 France)

Index 419

Pageot, François (military officer),256 free men of color and, 95, 174, 181–2, Paris Commune, 369–10. 186, 265 See also Chaumette, Pierre and General Galbaud, 166, 170–1, 174, Patriote français, 333 176–81, 232–3 Penman, Edward (British agent), 309 mission to South Province, 137 Père Duchêne, 310 mission to West Province, 267, 271, Perkins, Samuel (American merchant), 65, 277–8, 283 68, 193, 195, 215, 223, 231, 236–7 and navy, 100, 151–2 (illus.), 242, 267–8 proclamation of July 2, 1793, 257–8 Pérotin-Dumon, Anne (historian), 67 proclamation of July 11, 1793, 260 Pétion, Alexandre (free colored leader), recall of, 98, 280, 287–8 394 relations with Genet, 295, 349 Philadelphia, 297 and situation after crisis of June 20, and refugees from Saint-Domingue, 4, 1793, 246, 257–8, 260–6, 284–6. 293–5, 309, 312, 320 See also Second Civil Commission, yellow fever epidemic in, 312 Sonthonax, Léger-Félicité Picquenard, Jean-Baptiste (secretary to Polverel, François (son of Etienne Polverel), Second Civil Commission), 123, 194, 206, 233–4, 306, 311 143–4, 165, 174 Popkin, Juliet, xiv–xv Pierrot (black insurgent leader), 208–9, Port-au-Prince, 25, 39, 43, 282, 284, 234–6, 251, 255 393–4 Pinchinat, Pierre (free colored leader), 106, destruction of (1791), 43 122, 137–8, 140, 194, 247, 384 revolt against Sonthonax and Polverel, and crisis of December 1–8, 1792, 137–40 115–8, 194 Port-de-Paix, 281 Piquet, Jean-Daniel (historian), 13n, 334 Préjugés détruits, Les (by Lequinio), 334 plantations, slavery on, 11 Préty, Arnaud (policeman), 307–8 Platons, slave insurrection of, 25, 52, 133 Raboteau, P. J. (colonial politician), 102–3, 16 pluviôse An II, decree of, 333–4, 106, 125 354, 356–65, 369, 374, 376. Radoteur, 309 See also abolition of slavery, Raimond, François (free man of color), Committee of Public Safety, 106, 117 Convention, Delacroix, J.-F., deputies Raimond, Julien (representative of free from Saint-Domingue, Dufay, Louis, men of color in France), 12, 34–5, 37, Levasseur, René 86–7, 92, 94–5, 101, 110, 126, 159, political history, x 328, 389 Polverel, Etienne (member of Second Civil arrest of, 347, 349, 352–3, 373 Commission), 9, 85, 88–9, 92, 97–8, attitude toward slavery, 101, 110, 212, 328, 384 248, 335 attitude toward slavery, 102–24, 141–4, and General Galbaud, 158 167, 209, 212–3, 247–9, 257–60, role in debates about colonies (1793), 264–5, 376 334–7, 340–1, 343, 347 career before1792, 88 and Sonthonax, 89–90. See also free conflicts with Sonthonax,111 –2, 125, people of color (in Saint-Domingue) 137, 269–1, 283 Raynal, Guillaume-Thomas-François and Convention, 262–4, 266–7 (author), 29–30 crisis of June 20, 1793 and, 183, 185–7, Réchin (deputy from Saint-Domingue), 350 193–5, 200–1, 206–13, 215–7, 219, Réflexions sur les véritables causes des 228–30, 234, 236–7, 240, 360 troubles et désastres de nos colonies death of, 387 (by Raimond), 335

420 Index

refugees from Saint-Domingue (in United Roume, Philippe (member of First Civil States), 289–97, 309, 324–5 Commission), 38 black and mixed-race refugees, 314–6 royalists (in Saint-Domingue), 121, denunciations of Sonthonax and Polverel 189–90, 192, 196, 279, 310, 324. by, 290, 310, 321 See also slave uprising (August 22–23, and Genet, 290–301–2, 306, 310–1, 321 1791), royalist sentiments of influence in France, 290 influence in United States, 289, 293–4, sailors, role in Cap Français, 58, 77, 100, 296, 301, 325 107, 111, 118, 150 living conditions in United States, 311–4, British, 218 325 and General Galbaud, 300, 302–6 numbers, 291, 294 and Genet, 301, 303, 306, 317 voyage to United States, 290–2. racial attitudes of, 100, 151–2 See also Baltimore, Charlestown, role in crisis of June 20, 1793, 184–5, South Carolina, Genet, Edmond, My 187, 190, 196–7, 199–200, 202–7, Odyssey, New York, Philadelphia 217, 220–3, 229–30, 235, 237–40, régiment du Cap, 113 243, 246, 262–3 Révolution française et la fin des colonies, in United States, 289, 299–302, 317. La (by Yves Bénot), 381 See also Cambis, Joseph, Jupiter, navy, revolutionary government, practice of, 97, in Saint-Domingue 288 Saint-Domingue, 2 Sonthonax and Polverel’s version of, economic importance of, 26, 29 124, 140 map of, 27 (illus.) Révolutions de Paris, 87, 91–2 population of, 26 Rewbell, Jean-François (French slave insurrection in, 17–9 politician), 37. See also May 15, slavery in, 16, 26, 28–9 1791, law of white colonists in, 2, 24, 26, 28–33, 43, Richebourg (colonial political figure), 270. 45. See also Cap Français, free people See also communism of color (in Saint-Domingue) Rigaud, André (free colored military Saint-Georges, Chevalier Joseph de leader), 194, 208, 247 (musician and military officer), 339 Robespierre, Maximilien (French Saint-Just, Louis (French politician), 317, politician), 14n, 36–7, 317, 331, 354, 342–3, 366 358, 384, 389 Saint-Léger, Edmond de (member of First and abolition of slavery, 356–7, Civil Commission), 38 376 Saint-Maurice, H.-D. de (journalist), 27, overthrow of, 288, 389 396 and Sonthonax and Polverel, 350, and crisis of June 20, 1793, 197–8, 365–6 205, 207, 211, 222–3, 235. views on slavery of, 334, 340, 366. See also Moniteur général de la partie See also Committee of Public Safety, française de Saint-Domingue 16 pluviôse An II, decree of Sansay, Leonora (author), 393–4 Robquin, Pierre Charles (military officer), Santo Domingo (Spanish colony), 2, 378. 124, 173, 259, 321. See also Castaing, See also Spain Charles Guillaume Garnot, Pierre Schoelcher, Victor (French politician), Nicolas 381 Rochambeau, D. M. J. Vimeur de (general), Second Civil Commission, 23, 85–6, 103–4, 104–9–12, 132, 158, 379 131, 330. See also Ailhaud, and crisis of December 1–8, 115, 118, Jean-Antoine, Delpech, Olivier, 1792 Polverel, Etienne, Sonthonax, Rogers, Dominque (historian), 64 Léger-Félicité

Index 421

Secret History, or the Horrors of Saint- and crisis of June 20, 1793, 183, 185–7, Domingue (by Sansay), 393 193–5, 200–1, 206–13, 215–7, 219, Seguin (merchant), 226 228–30, 234–7, 240, 360 September 5, 1793, journée of (in Paris), and emancipation decree of August 29, 345 1793, 98, 269–72, 277–8, 360, 363 September massacres (in Paris), 2 and free men of color, 95, 112, 125–6, Sercey, Pierre-César-Charles (naval officer), 174, 181–2, 186, 265 174, 184, 238, 299, 302–3, 317 and General Galbaud, 166, 170–1, 174, Sixteenth Dragoons (Dragoons of Orléans), 176–81, 232–3 99 and Genet, 295 slave uprising of August 22–23, 1791, 4, and journée of October 19, 1792 in Cap 9–10, 38, 41–3, 46–8, 127, 293 Français, 108–10 French government’s response to, 44–6 and navy, 100, 151–2 goals of, 17–9, 46–8, 50–1 proclamation of July 2, 1793, 257–8 image of, 42 (illus.) proclamation of July 11, 1793, 260 outbreak of, 41, 73 recall of, 98, 280–1, 287–8, 340, 349 religion and, 129–30 and situation after crisis of June 20, royalist sentiments of, 94, 129–30, 1793, 246, 257–8, 260–6, 268–72, 135. See also Biassou, Georges, black 274, 278, 280–2, 284–6 insurrection (in Saint-Domingue and slave insurrection, 127, 132, 1792–4), Boukman, Jean-François, 134–6 Toussaint Louverture supporters of, in Cap Français, 121–4, slaves, role in events of June 20, 1793, 174 195–6, 208–10, 213, 217, 219, 224 voyage to West Province of (Feb- (illus.), 225–7, 231, 243–4 ruary–June 1793), 124, 136–9. slavery, 21, 31 See also Polverel, Etienne, Second Civil in Saint-Domingue, 11, 39–40 Commission urban, 11, 40, 64–6 South Carolina, 4 Société des amis de la Convention and refugees from Saint-Domingue, nationale, 106–9, 113. See also Cap 232, 316. See also Charlestown, Français, journée of October 19, 1792 South Carolina, Mangourit, Société des amis des noirs, 12, 35, 44, 46, Michel-Ange 88–9, 331, 333. See also Brissot, South Province, 39, 141, 256 Jacques-Pierre, Condorcet, Grégoire, white dissidence in, 247. Henri See also Jérémie Société des colons américaines, 35. Spain; and black insurgents in 285–6, See also Raimond, Julien 350–5, 1793 Sonthonax, Léger-Félicité (member of support for slave insurrection by, 20, Second Civil Commission), 8, 85–9–, 128 90, 92, 97–8, 110–2, 273 (illus.),, war against France, 124, 136 328, 384 Stein, Robert Louis (historian), 8, 268 attitude toward slavery, 87, 102–3, 116, Surveillante, La (warship), 182 124, 141–4, 167, 186, 209, 212–3, 257–60, 264–5, 272, 274, 282, 347–9, Tableau de Paris (by Mercier), 55 376 Tanguy-Laboissière, Claude-Corentin career before 1792, 87 (white agitator), 142, 145–6, 163, 173, career after 1794, 387 306, 309–10, 324 and club in Cap Français, 107–8, 111 Thornton, John (historian), 130 conflicts with Polverel, 111–2, 125, Tobin, Marie-Alexis. See Galbaud, 269–71, 283 Madame and Convention, 262–4, 266–7, 278 Tocqueville, Alexis de (author), 388

422 Index

Toussaint Louverture, 3, 7, 10, 48, 127, Valmy, battle of, 25, 157 133, 220, 377–9, 381, 384, 386–7 Vandongen, Daniel (naval captain), 205–6, alliance with French, 256, 277, 285–6 238 alliance with Spanish, 250, 256 Vanstabel convoy, 325 career from 1794 to 1803, 387, 393 Vasquez, Josef (priest), 254 and crisis of June 20, 1793, 8 Vergniaud, Guillaume Henry (colonial rejection of French emancipation offers official), 121, 123, 172, 210, 258 by, 251, 253, 255, 274–7 Verneuil, Louis (white agitator), 113–4, royalist sentiments expressed by, 130, 276 116, 351, 384. See also Cap Français, and struggle against slavery, 21, 48, crisis of December 1–8, 1792 383–4. See also black insurrection (in Villatte, Jean-Louis (free colored military Saint-Domingue 1792–4) officer), 194, 282, 286 Tracy, Antoine Destutt de (French vodou, 129 politician), 36 Trouillot, Michel-Rolph (scholar), 382 Wante, Charles (colonial official),268 , Truguet, Augustin (naval captain), 191, 280, 291, 319 238, 240 war, between France and Britain and Spain, turning point, concept of, 385–7 124, 136, 145, 246 Tzechouart (naval captain), 182 and black insurgents, 250. See also Brit- ain, Spain United Nations, 382 Washington, George (president of United United States; abolition of slavery in, 19 States), 297–8 and black refugees from Saint- West Province; insurrection of free men of Domingue, 314–6 color in, 36, 39 and French republicanism, 289, 298, women; and emancipation decrees in 1793, 301, 304, 322 260 and mixed-race refugees, 315–6 free women of color, 62, 64–5 (illus. and refugees from Saint-Domingue, 3, 65), 231–2 248, 289, 291, 293–4, 314–5 rights of, 369 slavery in, 13, 26. See also Civil War, slave women, 66, 225–6, 231–2 Genet, Edmond, Jefferson, Thomas, Washington, George yellow fever epidemic (1793), 4, 312