DOCSLIB.ORG

TEXT SUPPLEMENT (Ch 6): a Brief Summary Classification of Organisms

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

1 TEXT SUPPLEMENT (Ch 6): A Brief Summary Classification of Organisms I. KINGDOM ARCHAEA IV. KINGDOM PLANTAE Phylum ARCHAEA or ARCHAEBACTERIA. A Eucaryotic organisms possessing chloroplasts and small group of simple, bacterialike organisms with similar organelles. Most are multicellular and have procaryotic cells. Nucleic acid sequences set these cell walls. Nearly all carry out photosynthesis using at organisms apart from all other kingdoms. least one other pigment in addition to chlorophyll a. Methanogens. Methane-producing organisms. Subkingdom Thallophyta. Eucaryotic algae: Fertil- ized eggs (zygotes) not surrounded by sterile nonre- Extreme Thermophiles. Organisms adapted to liv- productive tissue. ing in hot springs and similar environments, with high optimal growing temperatures. Subkingdom Embryophyta. Plants in which zygotes are surrounded by sterile nonreproductive Extreme Halophiles. Organisms adapted to tissue. extremely salty environments. Bryophyta. Nonvascular embryophytes, includ- II. KINGDOM EUBACTERIA ing mosses and liverworts. This group includes the vast majority of procaryotic Tracheophyta. Vascular plants. organisms, with nucleic acid sequences showing Divisions in which seeds are not present: homology (similarity by common descent) to the nucleic acids of eucaryotic organisms. Phylum PSILOPHYTA. Psilophytes. Phylum BACTERIA. Procaryotic organisms that Phylum LEPIDOPHYTA. Club mosses and other lepidophytes. lack chlorophyll a and do not release oxygen. Phylum ARTHOPHYTA or SPHENOPSIDA. Phylum CYANOBACTERIA. Procaryotic organisms Horsetails and their relatives. structurally similar to bacteria, but possessing chloro- phyll a and releasing oxygen during photosynthesis. Phylum PTEROPHYTA. Ferns. III. KINGDOM PROTISTA Divisions possessing seeds: Phylum PTERIDOSPERMOPHYTA. Seed Eucaryotic single cells lacking chloroplasts or other ferns. features of kingdoms IV through VI. Phylum CYCADOPHYTA. Cycads. Phylum SARCODINA. Protists that move by Phylum GINKGOPHYTA. Ginkgos. extending pseudopods. Phylum CONIFEROPHYTA. Pines, spruces, Phylum MASTIGOPHORA. Protists that move with and other cone-bearing plants (conifers). the help of one or more whiplike flagella. Phylum GNETOPHYTA. Gnetum, Ephedra, Phylum CILIATA. Protists that move by the beating and Welwitschia. of numerous hairlike cilia. Phylum ANGIOSPERMAE or ANTHO- Phylum SPOROZOA. Nonmotile protists that PHYTA. Flowering plants, the largest and most reproduce using spores. successful group. 2 V. KINGDOM MYCOTA (FUNGI) Phylum GASTROTRICHA. Small wormlike ani- mals related to roundworms. Eucaryotic organisms possessing cell walls but no chloroplasts, usually reproducing by spores, and Phylum GORDIACEA. Elongated ‘horsehair carrying out absorptive nutrition. worms’. Phylum ROTIFERA. Microscopic aquatic organ- Subkingdom MYXOMYCOTA. Slime molds. Life isms containing a ring of cilia that beat in a circular cycle alternates between motile cells and creeping pattern resembling a wheel. multicellular or multinucleated aggregates that form fruiting bodies. Phylum ACANTHOCEPHALA. A group of parasitic worms with hook-studded heads. Subkingdom EUMYCOTA. True fungi, usually pos- sessing branched threadlike absorptive filaments Phylum ENTOPROCTA. A small group of filter- (hyphae). feeders (animals that strain small particles from the water). VI. KINGDOM ANIMALIA Note: Phyla listed from this point on have a true Multicellular eucaryotic organisms lacking chloro- body cavity (coelom) lined with mesoderm through- plasts and developing from a hollow ball of cells out. (blastula). Phylum PHORONIDA. A small group of filter-feed- Phylum PORIFERA. Sponges. Animals possessing ing wormlike animals. specialized cells but no organized tissues. Phylum BRYOZOA. Small filter-feeding ‘moss ani- Phylum MESOZOA. A small group of species, con- mals,’ usually living in colonies. taining organisms with only a few cells each, with- Phylum BRACHIOPODA. Filter-feeding animals out organized tissues. with a shell composed of two unequal parts and a Phylum CNIDARIA. The coelenterates or cnidari- stalk that attaches the adults to a fixed location. ans, a diverse group possessing stinging cells, and Phylum MOLLUSCA. A large and diverse group of including corals, anemones, hydroids, and jellyfish. animals possessing a cavity lined with a layer of cells Two tissue layers (endoderm and ectoderm) present. that usually secretes some kind of an inflexible shell of calcium carbonate. Includes snails, clams, octo- Phylum CTENOPHORA. ‘Comb jellies’, animals pus, squid, and related species. with a ‘biradial’ symmetry, like that of a two-armed pinwheel. Phylum ANNELIDA. Segmented worms, including earthworms and sandworms. Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES. Flatworms, includ- ing planarias, parasitic flukes, and parasitic tape- Phylum SIPUNCULIDA. Peanut-shaped worms. worms. Tissues formed by three germ layers (ecto- Phylum ECHIURIDA. A small wormlike group. derm, mesoderm, endoderm) but no body cavity present. Phylum PENTASTOMIDA. Small parasitic worms whose head and claws give the appearance of a five- Phylum RHYNCHOCOELA or NEMERTEA. Rib- branched head. bon worms; similar to flatworms but with a pro- trusible head structure (proboscis). Phylum TARDIGRADA. Tiny aquatic ‘water bears,’ segmented animals with clawed appendages. Phylum NEMATODA. Roundworms, an abundant group including both free-living and parasitic Phylum ONYCHOPHORA. Segmented, wormlike species. This and the next few phyla possess a body organisms with clawed appendages. cavity bordered by endoderm as well as mesoderm. Phylum ARTHROPODA. Animals with jointed legs, Phylum KINORHYNCHA. Parasitic worms related protected by an external skeleton that permits to roundworms. hinge-like movements between its more rigid parts. 3 The largest phylum of all, including crabs, lobsters, Phylum CHORDATA. Animals with a notochord (a barnacles, spiders, scorpions, centipedes, millipedes, stiff, flexible rodlike structure), a dorsal hollow insects, extinct trilobites, and other groups. nerve cord, and gill slits, each at some stage of life. Phylum CHAETOGNATHA. Arrow worms. Subphylum UROCHORDATA. Sea squirts (tuni- cates), salps, and their relatives, with actively Phylum ECHINODERMATA. Crinoids, starfishes, swimming larval stages and generally with non- sea urchins etc. possessing a water-vascular system, motile filter-feeding adults. numerous tube-like feet, and in many cases a five- fold radial symmetry. Subphylum CEPHALOCHORDATA. Sea lancets such as amphioxus, with motile filter- Phylum HEMICHORDATA. Acorn worms, ptero- feeding adult stages. branchs, and graptolites, related to the Chordata but not sharing all chordate characteristics. Subphylum VERTEBRATA. Animals with a backbone. Includes fishes (four classes), amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals..
Recommended publications
  • Review of Acanthocephala (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae) of America North of Mexico with a Key to Species

    Review of Acanthocephala (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae) of America North of Mexico with a Key to Species

    Zootaxa 2835: 30–40 (2011) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2011 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Review of Acanthocephala (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae) of America north of Mexico with a key to species J. E. McPHERSON1, RICHARD J. PACKAUSKAS2, ROBERT W. SITES3, STEVEN J. TAYLOR4, C. SCOTT BUNDY5, JEFFREY D. BRADSHAW6 & PAULA LEVIN MITCHELL7 1Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Biological Sciences, Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas 67601, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 3Enns Entomology Museum, Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 4Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 5Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, & Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 6Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Panhandle Research & Extension Center, Scottsbluff, Nebraska 69361, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 7Department of Biology, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, South Carolina 29733, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract A review of Acanthocephala of America north of Mexico is presented with an updated key to species. A. confraterna is considered a junior synonym of A. terminalis, thus reducing the number of known species in this region from five to four. New state and country records are presented. Key words: Coreidae, Coreinae, Acanthocephalini, Acanthocephala, North America, review, synonymy, key, distribution Introduction The genus Acanthocephala Laporte currently is represented in America north of Mexico by five species: Acan- thocephala (Acanthocephala) declivis (Say), A.
  • Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, and "Aschelminthes" - A

    Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, and "Aschelminthes" - A

    BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE FUNDAMENTALS AND SYSTEMATICS – Vol. III - Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, and "Aschelminthes" - A. Schmidt-Rhaesa PLATYHELMINTHES, NEMERTEA, AND “ASCHELMINTHES” A. Schmidt-Rhaesa University of Bielefeld, Germany Keywords: Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Gnathifera, Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, Rotifera, Acanthocephala, Cycliophora, Nemathelminthes, Gastrotricha, Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, Loricifera Contents 1. Introduction 2. General Morphology 3. Platyhelminthes, the Flatworms 4. Nemertea (Nemertini), the Ribbon Worms 5. “Aschelminthes” 5.1. Gnathifera 5.1.1. Gnathostomulida 5.1.2. Micrognathozoa (Limnognathia maerski) 5.1.3. Rotifera 5.1.4. Acanthocephala 5.1.5. Cycliophora (Symbion pandora) 5.2. Nemathelminthes 5.2.1. Gastrotricha 5.2.2. Nematoda, the Roundworms 5.2.3. Nematomorpha, the Horsehair Worms 5.2.4. Priapulida 5.2.5. Kinorhyncha 5.2.6. Loricifera Acknowledgements Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary UNESCO – EOLSS This chapter provides information on several basal bilaterian groups: flatworms, nemerteans, Gnathifera,SAMPLE and Nemathelminthes. CHAPTERS These include species-rich taxa such as Nematoda and Platyhelminthes, and as taxa with few or even only one species, such as Micrognathozoa (Limnognathia maerski) and Cycliophora (Symbion pandora). All Acanthocephala and subgroups of Platyhelminthes and Nematoda, are parasites that often exhibit complex life cycles. Most of the taxa described are marine, but some have also invaded freshwater or the terrestrial environment. “Aschelminthes” are not a natural group, instead, two taxa have been recognized that were earlier summarized under this name. Gnathifera include taxa with a conspicuous jaw apparatus such as Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, and Rotifera. Although they do not possess a jaw apparatus, Acanthocephala also belong to Gnathifera due to their epidermal structure. ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE FUNDAMENTALS AND SYSTEMATICS – Vol.
  • Phylogenetic Classification of Life

    Phylogenetic Classification of Life

    Proc. Natl. Accad. Sci. USA Vol. 93, pp. 1071-1076, February 1996 Evolution Archaeal- eubacterial mergers in the origin of Eukarya: Phylogenetic classification of life (centriole-kinetosome DNA/Protoctista/kingdom classification/symbiogenesis/archaeprotist) LYNN MARGULIS Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-5810 Conitribluted by Lynnl Marglulis, September 15, 1995 ABSTRACT A symbiosis-based phylogeny leads to a con- these features evolved in their ancestors by inferable steps (4, sistent, useful classification system for all life. "Kingdoms" 20). rRNA gene sequences (Trichomonas, Coronympha, Giar- and "Domains" are replaced by biological names for the most dia; ref. 11) confirm these as descendants of anaerobic eu- inclusive taxa: Prokarya (bacteria) and Eukarya (symbiosis- karyotes that evolved prior to the "crown group" (12)-e.g., derived nucleated organisms). The earliest Eukarya, anaero- animals, fungi, or plants. bic mastigotes, hypothetically originated from permanent If eukaryotes began as motility symbioses between Ar- whole-cell fusion between members of Archaea (e.g., Thermo- chaea-e.g., Thermoplasma acidophilum-like and Eubacteria plasma-like organisms) and of Eubacteria (e.g., Spirochaeta- (Spirochaeta-, Spirosymplokos-, or Diplocalyx-like microbes; like organisms). Molecular biology, life-history, and fossil ref. 4) where cell-genetic integration led to the nucleus- record evidence support the reunification of bacteria as cytoskeletal system that defines eukaryotes (21)-then an Prokarya while
  • Plant Evolution an Introduction to the History of Life

    Plant Evolution an Introduction to the History of Life

    Plant Evolution An Introduction to the History of Life KARL J. NIKLAS The University of Chicago Press Chicago and London CONTENTS Preface vii Introduction 1 1 Origins and Early Events 29 2 The Invasion of Land and Air 93 3 Population Genetics, Adaptation, and Evolution 153 4 Development and Evolution 217 5 Speciation and Microevolution 271 6 Macroevolution 325 7 The Evolution of Multicellularity 377 8 Biophysics and Evolution 431 9 Ecology and Evolution 483 Glossary 537 Index 547 v Introduction The unpredictable and the predetermined unfold together to make everything the way it is. It’s how nature creates itself, on every scale, the snowflake and the snowstorm. — TOM STOPPARD, Arcadia, Act 1, Scene 4 (1993) Much has been written about evolution from the perspective of the history and biology of animals, but significantly less has been writ- ten about the evolutionary biology of plants. Zoocentricism in the biological literature is understandable to some extent because we are after all animals and not plants and because our self- interest is not entirely egotistical, since no biologist can deny the fact that animals have played significant and important roles as the actors on the stage of evolution come and go. The nearly romantic fascination with di- nosaurs and what caused their extinction is understandable, even though we should be equally fascinated with the monarchs of the Carboniferous, the tree lycopods and calamites, and with what caused their extinction (fig. 0.1). Yet, it must be understood that plants are as fascinating as animals, and that they are just as important to the study of biology in general and to understanding evolutionary theory in particular.
  • Kingdom Animalia: Phylum Summary Table

    Kingdom Animalia: Phylum Summary Table

    KINGDOM ANIMALIA: PHYLUM SUMMARY TABLE Phylum PORIFERA CNIDARIA PLATYHELMINTHES (flatworms) NEMATODA (roundworms) ANNELIDA (segmented worms) Examples Sponges Sea jellies, Hydra, coral Planaria, tapeworm Trichinella, hookworm, Earthworm, polychaete worms, colonies, sea anemones nematode leech Body type Asymmetry Radial symmetry Bilateral symmetry Bilateral symmetry Bilateral symmetry (Symmetry) Ecological roles Food source Food source Food source Food source Food source home / shelter Reef- home, protect Parasitic Parasitic Parasitic symbiotic with shores Eat dead animals – Aerate soil Aerate soil bacteria Chem. – anticancer saprophyte Breakdown material Breakdown material Body organization 2 germ layers 2 layers: ecto & endo 3 layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, 3 layers: ectoderm, 3 layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, (# germ layers) Ectoderm, endoderm With mesoglea between endoderm mesoderm, endoderm endoderm Body cavity Acoelom Acoelom Acoelom Pseudocoelom Coelom Digestive system Filter feed: collar cells, Gastrovascular cavity, Mouth and gastrovascular Complete digestive Complete digestive system: food vacuoles, mouth, and cavity system: mouth & anus mouth & anus osculum nematocysts to capture food Mouth also serves as anus Special organs Special organs Reproduction Sexual: Sexual: male & female Sexual: hermaphroditic – Sexual: separate sexes = Sexual: hermaphroditic – heramaphroditic – medusa – gametes fuse cross fertilization dioecious cross fertilization gametes released in H2O Asexual: budding, Asexual: fragmentation Asexual: budding, regeneration
  • Helminth Parasites (Trematoda, Cestoda, Nematoda, Acanthocephala) of Herpetofauna from Southeastern Oklahoma: New Host and Geographic Records

    Helminth Parasites (Trematoda, Cestoda, Nematoda, Acanthocephala) of Herpetofauna from Southeastern Oklahoma: New Host and Geographic Records

    125 Helminth Parasites (Trematoda, Cestoda, Nematoda, Acanthocephala) of Herpetofauna from Southeastern Oklahoma: New Host and Geographic Records Chris T. McAllister Science and Mathematics Division, Eastern Oklahoma State College, Idabel, OK 74745 Charles R. Bursey Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University-Shenango, Sharon, PA 16146 Matthew B. Connior Life Sciences, Northwest Arkansas Community College, Bentonville, AR 72712 Abstract: Between May 2013 and September 2015, two amphibian and eight reptilian species/ subspecies were collected from Atoka (n = 1) and McCurtain (n = 31) counties, Oklahoma, and examined for helminth parasites. Twelve helminths, including a monogenean, six digeneans, a cestode, three nematodes and two acanthocephalans was found to be infecting these hosts. We document nine new host and three new distributional records for these helminths. Although we provide new records, additional surveys are needed for some of the 257 species of amphibians and reptiles of the state, particularly those in the western and panhandle regions who remain to be examined for helminths. ©2015 Oklahoma Academy of Science Introduction Methods In the last two decades, several papers from Between May 2013 and September 2015, our laboratories have appeared in the literature 11 Sequoyah slimy salamander (Plethodon that has helped increase our knowledge of sequoyah), nine Blanchard’s cricket frog the helminth parasites of Oklahoma’s diverse (Acris blanchardii), two eastern cooter herpetofauna (McAllister and Bursey 2004, (Pseudemys concinna concinna), two common 2007, 2012; McAllister et al. 1995, 2002, snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina), two 2005, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014a, b, c; Bonett Mississippi mud turtle (Kinosternon subrubrum et al. 2011). However, there still remains a hippocrepis), two western cottonmouth lack of information on helminths of some of (Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma), one the 257 species of amphibians and reptiles southern black racer (Coluber constrictor of the state (Sievert and Sievert 2011).
  • Fungi-Chapter 31 Refer to the Images of Life Cycles of Rhizopus, Morchella and Mushroom in Your Text Book and Lab Manual

    Fungi-Chapter 31 Refer to the Images of Life Cycles of Rhizopus, Morchella and Mushroom in Your Text Book and Lab Manual

    Fungi-Chapter 31 Refer to the images of life cycles of Rhizopus, Morchella and Mushroom in your text book and lab manual. Chytrids Chytrids (phylum Chytridiomycota) are found in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine habitats including hydrothermal vents They can be decomposers, parasites, or mutualists Molecular evidence supports the hypothesis that chytrids diverged early in fungal evolution Chytrids are unique among fungi in having flagellated spores, called zoospores Zygomycetes The zygomycetes (phylum Zygomycota) exhibit great diversity of life histories They include fast-growing molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts The life cycle of black bread mold (Rhizopus stolonifer) is fairly typical of the phylum Its hyphae are coenocytic Asexual sporangia produce haploid spores The zygomycetes are named for their sexually produced zygosporangia Zygosporangia are the site of karyogamy and then meiosis Zygosporangia, which are resistant to freezing and drying, can survive unfavorable conditions Some zygomycetes, such as Pilobolus, can actually “aim” and shoot their sporangia toward bright light Glomeromycetes The glomeromycetes (phylum Glomeromycota) were once considered zygomycetes They are now classified in a separate clade Glomeromycetes form arbuscular mycorrhizae by growing into root cells but covered by host cell membrane. Ascomycetes Ascomycetes (phylum Ascomycota) live in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats Ascomycetes produce sexual spores in saclike asci contained in fruiting bodies called ascocarps Ascomycetes are commonly
  • Appendix: Bioinspired Parasite Details

    Appendix: Bioinspired Parasite Details

    A p p e n d i x : B i o i n s p i r e d P a r a s i t e Details Internal Parasites: Endoparasites Biological endoparasites live inside a hosts’ body. In farms, biological parasites infect, hurt, and even kill animals, hurting a farming business. This book is look- ing for inspiration from biology to prevent or treat business “disease.” In business, there are many opportunities for inoculation and treatment. Brain Jackers—Acanthocephala— Thorny-Headed Worms Thorny-headed worms are rare in humans, and also cause disease in birds, amphibians, and reptiles. They are called thorny-headed because they use a bio- logical lancet to pierce and hold onto the stomach walls of the host (Wikipedia, 2013). Their lifecycle includes invertebrates, fish, lizards, birds, and mammals. In one stage of their lifecycle, they “brain jack” a small crustacean eaten by ducks. Just as inner-city drivers are subject to “car-jacking,” this parasite actually redi- rects the crustacean’s dominant behavior from staying away from light to actively seeking it—where ducks may be more likely to eat them, and where the parasite reproduces (Wikipedia, 2013). Alaskan Inuit have a zest for raw fish and that contributes to their increased incidence of Acanthocephala infection compared with other groups of people (Roberts & Janovy, 2009, p. 506). Prevention and Treatment for Acanthocephala Endoscopic and X-ray examinations detect Acanthocephala because their eggs are not passed through feces (Mehlhorn, 2008, p. 25). Controlling the spread of rodents, as well as protecting and cooking food prevents infection.
  • Biology of Fungi, Lecture 2: the Diversity of Fungi and Fungus-Like Organisms

    Biology of Fungi, Lecture 2: the Diversity of Fungi and Fungus-Like Organisms

    Biology of Fungi, Lecture 2: The Diversity of Fungi and Fungus-Like Organisms Terms You Should Understand u ‘Fungus’ (pl., fungi) is a taxonomic term and does not refer to morphology u ‘Mold’ is a morphological term referring to a filamentous (multicellular) condition u ‘Mildew’ is a term that refers to a particular type of mold u ‘Yeast’ is a morphological term referring to a unicellular condition Special Lecture Notes on Fungal Taxonomy u Fungal taxonomy is constantly in flux u Not one taxonomic scheme will be agreed upon by all mycologists u Classical fungal taxonomy was based primarily upon morphological features u Contemporary fungal taxonomy is based upon phylogenetic relationships Fungi in a Broad Sense u Mycologists have traditionally studied a diverse number of organisms, many not true fungi, but fungal-like in their appearance, physiology, or life style u At one point, these fungal-like microbes included the Actinomycetes, due to their filamentous growth patterns, but today are known as Gram-positive bacteria u The types of organisms mycologists have traditionally studied are now divided based upon phylogenetic relationships u These relationships are: Q Kingdom Fungi - true fungi Q Kingdom Straminipila - “water molds” Q Kingdom Mycetozoa - “slime molds” u Kingdom Fungi (Mycota) Q Phylum: Chytridiomycota Q Phylum: Zygomycota Q Phylum: Glomeromycota Q Phylum: Ascomycota Q Phylum: Basidiomycota Q Form-Phylum: Deuteromycota (Fungi Imperfecti) Page 1 of 16 Biology of Fungi Lecture 2: Diversity of Fungi u Kingdom Straminiplia (Chromista)
  • Animal Phylum Poster Porifera

    Animal Phylum Poster Porifera

    Phylum PORIFERA CNIDARIA PLATYHELMINTHES ANNELIDA MOLLUSCA ECHINODERMATA ARTHROPODA CHORDATA Hexactinellida -- glass (siliceous) Anthozoa -- corals and sea Turbellaria -- free-living or symbiotic Polychaetes -- segmented Gastopods -- snails and slugs Asteroidea -- starfish Trilobitomorpha -- tribolites (extinct) Urochordata -- tunicates Groups sponges anemones flatworms (Dugusia) bristleworms Bivalves -- clams, scallops, mussels Echinoidea -- sea urchins, sand Chelicerata Cephalochordata -- lancelets (organisms studied in detail in Demospongia -- spongin or Hydrazoa -- hydras, some corals Trematoda -- flukes (parasitic) Oligochaetes -- earthworms (Lumbricus) Cephalopods -- squid, octopus, dollars Arachnida -- spiders, scorpions Mixini -- hagfish siliceous sponges Xiphosura -- horseshoe crabs Bio1AL are underlined) Cubozoa -- box jellyfish, sea wasps Cestoda -- tapeworms (parasitic) Hirudinea -- leeches nautilus Holothuroidea -- sea cucumbers Petromyzontida -- lamprey Mandibulata Calcarea -- calcareous sponges Scyphozoa -- jellyfish, sea nettles Monogenea -- parasitic flatworms Polyplacophora -- chitons Ophiuroidea -- brittle stars Chondrichtyes -- sharks, skates Crustacea -- crustaceans (shrimp, crayfish Scleropongiae -- coralline or Crinoidea -- sea lily, feather stars Actinipterygia -- ray-finned fish tropical reef sponges Hexapoda -- insects (cockroach, fruit fly) Sarcopterygia -- lobed-finned fish Myriapoda Amphibia (frog, newt) Chilopoda -- centipedes Diplopoda -- millipedes Reptilia (snake, turtle) Aves (chicken, hummingbird) Mammalia
  • Smaller Protostome Phyla: Rotifera, Gastrotricha, Nematomorpha & Acanthocephala Bio 1413: General Zoology Lab (Ziser, 2008) [Exercise 10B] Lab Activities: 1

    Smaller Protostome Phyla: Rotifera, Gastrotricha, Nematomorpha & Acanthocephala Bio 1413: General Zoology Lab (Ziser, 2008) [Exercise 10B] Lab Activities: 1

    Smaller Protostome Phyla: Rotifera, Gastrotricha, Nematomorpha & Acanthocephala Bio 1413: General Zoology Lab (Ziser, 2008) [Exercise 10B] Lab Activities: 1. Rotifers (p167) slide: Rotifers, wm • Examine prepared slide of a rotifer and be able to identify the following structures: corona, foot, mastax, digestive tract, reproductive tract • Attempt to locate and to identify living rotifers from the water samples provided • Recognize and identify rotifers on illustrations and be able to identify to Phylum 2. Gastrotrichs (p167) slide: Gastrotrichs, wm • Observe living specimens (if available) and note their appearance and movement • examine prepared slides of a gastrotrich and identify: mouth, pharynx, adhesive gland, scales 3. Nematomorpha (p168) preserved: horsehair worms • examine living and/or preserved horsehair worms as available and be able to recognize them and distinguish them from other “wormlike” phyla 4. Acanthocephala (p168) • examine preserved specimens and slides as available and be able to recognize them and distinguish them from other “wormlike” phyla eg. Macracanthorhynchus preserved: Macracanthorhynchus this animal is parasitic in the intestine of pigs, the larvae develop in beetle grubs which are eaten by pigs to complete its life cycle eg. examine the prepared slide slide: acanthoceophala, wm identify the following: retractable proboscis with hooks, proboscis receptacle, ligament sac Notebook Suggestions: Describe the kinds of movement seen in live rotifers and compare to the movement seen in roundworms; is it similar? Diagram some of the variety of rotifers in samples and illustrations; what characteristics do all share; how do each differ If living gastrotrichs are available, describe how their movement differs from that of rotifers. Can you identify any organs on the gastrotrich Describe the similarities and differences between acanthocephala and nematomorpha make a diagram of the general life cycle of a horsehair worm and an acanthocephalan.
  • Darwin's “Tree of Life”

    Darwin's “Tree of Life”

    Icons of Evolution? Why Much of What Jonathan Wells Writes about Evolution is Wrong Alan D. Gishlick, National Center for Science Education DARWIN’S “TREE OF LIFE” mon descent. Finally, he demands that text- books treat universal common ancestry as PHYLOGENETIC TREES unproven and refrain from illustrating that n biology, a phylogenetic tree, or phyloge- “theory” with misleading phylogenies. ny, is used to show the genealogic relation- Therefore, according to Wells, textbooks Iships of living things. A phylogeny is not should state that there is no evidence for com- so much evidence for evolution as much as it mon descent and that the most recent research is a codification of data about evolutionary his- refutes the concept entirely. Wells is complete- tory. According to biological evolution, organ- ly wrong on all counts, and his argument is isms share common ancestors; a phylogeny entirely based on misdirection and confusion. shows how organisms are related. The tree of He mixes up these various topics in order to life shows the path evolution took to get to the confuse the reader into thinking that when current diversity of life. It also shows that we combined, they show an endemic failure of can ascertain the genealogy of disparate living evolutionary theory. In effect, Wells plays the organisms. This is evidence for evolution only equivalent of an intellectual shell game, put- in that we can construct such trees at all. If ting so many topics into play that the “ball” of evolution had not happened or common ances- evolution gets lost. try were false, we would not be able to discov- THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION er hierarchical branching genealogies for ells claims that the Cambrian organisms (although textbooks do not general- Explosion “presents a serious chal- ly explain this well).