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Le BâIllonnement De La RéVolution Haã¯Tienne Dans Lâ•Žimaginaire

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Le BâIllonnement De La RéVolution Haã¯Tienne Dans Lâ•Žimaginaire City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 2013 Le Bâillonnement de la Révolution haïtienne dans l’imaginaire occidental à travers des textes fictionnels des dix-neuvième et vingtième siècles Claudy Delné The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/2246 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] LE BÂILLONNEMENT DE LA RÉVOLUTION HAÏTIENNE DANS L’IMAGINAIRE OCCIDENTAL À TRAVERS DES TEXTES FICTIONNELS DES DIX-NEUVIÈME ET VINGTIÈME SIÈCLES By CLAUDY DELNE A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in French in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2013 © 2013 CLAUDY DELNE All Rights Reserved iii This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in French in satisfaction of the dissertation requirements for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy. ____________________________ _____________________________ Date Thomas C. Spear Chair of Examining Committee ___________________________ _____________________________ Date Ali Nematollahy Assistant Executive Officer Renée Larrier___________________________________ Supervisory Committee Jerry W. Carlson _______________ Supervisory Committee THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iv Abstract LE BÂILLONNEMENT DE LA RÉVOLUTION HAÏTIENNE DANS L’IMAGINAIRE OCCIDENTAL À TRAVERS DES TEXTES FICTIONNELS DES DIX-NEUVIÈME ET VINGTIÈME SIÈCLES By CLAUDY DELNÉ ADVISER: PROFESSOR THOMAS C. SPEAR Inspired by the study of Western historiography and the processes by which silence enters into history in Michel-Rolph Trouillot’s seminal work, Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History, this dissertation demonstrates that fiction can be used both for silencing the past and for rewriting it. This study focuses on seven novels, one short story and two plays published between 1798 to 2007: Adonis ou le Bon Nègre by Jean-Baptiste Picquenard, L’Habitation de Saint-Domingue ou L’Insurrection by Charles de Rémusat, Benito Cereno by Herman Melville, Les Nuits chaudes du Cap-Français by Hugues Rebell, Drums at Dusk by Arna Bontemps, Le Royaume de ce monde (El reino de este mundo) by Alejo Carpentier, Monsieur Toussaint by Edouard Glissant, and the trilogy of the historical novel (Le Sou ement des mes Le a tre des carrefours, La Pierre du b tisseur by Madison Smartt Bell. Building upon the works of Paul Ricœur and Hayden White for whom historical and fictional narratives have more in common than they diverge, this dissertation shows how diverse narrative techniques in fictions representing the Haitian Revolution participate in the silencing of this Revolution, one of the most significant events of the Enlightenment that has left a legacy of centuries of ramifications upon world history. This study reads fiction in a manner analogous to historical works, rewriting history. It examines a representative corpus of fictional texts through a close analysis of point of view, v characters, tropes, metaphors and emplotments. This study explores the way in which writers of fiction use a variety of narrative techniques to represent the Revolution as an unthinkable event. It also shows how fiction can be not only history’s ally, but also an effective medium for revisiting predominant views of the official version of the historical past. vi Acknowledgements As I have conducted this study, I have benefited from the teaching, criticism and advice of many professors, colleagues and friends. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Professor Thomas C. Spear, my dissertation supervisor, for his rigor, his passion for the subject, his love for Haitian literature and history, his unequivocal assistance in helping meet my progress on schedule. My grateful thanks go to my supervisory committee members, Professor Jerry W. Carlson, for his scholarly guidance on my rhetorical readings of the corpus, for his seminar on fiction, films and narrative forms, and to Professor Renée Larrier, for her seminar on Caribbean literature at Rutgers University and its beneficial exchanges and discussions that prompted my discovery of Michel Rolph Trouillot’s seminal work, Silencing the Past. I wish to acknowledge the help of Professor Julia Przybos, the Executive Officer of the Ph. D program in French at CUNY for her various reading suggestions and comments after a close reading of the first four chapters of this dissertation. Special thanks as well are extended to the Deputy Executive Officer, Professor Aly Nematollahy, for accepting to conduct the dissertation defense within such a short notice. I would also especially like to thank Professor Peter Consenstein, former Executive Officer, for his assistance in securing financial support through the Dean K. Harrison Award and the French Department mini-grant. This dissertation would not have come to fruition without the warm welcome and hospitality of Professor Francesca C. Sautman, also former Executive Officer to the French program at CUNY-Graduate Center. This dissertation is the combination of my study that I began, in part, under the rigorous mentorship of Sautman who constantly acknowledged my ability and analytical skills in reading literary texts. Her intellectual rigor and humility in mentoring my first year research project were of an invaluable input in the pursuit of this study, for which I am truly indebted to her. I would like to thank Professor Sue Peabody, former president of the French Colonial Historical Society, for encouraging me to participate in the Society annual conference in California in 2009, where I first presented this dissertation topic in a paper entitled "La fiction comme alliée de l’histoire dans le bâillonnement ou l’occultation des événements pré-post révolutionnaires à Saint-Domingue". I am indebted to Professor Peadody for introducing me to Professor Alyssa G. Sepinwall, who has become a friend and a mentor. Alyssa has been an invaluable asset in knowledge of content and of networking. I had the privilege of writing a (forthcoming) review of her latest book Haitian History: New Perspectives for the French Studies Journal. Special thanks go to Professor François Cornilliat, former Graduate Director at Rutgers University, into whose French Master-Doctoral program I was first admitted. He recommended me the work of Michelle Cheyne which has inspired my undertaking of this study. I also extend gratitude to my first professor at Rutgers, Derek Schilling, who has recently been transferred to vii the French Department at John Hopkins University. He has considerably impacted my thinking through his own probity, rigor and methodology. My great appreciation and indebtedness extend to my long time friend and colleague, Joubert Satire, Professor at Guelph University, for his valuable and constructive suggestions after a thorough reading of this dissertation. He is a true role-model. I would like to specially thank my friend Monette P. Delétang for sending me Bell’s trilogy French edition from Blois in France. Finally, I would not have completed this study had not I received the full support of my wife Claire, and that of my daughter Tamani who understood the sacrifice of the uncompromised daughter-dad sharing times because of the burden of writing, the imperative need to be alone in office toward completion of this dissertation. I would like to express a very special recognition to my mother, Germaine Clergé, who had inculcated in me from a tender age the thirst for knowledge, even though she can barely read and write her name. I dedicate this dissertation in her name for being a proud educated illiterate mother. viii TABLE DES MATIÈRES Abstract iv Acknowledgements vi Introduction Considérations générales 1 Chapitre I Arrière-plan historique : Rôle de l’économie sucrière à Saint-Domingue 24 et les mouvements sociaux liés aux contradictions inhérentes du système colonial esclavagiste Chapitre II L’historiographie occidentale : La Révolution haïtienne dans les 50 grands récits Chapitre III Histoire-fiction : les textes pionniers (Bug-Jargal de Victor Hugo, 70 Toussaint Louverture d’Alphone de Lamartine et Ourika de Claire de Duras) Chapitre IV Gothicisation et éroticisation de la Révolution haïtienne : Adonis ou 112 le bon nègre et Les Nuits chaudes du Cap-Français Chapitre V Du miroir déformant ou dérive de la Révolution française à la parodie 170 de la dialectique du maître et de l’esclave : L’habitation de Saint-Domingue ou ’insurrection; Benito Cereno et Drums at Dusk Chapitre VI Du réalisme merveilleux à la poétique de la Relation : Le Royaume de ce 236 monde et Monsieur Toussaint Chapitre VII Récit polyphonique des grandes fresques de la Révolution haïtienne : 287 La trilogie du roman historique de Madison Smartt Bell Conclusion 355 Bibliographie des œuvres étudiées 367 Bibliographie des œuvres secondaires 368 1 Introduction : Considérations générales La Révolution haïtienne a fait irruption dans l’ordre occidental et a troublé son ontologie. La soudaineté de l’événement, bien que prévisible selon toutes les pronostiques de l’époque, a pris tout son sens avec la formule slumbering volcano (volcan ensommeillé) de Frederick Douglass. Loin d’être exclue de la modernité, cette révolution s’y incorpore de force.
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