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La Construction D'haïti En Tant Que Problème Public Dans L'imagi

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La Construction D'haïti En Tant Que Problème Public Dans L'imagi UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX École Doctorale SP2 : Sociétés, Politique, Santé Publique SCIENCES PO BORDEAUX Laboratoire d’accueil : Les Afriques dans le monde Identités raciales et production du politique : la construction d’Haïti en tant que problème public dans l’imaginaire social caribéen. Études comparées sur la Jamaïque et la Guadeloupe. Volume 1 Thèse pour le Doctorat en Science politique Sous la direction de Mme Christine CHIVALLON Et la co-direction de M. Justin DANIEL présentée et soutenue publiquement le 10 mars 2017 par Sébastien NICOLAS Composition du jury : Mme Christine CHIVALLON , Directrice de recherche, CNRS-Université de Bordeaux / Passages ; directrice de thèse M. Justin DANIEL , Professeur, Université des Antilles / CRPLC ; co-directeur de thèse M. Laurent DUBOIS , Professeur, Duke University ; rapporteur M. Johann MICHEL , Professeur, Université de Poitiers / CEMS EHESS ; rapporteur M. Patrick SIMON, Directeur de recherche, INED M. Andrew SMITH, Directeur de recherche FNSP, Sciences Po Bordeaux / CED NICOLAS Sébastien ǀ Thèse pour le doctorat en Science politique | 2016 II RÉSUMÉ en français Ce travail propose une analyse comparée portant sur la construction d’Haïti en tant que problème public en Jamaïque et en Guadeloupe au cours des années 2000. Un premier facteu r de politisation observé dans ces deux territoires repose sur l’altérisation des Haïtiens par le biais de normes héritées de l’idéologie raciale coloniale et se traduit par d’importantes mobilisations contre les immigrés haïtiens. Un deuxième type d’intervention dans le champ politique relève au contraire de pratiques d’opposition au discours colonial et tend à présenter la première République noire comme le symbole d’une appartenance commune forgée dans la lutte contre l’hégémonie occidentale. Cette confl ictualité identitaire est resituée à l’aune du fond imaginaire racialisé hérité de la société de plantation et au croisement des modèles institutionnels mis en œuvre après la décolonisation en Jamaïque et en Guadeloupe. En retraçant la trajectoire du « problème haïtien », l’enquête engage une réflexion sur la production du politique dans l’espace caribéen. Elle s’attache à montrer en quoi les antagonismes socio -raciaux exprimés dans les sociétés à fondement esclavagiste informent et travaillent l’action pol itique qui y prend place. La première partie revient sur l’invention de la figure racisée du « barbare haïtien » dans l’espace Atlantique et son usage par les puissances occidentales en tant qu’outil de légitimation de l’ordre colonial en Jamaïque et en Gu adeloupe. La deuxième partie s’intéresse à la manière dont ces stéréotypes raciaux sont réactivés dans les deux territoires durant les années 2000 à travers la politisation de l’immigration haïtienne et sa mise à l’agenda auprès des pouvoirs publics. En troisième lieu, les interactions qui façonnent les énoncés officiels du « problème haïtien » sont saisies au prisme des instruments de l’action publique mis en place afin de réguler, contrôler et mettre à l’écart les corps haïtiens. Cette recherche invite à aborder , par le biais de l’exemple caribéen, les fondements de l’articulation entre identités raciales, production du politique, pratiques du pouvoir et modes de gouvernementalité. Elle met en évidence la longévité des schèmes de pensée issus de la domination coloniale, tout en soulignant la capacité des acteurs à en renégocier le contenu à travers le conflit politique. MOTS-CLÉS en français Pouvoir, identités raciales, problème public, instrumentation, mode de gouvernementalité, production du politique, imaginaire social, sociétés à fondement esclavagiste TITRE en anglais Racial identities and production of politics: the construction of Haiti as a public problem in Caribbean social imaginary. Comparative studies on Jamaica and Guadeloupe. RESUMÉ en anglais This research project proposes a comparative analysis regarding the construction of Haiti as a public problem in Jamaica and in Guadeloupe during the 2000s. A first factor of politicisation observed in both territories is based on the process of othering the Haitians through norms inherited from racist ideology and reflected in significant mobilisations against Haitian migrants. A second type of intervention in the political arena is conversely related to oppositional practices towards the colonial discourse and tends to present the first Black Republic as a symbol of common belonging shaped through struggles against Western hegemony. This source of identity-based conflicts is located in the light of a racialised imaginary inherited from plantation society and at the intersection of the institutional models implemented after decolonisation in Jamaica and in Guadeloupe. By recounting the career of the “Haitian problem”, this survey reflects on the production of politics in the Caribbean space as from its margins. It aims at showing how social and racial antagonisms expressed in societies founded on slavery shape and fashion local political action. The first part sheds a light on the invention of the racialised representation of the “Haitian barbarian” in the Atlantic space and its use as a tool for legitimating the colonial order in Jamaican and in Guadeloupe by Western powers. The second part addresses the way in which these racial stereotypes were reactivated in both territories during the 2000s through the politicisation of Haitian immigration as well as its placement on the policy agenda. Third, the interactions that shape official narratives related to the “Haitian problem” are grasped through the lens of policy instruments implemented in order to regulate, control and exclude Haitian bodies. Based on the Caribbean example, this research invites to discuss the way racial identities, politics, power practices and governmentalities relate and are articulated altogether. It highlights the longevity of thinking patterns derived from colonial domination, while emphasising the capacity of actors to renegotiate their content through political conflict. MOTS-CLÉS en anglais Power, racial identities, public problem, instrumentalities, governmentality, production of politics, social imaginary, societies founded on slavery NICOLAS Sébastien ǀ Thèse pour le doctorat en Science politique | 2016 II Sommaire SOMMAIRE……………………………………………………………….....………...….3 REMERCIEMENTS…………………………………………………………………...….5 INTRODU CTION……………………………………………………………..…… .……. 9 PENSER LE POLITIQUE DANS LA CARAÏBE : REPÈRES HISTORIQUES ET CULTURELS ………………………………………...……. .17 POSITIONNEMENT DANS LA LITTÉRATURE DES SCIENCES SOCIALES ……………………………………………… ......... …… 36 PRÉSENTATION DE LA MÉTHODOLOGIE ……………………………….....7 6 RECENTREMENT ET ANNONCE DU PLAN DE LA THÈSE ….... ………..... 91 1ERE PARTIE. GOUVERNEMENTALITÉ COLONIALE, IDÉOLOGIE RACISTE ET USAGES POLITIQUES D'HAÏTI : PERSPECTIVES HISTO RIQUES……….95 CHAPITRE 1. UNE FIGURE RACIALISÉE DE L'ANTI-MODERNITÉ : L’INVENTION D'HAÏTI DANS L'IMAGINAIRE COLONIAL ………………………9 9 CHAPITRE 2. RÉGIMES DE POUVOIR ET CATÉGORIES RACIALES : HISTORICISER LA PRODUCTION DU POLITIQUE EN JAMAÏQUE ET EN GUADELOUPE …………………………………………………………………147 CHAPITRE 3. RETRACER LE RAPPORT À HAÏTI. MISE EN CONTEXTE DES RELATIONS HISTORIQUES AVEC LA JAMAÏQUE ET LA GUADELOUPE ………………………… …….………. 211 2EME PARTIE. LA RÉACTIVATION DU « PROBLEME HAÏTIEN » EN JAMAÏQUE ET EN GUADELOUPE DURANT LES ANNEES 2000. CONSTRUCTION DE LA MENACE ET PROCESSUS DE MISE A L'AGENDA.................................................................................................263 CHAPITRE 4. SAISIR LES « UNIVERS DE SENS » À L'ORIGINE DU « PROBLÈME HAÏTIEN » : ALTÉRITÉ, RÉAPPROPRIATIONS IDENTITAIRES ET LOGIQUES DE RACIALISATION …........................................................................267 CHAPITRE 5. DE L'ASSIGNATION IDENTITAIRE À LA POLITISATION : MISE À L'AGENDA ET CONTESTATION DU « PROBLÈME HAÏTIEN » EN JAMAÏQUE ……………………………………………………………………….…343 NICOLAS Sébastien ǀ Thèse pour le doctorat en Science politique | 2016 3 CHAPITRE 6. LA POLARISATION DU CHAMP POLITIQUE AUTOUR DE L'IMMIGRATION HAÏTIENNE EN GUADELOUPE : RACISME, LUTTES DE POUVOIR ET MOBILISATIONS IDENTITAIRES ………………….....…...…… 407 3EME PARTIE. DE LA MISE EN POLITIQUE AUX PRATIQUES INSTRUMENTALES. L'USAGE D'HAÏTI EN TANT QUE TECHNOLOGIE GOUVERNEMENTALE……………………………………………………………….471 CHAPITRE 7. MODES DE GOUVERNEMENTALITÉ ET INSTRUMENTATION DU « PROBLÈME HAÏTIEN » : RÉAFFIRMER L'IDENTITÉ LÉGITIME…... ……477 CHAPITRE 8. LES POUVOIRS PUBLICS FACE AU TREMBLEMENT DE TERRE DE 2010 : VICTIMISATION ET (RE)MISE À NU DES CORPS ……..…….. 565 CONCLUSION GÉNÉRALE…………………………………………………………..615 TABLES DES MATIÈ RES…………………………………………………………… .629 NICOLAS Sébastien ǀ Thèse pour le doctorat en Science politique | 2016 4 Remerciements Cette thèse est l’aboutissement d’un travail passionnant et enrichissant. Elle fut guidée par les lectures qui lui ont permis de prendre corps, mais aussi et surtout par les nombreuses rencontres humaines qui en ont jalonné la réalisation . Ce travail n’aurait pas été possible sans le soutien constant d es personnes qui m’ont apporté aide, en couragements et conseils. Qu’il me soit permis de les remercier chaleureusement. Ma gratitude va en premier lieu à Christine Chivallon et à Justin Daniel, pour m’avoir fait découvrir un terrain qui ne m’a plus quitté depuis, et pour m’avoir soutenu dans c e projet depuis ses débuts. Ils m’ont transmis ce mélange d’appétence pour la connaissance et de rigueur intellectuelle propre à la recherche en sciences sociales ; cette propension à « couper le cheveu en quatre », pour reprendre
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