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The Haitian Revolution
The Haitian revolution Slide 1: the Haitian revolution The Haitian revolution is the only successful uprising of enslaved people in the Americas. It defeated European armies, but their victory came with a high price. Slide 2: decolonial terminology In our analysis we use terms that are scientifically correct but feels a bit uneasy if you have been trained in the school of colonizing the mind. We don’t use the word plantation but labour camp. Plantation has a romantic association. Labour camp is more precsie because it designates an institution where forced labour is used. We don’t use the word discoverer or planter but the word criminal. In 2001 The United Nations recognized slavery and colonialism as a crime against humanity. If a Surinamese in Holland goes to the supermarket and steals a bottle of lemonade he is called a criminal, not a discoverer. We think that is correc tterm for a thief. In the same way we think it is correct to call a European who steals gold from the Americas a criminal instead of ad iscoverer. In the same way the guy who never planted anything is called a planter, while scientifically it is more correct to call him an enslaver, because enslavement was a his business. When the Germans invaded Holland it was called an occupation, notcolo nization. I think Dutch are correct in their terminology, so the European invasion of the Americas is in their logic an occupation. That logic is correct. I understand that when you have been trained to regard a crime as a scientific achievement you might feel uncomfortable when you keep hearing me using the new terminology. -
Stevens Dissertation Final
Staging the Americas in Eighteenth-Century France and its Colonies By April E. Stevens Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in French May 2014 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: Jérôme Brillaud, Ph.D Lynn Ramey, Ph.D Paul Miller, Ph.D Holly Tucker, Ph.D Lauren Clay, Ph.D Copyright © 2014 By April Eileen Stevens All Rights Reserved To my beloved husband, David, who supported me every step of the way. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would not have been possible without the support of the Department of French and Italian. I am also thankful for the additional support provided by the College of Arts and Sciences Summer Research Award and the Vanderbilt Graduate Dissertation Enhnacmeent Grant which enabled me to expand and enhance this dissertation. I am especially indebted to my advisors, Dr. Jérôme Brillaud and Dr. Lynn Ramey who have supported not only this dissertation but my career goals acting as both advisors and mentors. I am grateful to all the members of my Dissertation Committee, Dr. Paul B. Miller, Dr. Holly Tucker, and Dr. Lauren R. Clay, who each provided excellent guidance sharing their particular expertise on this work. No one has been more important to the pursuit of this project than the members of my family. I would like to thank my parents who have unceasingly encouraged me to follow my dreams and pursue excellence. Finally, I would not have been able to complete this work without the daily support of my loving husband David, who sacrificed so much to make my dreams a reality. -
Outlyers: Maroons and Marronage in Eighteenth and Nineteenth-Century Literature
Outlyers: Maroons and Marronage in Eighteenth and Nineteenth-Century Literature By Sarah Jessica Johnson A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Stephen Best, Chair Professor Kathleen Donegan Professor Nadia Ellis Professor Karl Britto Spring 2018 1 Abstract Outlyers: Maroons and Marronage in Eighteenth and Nineteenth-Century Literature By Sarah Jessica Johnson Doctor of Philosophy in English University of California, Berkeley Professor Stephen Best, Chair My dissertation, “Outlyers: Maroons and Marronage in Eighteenth and Nineteenth-Century Literature,” foregrounds an archival pursuit in which recovery is deprioritized. Crucial to this study is an archival paradox: Maroons absented themselves from the printed record, eschewed the position of author, only to be figured and represented by others who, expectedly, struggled with the depiction of a practice they could not know firsthand. The intentional erasure of “traces” by maroons was necessary to the successful practice of marronage. The project is organized around four “maroon objects”—the portrait, the fetish, the epaulette, and the hatchet—that recur in historical representations concerning maroons. These maroon objects mediate maroon subject and text. My first chapter, “Maroon Portraits,” examines the circulating narratives of La Mulâtresse Solitude of Guadeloupe. Solitude sits for a portrait that is continuously painted, as artists insist on producing visual images in tension with the long textual record that precedes them. Chapter Two, “Maroon Fetishes,” reads the proliferation of fetishes in Le Macandal by Marie Augustin and other iterations of the story of Haitian Maroon leader François Macandal. -
Haitian Revolution
The Haitian Revolution The Haitian Revolution was a social and political upheaval in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (which shared the island of Hispaniola with the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo) during the period from 1791 to 1804. In 1791, slaves and gens de couleur libres (“free people of color”) rebelled against French rule, and in 1804 declared their country’s independence under the original Arawak name of Haiti. The Haitian Revolution was, along with the American Revolution, one of the most significant and dramatic challenges to European colonialism in the New World, and historians widely regard it as a milestone in the history of Africans in the Americas. The Haitian Revolution is, in fact, the only successful large-scale slave insurrection in history, and it is often seen as initiating the decline of the slave trade. Causes of the Haitian Revolution The colonial economy was export driven, dominated by agriculture and trade. Saint- Domingue, with its tropical climate, was developed as a coffee- and sugar-producing colony, and sustained many large and profitable plantations. By the second half of the 18th century, sugar and coffee were two of the world’s most traded commodities, and Saint-Domingue produced over 60 percent of the world’s coffee and 40 percent of the world’s sugar. This made Saint-Domingue France’s most profitable plantation colony. To meet the growing needs of this plantation system, Saint-Domingue’s colonists continuously expanded the number of slaves. Thus, the colonial economy fueled the social imbalance that led to the revolution. Colonial society, a racist society, was at fault, in part through its own rigidity. -
“I Wait for Me”: Visualizing the Absence of the Haitian Revolution in Cinematic Text by Jude Ulysse a Thesis Submitted in C
“I wait for me”: Visualizing the Absence of the Haitian Revolution in Cinematic Text By Jude Ulysse A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Social Justice Education Ontario Institute for Studies in Education University of Toronto 2017 ABSTRACT “I wait for me” Visualizing the Absence of the Haitian Revolution in Cinematic Text Doctor of Philosophy Department of Social Justice Education Ontario Institute for Studies in Education University of Toronto 2017 In this thesis I explore the memory of the Haitian Revolution in film. I expose the colonialist traditions of selective memory, the ones that determine which histories deserve the attention of professional historians, philosophers, novelists, artists and filmmakers. In addition to their capacity to comfort and entertain, films also serve to inform, shape and influence public consciousness. Central to the thesis, therefore, is an analysis of contemporary filmic representations and denials of Haiti and the Haitian Revolution. I employ a research design that examines the relationship between depictions of Haiti and the country’s colonial experience, as well as the revolution that reshaped that experience. I address two main questions related to the revolution and its connection to the age of modernity. The first concerns an examination of how Haiti has contributed to the production of modernity while the second investigates what it means to remove Haiti from this production of modernity. I aim to unsettle the hegemonic understanding of modernity as the sole creation of the West. The thrust of my argument is that the Haitian Revolution created the space where a re-articulation of the human could be possible. -
The Children of San Souci, Dessalines/Toussaint, and Pétion
The Children of San Souci, Dessalines/Toussaint, and Pétion by Paul C. Mocombe [email protected] West Virginia State University The Mocombeian Foundation, Inc. Abstract This work, using a structurationist, structural Marxist understanding of consciousness constitution, i.e., phenomenological structuralism, explores the origins of the contemporary Haitian oppositional protest cry, “the children of Pétion v. the children of Dessalines.” Although viewed within racial terms in regards to the ideological position of Pétion representing the neoliberal views of the mulatto elites, and economic reform and social justice representing the ideological position of Dessalines as articulated by the African masses, this article suggests that the metaphors, contemporarily, have come to represent Marxist categories for class struggle on the island of Haiti within the capitalist world-system under American hegemony at the expense of the African majority, i.e., the Children of Sans Souci. Keywords: African-Americanization, Vodou Ethic and the Spirit of Communism, Religiosity, Black Diaspora, Dialectical, Anti-dialectical, Phenomenological Structuralism Introduction Since 1986 with the topple of the Haitian dictator, Jean-Claude “Baby-Doc” Duvalier (1951-2014), whose family ruled Haiti for almost thirty-years, the rallying cry of Haitian protest movements against dictatorship and American neoliberal policies on the island has been, “the children of Dessalines are fighting or stand against the children of Pétion.” The politically charged moniker is an allusion to the continuous struggles over control of the Haitian nation- state and its ideological apparatuses between the Africans who are deemed the descendants of Jean-Jacques Dessalines, the father of the Haitian nation-state; and the mulatto elites (and more recently the Syrian class) who are deemed heirs of the mulatto first President of the Haitian Republic, Alexandre Pétion. -
Thomas Jeffersonís Foreign Policy Concerning the Haitian Revolution, 1791-1806 Joseph A
University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 11-13-2007 "Under the Bloody Hatchet of the Haitians": Thomas Jeffersonís Foreign Policy Concerning the Haitian Revolution, 1791-1806 Joseph A. Boyd University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Scholar Commons Citation Boyd, Joseph A., ""Under the Bloody Hatchet of the Haitians": Thomas Jeffersonís Foreign Policy Concerning the Haitian Revolution, 1791-1806" (2007). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/643 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “Under the Bloody Hatchet of the Haitians”: Thomas Jefferson’s Foreign Policy Concerning the Haitian Revolution, 1791-1806 by Joseph A. Boyd A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: John M. Belohlavek, Ph.D. Philip Levy, Ph.D. Robert Ingalls, Ph.D. Date of Approval: November 13, 2007 Keywords: Eighteenth Century, Diplomatic Relations, Foreign Trade, Haiti, Toussaint L’Ouverture © Copyright 2007, Joseph A. Boyd Dedication Without the support of my loving wife, Joy, the completion of this thesis would be an empty achievement. She has stood by me as a help-mate and a source of inspiration. Because of this, I owe and freely give to her my eternal, unwavering love and devotion. -
Graham Nessler
A Failed Emancipation? The Struggle for Freedom in Hispaniola during the Haitian Revolution, 1789-1809 by Graham Townsend Nessler A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in The University of Michigan 2011 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Richard L. Turits, Chair Professor Marlyse Baptista Professor Jean M. Hébrard Professor Rebecca J. Scott Professor Laurent M. Dubois, Duke University © Graham Townsend Nessler, 2011 To my mother and father ii Acknowledgements Almost every winter when I was growing up, our family would travel by car from our home in Bryan/College Station, Texas, to Clemson and Greenville, South Carolina, a journey of approximately one thousand miles. These treks to see extended family for Christmas gave me an appreciation for long journeys, which becomes even stronger when one reaches the finish line. My path to the doctorate in History has likewise entailed long journeys in both geographical and other senses. Though a complete acknowledgement of those who have supported and encouraged me in the five countries where I have studied, taught, researched, written, and presented over the past six years would be almost as long as the work that follows, I offer here a more condensed version that tries to include those who have been especially instrumental in ensuring the success of this project and my graduate studies as a whole. I regret any omissions. Any such list must begin with the five scholars who have overseen this project: Richard Turits, Rebecca Scott, Jean Hébrard, Marlyse Baptista, and Laurent Dubois (Professor of History and Romance Studies at Duke University). -
Toussaint Louverture and Haiti's History As Muse
Toussaint Louverture and Haiti’s History as Muse: Legacies of Colonial and Postcolonial Resistance in Francophone African and Caribbean Corpus by Aude Dieudé Department of Romance Studies Duke University Date: _______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Deborah Jenson, Co-Supervisor ___________________________ Achille Mbembe, Co-Supervisor ___________________________ Laurent Dubois ___________________________ Ian Baucom ___________________________ Ranjana Khanna Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Romance Studies in the Graduate School of Duke University 2013 ABSTRACT Toussaint Louverture and Haiti’s History as Muse: Legacies of Colonial and Postcolonial Resistance in Francophone African and Caribbean Corpus by Aude Dieudé Department of Romance Studies Duke University Date: _______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Deborah Jenson, Co-Supervisor ___________________________ Achille Mbembe, Co-Supervisor ___________________________ Laurent Dubois ___________________________ Ian Baucom ___________________________ Ranjana Khanna An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Romance Studies in the Graduate School of Duke University 2013 Copyright by Aude Dieudé 2013 Abstract This dissertation explores the themes of race and resistance in nineteenth-century Haitian writings and highlights their impact on French-speaking -
1 Erin Zavitz and Laurent Dubois, the NEH Collaborative Grant, 2014 1
1 Thomas Madiou, Histoire d’Haïti (Port-au-Prince: Imp de J. Courtois, 1847) Tome 1 Edited and translated by Laurent Dubois and Erin Zavitz Even before insurgent leader Jean-Jacques Dessalines declared Haiti’s independence on January 1, 1804 a plethora of texts were circulating in the Americas and Europe on the revolution in the French colony of Saint Domingue. Over the next decades, Haitian authors took up the challenge of responding to these foreign publications writing their own history of the nation’s founding. One of the seminal works of Haiti’s emerging historiographic tradition is the eight volume Histoire d’Haïti by Thomas Madiou. Published in Port-au-Prince in two installments in 1847 and 1848, the volumes were the first definitive history of Haiti from 1492 to 1846. The translations are from the original publication which I selected because it is now freely available on Google books. Henri Deschamps, a Haitian publishing house, released a more recent reprint between 1988 and 1991 but only limited copies are still available for purchase or held by U.S. libraries. For individuals familiar with the Deschamps edition, the pagination of the 1847/48 Google edition is slightly different. Born in Haiti in 1814 to a mixed race family, Madiou attended school in France from the age of 10. Upon returning to Haiti as an adult, he began publishing articles in Port-au-Prince newspapers only to realize the need for a complete history. Madiou set about reading available print sources and, more importantly, interviewing aging soldiers who fought in the revolution. -
© in This Web Service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83680-7 - The Old Regime and the Haitian Revolution Malick W. Ghachem Index More information Index Note: French words are indicated in italics. Information from endnotes is indicated by an n following the page number. abolition of slavery Haitian Revolution role/stance of, 216, in Britain, 2n4, 17n36, 24n56 217–218, 223–231, 253, 255–257, Code Noir, relationship to, 16–19 276–277, 285 1793 emancipation proclamations for, late revolutionary, 303–308 217, 236–291, 293–302 manumission stance of, 71, 80–81, February 4, 1794 decree (16 Pluviôse) 83–89, 90–91, 97, 99–100, on, 214, 255–302 107–108, 110, 111–113, 114–116, in France, 18n36, 18n38 233, 291–302 gradual emancipation, 145–146, 224, military service imposed by, 111–116 286, 312 as plantation owners, 42n39 Haitian Revolution and, 216, 256–257, planter brutality addressed by, 62, 282–283, 285–286, 292–293 122–126, 130–131, 151–156, in Jamaica, 2n3 157–160, 163–166, 167, 177–181, manumission relationship to, 11n28 182–187, 190–195, 201–206, 289–291 military service and, 16, 17n35 power struggles amongst, 30, 288 planter brutality and, 145–146, 230 on slave crimes and punishment, 59–62 slave rebellions/revolts and, 282–283 taxation policies of, 93–108 in Surinam, 2n3 affranchis (freed persons), See also negrès Tocqueville as abolitionist, 18n38, libres; gens de couleur libres 20, 44 dangers perceived by, 14 in U.S., 19 defined, 13, 68n123 administrators, See also specific parentage of, 85 administrators by name; intendants; politicization/political power -
Toussaint Louverture: “The Father of Haiti” in the Entire History of the World There Has Only Been One Slave Revolt That Created a New Country
History Topic of the Month Toussaint Louverture: “The Father of Haiti” In the entire history of the world there has only been one slave revolt that created a new country. That was the revolt against the French in the colony of Saint Dominique, which became the country of Haiti. This revolution was inspired by Toussaint Louverture, a former slave who became a general, leader and Contributer: © Shutterstock / Everett Collection finally martyr. His life changed the lives of hundreds of thousands of slaves. Today he remains an inspiration to millions. Toussaint Louverture (1743–1803) leader of the Haitian independence movement during the French Revolution, ultimately died in 1803 in a prison in France. French Saint Dominique Saint Dominique (modern-day Haiti) was a French colony which produced large amounts of sugar, coffee and cocoa. It was the western half of the island of Hispaniola. The eastern half was a Spanish colony called Santo Domingo. It was one of the most profitable colonies in the world. The 452,000 slaves on the island Contributer: © Shutterstock/BOLDG outnumbered the French ten to one. Most This Pacific Centered World map highlights the of the slaves had been captured in Africa location of modern Haiti. You can see it is part (many from modern Nigeria). In 1787 alone of an island called Hispaniola that also contains about 20,000 slaves were taken to the the modern-day Dominican Republic. island. Slaves were often worked to death and had no rights at all. Toussaint’s early life We know very little about Toussaint’s early life.