TEXT SUPPLEMENT (Ch 6): a Brief Summary Classification of Organisms

1 TEXT SUPPLEMENT (Ch 6): A Brief Summary Classification of Organisms

I. KINGDOM ARCHAEA IV. KINGDOM PLANTAE

Phylum ARCHAEA or ARCHAEBACTERIA. A Eucaryotic organisms possessing chloroplasts and small group of simple, bacterialike organisms with similar organelles. Most are multicellular and have procaryotic cells. Nucleic acid sequences set these cell walls. Nearly all carry out photosynthesis using at organisms apart from all other kingdoms. least one other pigment in addition to chlorophyll a.

Methanogens. Methane-producing organisms. Subkingdom Thallophyta. Eucaryotic algae: Fertil- ized eggs (zygotes) not surrounded by sterile nonre- Extreme Thermophiles. Organisms adapted to liv- productive tissue. ing in hot springs and similar environments, with high optimal growing temperatures. Subkingdom Embryophyta. Plants in which zygotes are surrounded by sterile nonreproductive Extreme Halophiles. Organisms adapted to tissue. extremely salty environments. Bryophyta. Nonvascular embryophytes, includ- II. KINGDOM EUBACTERIA ing mosses and liverworts.

This group includes the vast majority of procaryotic Tracheophyta. Vascular plants. organisms, with nucleic acid sequences showing Divisions in which seeds are not present: homology (similarity by common descent) to the nucleic acids of eucaryotic organisms. Phylum PSILOPHYTA. Psilophytes.

Phylum BACTERIA. Procaryotic organisms that Phylum LEPIDOPHYTA. Club mosses and other lepidophytes. lack chlorophyll a and do not release oxygen. Phylum ARTHOPHYTA or SPHENOPSIDA. Phylum CYANOBACTERIA. Procaryotic organisms Horsetails and their relatives. structurally similar to bacteria, but possessing chloro- phyll a and releasing oxygen during photosynthesis. Phylum PTEROPHYTA. Ferns.

III. KINGDOM PROTISTA Divisions possessing seeds: Phylum PTERIDOSPERMOPHYTA. Seed Eucaryotic single cells lacking chloroplasts or other ferns. features of kingdoms IV through VI. Phylum CYCADOPHYTA. Cycads. Phylum SARCODINA. Protists that move by Phylum GINKGOPHYTA. Ginkgos. extending pseudopods. Phylum CONIFEROPHYTA. Pines, spruces, Phylum MASTIGOPHORA. Protists that move with and other cone-bearing plants (conifers). the help of one or more whiplike flagella. Phylum GNETOPHYTA. Gnetum, Ephedra, Phylum CILIATA. Protists that move by the beating and Welwitschia. of numerous hairlike cilia. Phylum ANGIOSPERMAE or ANTHO- Phylum SPOROZOA. Nonmotile protists that PHYTA. Flowering plants, the largest and most reproduce using spores. successful group. 2 V. KINGDOM MYCOTA (FUNGI) Phylum GASTROTRICHA. Small wormlike ani- mals related to roundworms. Eucaryotic organisms possessing cell walls but no chloroplasts, usually reproducing by spores, and Phylum GORDIACEA. Elongated ‘horsehair carrying out absorptive nutrition. worms’. Phylum ROTIFERA. Microscopic aquatic organ- Subkingdom MYXOMYCOTA. Slime molds. Life isms containing a ring of cilia that beat in a circular cycle alternates between motile cells and creeping pattern resembling a wheel. multicellular or multinucleated aggregates that form fruiting bodies. Phylum ACANTHOCEPHALA. A group of parasitic worms with hook-studded heads. Subkingdom EUMYCOTA. True fungi, usually pos- sessing branched threadlike absorptive filaments Phylum ENTOPROCTA. A small group of filter- (hyphae). feeders (animals that strain small particles from the water). VI. KINGDOM ANIMALIA Note: Phyla listed from this point on have a true Multicellular eucaryotic organisms lacking chloro- body cavity (coelom) lined with mesoderm through- plasts and developing from a hollow ball of cells out. (blastula). Phylum PHORONIDA. A small group of filter-feed- Phylum PORIFERA. Sponges. Animals possessing ing wormlike animals. specialized cells but no organized tissues. Phylum BRYOZOA. Small filter-feeding ‘moss ani- Phylum MESOZOA. A small group of species, con- mals,’ usually living in colonies. taining organisms with only a few cells each, with- Phylum BRACHIOPODA. Filter-feeding animals out organized tissues. with a shell composed of two unequal parts and a Phylum CNIDARIA. The coelenterates or cnidari- stalk that attaches the adults to a fixed location. ans, a diverse group possessing stinging cells, and Phylum MOLLUSCA. A large and diverse group of including corals, anemones, hydroids, and jellyfish. animals possessing a cavity lined with a layer of cells Two tissue layers (endoderm and ectoderm) present. that usually secretes some kind of an inflexible shell of calcium carbonate. Includes snails, clams, octo- Phylum CTENOPHORA. ‘Comb jellies’, animals pus, squid, and related species. with a ‘biradial’ symmetry, like that of a two-armed pinwheel. Phylum ANNELIDA. Segmented worms, including earthworms and sandworms. Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES. Flatworms, includ- ing planarias, parasitic flukes, and parasitic tape- Phylum SIPUNCULIDA. Peanut-shaped worms. worms. Tissues formed by three germ layers (ecto- Phylum ECHIURIDA. A small wormlike group. derm, mesoderm, endoderm) but no body cavity present. Phylum PENTASTOMIDA. Small parasitic worms whose head and claws give the appearance of a five- Phylum RHYNCHOCOELA or NEMERTEA. Rib- branched head. bon worms; similar to flatworms but with a pro- trusible head structure (proboscis). Phylum TARDIGRADA. Tiny aquatic ‘water bears,’ segmented animals with clawed appendages. Phylum NEMATODA. Roundworms, an abundant group including both free-living and parasitic Phylum ONYCHOPHORA. Segmented, wormlike species. This and the next few phyla possess a body organisms with clawed appendages. cavity bordered by endoderm as well as mesoderm. Phylum ARTHROPODA. Animals with jointed legs, Phylum KINORHYNCHA. Parasitic worms related protected by an external skeleton that permits to roundworms. hinge-like movements between its more rigid parts. 3

The largest phylum of all, including crabs, lobsters, Phylum CHORDATA. Animals with a notochord (a barnacles, spiders, scorpions, centipedes, millipedes, stiff, flexible rodlike structure), a dorsal hollow insects, extinct trilobites, and other groups. nerve cord, and gill slits, each at some stage of life.

Phylum CHAETOGNATHA. Arrow worms. Subphylum UROCHORDATA. Sea squirts (tuni- cates), salps, and their relatives, with actively Phylum ECHINODERMATA. Crinoids, starfishes, swimming larval stages and generally with non- sea urchins etc. possessing a water-vascular system, motile filter-feeding adults. numerous tube-like feet, and in many cases a five- fold radial symmetry. Subphylum CEPHALOCHORDATA. Sea lancets such as amphioxus, with motile filter- Phylum HEMICHORDATA. Acorn worms, ptero- feeding adult stages. branchs, and graptolites, related to the Chordata but not sharing all chordate characteristics. Subphylum VERTEBRATA. Animals with a backbone. Includes fishes (four classes), amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.