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Title Items-in-Special session of General Assembly devoted to disarmament to be held May/June 1978

Date Created 05/05/1977

Record Type Archival Item

Container S-0905-0008: Political matters - disarmament 1972-1981

Print Name of Person Submit Image Signature of Person Submit -----~~L--1I I___ Office of Public Information·

Final Document of Assembly Session on Disarmament

(23 May - 1 July 1978)

! I ~I I I I I I i I I UNITED NATIONS The General Assembly held its Tenth weapons, particularly nuclear Special Session Devoted to Disarma­ weapons, today constitutes much more ment from 23 May to 1 July at United a threat than a protection for the future Nations Headquarters. Before the ses­ of mankind. The time has therefore come to put an end to this situation, to sion ended, the Assembly act,opted by abandon· the use of force in inter­ consensus on 30 June a Final Docu­ national relations and to seek security ment consisting of an Introduction, a in disarmament, that is to say, through Declaration, a Programme of Action, a gradual but effective process begin­ and recommendations concerning the ning with a reduction in the present international machinery for disarma­ level of armaments. The ending of the mel't negotiations. arms race and the achievement of real The text of the Final Document reads: ~sarmament are tasks of primary importance and urgency. To meet this The General Assembly, historic challenge is in the political and Alarmed by the threat to the very sur­ economic interests of all the nations vival of mankind posed by the exist­ and peoples of the world as well as in ence of nuclear weapons and the con­ the interests of ensuring their genuine tinuing arms race, and recalling the security and peaceful future. devastation inflicted by all wars, 2. Unless its avenues are closed the Convinced that disarmament and continued arms race means a gro~g arms limitation, particularly in the threat to international peace_ and se­ nuclear field, are essential for the curity and even to the very survival of prevention of the danger of nuclear war mankind. The nuclear and conven­ and the strengthening of international tional arms build-up threatens to stall peace and security and for the econo­ the efforts aimed at reaching the goals mic and social advancement of all of development, to become an obstacle peoples, thus facilitating the achieve­ on the road of achieving the new inter­ ment of the new international econo­ national economic order and to hinder mic order, the !:!Olution of other vital problems fac­ Having resolved to lay the founda­ ing mankind. tions of an international disarmament 3. Dynamic development of detente, strategy which, through co-ordinated encompassing all spheres of inter­ and persevering efforts in which the national relations in all regions of the United Nations should play a more ef­ world, with the participation of all fective role, aims at general and com­ countries, would create conditions con­ plete disarmament under effective in­ ducive to the efforts of States to end the ternational control, arms race, which has engulfed the Adopts the following Final Docu­ world, thus reducing the danger of war. ment of this special session of the Gen­ Progress on detente and progress on eral Assembly devoted to disarma­ disarmament mutually complement ment: and strengthen each other. 4. The Disarmament Decade solemnly declared in 1969 by the United Nations is coming to an end. Unfortunately, the objectives esta­ I. INTRODUCTION blished on that occasion by the Gen­ eral Assembly appear to be as far 1. Attainment of the objective of se­ away today as they were then, or even curity, which is an inseparable ele­ further because the arms race is not ment of peace, has always been one of diminishing but increasing and out­ the most profound aspirations of strips by far the efforts to curb it. While humanity. States have for a long time it is true that some limited agreements sought to maintain their security have been reached, "effective mea­ through the possession of arms. Ad­ sures relating to the cessation of the mi_ttedly, their survival has, in certain nuclear arms race at an early date and cases, effectively depended on whether to J)Uclear disarm·ament" continue to they could-count on appropriate means elude man's grasp. Yet the imple­ ·of defence. Yet the accumulation of mentation of such measures is ur-

3 gently required. There has not been the United Nations, ·with full recogni­ either any real progress that might tion of the role of the United Nations in lead to the conclusion of a treaty on the field of disarmament and reflect­ general and complete disarmament ing the vital interest of all the peoples under effective international control. of the world in this sphere. The aim of Furthermore, it has not been possible to the Declaration is to review and assess free any amount, however modest, of the existing situation, outline the ob­ the enormous resources, both material jectives and the priority tasks and set and human, that are wasted on the un- forth fundamental principles for dis­ productive and spiralling arms race, armament negotiations. and which should be made available 9. For disarmament, the aims and for ·the purpose of economic and social purposes of which the Declaration pro­ development, especially since such a claims, to become a reality it was es­ race "places a great burden on both the sential to agree on a series of specific developing and the developed disarmament measures, selected by countries." common accord as those on which there is a consensus to the effect that 5. The Members of the United Na­ their subsequent realization in the tions are fully aware of the conviction short term appears to be feasible. There of their peoples, that the question of is also a need to prepare through agreed general and complete disarmament is procedures a comprehensive disarma­ of utmost importance and that peace, ment programme. That programme, security and economic and social passing through all the necessary development are indivisible and have stages, should lead to general and com­ therefore recognized that the · cor­ plete disarmament under effective in­ responding obligations and re­ ternational control. Procedures for sponsibilities are universal. watching over the fulfilment of the 6. Thus a powerful current of opinion obligations thus assumed had also to has gradually formed, leading to the be agreed upon. That is the purpose of convening of what will go down in the the Programme of Action. annals of the United Nations as the 10. Although the decisive factor for first special session of the General As­ achieving real measures of disarma­ sembly devoted entirely to disarma­ ment is the "political will" of States, ment. and especially of those possessing n uc­ 7. The outcome of this special ses­ lear weapons, a significant role can sion, whose deliberations have to a also be played by the effective function­ large extent been facilitated by the five ing of an appropriate international sessions of the Preparatory Committee machinery designed to deal with the which preceded it, is the present Final problems of disarmament in its various Document. This introduction serves as aspects. Consequently, it would be a preface to the document which com­ necessary that the two kinds of organs prises also the following three sec­ required to that end, the deliberative tions: a Declaration, a Programme of and the negotiating organs, have the Action and recommendations concern­ appropriate organization and proce­ ing the international machinery for dures that would be most conducive to disarmament negotiations. obtaining constructive results. The 8. While the final objective of the ef­ fourth and last section of the Final forts of all States should continue to be Document has been prepared with that general and complete disarmament end in view. · under effective international control, the immediate goal is that of the elimination of the danger of a nuclear II. DECLARATION war and the implementation of mea­ sures to halt and reverse the arms race I 1. Mankind today is confronted and clear the path towards lasting with an unprecedented threatofself-ex­ peace. Negotiations on the entire range tinction arising from the massive and of those issues should be based on the competitive accumulation of the most strict observance of the purposes and destructive weapons ever procfuced. principles enshrined in the Charter of Existing arsenals of nuclear weapons

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+ -- ,:.;;,.::.,,.,_e~•:lftft .. '. _,,...... ,,__.;----d:::'+:¥4tt-~n.~~ I alone are more than sufficient to massive accumulation of armaments destroy all life on earth. Failure of and the acquisition ofarmaments tech­ efforts to halt and reverse the arms nology by racist regimes, as well as race, in particular the nuclear arms their possible acquisition of nuclear race, increases the danger of the weapons, present a challenging and in­ proliferation of nuclear weapons. Yet creasingly dangerous obstacle to a the arms race continues. Military bud­ world community faced with the ur­ gets are constantly growing, with enor­ ge:nf need to disarm. It is, therefore, es­ mous consumption of human and ma­ sential for purposes of disarmament to terial resources. The increase in prevent any further acquisition of arms weapons, especially nuclear weapons, or arms technology by such regimes, es­ far from helping to strengthen interna­ pecially through strict adherence by all tional security, on the contrary weak­ States to relevant decisions of the Se­ ens it. The vast stockpiles and tre­ curity Council. mendous build-up of arms and armed 13. Enduring international peace forces and the competition for qualita­ and security cannot be built on the ac­ tive refinement of weapons of all kinds cumulation of weaponry by military al­ to which scientific resources and tech­ liances nor be sustained by a pre­ nological advances are diverted, pose carious balance of deterrence or doc­ incalculable threats to peace. This trines of strategic superiority. Genuine situation both reflects and aggravates and lasting peace can only be created international tensions, sharpens con­ through the effective implementation flicts in various regions of the world, of the security system provided for in hinders the process of detente, exacer­ the Charter of the United Nations and bates the differences between ·op­ the speedy and substantial reduction of posing military alliances, jeopardizes arms and armed forces, by interna­ the security of all States, heightens the tional agreement and mutual example sense of insecurity among all States, leading ultimately to general and com­ including the non-nuclear-weapon plete disarmament under effective in­ States, and increases the threat ofnuc· ternational control. At the same time, lear war. the causes of the arms race and threats 12. The arms race, particularly in to peace must be reduced and to this its nuclear aspect, runs counter to end effective action should be taken to efforts to achieve further relaxation of eliminate tensions and settle disputes international tension, to establish in­ by peaceful means. ternational relations based on peace­ 14. Since the process of disarma­ ful coexistence and . trust between all ment affects the vital security inter­ States, and to develop broad interna­ ests of all States, they must all be tional co-operation and understand­ actively concerned with and contri­ ing. The arms race impedes the reali- bute to the ·measures of disarmament -.zation of the purposes, and is and arms limitations, which have an incompatible with the principles, of essential part to play in maintaining the Charter of the United Nations, and strengthening international se­ curity. Therefore the role and re­ especially respect for sovereignty, re­ sponsibility of the United Nations in fraining from the threat or use of the sphere of disarmament, in accord­ force against the territorial integrity ance with its Charter, must be or political independence of any strengthened. State, peaceful settlement of disputes 15. It is essential that not only and non-intervention and non-inter­ Governments but also the peoples of ference in the internal affairs of the world recogniz~ and understand States. It also adversely affects the the dangers in the present situation. In rights of peoples freely to determine order that an international conscience their systems of social and economic may develop and that world public development, and hinders the struggle opinion may exercise a positive influ­ for self-determination and the elimina­ ence, the United Nations should in­ tion of colonial rule, racial or foreign crease the dissemination of informa­ domination or occupation. Indeed, the tion on the armaments race_ and dj.s~ armament with the full co-operation of and excluding particular areas from Member States. the arms race. The fact remains that 16. In a world of finite resources these agreements relate only to mea­ there is a close relationship between sures of limited restraint while the expenditure on armaments and econo­ arms race continues. These partial mic and social development. Military measures have done little to bring the world closer to the goal of general and expenditures are reaching ever higher complete disarmament. For more than levels, the highest percentage of which a decade there have been no negotia­ can be attributed to the nuclear tions leading to a treaty on general and weapon States and most of their allies, complete disarmament. The pressing with prospects of further expansion need now is to translate into practical and the danger of further increases in terms the provisions of this Final Docu­ the expenditures of other countries. ment and to proceed along the road of The hundreds of billions of dollars binding and effective international spent annually on the manufacture or agreements in the field of disarma­ improvement of weapons are in som­ ment. bre and dramatic contrast to the want 18. Removing the threat of a world war - a nuclear war - is the most and po:verty in which two-thirds of the acute and urgent task of the present world's population live. This colossal day. Mankind is confronted with a waste of resources is even more seri­ choice: we must halt the arms race and ous in that it diverts to military pur­ proceed to disarmament or face poses not only ma:terial but also tech­ annihilation. nical and human resources which are 19 The ultimate objective of the urgently needed for development in all efforts of States in the disarmament countries, particularly in the develop­ process is general and complete dis­ ing countries. Thus, the economic ano armament under effective interna­ social consequences of the arms race tional control. are so detrimental that its continua­ - The principal goals of disarmament tion is obviously incompatible with the are to ensure the survival of mankind implementation of the new interna­ and to eliminate the danger of war, in tional economic order based on jus­ particular nuclear war, to ensure that tice, equity and co-operation. Conse­ war is no longer an instrument for set­ quently, resources released as a result tling international disputes and that the use and the threat of force are eli­ of the implem<;mtation of disarmament minated from international life, as measures should be used in a manner provided for in the Charter of the which will help to promote the well-be­ United Nations. ing of all peoples and to improve the Progress towards this objective re­ economic conditions of the developing quires the conclusion and imple­ countries. mentation of agreements on the ces­ sation of the arms race and on genuine 17. Disarmament has thus become measures of disarmament taking into an imperative and most urgent task account the need of States to protect facing the international community. their security. No real progress has been made so far in the crucial field of the reduction of 20. Among such measures, effective armaments. However, certain positive measures of nuclear disarmament and changes in international relations in the prevention of nuclear war have the some areas of the world provide some highest priority. To this end, it is encouragement. imperative to remove the threat of nuc­ Agreements have been reached that lear weapons, to halt and reverse the have been important in limiting cer­ -nuclear arms race until the total tain weapons or eliminating them alto­ elimination of nuclear weapons and gether, as in the case of the Conven­ their delivery systems has been achiev­ tion on the Prohibition of the Develop­ ed, and to prevent the proliferation of ment, Production and Stockpiling of nuclear weapons. Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin At the same time, other measures de­ Weapons and on Their Destruction, signed to prevent the outbreak of nuc-

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ear war and to lessen the danger of the 25. Negotiations ana measures in threat or use of nuclear weapons should the field of disarmament shall be guid­ be taken. ed by the fundamental principles set 21. Along with these, agreements or forth below. other effective measures should be 26. All States Members of the United adopted to prohibit or prevent the Nations reaffirm their full commit­ development, production or use of other ment to the purposes of the Charter of weapons- of mass destruction. In this the United Nations and their obliga­ context, an agreement on elimination tion strictly to observe its principles as of all chemical weapons should be con­ well as other relevant and generally ac­ cluded as a matter of high priority. cepted principles of international law 22. Together with negotiations on relating to the maintenance of interna­ nuclear disarmament measures, tional peace and security. negotiations should be carried out on They stress the special importance of the balanced reduction of armed forces refraining from the threat or use of and of conventional armaments, based force against the sovereignty, terri­ on the principle of undiminished se­ torial integrity or political independ­ curity of the parties with a view to pro­ ence of any State, or against peoples moting or enhancing stability at a under colonial or foreign domination lower military level, taking into seeking to exercise their right to self­ account the need of all States to pro­ determination and to achieve inde­ tect their security. These negotiations pendence; non-interventio~ and non­ should he conducted with particular interference in the internal affairs of emphasis on armed forces and conven­ other States; the inviolability of inter­ tional weapons of nuclear-weapon national frontiers; and the peaceful States and other militarily significant settlement of disputes, having regard countries. There should also he negot­ to the inherent right of States to in­ iations on the limitation of interna­ dividual and collective self-defence in tional transfer of conventional wea­ accordance with the Charter. pons, based, in particular, on the same - ~-- principle, and taking into account the 27. In accordance with the Charter, inalienable right to self-determination the United Nations has a central role and independence of peoples under and primary responsibility in the colonial or foreign domination and the sphere of disarmament. In order ef­ obligations of States to respect that fectively to discharge this role and right, in accordance with the Charter of facilitate and encourage all measures the United Nations and the Declara­ in this field; the United Nations tion on Principles of International Law should be kept appropriately in­ concerning Friendly Relations and Co­ formed of all steps in this field, operation Among States, as well as the whether unilateral, bilateral, regional need of recipient States to protect their security. or multilateral, without prejudice to the progress of negotiations. 23. Further international action 28. All the peoples of the world have should be taken to prohibit or restrict a vital interest in the success of dis­ for humanitarian reasons the use of armament negotiations. Conse­ specific conventional weapons, includ­ quently, all States have the duty to con­ ing those which may be excessively in­ tribute to efforts in the field of dis­ jurious, cause unnecessary suffering or armament. All States have the right to have indiscriminate effects. participate in disarmament negotia­ 24. Collateral measures in both the tions. They have the right to partici­ nuclear and conventional fields; to­ pate on an equal footing in those multi­ gether with other measures speci­ lateral disarmament negotiations fically designed to build confidence, which have a direct bearing on their should he undertaken in order to con­ national security. While disarmament. tribute to the creation of favourable is the responsibility of all States, the conditioQs for the adoption of ad­ nuclear-weapon States have the pri­ ditional disarmament measures and to mary responsibility for nuclear dis­ further relaxation of international armament, and, together with other tension. militatjl_1' i;iignificant States for halt-

7 l _____J______---~---' ~------,·

ing and reversing the arms race. It is weapon States, constitute an import­ therefore important to secure their ant disarmament measure. active participation. 34. Disarmament, relaxation of in­ 29. The adoption of disarmament ternational tension, respect for the measures should take place in such an right to self-determination and na­ equitable and balanced manner as to tional independence, the peaceful ensure the right of each State to se­ settlement of disputes in accordance curity and tliafnoiiiruvidual State or with the Charter of the United Nations group of States may obtain advant­ and the strengthening of international ages over others at any stage. At each peace and security are directly related stage the objective should be undim­ to each other. Progress in any of these inished security at the lowest possible spheres has a beneficial effect on all of level of armaments and military forces. them; in turn, failure in one sphere has negative effects on others. 30. An acceptable balance of mutual 35. There is also a close relationship responsibilities and obligations for between disarmament and develop­ nuclear and non-nuclear-weapon ment. Progress in the former would States should be strictly observed. help greatly to the realization of the lat­ 31. Disarmament and arms limita­ ter. Therefore resources released as a tion agreements should provide for ade­ result of the implementation of dis­ quate measures of verificatiop. satis­ armament measures should be de-.. factory to all parties concerned in order voted to economic and social develop­ to create the necessary confidence and ment of all nations and contribute to ensure that they are being observed by the bridging of the economic gap be­ all parties. The form and modalities of tween developed and developing the verification to be provided for in countries. any specific agreement depend upon 36. Non-proliferation of nuclear wea­ and should be determined by the pur­ pons is a matter of universal concern. poses, scope and nature of the agree­ Measures of disarmament must be con­ ment. Agreements should provide for sistent with the inalienable right of all the participation of parties directly or States, without discrimination, to through the United Nations system in develop, acquire and use nuclear tech­ the verification process. Where appro­ nology, equipment and materials for priate, a combination of several the peaceful use of nuclear energy and methods of verification as well as other to determine their peaceful nuclear pro­ compliance procedures should be grammes in accordance with their na­ employed. tional priorities, needs and interests, 32. All States, and in particular nuc­ bearing in mind the need to prevent the lear weapon States, sho~d consider proliferation of nuclear weapons. In­ various proposals designed to secure ternational co-operation in the peace­ the avoidance of the use of nuclear ful uses of nuclear energy should be weapons, and the prevention of nuc­ conducted under agreed and appro­ lear war. In this coritext, while noting priate international safeguards ap­ the declarations made by nuclear-wea­ plied on a non-discriminatory basis. · pon States, effective arrangements, as appropriate, to assure non-nuclear­ 37. Significant progress in disarma­ weapon States against the use or the ment, including nuclear disarmament, threat of use of nuclear weapons could would be facilitated by parallel mea­ strengthen the security of those Statee sures to strengthen the security of and international peace and security. States and to improve in general the in­ ternational situation. 33. The establishment of nuclear­ 38. Negotiations on partial mea­ weapon-free zones on the basis of sures of disarmament should be con­ agreements or arrangements freely ar­ ducted concurrently with :negotiations rived at among the States of the zone on more comprehensive measures and concerned, and the full compliance should be followed by negotiations with those agreements or arrange­ leading to a treaty on general and com­ ments, thus ensuring that the zones are plete disarmament under effective in­ genuinely free from nuclear weapons, ternational control. and respect for such zones by nuclear- 39. Qualitative and quantitative di_s-

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_ ..i. armament measures are bot! import­ achieved through the implementation ant for halting the arms race. fforts to of a programme of action on disarma­ that end must include negoti tions on ment, in accordance with the goals and the limitation and cessatiln of the principles established in the Declara­ qualitative improvement f arma- tion ori disarmament. The present Pro­ ments, especially weapons o mass de­ gramme of Action contains priorities struction and the developmep.t of new and measures in the field of disarma­ means of warfare so that ultimately ment that States should undertake as a scientific and technological achieve­ matter of urgency with a view to halt­ ments may be used solely for1 peaceful ing and reversing the arms race and to purposes. i giving the necessary impetus to efforts 40. Universality of disarmament designed to achieve genuine disarma­ agreements helps create confidence ment leading to general and complete among States. When multilateral disarmament under effective inter­ agreements in the field of disarma­ national control. ment are negotiated, every effort 44. The present Programme of should be made to ensure that they are Action enumerates the specific universally acceptable. The full compli­ measures of disarmament which ance of all parties with the provlsions should be implemented over the next contained in such agreements would few years, as well as other measures also contribute to the attainment of and studies to prepare the way for that goal. future negotiations and for progress to­ 41. In order to create favourable ward general and complete disarma­ conditions for success in the disarma­ ment. mel.}t process, all States should strictly 45. Priorities in disarmament abide by the provisions of the Charter negotiations shall be: nuclear wea­ of the United Nations, refrain from pons; other weapons of mass destruc­ actions which might adversely affect tion, including chemical weapons; con­ efforts in the field of disarmament, ventional weapons, including any and display a constructive approach which may be deemed to be excessively to negotiations and the political will injurious or to have indiscriminate ef­ to reach agreements. There are cer­ fects; and reduction of armed forces. tain negotiations on disarmament un­ 46. Nothing should preclude States der way at different levels, the early from conducting negotiations on all and successful comp\etion of which priority items concurrently. could contribute to limiting the arms 47. Nuclear weapons pose the great­ race. Unilateral measures of arms est danger to mankind and to the sur­ limitation or reduction could also vival of civilization. It is essential to contribute to the attainment of that halt and reverse the nuclear arms race in all its aspects in order to avert the goal. danger of war involving nuclear wea­ 42, Since prompt measures should be pons. The ultimate goal in this context taken in order to halt and reverse the is the complete elimination of nuclear arms race, Member States hereby de­ weapons. clare that they will respect the above­ · 48. In the task of achieving the goals stated objectives and principles and of nuclear disarmament, all the nuc­ make every effort faithfully to carry out lear-weapon States, in particular those the Programme of Action set forth in among them which possess the most section III below. important nuclear arsenals, bear a special responsibility. 49. The process of nuclear disarma­ ment should be carried out in such a way, and requires measures to ensure, III. PROGRAMME that the security of all States is guar­ OF ACTION anteed at progressively lower levels of nuclear armaments, taking into ac­ 43. Progress towards the goal of gen­ count the relative qualitative and eral and complete disarmament_can be .quantitative importance of the exist•

9 I L______- __ =-_~- ---~---:--- --=.L~---~~------ing arsenals of the nuclear-weapon In this context, various views were States and other States concerned. expressed by non-nuclear-weapon 50. The achievement of nuclear States that, pending the conclusion of disarmament will require urgent this treaty, the world community would negotiation of agreements at appro­ be encouraged if all the nuclear-wea­ priate stages and with adequate mea­ pon States refrained from testing nuc­ sures of verification satisfactory to the lear weapons. In this connection, some States concerned for: nuclear-weapon States expressed dif­ ferent views. • cessation of the qualitative improve­ 52. The Union of Soviet Socialist Re­ ment and development of nuclear­ publics and the United States of weapon systems; America should conclude at the earl­ • cessation of the production of all iest possible date the agreement they types of nuclear weapons and their have been pursuing for several years in means of delivery, and the production the second series of the strategic arms of fissionable material for weapons limitation talks (SALT II). They are in_. purposes; . vited to transmit in good time the text • a comprehensive phased pro­ of the agreement to the General As­ gramme with agreed time-frames, sembly. It should be followed promptly whenever feasible, for progressive and by further strategic arms limitation balanced reduction ofstockpiles ofnuc­ negotiations between the two parties, lear weapons and their means of de­ leading to agreed significant reduc­ livery, leading to their ultimate and tions of, and qualitative limitations on, complete elimination at the earliest strategic arms. It should constitute an possible time. . important step in the direction of nuc­ Consideration can be given in the lear disarmament and ultimately of course of the negotiations to mutual establishment of a world free of such and agreed limitation or prolrioitfon, weapons. without prejudice to the security of any State, of any types of nuclear arma­ 53. The process of nuclear disar­ ments. mament described in the paragraph 51. The cessation ofnuclear-weapon on this subject should be expedited testing by all States within the frame­ by the urgent and vigorous pursuit to work of an effective nuclear disarma­ a successful conclusion of ongoing ment process would be in the interest negotiations and the urgent initiation of mankii)d. It would make a signifi­ of further negotiations among the cant contribution to the above aim of nuclear-weapon States. ending the qualitative improvement of 54. Significant progress in nuc1ear nuclear weapons and the development disarmament would be facilitated of new types of such weapons and of both by parallel political or interna­ preventing the proliferation of nuclear tional legal measures to strengthen weapons. In this context the negotia­ the security of States and by progress tions now in progress on a "treaty pro­ in the limitation and reduction of hibiting nuclear~weapon tests, and a armed forces and conventional arma­ protocol covering nuclear explosions ments of the nuclear-weapon States for peaceful purposes, which would be and other States in the regions con­ an integral part of the treaty," should cerned. be concluded urgently and the result 55. Real progress in the field of nuc­ submitted for full consideration by lear disarmament could create an at­ the multilateral negotiating body with mosphere conducive to progress in con­ a view to the submission of a draft ventional disarmament on a world­ treaty to the General Assembly at the wide basis. earliest possible date. 56. The most effective guarantee All efforts should be made by the against the danger of nuclear war and negotiating parties to achieve an agree­ the use of nuclear weapons is nuclear ment which, following General As­ disarmament and the complete sembly endorsement, could attract the elimination of nuclear weapons. widest possible adherence. 57. Pending the achievement of this I

goal, for which negotiations should be taken into account. The States partici­ vigorously pursued, and bearing in pating in such zones should undertake mind the devastating results which to comply fully with all the objectives, nuclear war would have on belliger­ purposes and principles of the agree­ ents and non-belligerents alike, the ments or arrangements establishing nuclear-weapon States have special re­ the zones, thus ensuring that they are sponsibilities to undertake measures genuinely free from nuclear weapons. aimed at preventing the outbreak of 62. With respect to such zones, the nuclear war, and of the use of force in nuclear-weapon States in tum are cal­ international relations, subject to the led upon to give undertakings; the provisions of the Charter of the United modalities of which are to be negoti­ Nations, including the use of nuclear ated with the competent authority of weapons. each zone, in particular: 58. In this context, all States and in (a) to respect strictly the status of the particular nuclear-weapon States nuclear-weapon-free zone; should consider as soon as possible (b) to refrain from the use or threat of various proposals designed to secure use of nuclear weapons against the the avoidance of the use of nuclear States of the zone. weapons, the prevention of nuclear 63. In the light of existing condi­ war and related objectives, where pos­ tions, and without prejudices to other measures which may be considered in sible through international agreement other regions, the following measures and thereby ensure that the survival of are especially desirable: mankind is not endangered. All States (a) Adoption by the States concerned of should actively participate in efforts to all relevant measures to ensure the full bring about conditions in inter­ application of the Treaty for the Pro­ national relations among States in hibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin which a code of peaceful conduct of America (Treaty of Tlatelolco), taking nations in international affairs could into account the views expressed at the be agreed and which would preclude special session on the adherence to it. the use· or threat of use of nuclear (b) Signature and ratification of the weapons. Additional Protocols of the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in 59. In the same context, the nuclear Latin America (Treaty ofTlatelolco) by weapon States are called upon to take the States entitled to become parties to steps to assure the non-nuclear-wea­ those instruments which have not yet pon-States against the use or threat of done so; use of nuclear weapons. The General (c) In Africa, where the Organization Assembly notes the declarations made of African Unity has affirmed a de­ by the nuclear-weapon States and cision for the den'uclearization of the urges them to pursue efforts to con­ region, the Security Council shall take clude as appropriate effective arrange­ appropriate effective steps whenever ments to assure non-nuclear-weapon necessary to prevent the frustration of States against the use or threat of use this objective; of nuclear weapons. (d) The serious consideration of the practical and urgent steps, as de­ 60. The establishment of nuclear­ scribed in the paragraphs above, re­ weapon-free zones on the basis of ar­ quired for the implementation of the rangements freely arrived at among proposal to establish a nuclear-wea­ the States of the region concerned, con­ -pon-free zone in the Middle East in ac­ stitutes an important disarmament cordance with the relevant General As­ measure. sembly resolutions where all parties 61. The process of establishing such directly concerned have expressed zones in different parts of the world their support for the concept and where should be encouraged with the ulti­ the danger of nuclear-weapon pro­ mate objective of achieving a world en­ liferation exists. The establishment of tirely free of nuclear weapons. In the a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the process of establishing such zones, the Middle East would greatly enhance __ characteristics of each region should be international peace and security. Pend-

11 ing the establishment of such a zone in tear non-proliferation is on the one the region, States of the region should hand to prevent the emergence of any solemnly declare that they will refrain additional nuclear-weapon States be­ on a reciprocal basis from producing, side the existing five nuclear-weapon acquiring, or in any other way, posses­ States, and on the other progressively sing nuclear weapons and nuclear ex.­ to reduce and eventually eliminate plosive devices, and from permitting the stationing of nuclear weapons on nuclear weapons altogether. This in­ their territory by any third party and volves obligations and responsibilities agree to place all their nuclear activit­ on the part of both nuclear-weapon ies under International Atomic Energy States and non-nuclear weapon States, Agency safeguards. Consideration the fonner undertaking to stop the should be given to a Security Council nuclear-arms race and to achieve dis­ role in advancing the establishment of armament by urgent application of a Middle East nuclear-weapon-free measures outlined in the relevant zone; paragraphs of this Document, and all · (e) All States in the region of South States undertaking to prevent the Asia have expressed their determina­ tion of keeping their countries free of spread of nuclear weapons. nuclear weapons. No action should be 66. Effective measures can and taken by them which might deviate should be taken at the national level from that objective. In this context, the and through international agreements question of establishing a nuclear-wea­ to minimize the danger of the prolifera­ pon-free zone in South Asia has been tion of nuclear weapons without dealt with in several resolutions of the jeopardizing energy supplies or the General Assembly which is keeping the development of nuclear energy for subject under. consideration. peaceful purposes. Therefore, the nu­ 64. The establishment of zones of clear-weapon States and the non­ peace in various regions of the world, nuclear-weapon States should jointly under ~ppropriate conditions, to be take further steps to develop an inter­ clearly defined and determined freely national consensus of ways ,and by the States concerned in the zone, means, on a universal and non-dis­ taking into account the characteristics criminatory basis, to prevent the pro­ of the zone and the principles of the liferation of nuclear weapons. Charter ofthe United Nations, and fo 67. Full implementation of all the conformity with international law, can contribute 'to strengthening the provisions of existing instruments on security of States within such zones non-proliferation, such as the Treaty and to international peace and se­ on the ~roliferation of Nuclear curity as a whole. W:~;,ip9ns and/or the Treaty for the In · this regard, the General As­ Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in sembly notes the proposals for the Latin America (Treaty of Tlatelolco) establishment of zones of peace, inter by States parties to those instruments alia, in: will be an important contribution to this end. Adherence to such instru­ (a) South-East Asia where States in ments has increased in recent years the region have expressed interest in and the hope has been expressed by the establishment of sµch a zone, in the parties that this trend might conformity with their views; continue. (b) Indian Ocean, taking into ac, 68. Non-proliferation measures count the deliberations of the General should not jeopardize the full exercise Assembly and its relevant resolutions of the inalienable rights of all States to and the need to ensure the mainten­ apply and develop their programmes ance of peace and security in the for the peaceful uses of nuclear energy region. for economic and social development in 65. It is imperative as an integral copformity with their priorties, inter­ part of the effort to halt and reverse the ests and needs. All States should also arms race, to prevent the proliferation have access to, and be free to acquire ~fiiuclear weapons. The goal of nuc- technology, equipment and materials

12 for peaceful uses of nuclear energy, which negotiations have been going on taking into account the particular for several years, is one of the most ur­ needs of the developing countries. In­ gent tasks of multilateral negotia­ ternational co-operation in this field tions. After its conclusion, all States should be under agreed and ap- · should contribute to ensuring the propriate international safeguards ap­ broadest possible application of the plied through the International Atomic convention through its early signature Energy Agency on a non-discrimina­ and ratification. tory basis in order to prevent ef­ 76. A convention should be con· fectively proliferation of nuclear eluded prohibiting the development, weapons. production, stockpiling and use of 69. Each country's choices and de­ radiological weapons. cisions in the field of the peaceful uses 77. In ordertohelppreventaqualita· of nuclear energy should be respected tive arms race and so that scientific without jeopardizing th~ respective and technological achievements may fuel cycle policies or international co­ ultimately be used solely for peaceful operation, agreements, and contracts purposes, effective measures should be for the peaceful use of nuclear energy taken to avoid the danger ana prevent provided that agreed safeguard mea­ tlhe emergence of new types ofweapons sures mentioned above are applied. q,f mass destruction based on new 70. In accordance with the prin­ scientific principles and achieve­ ciples and provisions of Resolution ments. Efforts should be appropriately 32/50, international co-operation for pursued aiming at the prohibition of the promotion of the transfer and such new types and new systems of utilization of nuclear technology for weapons of mass destruction. Specific economic and social development, es­ agreements could be concluded on pecially in the develo'J)ing countries, particular types of new weapons of should be strengthened. mass destruction which may be identified. This question should be kept 71. Efforts should be made to con­ under continuing review. clude the work of the International 78. The Committee on Disarma­ Nuclear Fuel Cycle Evaluation strictly ment should keep under review the in accoroance \villithe objectives set need for a further prohibition of out in the final communique of its military or any other hostile use of en­ Organizing Conference. vironmental modification techniques 72. All States should adhere to in order to eliminate the dangers to the Protocol for the Prohibition of mankind from such use. the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Pois­ 79. ~~order !!) promote the peaceful onous or Other Gases, and of Bac­ use of and to avoid an arms raceonthe teriological Methods of Warfare. sea-bed and the ocean floor and the sub­ 73. All States which have not yet soil thereof, the Committee on Dis­ done so should consider adhering to the armament is requested - in consulta­ Convention on the Prohibition of the tion with the States parties to the Development, Production and Stock­ Treaty on the Prohibition of the .f piling of Bacteriological (Biological) Emplacement ofNuclear Weapons and and Toxin Weapons and on Their De­ Other Wea pons of Mass Destruction on struction. (3) the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor and l 74. States should also consider the the Subsoil Thereof, and taking into possibility of adhering to multilateral account the proposals made during the agreements concluded so far in the dis­ 1977 Review Conference and any re­ armament field which are ·mentioned levant technological developments - below in this section. to proceed promptly with the con­ 75. The complete and effective pro­ sideration of further measures in the hibition of the development, produc­ field of disarmament for the pre­ tion and stockpiling of all chemical vention of an arms race in that environ­ weapons and their destruction repre­ ment. sent one of the most urgent measures of 80. In order to prevent an arms race disarmament. Consequently, con­ in~tE!_r~ce, further measures should _clusion of a convention to this end, on be ~eri"'"'and appropriate inter-

13 national negotfatfons be held in countries concerned for the con­ accordance with the spirit of the Treaty sideration of different aspects of con­ on Principles Governing the Activities ventional disarmament, such as the of States in the Exploration and Use of initiative envisaged in the Declaration Outer Space including the Moon and of Ayacucho subscribed in 1974 by Other Celestial Bodies. eight Latin American countries. 85. Consultations should be carried 81. Together with negotiations on out among major arms supplier and nuclear disarmament measures, the recipient countries on the limitation of limitation and gradual reduction of all types of international transfer of 'i armed forces and conventional wea­ conventional weapons, based, in pons should be resolutely pursued particular, on the principle of undim­ within the framework of progress inished security of the parties with a towards general and complete view to promoting or enhancing disarmament. States with the largest stability at a lower military level, military arsenals have a special re­ sponsibility in pursuing the process of taking into account the need of all conventional armaments reductions. States to protect their security as well as the inalienable right to self-deter­ 82. In particular the achievement of mination and independence of peoples a more stable situation in Europe at a under colonial or foreign domination lower level of military potential on the and the obligations of States to respect basis of approximate equality and that right, in accordance with the parity, as well as on the basis of undim­ Charter of the United Nations and the inished security of all States with full Declaration on Principles of respect for security interests . and International Law concerning independence of States outside mili­ Friendly Relations and Co-operation tary alliances, by agreement on appro­ Among States. priate mutual reductions and limi­ 86. The 1979 United Nations Con­ tations would contribute to the ference on Prohibitions or Restrictions strengthening of security in Europe of Use of Certain Co11_yg!l.,ti,_q~ and constitute a significant step Weapons which may be Deemed to be towards enhancing international Excessively Injurious or to have peace and security. Current efforts to Indiscriminate Effects should seek this end should be continued most agreement, in the light of energetically. humanitarian and military considera­ 83. Agreements or other measures tions, on the prohibition or restriction should be resolutely pursued on a bi­ of use of certain conventional weapons lateral, regional and multilateral basis including those which may cause with the aim· of strengthening peace unnecessary suffering or which may and security at a lower level of forces, have indiscriminate effects. - The by the limitation and reduction of conferencesliould consider --specific armed forces and of conventional categories of such weapons, including weapons, taking into account the need those which were the subject-matter of of States to protect their security, previously conducted discussions. bearing in mind the inherent right of self-defence embodied in the Charter of 87. All States are called upon to con­ the United Nations and without tribute towards carrying out this ~lisk. prejudice to the principle of equal 88. The result of the Conference rights and self-determination of should be considered by all States and peoples in accordance with the especially producer States, in regard to Charter, and the need to ensure the question of the transfer of such balance at each stage an undiminished weapons to other States. security of all States. Such measures 89. Gradual reduction o( mil}~; might include those in the following budgets on a mu'tiiiillyagieecfoasis, for two paragraphs. example, · in ~bsolute figures or in 84. Bilateral, regional and multi­ terms of percentage points, lateral consultations and conferences particularly by nuclear-weapon States where appropriate conditions exist and other militarily significant States with the participation- of all the would be a measure that would contri-

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bute to the curbing of the arms race, between Governments, particularly in and would increase the possibilities of areas of tension, by the establishment reallocation of resources now being of "hot lines" and other methods of used for military pUrPOSes to economic reducing the risk of conflict. and social development, particularly (2) States should assess the possible for the benefit of the developing implications of their military research countries. The basis for implementing and development for existing agree­ this measure will have to be agreed by ments as well as for further efforts in all participating States and will require the field of disarmament. ways and means of its implementation acceptable to all of them, taking (3) The Secretary-General shall account of the problems involved in periodically submit reports to the Gen­ assessing the relative significance of eral Assembly on the economic and reductions as among different States social consequences of the arms race and with due regard to the proposals of and its extremely harmful effects on States on all the aspects ofreduction of world peace and security. military budgets. 94. In view of the relationship i 90. The General Assembly should between expenditure on armaments continue to consider what concrete and economic and social development steps should be taken to facilitate the and the necessity to release real reduction of military budgets bearing resources now being used for military in mind the relevant proposals and PUrPOses to economic and social documents of the United Nations on development in the world, particularly this question. for the benefit of the developing coun­ 91. In order to facilitate the conclu­ tires, the Secretary-General should, sion and effective implementation of with the assistance of a group of disarmament agreements and to create qualified governmental experts · confidence, States should accept appro­ appointed by ;him, initiate an expert priate provisions for verification in study on the relationship between such agreements...... , .... disarmament and development. The Secretary-General should submit an 92. In the context of international interim report on the subject to the disarmament negotiations, the General Assembly at its thirty-fourth problem of verification should be session and submit the final results to further examined and adequate the Assembly at its thirty-sixth methods and procedures in this field be session for subsequent action. considered. Every effort should be made to develop appropriate methods 95. The expert study should have and procedures which are non-dis­ the terms of reference contained in criminatory and which do not unduly the report of the Ad Hoc Group on interfere with the internal affairs of the Relationship between Disarma­ other States or jeopardize their ment and Development appointed by _economic and social development. the Secretary-General in accordance 93. In order to facilitate the process with General Assembly resolution of disarmament, it is necessary to take 32/88 A of 12 December 1977. It Yf measures and pursue policies to I should investigate the three main I strengthen international peace and security and to quild confidence among areas listed in the report, bearing in States. Commitment to confidence­ mind the United Nations studies pre­ l building measur~ could significantly viously carried out. The study should contribute to p~eparing for further be made in the context of how dis­ progress in dis~rmament. For this armament can contribute to the estab­ PUrPOSe, measure~ such as the follow­ lishment of the new international ing and other measures yet to be economic order. The study should be agreed, should be undertaken:I. forward-looking and policy-oriented (1) The prevention of attacks which and place special emphasis on both take place by accid~nt, miscelculatioJ;i the desirability of a reallocation, fol­ or communications\ failure by taking lowing disarmament measures, of re­ steps to improve communications sources now being used for military i l 7 15 - l purposes to economic and social de­ negotiations on specific disarmament velopment, particularly for the benefit measures. of the developing countries and the 101. In particular, publicity should substantive feasibility of such a real­ be given to the final documents of the location. A principal aim should be special session. to produce results tha~ could effec­ 102. The General Assembly tively guide the formulation of prac­ proclaims a week starting 24 October, tical measures to reallocate those re­ the day of the foundation ofthe United sources at the local, national, regional Nations, as a week devoted to fostering and international levels. the objectives of disarmament. 96. Taking further steps in the field ·103. To encourage study and re­ of disarmament and other measures search on disarmament, the United aimed at promoting international Nations Centre for Disarmament peace and security would be facilitated should intensify its activities in the by carrying out studies by the Secre­ presentation of information concern­ tary-General in this field with appro­ ing the armaments race and disarma­ priate assistance from governmental ment. Also, the United Nations Edu­ or cons:Iltan~ experts. T cational, Scientific and Cultural I 97. The Secretary-General shall, Organization (UNESCO), is urged I with the assistance of consultant to intensify its activities aimed at : experts, appointed by him, continue the facilitating research and publications ~ study of the interrelationship between on disarmament, related to its fields disarmament and international of competence, especially in develop­ security and submit it to the thirty­ ing countries, and should disseminate fourth session of the General Assembly, as requested in resolution the results of such research. AIRES/32/87C. 104. Throughout this process of disseminating information about the 98. The thirty-third and subsequent developments in the disarmament field sessions of the General Assembly of all countries, there should be should determine the specific guide­ increased participation by non-govern­ lines for carrying out studies, taking mental organizations concerned with into account the proposals already the matter, through closer liaison submitted including those made by between them and the United Nations. individual countries at the special ses­ 105. Member States should be sion, as well as other proposals which encouraged to ensure a better flow of can be introduced later in this field. information with regard to the various In doing so, the General Assembly aspects of disarmament to avoid would take into consideration a report dissemination of false and tendentious on these matters prepared by the information concerning armaments Secretary-General. and to concentrate on the danger of escalation of the armaments race and 99. In order to mobilize world public on the need for general and complete i opinion on behalf of disarmament, the disarmament under effective inter- J, specific measures set forth below, national control.· · designed to increase the dissemination ! of information about the armaments 106. With a view to contributing to a race and the efforts to halt and reverse greater understanding and awareness it, should be adopted: of the problems created by the l armaments race and of the need for 100. Governmental and non-govern­ disarmament, Governments and mental information organs and those governmental and non-governmental of the United Nations and its international organizations are urged specialized agencies should give to take steps to develop programmes of· priority to the preparation and education for disarmament and peace distribution of orinted and a?1dio­ studies at all levels. visual material relating to the danger represented by the armaments race as 107. The General Assembly wel­ well as tQjlle disarmament efforts and comes the i!!_itiative of the United Na-

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tions Educational, Scientific and Cul­ ensuring that the ~11eral Assembly Is tural Organization in planning to hold kept fully informed of the progress of a world congress on disarmament the · negotiations including an education and, in this connexion, appraisal of the situation when urges that organization to step up its appropriate and, in particular, a programm1f aimed at the development continuing review of the of disarmament education as a dis­ implementation of the programme. tinct field of study through the prepa­ 110. Progress in disarmament ration, inter alia, of teachers' guides, should be accompanied by measures to textbooks, readers and audio-visual strengthen institutions for main­ materials. Member States should take taining peace and the settlement of all possible measures to encourage the international disputes by peaceful incorporation of such materials in the means. During and after the implemen­ curricula of their educational insti­ tation of the programme of general and complete disarmament, there should be tutes. taken, in accordance with the 108. In order to promote expertise in principles of the United Nations disarmament in more Member States, Charter, the necessary measures to T particularly in the developing maintain international peace and I countries, the General Assembly security, including the obligation of i decides to establish a programme of States to place at the disposal of the fellowships on disarmament. The· United Nations agreed manpower Secretary-General, taking into account necessary for an international peace the proposal submitted to the special force to be equipped with agreed types session, should prepare guidelines for of armaments. Arrangements for the the programme. He should also submit use of this force should ensure that the the financial requirements of 20 fellow­ United Nations can effectively deter or ships at the thirty-third regular session suppress any threat or use of arms in of the General Assembly, for inclusion violation of the purposes and principles in the regular budget of the United of the United Nations. Nations hearing in mind the savings 111. General and complete that can be made within the existing disarmament under strict and effective budgetary appropriations. international control shall permit States to have at their disposal only 109. Implementation of these those non-nuclear forces, armaments, priorities should lead to general and facilities and establishments as are complete disarmament under effective agreed to be necessary to maintain international control, which remains internal order and protect the personal the ultimate goal of all efforts exerted security of citizens and in order that in the field of disarmament. States shall support and provide Negotiations on general and complete agreed manpower for a United Nations disarmament shall be conducted peace force. concurrently with negotiations on partial measures of disarmament. With 112. In addition to the several ques­ ..!, this purpose in mind, the Committee on tions dealt with in this Programme of Disarmament will undertake the Action, there are a few others of elaboration of a comprehensive fundamental importance, on which, j programirie of disaimamenCenccim­ because of the complexity of flie issues passing all measures thought to be involved and the short time at the advisable in order to ensure that the disposal of the special session, it has goal of general and complete proved impossible to reach satisfac­ disarmament under effective tory agreed conclusions. For those international control becomes a reality reasons they are treated only in very in a world in which international peace general terms and, in a few instances, and security prevail and in which the even not treated at all in the new international economic order is Programme. strengthened and consolidated. The It should be stressed, however, that a comprehensive programme should number of concrete approaches to deal contain appropriate procedures for with such questions emerged from the

17 exchange of views carried out in the without prejudice to the progress of General Assembly which will negotiations. undoubtedly facilitate the continua­ 115. The General As,sembly has been tion of the study and negotiation of the and should remain the main delibera­ problems involved in the competent tive organ of the United Nations in the disarmament organs. field of disarmament and should make every effort to facilitate the implemen­ tation of disarmament measures. An item entitled "Review of the IV. MACHINERY implementation of the recommenda­ tions and decisions adopted by the 113. While disarmament, particular­ General Assembly at its tenth special ly in the nuclear field, has become a session" shall be included in the necessity for the survival of mankind provisional agenda of the thirty-third and for the elimination of the danger of and subsequent sessions of the General nuclear war, little progress has been Assembly. • I made since the end of the Second World 116. Draft multilateral disarma­ War. In addition . to the need to ment conventions should be subjected exercise political will, the internat­ to the normal procedures applicable I. ional machinery should be utilized more effectively and also improved to in the law of treaties. Those sub­ enable implementation of the mitted to the General Assembly for Programme of Action and help the its commendation should be subject United Nations to fulfil its role in the to full review by the Assembly. field of disarmament. 11 7. The First Committee of the In spite of the besteffortsoftheinter­ General Assembly should deal in the national community, adequate results future only with questions of disarma­ have not been produced with the ment and related international existing machinery. There is, therefore, security questions. an urgent need that existing 118. The General Assembly disarmament machinery be revitalized establishes, as successor to the and forums appropriately constituted Commission originally established by for disarmament deliberations and resolution --502 (VI), a Disarmament negotiations with a better represen­ Commission composed of all Members tative character. of the United Nations. For maximum !lffectiveness, two The General Assembly decides that: kinds of bodies are required in the field (a) The Disarmament Commission /. of disarmament - deliberative and shall be a deliberative body, a negotiating. All Member States should subsidiary organ of the General be represented on the former, whereas Assembly, the function of which shall the latter, for the sake of convenience, be to consider and make recommenda­ should have a relatively small mem­ tions on various problems in the field of bership. disarmament and to follow up the 114. The United Nations, in relevant decisions and recommenda­ accordance with the Charter, has a tions of the special session devoted to central role and primary responsibil­ disarmament. The Disarmament ity in the sphere of disarmament. Commission should, inter alia, con­ Accordingly, it should play a more sider the elements of a comprehen­ active role in this field, and in order to sive programme for disarmament to discharge its functions effectively, the be submitted as recommendations to United Nations should facilitate and the General Assembly and, through it, encourage all disarmament measures to the negotiating body, the Commit­ - unilateral, bilateral, regional or tee on Disarmament; multilateral - and be kept duly informed through the General (b) The Disarmament Commission Assembly, or any other appropriate shall function under the rules of pro­ United Nations channel reaching all cedure relating to the committees of Members of the Organization, of all the General Assembly with such disarmament efforts outside its aegis modifications as the Commission may

18

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deem necessary and shall make every Committee on bisarmament will be effort to ensure that, in so far as convened in Geneva not later than possible, decisions on substantive January 1979 by the country whose issues be adopted by consensus; name appears first in the alphabetical list of membership; and that the ( c) The Disarmament Commission Committee on Disarmament will: shall report annually to the General (a) Conduct its work by consensus; Assembly. It will submit for the con­ (b) Adopt its own rules of procedure; sideration by the thirty-third session of (c) Request the Secretary-General of the General Assembly a report on the United Nations, following consul­ organizational matters. In 1979, the tations with the Committee on Disarmament Commission will meet Disarmament, to appoint the Secretary of the Committee, who shall also act as for a period not exceeding four weeks, his personal representative, to assist the dates to be decided at the thirty­ the Committee and its Chairman in or­ third session of the General Assembly; ganizing the business and timetables I ( d) The Secretary-General shall of the Committee; (d) Rotate the chairmanship of the furnish such experts, staff and services Committee among all its members on a as are necessary for the effective ac­ monthly basis; complishment of the Commission's (e) Adopt its own agenda taking into functions. account the recommendations made to l 119. A second special session of the it by the General Assembly and the pro­ General Assembly devoted to disarma­ posals presented by the members of the ment should be held on a date to be Committee; decided by the General Assembly at its (f) Submit a report to the General thi.rcy-third session. Assembly annually, or more fre­ · 120. The General Assembly is quently as appropriate, and provide its conscious of the work that has been formal and other relevant documents done by the international negotiating to the Member States of the United body that has been meeting since Nations on a regular basis; March 14, 1962 as well as the con­ (g) Make arrangements for in­ siderable and urgent work that terested States, not members of the remains to be accomplished in the field Committee, to submit to the Committee of disarmament.' written proposals or working docu­ The General Assembly is deeply ments on measures of disarmament aware of the continuing requirement that are the subject of negotiation in for a single multilateral disarmament the Committee and to participate in the negotiating forum of limited size discussion of the subject matter of such taking decisions on the basis of proposals or working documents; consensus. It attaches great impor­ (h) Invite States not members of the tance to the participation of all the Committee, upon their request, to nuclear-weapon States· in an appro­ express views in the Committee when priately constituted negotiating body: the particular concerns of those States the Committee on Disarmament. are under discussion; (i) Open its plenary meetings to the The General Assembly welcomes the public unless otherwise decided. .. agreement reached following appro­ 121. Bilateral and regional priate consultations among the disarmament negotiations may also member States durina- the Special play an , important role and could Session of the General ·Assemblv facilitate negotiations of multilateral Devoted to Disarmament that the agreements in the field of Committee on Disarmament will be disarmament. open to the nuclear-weapon States, and 32 to 35 other States to be chosen in 122. At the earliest appropriate ti~e, consultation with thiPresident of-the a world disarmament conference thirty-second session of the General should be convened with universal Assembly; that the membership of the participation and with adequate Committee on Disarmament will be re­ preparation. viewed at r~gular intervals; that the 123. In order to enable the United

19

~~~-,-~--=-=====~~--,----_, - Nations to continue to fulfil its role in disarmament all the officia1 records of the field otdisarmament and to carry the special session of the General out the additional tasks assigned to it Assembly devoted to disarmament, in by this special session, the United accordance with the recommendations Nations Centre for Disarmament which the Assembly may adopt at its should be adequately strengthened and thirty-third session. Some of the its research and information functions proposals put forth for consideration of accordingly extended. the special session of the Assembly are The Centre should also take account listed below: fully of the possibilities offered by United Nations specialized agencies (a) Text of the decision of the Central and other institutions and Committee of the · Romanian programmes within the United Communist Party concerning Nations system with regard to studies Romania's position on disarmament and information on disarmament. The and, in particular, on nuclear Centre should also increase contacts disarmament, adopted on 9 May 1978 with non-governmental organizations (A/S-10/14); and research institutions in view of the (b) Views of the Swiss Government valuable role they play in the field of on problems to be discussed at the tenth disarmament. This role could be special session of the General encouraged also in other ways that Assembly (A/S-10/AC.l/2); may be considered as appropriate. (c) Proposals of the Union of Soviet 124. The Secretary-General is Socialist Republics on practical requested to set up an advisory board of measures for ending the arms race eminent persons, selected on the basis (AIS-101AC.l/4); of their personal expertise and taking (d) Memorandum from France · into account the principle of equitable concerning the establishment of an geographical representation, to advise International Satellite Monitoring him on various aspects of studies to be Agency (AIS-101 AC.1/7); niade under the auspices of the United (e) Memorandum from France Nations in the field of disarmament concerning the establishment of an and arms limitation, including a International Institute for programme of such studies. Disarmament Research (A/S- ·1 10/AC.l/8); . 125. The General Assembly notes (f) Proposil by Sri Lanka for the with satisfaction that the active par­ establishment of a World ticipation of the Member States in the Disarmament Authority (A/S- consideration of the agenda items of 10/AC.1/9 and Add.I); the special session and the proposals (g) Working paper submitted by the and suggestions submitted by them Federal Republic of Germany entitled and reflected to a considerable extent "Contribution to the seismological in the Final Document have made a verification of a comprehensive test valuable contribution to the work of the ban" (A/S-10/AC.1/12); special session and to its positive (h) Working paper submitted by the conclusion. Federal Republic of Germany entitled Since a number of those proposals "Invitation to attend an international and suggestions, which have become chemical-weapon verification work­ an integral part of the work of the shop in the Federal Republic of special session, deserve to be studied Germany" (A/S-10/AC.1113); further and more thoroughly, taking (i) Working paper on disarmament into- consideration the many relevant submitted by China (AIS-10/AC.1/17); comments and observations made both (j) Working paper submitted by the Federal Republic of Germany con• in the general debate of the plenary cerning vmes of confidence-building and the deliberations of the Ad Hoc Comrajttee, the Secr~_tary-General is measures as a first step towards the requested to transmit, together with preparation of a world-wide conven­ this Final Document, to the appro­ tion on confidence-building measures priate deliberative and negotiating (A/S-10/AC.1/20); _organs dealing with the questions of (k) Proposal by Ireland for a study

I 20

. . \ ------~--...... ~, J I I

of the possibility of establishing a sys­ the tenth special session (A/S- tem of incentives to promote arms 10/AC.l/36); control and di&armament (A/S-10/ (u) Proposal by the President of AC.1/21); Cyprus for the total demilitarization (I) Working paper submitted by and disarmament of the Republic of Romania concerning a synthesis of the Cyprus and the implementation of the proposals in the field of disarmament resolutions of the United Nations (A/S- (A/S-10/AC.1/23); 10/AC.l/39); (m) Proposal by the United States of (v) Proposal by Costa Rica on eco­ America on the establishment of a nomic and social incentives to halt the United Nations Peace-keeping Re­ arms race (A/S-10/AC.l/ 40); serve and on confidence-building meas­ (w) Amendments submitted by China ures and stabilizing measures in to the draft Final Document of the various regions, including notification tenth special session (A/S- of manoeuvres, invitation of observers 10/AC.l/L.2 to L.4, AIS -10/AC.1/L.7 to manoeuvres, and United Nations and L.8); machinery to study and promote such (x) Proposals by Canada for the measures (A/S-10/AC.1/24): implementation of a strategy of suffo­ (n) Proposal by Uruguay on the cation of the nuclear arms race (A/S- possibility of establishing a polemolo­ 10/AC.1/L.6); gical agency (A/S-10/AC.1/25); (y) Draft resolution submitted by Cyprus, Ethiopia and India on the (o) Proposal by Belgium, Canada, urgent need for cessation of further Denmark, Germany, Federal Republic testing of nuclear weapons (A/S- of, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, 10/AC.l/L.10); the Netherlands, New Zealand, (z) Draft resolution submitted by Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom Ethiopia and India on the non-use of of Great Britain and Northern Ireland nuclear weapons and prevention of and the United States of America on nuclear war (A/S-10/AC.l/L.11); the strengthening of the security role of (aa) Proposal by the non-aligned the United Nations in the peaceful countries on the establishment of a settlement of disputes and peace­ zone of peace in the Mediterranean keeping (A/S-10/AC.1/26 and Corr. 1 (A/S-10/AC.1/37, para. 72); and 2); , (p) Memorandum from France (bb) Proposal by the Government of concerning the establishment of an Senegal for a tax on military budgets International· Disarmament Fund for (A/S-10/AC.1/37, para 101); Development (A/S-10/AC.1 /28); (cc) Proposal by Austria for the trans­ (q) Proposal by Norway entitled mission to Member States of working "Evaluation of the impact of new wea­ paper AlAC.187 /109 and the ascer­ pons on arms control and disarma­ tainment of their views on the subiP.f't ment efforts" (A/S-W/AC.1/31); of verification (A/S-10/AC.1/37, para. (r) Note verhaie transmitting· the 113): text, signed in Washington on 22 June (dd) Proposal by the non-aligned 1978, by the Ministers for Foreign countries for the dismantling of foreign Affairs of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, military bases from foreign territories Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru and and withdrawal of foreign troops from l Venezuela, reaffirming the principles foreign territories (A/S-10/AC.1/37, of the Declaration of Ayacucho with para. 126); respect to the limitation of conven­ tional weapons (A/S-10/AC.1/34); ( ee) Proposal by Mexico fo['· the (s) Memorandum from Liberia opening, on a provisional basis, of an entitled "Declaration of a new Ad Hoc account in the United Nations' philosophy on disarmament" (A/8- Development Programme to use for 10/AC.1/35); development the funds which may be · (t) Statements made by the released as a result of disarmament representatives of China on 22 June measures (A/S-10/AC.l/37, para. 1978. on the draft Final Document of 141);

21 (ff) Proposal by Italy on the role of Declaration or the Programme of the Security Council in the field of Action or in both. The Assembly also disarmament in accordance with welcomes the important decisions Article 26 of the United Nations agreed upon regarding the deliberative Charter (A/S-10/AC.1/37, para. 179); and negotiating machinery and is con- (gg) Proposal by the Netherlands for fiililnt that these organs will discharge a study on the establishment of an their functions in an effective manner. international disarmament 128. Finally, it should be borne in organization (A/8-10/AC.l /37, para. mind that the number of States that 186). participated in the general debate, as 126. In adopting this Final Docu­ well as the high level of representation ment, the States Members of the Uni­ and the depth and scope of that debate, ted Nations solemnly reaffirm their are unprecedented in the history of determination to work for general and disarmament efforts. Several Heads. of complete disarmament and to make State or Government addressed the further collective efforts aimed at General Assembly. In addition, other strengthening peace and inter­ Heads of State or Government sent national security; eliminating the messages and expressed their good threat of war, particularly nuclear war; wishes for the success of the special I implementing practical measures session of the Assembly. Several high I! aimed at halting and reversing the officials of specialized agencies and arms race; strengthening the proce­ other institutions and programmes dures for the peaceful settlement of within the United Nations system and ! disputes; and reducing military expen.:.' spokesmen of 25 non-governmental ditures and utilizing the resources ji organizations and six research insti­ r. thus released in a manner which will tutes also made valuable contributions help to promote the well-being of all to the proceedings of the session. peoples and to improve the eco­ It must be emphasized, more-over, nomic conditions of the developing that the special session marks not the countries. end but rather the beginning of a new 127. The General Assembly phase of the effgrts of the United expresses its satisfaction that the Nations in the field of disarmament. proposals submitted to its special 129. The General · Assembly is session devoted to disarmament and convinced that the discussions of the the deliberations thereon have made it disarmament problems at the special possible to reaffirm and define in this session and its Final Document will Final Document fundamental attract the attention of all peoples, principles, goals, priorities and further mobilize world public opinion procedures for the implementation of and provide a powerful impetus for the the above purposes, either in the cause of disarmament. \ l

22

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Preprinted from UN Monthly Chronicle OPI/618-78-35909-July 1978-lOM UNITED NATIONS A

General Assembly Distr. GENERAL

A/RES/35/152 • 14 January 1981

Thirty-fifth session Agenda item 44

RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY

(on the report of- the First Committee (A/35/665/Add.l)J

35/152. · · lementation of the reco · b the General Assembl

United Nations programme of fellowships on disarmament

The General Assembly,

Recalling its decision, taken at the tenth,special session,,to establish a programme of fellowships on disarmament, y

Recalling also its resolution 34/83 D of 11 December 1979, in which it requ~ted the Secretary-General to mak_e adequate arrangements relating to the programme for 1980 in accordance with the guidelines approved by the General Assembly at its thirty-third session;

Expressing its satisfaction at the fact that Governments, particularly those of developing countries, have continued to manifest serious interest in the programme,

Having considered the report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of the United Nations programme of fellowships on disarmament for 1980, y

!/ Resolution S-10/2, para. 108.

'J:/ A/35/521.

81-0095'6 8892E . (E) I ••• A/RES/35/152 Page 2

1. Decides to continue the United Nations programme of fellowships on disarmament;

2. Requests the Secretary-General to make adequate arrangements relating to the programme for 1981 in accordance with the guidelines approved by the General Assembly at its thirty-third session;

3. Also requests the Secretary-General to submit to the General Assembly at its thirty-sixth session a report on the implementation of the programme;

4. Commends the Secretary-General for the diligence with which the programme has been conducted;

5. Expresses its appreciation to those Member States that have invited the fellows to their capitals to study selected activities in the field of disarmament, thereby complementing usefully the fulfilment of the over-all objectives of the programme, as well as providing additional information sources and practical knowledge for the fellows.

94th plenary meeting 12 December 1980

B

Nuclear weapons in all aspects

The General Assembly,

Reaffirming that nuclear weapons pose the most serious threat to mankind and its survival and that it is therefore essential to proceed with nuclear disarmament and the complete elimination of nuclear weapons,

Reaffirming also that all nuclear-weapon States, in particular those which possess the most important nuclear arsenals, bear a special responsibility for the fulfilment of the task of achieving the goals of nuclear disarmament,

Stressing again that existing arsenals of nuclear weapons alone are more than sufficient to destroy all life on earth, and bearing in mind the devastating results which nuclear war would have on belligerents and non-belligerents alike,

Noting with alarm the increased risk of a nuclear catastrophe associated both with the intensification of the nuclear-arms race and with the adoption of the new doctrine of limited or partial use of nuclear weapons giving rise to illusions of the admissibility and acceptability of a nuclear conflict,

/ ... A/RES/35/152 Page 3

Stressing again that priority in disarmament negotiations should be given to nuclear weapons, and referring to paragraphs 49 and 54 of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly, y

Recalling its resolutions 33/71 Hof 14 December 1978 and 34/83 J of 11 December 1979,

Noting with satisfaction that the Committee on Disarmament during its session held in 1980 considered the item of its agenda entitled "Cessation of the nuclear arms race and nuclear Jisarmament",

Noting also the proposals and statements made in the Committee on Disarmament on the cessation of the nuclear-arms race and nuclear disarmament,

Noting with regret that the Committee on Disarmament during its session held in 1980 did not have an opportunity to attempt to reconcile the different points of view as regards the approach, machinery and basis for multilateral negotiations on nuclear disarmament,

Convinced that the Committee on Disarmament is the most suitable forum for the preparation and conduct of the negotiations on nuclear disarmament,

1. Notes the decision of the Committee on Disarmament to resuce intensive consideration, at its session to be held in 1981, of the item on the cessation of the nuclear-arms race ahd nuclear disarmament;

2. Believes it necessary to intensify efforts with a vi~, to initiating, as a matter of high priority, negotiations, with the participation of all nuclear­ weapon States, on the question of the cessation of the nuclear-arms race and nuclear disarmament, in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 50 of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly;

3. Calls upon the Committee on Disarmament, as a matter of priority and for the purpose of an e,rly commencement of the negotiations on the substance of the problem, to undertake consultations in which to consider, inter alia, the establishment of an ad hoc working group on the cessation of the nuclear-arms race and of nuclear disarmament with a clearly defined mandate;

4. Requests the Committee on Disarmament to report on the results of those negotiations to the General Assembly at its thirty-sixth session.

94th plenary meeting 12 December 1980

y Resolution S-10/2.

I ••. A/RES/35/152 Page 4

C

Nuclear weapons in all aspects

The General Assembly,

Recalling that, at its tenth special session, the first special session devoted to disarmament, it decided that effective measures of nuclear disarmament and the prevention of nuclear war had the highest priority and that it was essential to halt and reverse the nuclear-arms race in all its aspects in order to avert the danger of war involving nuclear weapons,

Recalling also that, at the same session, it was expressly recognized that the achievement of nuclear disarmament would require urgent negotiation of agreements at appropriate stages and with adequate measures of verification satisfactory to the States concerned, and the results that should be pursued in each one of those stages were defined,

Reiterating its conviction, as stated in its resolution 34/83 B of 11 December 1979, that the Committee on Disarmament, as the single multilateral disarmament negotiating body, should become urgently and most directly involved in substantive negotiations on priority disarmament questions,

Bearing in mind the declaration formulated by twen_ty-one of the States members of the Committee on Disarmament, in the working paper of 27 February 1980, !/ to the effect that working groups are the best available machinery for conduct of concrete negotiations within the Committee,

Taking into account the positive conclusions derived from the performance of the four ad hoc working groups established by the Committee on Disarmament on 17 March 1980 to deal, respectively, with the items relating to chemical weapons, radiological weapons, "negative guarantees" and the comprehensive programme on disarmament,

1. Urges the Committee on Disarmament to establish, upon initiation of its session to be held in 1981, an ad hoc working group on the item which in its agenda for 1979 and 1980, was entitled "Cessation of the nuclear arms race and nuclear disarmament";

2. Considers that, in the light of the exchange of views held on this subject during the last two annual sessions of the Committee on Disarmament, it would be advisable that the working group begin its negotiations by addressing the question of the elaboration and clarification of the stages of nuclear disarmament envisaged in paragraph 50 of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly, ll including identification of the responsibilities of the nuclear-weapon States and the role of the non-nuclear-weapon States in the process of achieving nuclear disarmament. 94th plenary meeting 12 December 1980

_!I CD/64. I ••• A/RES/35/152 Page 5

D

Non-use of nuclear weapons and prevention of nuclear war

The General Assembly,

Alarmed by the threat to the survival of mankind and to the life-sustaining system posed by nuclear weapons and by their use, inherent in concepts of deterrence,

convinced that nuclear disarmament is essential for the prevention of nuclear war and for the strengthening of international peace and security,

Recalling its declaration, contained in the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly, that all States should actively participate in efforts to bring about conditions in international relations among States in which a code of peaceful conduct of nations in international affairs could be agreed upon and which would preclude the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, ~

Recalling its resolutions 1653 (XVI) of 24 November 1961, 33/71 B of 14 December 1978 and 34/83 G of 11 December 1979,

Noting the comprehensive study on nuclear weapons prepared by the Secretary­ General with the assistance of a Group of Experts, ij

1. Declares once again that:

(a) The use of nuclear weapons would be a violation of the Charter of the United Nations and a crime against humanity;

(b) The use or threat of use of nuclear weapons should therefore be prohibited, pending nuclear disarmament;

2. Requests all States that have so far not submitted their proposals concerning the non-use of nuclear weapons, avoidance of nuclear war and related matters, to do so, in order that the question of an international convention or some other agreement on the subject may be further considered at the thirty-sixth session of the General Assembly;

3. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its thirty-sixth session the item entitled "Non-use of nuclear weapons and prevention of nuclear war".

94th plenary meeting 12 December 1980

y Resolution S-10/2, para. 58.

~/ A/35/392. I •.. A/RES/35/152 Page 6

E

Implementation of the recommendations and decisions of the tenth special session

The General Assembly,

Having reviewed the implementation of the recommendations and decisions adopted at the tenth special session, the first special session devoted to disarmament,

Recalling its resolutions S-10/2 of 30 June 1978 and 34/83 C of 11 December 1979,

Bearing in mind that general and complete disarmament has been recognized as an imperative and most urgent task facing the international community and that all the peoples of the world have a vital interest in the success of disarmament negotiations,

considering it imperative to achieve genuine progress in all negotiations dealing with disarmament issues,

Reaffirming that the United Nations has a central role and primary responsibility in the sphere of disarmament,

Noting with satisfaction that the tenth special session resulted in greater involvement by Member States in efforts aimed at halting the arms race and launching a process of genuine disarmament,

Expressing its satisfaction that some initial results in the implementation of the recommendations and decision of the tenth special session have been achieved, primarily through a considerable revitalization of the multilateral disarmament machinery,

Deeply concerned, however, about the continuing arms race and, in particular, the nuclear-arms race, which constitutes a growing threat to international peace and security,

Calling attention to the tasks set forth in the Declaration of the 1980s as the Second Disarmament Decade, 7/ which demand intensified efforts to be taken in the Committee on Disarmament and other appropriate forums,

Stressing the need to promote the development, strengthening and intensification of international co-operation designed to achieve general and complete disarmament, as defined by the General Assembly at its tenth special session,

21 General Assembly resolution 35/46.

/ ... A/RES/35/152 Page 7

Noting with concern that lack of tangible progress with respect to the implementation of the measures set forth in the Programme of Action of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly, y

1. Expresses its deep concern about the continued arms race, in particular the nuclear-arms race, and about the constantly growing military budgets, which bear negative consequences and pose a growing threat to international peace and security as well as to the unhampered development of countries, particularly developing countries;

2. urgently calls upon all States, in particular nuclear-weapon States and other major military Powers, immediately to take steps leading to effective halting and reversing of the arms race and to disarmament;

3. Urges those States also to intensify their efforts to bring to a successful end the negotiations which are currently taking place in the Committee on Disarmament and other international forums or to proceed with negotiations on effective international agreements according to the priorities of the Programme of Action set forth in section III of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly;

4. Recommends that the Committee on Disarmament should concentrate on the substantive and priority items on its agenda with a view to achieving tangible results;

5. Expresses its conviction that one of the most important contributions for the preparation of the special session on disarmament to be held in 1982 will be to achieve tangible progress in the implementation of the Programme of Action;

6. Calls upon all States to refrain from any actions which have or may have negative effects on the implementation of the relevant recommendations and decisions of the tenth special session;

7. Invites all States which are engaged in disarmament negotiations or arms limitation negotiations outside the United Nations framework to keep the General Assembly and the Committee on Disarmament informed of the results of such negotiations in conformity with the relevant provisions of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session;

8. Also calls upon States engaged in disarmament negotiations or arms limitation negotiations outside the united Nations framework to implement the results achieved so as to create favourable conditions for further progress;

9. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its thirty-sixth session the item entitled "Implementation of the recommendations and decisions of the tenth special session of the General Assembly".

94th plenary meeting 12 December 1980

I ••• A/RES/35/152 Page 8

F

Report of the Disarmament Commission

The General Assembly,

Having considered the report of the Disarmament Commission, y

Emphasizing again the importance of an effective follow-up to the relevant recommendations and decisions adopted at its tenth special session,

Considering the important role that the Disarmament Commission has played and the significant contribution it has made in examining and submitting recommendations on various problems in the field of disarmament and in the promotion of the implementation of the relevant decisions of the tenth special session,

Recalling its resolution 34/83 Hof 11 December 1979,

1. Endorses the report of the Disarmament Commission and the recommendations contained therein;

2. Requests the Disarmament Commission to continue its work in accordance with its mandate, as set forth in paragraph 118 of the Final Document of the Tenth Special session of the General Assembly, y and, to that end, to meet for a period not exceeding four weeks during 1981;

3. Also requests the Disarmament Commission to continue the consideration of the agenda items contained in General Assembly resolution 34/83 H, with emphasis on the preparation of a report to the Assembly at its second special session devoted to disarmament;

4. Further requests the Disarmament Commission to submit a report on its work and its recommendations on paragraphs 2 and 3 above to the General Assembly at its thirty-sixth session;

5. Requests the Secretary-General to transmit to the Disarmament Commission the report of the Committee on Disarmament, V together with all the official records of the thirty-fifth session of the General Assembly relating to disarmament matters, and to render all assistance that it may require for implementing the present resolution;

~/ Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-fifth session, Supplement No. 42 (A/35/42).

'tf Ibid., Supplement No. 27 (A/35/27).

I •. . A/RES/35/152 Page 9

6. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its thirty-sixth session the item entitled "Report of the Disarmament Commission".

94th plenary meeting 12 December 1980

G

Paragraph 125 of the Final Document

The General Assembly,

Bearing in mind the declaration set forth in section II of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly lf that, unless its avenues are closed, the continued arms race means a growing threat to international peace and the security of mankind,

Profoundly concerned over the deterioration of the international situation,

Recalling the Programme of Action set forth in section III of the Final Document as well as the activities undertaken in pursuance of the Declaration of the 1980s as the Second Disarmament Decade 2J towards bringing about the cessation of the arms race and towards real disarmament,

Reaffirming that, while nuclear disarmament is a task of the first and highest priority, progress in the limitation and subsequent reduction of nuclear weapons would be facilitated by parallel political measures and international legal measures to strengthen the security of States;

Calling for the dissolution of existing military alliances and, as a first step, for refraining from actions conducive to expansion of existing military groupings,

Concerned over the fact that the current negotiations on arms limitation and on disarmament are being protracted and that some of them have been suspended or terminated,

1. Calls upon the States permanent members of the Security council and the countries which have military agreements with them to exercise restraint both in the nuclear and conventional fields and to resolve not to increase their armed forces and conventional armaments, effective from an agreed date, as a first step towards a subsequent reduction of their armed forces and conventional armaments;

2. Invites the appropriate international bodies in the field of disarmament to continue, in accordance with the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly, efforts aimed at achieving positive results in curbing the arms race in accordance with the Programme of Action set forth in section III of the Final Document and the Declaration of the 1980s as the Second Disarmament Decade;

I .•• A/RES/35/152 Page 10

3. Requests the Secretary-General to keep this question under constant review and to transmit all relevant documents of the thirty-fifth session of the General Assembly to appropriate international bodies.

94th plenary meeting 12 December 1980

H

Programme of research and studies on disarmament

The General Assembly,

Recalling the recommendations concerning the establishment of an international institute for disarmament research contained in its resolution 34/83 M of 11 December 1979,

Taking into account the decision~ taken by the Board of Trustees of the United Nations Institute for Training and Research at its special meeting in February 1980,

j Bearing in mind the work of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Studies at its meetings held in 1980, I 1. Approves the report of the Secretary-General on the programme of research and studies on disarmament; 10/

2. Welcomes the establishment at Geneva of the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research within the framework of the united Nations Institute for Training and Research as an interim arrangement for the period until the second special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament.

94th plenary meeting 12 December 1980

I

World Disarmament Campaign

The General Assembly,

Recalling that at its tenth special session it stressed the importance of mobilizing public opinion on behalf of disarmament,

10/ A/35/574.

/ ... A/RES/35/152 Page 11

Taking into account that, in the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly, 3/ it recommended to that end the adoption of several concrete measures intended to intensify and broaden the dissemination of information about the arms race and the efforts to halt and reverse it as well as to promote programmes of study and education concerning disarmament,

Bearing in mind that for the realization of a world disarmament campaign of a permanent character it will be necessary, on the one hand, to define some basic rules which, without detriment to the necessary flexibility, will ensure a minimum of co-ordination and, on the other hand, to establish a practical and generally acceptable system for the financing of such a campaign,

Having examined the relevant section of the report of the Secretary-General on the fourth and fifth sessions of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Studies, 11/

1. Requests the Secretary-General to carry out, with the assistance of a small group of experts, for whose composition, in so far as circumstances permit, preference should be given to members of the Secretariat, a study on the organization and financing of a World Disarmament Campaign under the auspices of the united Nations;

2. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its thirty-sixth session an item entitled "World Disarmament Campaign".

94th plenary meeting 12 December 1980

J

Report of the Committee on Disarmament

The General Assembly,

Recalling its resolution 34/83 B of 11 December 1979,

Expressing its satisfaction that the Committee on Disarmament has made progress in respect of the improvement of its organization and methods of work,

Affirming that the establishment of ad hoc working groups on substantive disarmament issues will promote the negotiating role of the Committee on Disarmament,

Expressing its concern that, despite improvements in its methods of work, the Committee on Disarmament has not thus far been able to achieve concrete results on disarmament issues which have been under consideration for a number of years,

11/ A/35/575. I ••• A/RES/35/152 Page 12

Convinced that the committee on Disarmament, as the single multilateral negotiating body on disarmament, should play the central role in substantive negotiations on priority questions of disarmament and on the implementation of the Programme of Action set forth in section III of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly, y

Stressing that negotiations on specific disarmament issues conducted outside the Committee on D1sarmament should not in any way constitute an impediment to the negotiations on such questions in the Committee,

1. Urges the Committee on Disarmament to continue or undertake, during its session to be held in 1981, substantive negotiations on the priority questions of disarmament on its agenda, in accordance with the provisions of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly and the other relevant resolutions of the Assembly on those questions;

2. Invites the members of the Committee on Disarmament involved in separate negotiations on specific priority questions of disarmament to intensify their efforts to achieve a positive conclusion of those negotiations without further delay for submission to the Committee and, at the same time, to submit to the Committee a full report on their separate negotiations and the results achieved in order to contribute most directly to the negotiations in the Committee in accordance with paragraph 1 above;

3. Requests the Committee on Disarmament, at its session to be held in 1981, to continue negotiations on the elaboration of a comprehensive programme of disarmament, and to submit the programme in time for consideration by the General Assembly at the second special session devoted to disarmament;

4. Also requests the Committee on Disarmament to intensify its work on priority questions of disarmament, so that it may be in a position to contribute, through concrete accomplishments, to a favourable climate for the second special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament;

5. Further requests the Committee on Disarmament to submit a report on its work to the General Assembly at its thirty-sixth session;

6. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its thirty-sixth session the item entitled "Report of the Committee on Disarmament".

94th plenary meeting 12 December 1980 UNITED NATIONS Distr. GENERAL GENERAL A/35/575 ASSEMBLY 6 Hovem"ber 19CIO ORIGINAL: ENGLISH ------~---~~--- Thirty-fifth session Agenda item 44 (k)

REVIEH OF THE n1PLEMENTATION OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS A111D DECISIONS ADOPTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY A'r ITS TENTH SPECIAL SESSION

United Nations studies on disarmament

Report of the Secretary-General

CONTENTS Paragraphs Pa~e I. INTRODUCTION •••••• ...... 1 - (, 2 II. PROPOSALS FOR STUDIES 7 - 23 3

A. Study on the conduct and financing of a world-wide disarmament campai~n •••• 7 - 10 3 B. Study on the question of zones of peace and co-operation ••••••••••• 11 - 13 4 c. Study on the verification problem 14 - 13 5 D. Study on the cessation of the production of all types of nuclear weapons and means of delivery and of the production of fissionable material for weapons purposes 19 - 22 7 E. Further proposals for study ...... 23 8

AnNEX

Members of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Studies

80-27563 I ••• A/35/575 English Patse 2

I. INTRODUCTION

1. In paragraph 98 of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly (resolution S-10/2), the Assembly stated that "at its thirty-third and subsequent sessions the General Assembly should determine the specific guidelines for carrying out studies, taking into account the proposals already submitted including those made by individual countries at the special session, as well as other proposals which can be introduced later in this field. In doing so, the Assembly would take into consideration a report on these matters prepared by the Secretary-General". In paragraph 124 of the Final Document, the Assembly re~uested the Secretarv-General to set up an advisory board of eminent persons, selected on the basis of their personal expertise and taking into account the principle of eCJ.uitable geographical representation, to advise him on various aspects of studies to be ma.de under the auspices of the United Nations in the field of disarmament and arms limitation, including a programme of_ such studies.

2. At its thirty-fourth session, the General Assembly had before it a report of the Secretary-General on the subject of the United Nations studies on disarmament (A/34/588), which included conclusions and recommendations made by the Advisory Board on Disarmament Studies following its two sessions in 1979. In paragraph 15 of the report the Board took note of a number of topics for possible study proposed by members.

3. At the fourth and fifth sessions of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Studies, 1/ held in 1980, those members submitted detailed proposals for the studies i; question, including details about the topics to be studied, the approaches to be taken and the manner in which the studies would be carried out. The various proposals for study were thoroughly discussed, inter alia, in the light of the considerations expressed on previous occasions regarding the purposes to be served by studies on disarmament undertaken by the United Nations and the criteria for the selection of such studies. Among the purposes of such studies, the Board raised, in particular, the aim of assisting in ongoing negotiations, identifyin~ possible new areas of negotiation and promoting public awareness of the problems involved. It was stressed that studies might serve several of these purposes at once.

4. .Among the criteria for the selection of studies, it was stressed that studies should be realistic, in the sense that they should consider disarmament aspects that lend themselves to practical implementation and that, further, the areas of study should lend themselves to research, in that only those areas should be dealt with for which adequate sources of information were available. The decisive criterion should be the extent to which studies could be expected to promote the cause of disarmament, in particular negotiations.

5. In its report to the Secretary-General, the Board has expressed its awareness

y For the present composition of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Studies, see the annex to the present report. / ... A/35/575 English Page 3 that it would in due time be one of its main tasks to elaborate a comprehensive -programme of disarmament studies. In the meamrhile it would continue the consideration of proposals for new studies in the context of those already completed or currently under way, keeping in mind the need to avoid duplication of uork. The Board. agreed in this connexion to take account also of relevant work Derformed by various ad hoc sroups such as the Ad Hoc Committee on the Indian Ocean, as well as by the Committee on Disarmament and the Disarmament Commission with regard to the comprehensive programme of disarmament.

6. The Board has renortecl to the Secretary-General that it did not find itself able to make a unanimous recommendation on the studies to be carried out. However, from the discussions and consultations among the members, a broad af,reeruent emerged reflectin13 the view of most of the members of the Board that four from arnonr~ the stucties discussed should be und.ertaken. These four proposals are described "below top;ether with a brief account of the principal argument advanced in the Advisory Board in support of each, as well as of the reservations expressed. 'rhe amount of support expressed for each proposal varied and there were also differences as to the approach to be adopted. Some members drew attention to the fact that studies in the field of disarmament and arms limitation, while intended to promote and support action in that field, could not replace such action. It was also noted that diverse aspects of the problems concerned may already have been considered in various forums. In bringing these proposals to the attention of the General Assembly, the Secretary-General notes that they pertain to fields which deserve careful consideration. For this purpose, each proposal is presented in some detail, and a brief indication is given of the manner in which it might be carried out and of the approximate financial consequences thereof.

II. PROPOSALS FOR STUDIES

A. Study on the conduct and financing of a world-wide disarmanent carapair;n

7. Accordin~ to this proposal, a detailed analysis would be made of the most suitable procedures to "mobilize world public opinion on behalf of disarmament" as called for in paragraph 99 of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General .Assembly (resolution 8-10/2) - the first special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament for the purpose of increasing the dissemination of information about the armaments race and. the efforts to halt and reverse it. With regard to financinc, the Advisory Board expressed the OFinion that particular attention should oe given to the sugr,estion made by the,Secretary-General on 23 1'·1ay 1978 at the opening meetine; of that special session that an adequate source of fundinr, should be made available for the various activities involved in so mobilizin!!, world public opinion. As the Board recalled~ the Secretary-General suggested on that occasion 11 that we devote to national $.nd international disarmament efforts ~l million for each $1,000 million $pent on arms" (A/S-10/PV.l, pp. 23-25), The study would, inter alia, examine the approi:riate ways and means to raise adequate funds for the world-wide di$armament campaign and for the United Nations to co-ordinate and ad..minister the fund or funds which might be established for that purpose. I •• • A/35/515 W.nglish Page 4

8. The proposal received :particular attention. In the c_iscussion a considerable number of members agreed th~t this study should i~clude a detailed analysis of the most suitable procedures fot mobilizing world public opinion on behalf of disarmament, bearing in mind the specific measures set forth in the Final Docwnent aimed at increasing the dis~emination of information about the armaments race and the efforts to halt and rev~rseI it. They supported• the proposal that the study should examine, inter alia,'appropriate ways and means to raise adequRte funds for a world-wide disarmament campaiCTn ancl for the United f:ations to co-ordinate and administer the fund or funds which might be established for that purpose. Several members expressed t:heir awareness that even thoup;h it was hichly unlikely that the target suggested by the Secretary-General couid be met, a campaign to mobilize world public opinion deserved sup-port as probably being the area in which the United :rations could best contribute to the cause of disarmament. A number of members called for greater specificity as to the purpose of the campaign, the means to be used and the public to which it would be addressed.

9. There were also objections to the proposed study on the ground that sufficient experience had been accumulated of the ways and means to mobilize a wide public in the interest of disarmament and that it was the duty of all Governments to implement the relevant provisions of the Final Docwnent of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly (resolution S-10/2) - the first special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament.

10. The Secretary-General envisaees that if the General Assembly should endorse the proposal for this study~ it could be carried out in the United Nations

Secretariat, with the help of three consultant experts 9 enga~ed for the total period of about two months, during which they would have two meetings at United Nations Headquarters in i'Tew York. Remuneration and travel of these experts would amount to approximately $35,000.

D. Study on the question of zones of peace and co-operation

11. The recommendation has further been made to undertake this study. According to the proposal the first part of the stud,y would consist of a definition of the phrase azones of peace", the elements that malce up the substance of this concept, the rights and obligations of countries of the repective regions and of cou..ntries outside such reeions and the problems of undiminished security of countries in a zone of peace, that is, a zone of peace as a factor of increased security. The second part of the study would include an analysis of efforts made towards establishing zones of peace; it would indicate the vital pre-conditions for the establishment of zones of peace and list international conditions and factors leading the international community to accentuate the importance of establishing zones of peace and to put this idea into practice. This part would give a correlation between the state of international relations and zones of peace. In the third part, the elements and characteristic features (p,eographic, military, political, historic and cultural) of zones of peace would be elaborated. l2. The establishment of zones of peace and co-operation was widely considered in I •• •

------·· -

A/35/575 English Page 5 the Board as a highly important concept. A number of members considered it a promisinc topic for study, noting, inter alia, that the previous study on nuclear­ weapon-free zones had proved useful; that it woulcl be particularly useful to inform Member States and the e;eneral public on this concept; and that a study of this kind should prove useful in analysing the factors that are presently hindering the establishment of such zones. It was moreover noteo that the study could be carried out at little cost. Some members on the other hand questioned the practical usefulness of a study of this kind; they claimed that the need for it could be determined only once moves were made to establish a specific zone of peace. Several members further advised that a study on the question of the establishment of zones of peace should be approached regionally, that the initiative should come from the States concerned and that the matter had already been dealt with in the study on nucleA.r-weapon-free zones. In response it was noted that the global and the regional approach could be combined; that the stucly was primarily meant as an analysis of the means of brinGine; about the establishi~ent of a zone of peace but did not intend to Give a general prescription for such an establishment and that the conce~t of zones of peace was considerably wider than that of nuclear-weapon­ free zones. The view was expressed that such zones should be clearly defined and determined freely by the States concerned.

13. In view of the political implications of the subject the Secretary-General considers that if this proposal were adopted it would be most appropriate for it to be carried out by a ?,:roup of approximately 12 experts nominated by Governments, thus permitting adequate geoeraphical representation. This group would have to meet at least three times, necessitating the extension of the period reserved for the completion of the study beyond 1981. This should make it possible for the results of the study to .be available to the General Assembly at its second special session devoted to disa~nament. In view of the preparatory research required it would further seem appropriate to enga,q;e the services of a consultant for a total period of three months •. Total costs of the study, including travel and per diem expenses of the experts, the remuneration of the consultant and conference services would amount to apJ;iroxirnately ~490, 000.

C. Study on the verification problem

14. This proposal would call for a study which uould first illustrate the nature of modern verification techniques such as the safeguards of the International Atomic Energy Agency, satellite reccr.naissance, ground surveillance systems, on-site inspection methods and complaint procedures. This part of the study would be factual and technical and should describe the present state of the art and speculate about future scientific possibilities, Secondly, the study ,,rould deal with the importance of adequate verification as a special kind ~f confidence-building measure and with the need to assure all parties that arms control agreements are beinr; complied with. The third part of the study woulci cover the difficulties of providing this assurance, given the possibility of sop~isticated evasion techniques and the reluctance of some sovereign States to accept ~ertain kinds of verification. It was suggested that the limitations and weaknesses of various verification methods miF,ht be examined in this part of the study. Fourthly, the study would describe the 1-:ind of verification procedures which might be appropriate to various I ••• A/35/575 Ene,;lish Page 6 disarmament measures, such ~s the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, a comprehensive test-ban treaty, measures i:n the field of chemical weapons, etc. Further, attention would be given to, the objectives raised to intrusive verification on the grounds of commercial and m:ilitary secrecy, tor~ether with ways of overcoming; them.

15. It was proposed that the study miP,ht susgest, by way of conclusion, that although it is probably impossible to devise verification arranr;e:nients that offer 100 per cent reliability, the risks involved in acceDtin0; them may be less than the risks of allowin;;: the arms race to continue unabated. It was suggested that, above all, the study should provide States conte111.pl::>,tinr; arms reductions with a comprehensive list of all the available techniques for movitoring arms control and disarmament agreements.

16. The proposal met with considerable support in the BoaTd. It was noted that the question of verification was central to the acceptability of any given measure of arms limitation; that the information needed for the study was largely available; that the study would he a useful complement to various studies currently under way; and that, dealing with a basic problem of disarmament, it might be very useful, if carried out in an objective and factual manner, in helpinn; to obtain public su.11:r;iort for various disarmament measures. Against this, it was argued that whereas the subject was indeed very important, it could not lend itself to general study because each disarmament measure would require its own type of verification anrl that, until the specific treaty provisions rrere knovn, a study would not be productive. Various other objections were raised, includin~ the objection that the q_uestion of verification was not always a primary one. It was also noted that difficulties encountered in this field had been used as a pretext to hide a lack of political will to reach agreement. In this connexion, the opinion stated by the Secretary-General before the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament in 1972, and reiteraterl with particular emphasis in his foreword to the recent ex-pert study on a comprehensive nuclear-test ban (A/35/257), was recalled.

17. It was held, on the other hand, that a study of this nature would not be feasible unless the negotiating partners would release information on the probleus encountered; that a description of possible problems quoted out of context could be harmful to ongoing negotiations and that R study of which the conclusions might point particularly to problems could be counter-productive. In response it was noted that research could also be called for when the result could not be foreseen in advance; that the study might be very useful if it was ~eared to the complexity of the subject; anQ that in fact the demonstration that means of verification I existed could influence the political will in favour of a given disarmament measure. I 18. If the General Assembly considers it appropriate that this study should be undertaken, the Secretary-General sur,gests that he should en~age the assistance of a group of 12 to 15 governmental experts, assisted by a consultant to the Secretariat for a total period of approximately four months. If in its pertinent decision the Assembly were to call for a report to be submitted at its thirty-seventh session, the expert group would be in a position to meet tvice in each of the intervenin8 years. The total expenditures for these meetings, including travel and per diem expenses of the experts, conference services and the remuneration and travel of the expert consultant would be in the order of :;;670, 000.

I I • • • A/35/575 F,n::_;;J.ish Page I

D. Study on the cessation of the -oroouctio01 of all tynes of nuclear weapons and means o:f delivery and of the production of fissionable r:iaterial for t-rea-oons T-JUTT)oses

19. The fourth proposal -pertained to a study analo,n;ous with that ,iust conmleted on a comprehensive test ban (A/35/257). Fhereas the latter had dealt with ·i:11.e o_ualitative aspects of the nuclear arms race, this study would touch primarily oYJ its quantitative aspects. It would consist of the J'.'olJ.owinr: chapters: introduction; a brief background summary; analvticn,l S'.Jln,,~arv of tl1e consid.eratio1:., both in the General l\sseinbly and in the ner-;otiatinr: :forum in Geneva, of propost•,ls relatirn; to the cessation of the production of all t-wpes o·r nuclear weapons ancJ their means of delivery and of the production o-:: -f'ission2ble material for ,,eaJ:on purposes; specific J..spects of the problem, i.e., the relation between the cessation of the proa.uction of nuclear veapons and seans of deliver~: end. of fissionable material for weapons purposes, the military, yiolitical and economic aspects of the problem, the question of verification and the iHlJ8.ct on the nuclear arms race and nuclear disarmament; and conclusions.

20. In the discussion, ;11.embers of the Board expressed the view that. the stuo:r in question would be of help in the negotiations called for b;.r t:1e neneral Assembly ir: parar:ra.ph 50 (b) of the Final Document of the 'i'"=ntJ,_ Special Session of the General Assembly (resolution S-10/2) - the first special session devoted to disarmaI'lent, and that it would meet the criteria for studies that cou.lrl be usefully undertake1:,. under the auspices of the United l'lations.

21, A nUJ.--uber of members of the Board held that a study in this area should be limited to the cessation of the production of :fissio;rnble material for ·weapons -purposes, which could for1,1. the first phase of the consideration of the pro"blem. Several members, on the other hand, expressed the view that the cessation of the production of nuclear veapons and their means of delivery 1•,as an inse::-iarable part of the problem. Other members expressed the vieF th1:1,t participants in the ne,a;otiations on disarmament had before them sufficiently detailecl. and substantiated -proposals to form the necessary basis for considerinr; questions of nuclear disarmament and that the absence of proGress in this field was due not to the lack of factual or analytical studies but to substsntial dif:'erences of approach among States.

22. In view of the political implications of this study the Secretary-General considers that if the General Assembly should adopt tlle rroposal it -wrn:ld be a:)propriate to ene;a:se the services of a e;rou:n of between 1~ aw,_ 15 i"";OVernl'lental experts, permittin~ 8.cleq_uate o;eographical representation. The sub.ject-matter is of considerable complexity and the experts would therefore probably rea_uire "-:0 to two years to complete the study, permitting the Secretary-General to report thereon to the Assembly at its thirty-seventh session. 'rhe costs of the meetings of t11e expert group, includine- conference services ;a,nd travel and per diem expenses of the members would anount to o.pproximately $625,000. / ... A/35/575 English Page 3

~~ Further ~ro~osals for study ' 23. On the basis of workirir; papers presented by members, the Advisorr Board had a thorough discussion on a'number of further proposals for study, of which the titles are listed below:

(a) The question of the conse(]_uences of the military uses of science and technology on t~1e free access of States to science and tech.nology for peaceful purposes;

(b) Further prohibition o:f military or any other hostile use of environmental modification techniques;

(c) Further measures in the field of disarmament to prevent the arms race on the sea-bed or the ocean floor or in the subsoil thereof;

(d) Further measures to prevent an arms race in outer space;

(e) The Indian Ocean as a zone of peace (military presence in the Indian Ocean); Y

(f) The denuclearization of Africa: a study on the declaration of Africa, comprising continental Africa, }1ada~ascar and other islands surroundin~ Africa, as a nuclear-weapons-free zone and its relationship with the nuclear capability of South Africa.

It was noted in the Advisory Board that these proposals should be considered at a later stage.

Y This proposal was subsequently withdravm on the understanding that the member who had initially advanced it might ·wish to bring the matter up again at an appropriate moment. / ... A/35/575 EnGlish Annex Pae;e 1

AJ\Jl\TEX

Members of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Studies i-!ir. Erich Bielka-Karltreau, former J1inister for Foreip;n Affairs of Austria §_/ i1r. Abdulla Yaccoub Bishara, Permanent Representative of l~uwait to the United nations 2./ i:lr. Frank F.drnund Boa.ten, Ambassador of Ghana to Denmark

Mr. Constantin Ene, Permanent Representative of' Romania to the United Nations Of'fice at Geneva; Representative of Romania to the Committee on Disarmament

Mr. Alfonso Garcia Robles, Permanent Representative of I'lexico to the Committee on Disarmament

Mr. John Garnett, Senior Lecturer in Strategic Studies, Department of International Politics, University of Aberystwyth, Wales, United :cingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

I-'!r. Enrique Gaviria-Lievano, Deputy Permanent Representative of Colombia to the United Nations Office at Geneva

Mr. Ignac Golob, Assistant Federal Secretary for Foreign Affairs of Yugoslavia

H.E. Mr. A. C. s. Hameed, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Sri Lanka

Mr. John W. Holmes, Director of Research, Canadian Institute of International Affairs l:'!r. Hussein Khallaf, Professor at the University of Cairo, former Minister and Ambassador of Egypt

Mr. Lai Ya-li, Deputy Permanent Representative of China to the United Nations

Mr. Carlos Lechuga Hevia, Director of International OrGanizations, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cuba~/

Hr. Akira Matsui, Adviser, Ministry of Foreir,n Affairs of Japan

Mr. T(asuka S. Mutukwa, Deputy Permanent Representative of Zambia to the United Nations E../

§_/ Unable to attend the fourth session. "'£./ Unable to attend the fourth and fifth sessions.

/ ... A/35/5'75 EngJ.i:3h

Par:e 2 rrr. Carlos Ortiz fl_e Rozas, 'Ambassa:lor of 11.rr;entina to the Court of St. Jar:1es r;r. !:ind.ha Krishna "8am~:ih1'..l, Permrnent Representative of ;1auritius to the United T~P.tions 2../

"Tr. ,,-laus Ritter, T'irector; Foundation of Science and Politics, l•:benhausen, Federal Re:public of Germany

; ir. _~,.le jandro .':1ovi:;:a, former ··riniste:t fo:r· Fore:i.e;n Affairs of Urur~uay

, ;r. Geor,<:,e F. :C:ei::nious, II, forr-1er nead of the Uni-cecl States Arms Control and Disarmament i'.:,:_ency

Fr. A!',;ha Shahi, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Pakistan~/

,~. Vladirnir Shustov, De,,uty Permanent Representative of t;he Union of Soviet Socialist :'1epublics to the UYJ.ited Nations

..r. Pierr-e-Christian Taittinp_;er, Senator and former l"!inist;er of France

i·lr. Oscar Vaernr;6, Director General for Plannii1[!; and Research, f:1inistry of Foreiin Affairs of Horuay !::_I

Mr. Milous Vejvoda, Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs of Czechoslovakia

Hr. :.J:, A. Vellodi, Secretary, Ministry of External Affairs of India

ir. Fiero Vinci, Ambassador of Italy, Rome

1•.;r. r:un;eniusz lJyzner, Director, Department of International Orr,anizations, hinistry of Forei,o-.n Affairs of Poland

:.fr. Alejc.ndro D. Yan;:;o, Permanent 8.e:presentativr! of the Philippines to the United i:~3.tions

ic1r. Alexander Yanlmv, Deputy Foreign Minister of Bulgaria and Permanent Representative of Bul½aria to the Unit~d Nations£/

!;:_/ Unable to attend the fifth session. UNITED NATIONS Distr. LIMITED GENERAL A/C .1/33/I;. 5 25 October 1978 • < "'

ASSEMBLY • « ORIGINAL: ENGLISH

Thirty-third session FIRST COMMITTEE Agenda item 125

REVIEW OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RCCOMMENDATIONS AND DECISIONS ADOPTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY AT ITS TENTH SPECIAL SESSION

India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kenya, Malaysia, Niger, Nigeria,- Philippines, Venezuela and Yugoslavia: draft resolution ·

United Nations programme of fellowships on disarmament

The General Assembly,

Recalling its decision at the tenth special session to establish a programme of fellowships on disarmament,

Having considered the report of the Secretary-General on the guidelines for the programme of fellowships (A/33/305);

1. Approves the guidelines prepared by the Secretary-General;

2. Requests the Secretary-General to make adequate arrangements in order that the programme of fellowships on disarmament can be commenced during the first half of 1979.

.,. ,,

78-23581 ______.. 7/, ?u. k,;ep ?>t,v:i>,NG

ft. Q, ? - ~ t , 0 I · 1 - I'{ 7, ~?

UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES

INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM MEMORANDUM INTERIEUR

TO: DATE: 1 August 1978 A: The Secretary-General

THROUGH: S/C DE: -'. /""'"c,,

FROM: Mikhail D. Sytenko -~fl<,.( DE: Under-secretary-General f /Politi~ and S2curi ty Council Af ~irs

SUBJECT: OBJET: Provision in the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly concerning universality of disarmament agreements

One of the important issues raised at the special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament was the question of the universality of disarmament and arms limitation agreements. The opinion was expressed by a number of States that the importance of this measure for the promotion of disarmament efforts clearly warranted formulation of a general principle on universality of agreements which would address itself both to future efforts and existing agreements in the field of disarmament. With regard to existing agreements, the Eastern European group of States proposed a formulation to the effect that every effort should be made to achieve the widest possible adherence to existing disarmament agreements. In the process of drafting this provision, and in spite of compelling reasons for its inclusion in the document, it became apparent that a number of other Member States had considerable difficulties of a political nature in accepting this provision if it were formulated in a comprehensive manner since they considered some, or even all, of existing agreements, for various reasons, unaccept­ able to them. Because of the need of preserving the principle of consensus in adopting the Final Document, the necessary modifications were made in the respective formulation. Thus, instead of a general comprehensive provision, the two issues are treated separately. The provision on universality, as a general principle, is addressed to future agreements, stating that when multilateral agreements are negotiated, every effort should be made to ensure that they are universally acceptable. With regard to existing agreements, separate references were made to them under different sections of the document, which varied considerably in language. Concerning the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear weapons and the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (Treaty of Tlatelolco), the document merely states that "adherence to such instruments has increased in recent years and the hope has been expressed by the parties that this trend might 11 continue • Another provision of the document says that -2-

States should consider the possibility of adhering to other multilateral agreements concluded so far and, in rather ambiguous terms, mentions in this connexion, the Sea-Bed Treaty of 1971 and the Outer Space Treaty of 1967. The document is explicit only with regard to the Geneva Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in war of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of warfare, and the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stock­ piling of Bacteriological {Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction. With respect to the former, it says that all States should adhere to it, and concerning the latter that all States which have not yet done so should consider adhering to it.

It appears, therefore, that in the absence of a uniform provision in the Final Document calling upon Member States to adhere to all existing agreements in the field of disarmament, any action by the Secretary-General in this respect would have to take into consideration the positions of some non-parties to the agreements in question.

With the exception of the Treaty of Tlatelolco, France and China are not Parties to any of the agreements pertain­ ing to nuclear weapons since they consider them irrelevant for halting the arms race or discriminatory in terms of perpetuating the advantages of other nuclear-weapon Powers, ratification procedures and verification system. They reiterated their position at the Special Session.

India, Pakistan, Argentina and Brazil are among the strongest critics of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear weapons which, in their view, is discriminatory in terms of balance of obligations and responsibilities between non-nuclear and nuclear-weapon States, and unsatisfactory from the point of view of its provision on the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. In addition, there are differences between India and Pakistan which preclude adherence of the latter to the Treaty. This is also the case with regard to the Arab States and Israel where the former link their adherence to that of Israel, which, in turn, makes it dependent on the solution of the Middle East problem. -3-

A number of Latin American States refuse to adhere to the Sea-Bed Treaty on the grounds that some of its provisions are interrelated with certain questions concerning the Law of the Sea which are of a sensitive nature to them. The Outer Space Treaty appears to be the least controversial; however, in the opinion of non­ parties it concerns mostly the States which are capable technically of penetrating the area.

Similar objections on the part of non-parties have been expressed with regard to other agreements, to which references have not been made in the Final Document, including the ENMOD Convention for which the Secretary­ General is the depositary. In view of the fact that ratifications of the ENMOD convention are forthcoming, it would seem appropriate for the Secretary-General, as the depositary of the Convention, to use the occasion of its entry into force to make a verbal appeal to all Member States urging them to adhere to the convention. This occasion might be used also by the Secretary-General to urge the Member States to consider once again their adherance to the existing agreements in the field of disarmament.

In summary, two basic conclusions seem evident. First, the action of the Secretary-General to stimulate wider adherance to existing agreement in the field of disarmament, in addition to its practical usefulness, would have a political dimension as well. Secondly, the absence of a general provision would necessitate separate and qualified references to each agreement mentioned in the Final Document; Geneva Protocol, Biological convention, Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America, outer Space and Sea-Bed Treaties, each of which is still contentious for a number of non­ parties.

A draft note concerning the above is attached for your consideration.

cc: Dr. Rolf Bj5rnerstedt 21 July 1978

Draft Note to Member States Non-Parties to Existing Disarmament Agreements

The Secretary-General of the United Nations presents his compliments to the Representative of ...••..••• and has the honour to draw the attention of his Excellency's Government to provisions on universality of disarmament and arms regulation agreements in the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly devoted to Disarmament (A/RES/S-10/2). with regard to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear weapons and the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (Treaty of Tlatelolco), paragraph 67 of the

Final Document states that nAdherence to such instruments has increased in recent years and the hope has been expressed by the parties that this trend might continue". Paragraph 72 of the Document provides that nAll States should adhere to the

Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating,

Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of

Warfare ••• n. According to paragraph 73 11 All States which have not yet done so should consider adhering to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of

Bacteriological {Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their

Desb:uction". In addition, paragraph 74 of the Document states that 11 States should also consider the possibility of adhering to multilateral agreements concluded so far in the disarmament

11 field which are mentioned below in this section • It may be noted that paragraphs 79 and 80 contain references to the Treaty -2- on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and

Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Sea-Bed and the Ocean

Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof and to the Treaty on Principles

Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies.

The Secretary-General would appreciate it if his Excellency's

Government would give renewed consideration to the above-mentioned agreements in light of the provision of paragraph 40 of the Final

Document which states that nuniversality of disarmament agreements helps create confidence among States". Monday, 12 June 1978

APPOINTMENTS

10.30 European Committee for Security"' Delegation to 10th Special Session of GA {Chairman Goor and 2 r11embers} 1 ,/ ,.;,..frd ;: er r1t1.· \}) 11._c· ic/ • 1L . i3A) c• , - ' . . , } 1, '1 "1 ·, i_k,__~ I .. / L_ ,n ~\....

12.00 Mr. Sytenk_o

Mr. Hassan Khaled (Grand Mufti of Lebanon)

3.00 Meeting of Ad Hoc Committee o~ the 10th Special Session of GA {statements by NGO Delegations) (GA Hall)

s.oo Messrs. Davidson, Lewandowski, Debatin, Gherab and Ahmed (SG's Conf. Room)

6.30-7.30 Reception by Secretary-General for Heads of NGO Delegations to GA (Penthouse)

6.30-8.30 Reception by Acting Perm. Repr. of the Philipoines and Mrs. Yango (National Day) (Del. Dining Room) UNITED NATIONS Distr. GENERAL

GENERAL A/S-10/20 23 May 1978 ASSEMBLY ENGLISH ORIGINAL: ENGLISH/FREHCH •~ Tenth special session

AGEl'iJDA OF THE TENTH SPECIAL SESSION OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY

Adopted by the General Assembly at its 1st plenary meeting, on 23 May 1978

1. Opening of the session by the Chairman of the delegation of Yugoslavia.

2. Minute of silent prayer or meditation.

3, Credentials of representatives to the tenth special session of the General Assembly:

(a) Appointment of the members of the Credentials Committee~

(b) Report of the Credentials Committee.

4. Election of the President of the General Assembly.

5. Organization of the session.

6. Report of the Preparatory Committee for the Special Session of the General Assembly Devoted to Disarmament.

7. Adoption of the agenda.

8. General debate.

9. Review and appraisal of the present international situation in the light of the pressing need to achieve substantial progress in the field of disarmament, the continuation of the arms race and the close interrelationship between disarmament, international peace and security and economic development.

10. Adoption of a declaration on disarmament.

11. Adoption of a programme of action on disarmament.

12. Review of the role of the United Nations in disarmament and of the international machinery for negotiations on disarmament, including in particular the question of convenins a world disarmament conference.

78-12194 UNITED NATUONS Distr. GENERAL GENERAL A/S-10/24 ASSEMBLY 19 September 1978 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH ------~..._ Tenth special session Agenda items 9, 10, 11 and 12

REVIEW AND APPRAISAL OF THE PRESENT INTERNATIONAL SITUATION IN THE LIGHT OF THE PRESSING NEED TO ACHIEVE SUBSTANTIAL PROGRESS IN THE FIELD.OF DISARMAMENT, THE CONTINUATION OF THE ARMS RACE AND THE CLOSE INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISARMAMENT, INTERNATIOJ'1AL PEACE AND SECURITY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

ADOPTION OF A DECLARATION ON DISARMAMENT

ADOPTION OF A PROGRAMME OF ACTION ON DISARMAMENT

REVIEW OF THE ROLE OF THE UNITED NATIONS IN DISARMAMENT AND OF THE INTERNATIONAL MACHINERY FOR NEGOTIATIONS ON DISARMAMENT, INCLUDING IN PARTICULAR THE QUESTION OF CONVENING A WORLD DISARMAMENT CONFERENCE

Membership of the Committee on Disarmament

"------·-~-•--·"•'""'-•-·- ..------·-·•···---·-· ·----- .. - .... Note by the Secretary-General

1. In paragraph 120 of resolution S-10/2 of 30 June 1978, the General Assembly, inter alia, welcomed the agreement reached following appropriate consultations among the Member States during the special session of the Assembly devoted to disarmament that the Committee on Disarmament would be open to the nuclear-weapon States and 32 to 35 other States to be chosen' in consultation with the President of the thirty-second session of the Assembly.

2. In a letter dated 19 September 1978, the President of the thirty-second session of the General Assembly informed the Secretary-General that, after exhaustive consultations with Member States, the Committee on Disarmament would be open to the nuclear-weapon States and to the following 35 States:

78-20166 I •.. A/S-10/24 English Page 2

Algeria German Democratic Morocco Argentina Republic Netherlands Australia Germany, Federal Nigeria Belgium Republic of Pakistan Brazil Hungary Peru Bulgaria India Poland Burma Indonesia Romania Canada Iran Sri Lanka Cuba Italy Sweden Czechoslovakia Japan Venezuela Ee;ypt Kenya Yugoslavia Ethiopia Mexico Zaire Mongolia Office of Public Information Press Section Press Reiease United Nations, New York

GA/5805 30 June 1978

------••••--••...... •••••••• .. •••••••••• .. •""•••• ..• .. •••••• ...... m ...... - ...... ,______

. ·~ c1osni:e ·sTA-;;;; ~;··--~:ZAR-J-~oJsov-+m;._oosLAvIA), PRESIDENT--"-·\,. OF/SPECIAL SESSION OF GENERAL ASSEMBLk ON DISAR."111\..lvJENT ,.. )

~,.,..,,,.._., __ ,.,,.~---...:-=·..----~----- The tenth special-"ifesi,don of ""the~Gene"raf"Assembly devoted to disarmament is drawing to a close. This has been the first such session in the eventful history of the United Nations, a history replete with a diversity of problems and emergencies.

When we glance back over the road we have traversed, when we review the discussions and examine the barriers that we have surmounted while initiBting and preparing this special session, and when we look back to the highly complex work performed during these five weeks, we are impelled to ask ourselves such questions as: What have we accomplished? Have all these efforts' produced results? Have we fulfilled all the expectations and hopes? In reply, I think we can, with a sense of confidence, give positive replies.

Not all of us might be fully satisfied with the deliberations and results of this special session. If we had expected more and if 1·1e had wished to see more substantive results, it simply illustrates that we have come to grips with one of the most complex and intricate issues in contemporary international relations. These relations are otherwise so very complicated and controversial that it is next to impossible to make a breakthrough and bring ::nankind into a state of full security and safety with a singie special session of the General Assembly.

We have, nevertheless, achieved much on the road to creating a better and more secure world. This actually has been, first of all, the :nost representative gathering ever in the history of international relations devoted exclusively to questions of halting the arms race and opening new avenues for more active and effective negotiations on disarma:nent.

(more)

----••--••----••••--•••·••--- _.. ·•- .• ••"'••., .. _, _ _. •. ··- ... -· -·· ·"'"' •·•••• •••••·--•••••••••••••••••• ...... • .. ••••••• .. •••• .. • .. ••••• .. • .. ••••••••••••• .... ••• .. M .. •••••• .. •oo• ......

For infonnation media - not a.n offidaU record

...... Press Release GA/58o5 30 June 1978

Furthermore, we have had a very important and productive genera] ileba~ .. which was held at the highest level ever_· of the international dialogue on disarmament. We have heard the full range of arguments and :nany invaluable proposals and suggestions about how and why the present untenable situation _in the arms race should be ended, a.bout the growing military expenditures and a.bout keeping our footing on the dangerous edge of a global cataclysm. which, in terms of its frightening consequences, would have no comparison at all in the history of human civilization.

Our work, our debates and our negotiations have been followed with keen interest by people all over the world, especially by the many non-governmental organizations and movements that have rendered a great contribution towards having the spiralling arms race in the world portrayed in its true light to the public a.nd peoples of all countries. '.fens of millions of people have signed their na.~es to appeals addressed to the United Nations, demanding effective action towards banning this unpredi::!ta.ble and suicidal arms race. These petitions, which have been deposited in the archives of the United Nations, illustrate in themselves the role which the United Nations plays in our times and the confidence which millions of ordinary people throughout the world have in our Organization.

With this special session we have once again returned the disarmament issues to the United Nations. The role of the United Nations in dealing with such a crucial problem has become irreplaceable. It has been demonstrated that the United Nations is the only forum in which, in spite of all hardships of a political and negotiating nature, it is possible, on a :footing of' equality and with the participation of all concerned, to examine problems of great importance to some Powers with a special role and responsiblity. These problems cannot be successfully solved only ·within the narrow circle of these Powers, a circle which is more often than not a vicious circle of rivalry, distrust and, consequently, of increased stockpiling of weaponry.

The past weeks, especially these last days, have seen not only debate and discussion of new ideas and proposals, but also intensive negotiations on all aspects of the present situation within the context of the arms race and its consequences. If to this we add the five sessions of the Preparatory Committee, then the tenth special session of the General Assembly represents the most intensive negotiations ever held on disarmament, even though the session in itself was not meant to reach international treaties or firm agreements. The whole process of preparing and holding this session has led to the most detailed assessment of the present situation and of the major course of action taken within the United Nations for the purpose of finding solutions to problems that have accumulated within the complex area. of disarmament.

We have today adopted the Final Document, which is the product of very patient and, at tL~es, arduous negotiations. In the process we have seen the most varied approaches presented with mutual respect for the positions of all the participants in this intensive process of accommodation. In the given situation, the document we have just adopted represents the broadest possible platform for further work and for additional efforts by the United Nations in the field of disarmament. (more) - 3 - Press Release GA/5805 30 June 1978

As is evident from the statements and explanations given during today's session of the General Assembly, all are not -- nor can they be -- satisfied with every section and paragraph of the Final Document. It was not possible to adopt a text that presented a clear and more pertinent appraisal of the problems, nore concretqi proposals and recommendations because of various objections and the accepted method of our work here, characterized by patient har!llonization and decisions by consensus. Necessary and important concessions, especially during last minute negotiations, were made by many participants in what I am impelled to describe as a truly monumental ta sl;;:.

I should like to thank,from this rostrum, all of these who, although defending their positions and often their own interests, made possible, in the spirit of mutual understanding, the adoption of this important document. It will, I am confident, represent a new chapter in the history of the work and activities of our world Organization.

I wish also to express my thanks to the sponsors of resolutions, especially to the 32 Powers who have tabled a resolution expressing the grave concern of this large group of countries over the proble~ they have presented for consideration, for not insisting on a vote. By acting thus they have rendered an important contribution towards having the tenth special session end in an atmosphere of unanimity. This reflects the serious preoccupation of the entire international community with the crucial phase of the arms race and the indispensability of undertaking effective negotiations with a view to limiting and curbing it.

The assessments, measures and proposals contained in 126 paragraphs of the Final Document represent, especially in some aspects, important new positions harmonized in the United Nations. At the time when the initiative for convening the tenth special session was accepted, and in the early phases of its preparations, there existed certain elements in the international situation, especially in the relations between the great Powers, which offered great prospects for optimism and increased our expectations as to the ultimate outcome of the special session, but neither the expected bilaterol nor multilateral agreements, which have been the subject of protracted negotiations, have been concluded. We had also expected to see the resumption of certain unilateral measures on the pa.rt of some countries, great Powers in particular, with respect to freezing and reducing military budgets, to halting the development and deplo;ym.ent of specific types of arms or further refinement of highly destructive weapons, es well as certain action with respect to confidence­ building measures among individual countries in sensitive areas of the arms race.

The deterioration in the international atmosphere which emerged could not but adversely affect also the results of this special session devoted exclusively to disarmament. This is especially so because the complex issue of disarmament is not only inseparable from the over-all situation in international relations but from each particular international problem. Therefore, we hope that the tenth special session will facilitate the surmounting also of the present difficulties encountered in negotiations betwE'en individual powers and that it will inject new life into the negotiation mechanism.

(more) - 4 - Press Release GA/5805 30 June 1978

If it was not possible to conclude SALT II and the comprehensive test ban treaty prior to the convening of the tenth special session, I am confident that these agreeoents will be concluded in the coming months, in the light of the major debate here and in the atmosphere of' accommodation and negotiation which has characterized this session. These will undoubtedly represent additional important results of the great international dialogue in which we have all been participants here from 23 May to this day.

The strengthening of the machinery and especially of a negotiating body which will facilitate further deliberation, harmonization and the conclusion of a number of measures ai:ned at disarmament was the central focus of this session. The focus was evident in statements made by many distinguished world statesmen• It is obvious that only through negotiations will it be possible in the coming years to make a more significant and substantial breakthrough in all areas of the complex problem of disannament which figured on our agenda.

There is no doubt that the decisions in the Final Document relating to this matter represent very important and historic achievements of this session. The role of the United Nations and of the General Assembly in dealing with disarmament problems has been strengthened. The United Nations Disarmament Commission, a deliberative body, will make possible the continuation, in the future, of the dialogue initiated at this special session. In a few years from now we shall have another special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament, a session that will bring new decisions and measures.

A negotiating body has been established which will work in the spirit of the proposals submitted during this session. Thereby, the negotiating process will continue. Negotiations will be conducted on a nu.~ber of measures in conformity with the decisions of this session -- and this negotiating body will become even more closely linked with the United Nations and its procedures. With respect to the agreement reached on the future of the negotiating body, I should like to state. for the record that it was reached on the understanding that the members of the existing negotiating body are the members of the Committee on Disarmament.

Many proposals submitted to this special session about which it was not possible to agree on for various reasons, will be the subject of further deliberations and decision-making within the framework of the United Nations and the bodies established for this purpose by this special session.

Distinguished representatives, all that we have achieved merits the full attention of' the international community. If we have not lived up to the most optimistic expectations, and if we have not achieved even more important results, this should not be taken a.s a. reason for disillusion or disappointment, We did not, obviously, make a major breakthrough towards halting the arms race. We were not able to agree on new and meaningful disarmament measures. What we have not accomplished now, we will do later. What we have done is to finally chart a new course and open new channels for further negotiations.

(more) - 5 - Pl'~:!:-:S P.':'l2c:se GA/5805 30 June 19/8

All that we have done and what we have achieved is due to the merit of all delegations that have worl,;:ed with di.l.5.G;ence towards the final success of this special session. We are especially ir.::lebtcd to t!1e indefatigable Chairman of the Ad Hoc Committee, Ambassador {c"arloij' Ortiz de Rozas, to all the members of the Conm1ittee bureau and, in particuj_ar, to the Chairman of Working Group A, Ambassador {Malcolm J.CJ T~;£_pleton of New Zealand, the Chai:cman of Working Group B, Ambassador L Henryy Jaroszek of J'_G~Gnd 7 as well as to the Co-ordinator of the Working Groups, Ambassador [tufonsS,­ Garcia-Robles of Mexico. They have all made invaluable contributions to the successful harmonization of the Final Document and, thereby, to the successful conclusion of this special session.

I should also like to extend my thanks to all the Vice-Presidents of the General Assembly who sh3.red with me the responsiblities in guiding this highly important, but difficult, session of the General Assembly,

The role, activity and dedicated work during this session of the Secretary-General, Mr. Kurt Waldheim, is well known and appreciated by all of us. He has once again de:nonstrated his dynamism and dedication to the c:::ijectives of the world Organization. My thanks go to the Under-Secretary­ General, M.r. William Buffum, and to all the other staff members of the Secretariat for their exemplary services during this session. I am especially indebted to the interpreters and other staff employees who have facilitated the smooth running of the session, a session during which so many meetings of the working groups and other consultative bodies were held.

Distinguished representatives, in a short time we sha_ll part and assume new duties and engage in new activities. I hope theexper:i_ences that we have shared during the tenth special session will serve as en incentive to greater efforts and succeGses during the future sessions and activities of the United Nations. I wish you all bon voyage and a well deserved vacation. ~

Distr. GENERAL GENERAL A/nw /s-10/2 21 July 1978 ASSEMBLY ENGLISH ORIGINAL: FRENCH

Tenth special session

RESOLUTIONS AND DECISIONS ADOPTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY DURil'TG ITS TENTH SPECIAL SESSION

Note by the Secretary-General

1. The Secretary-General has the honour to circulate herewith the list of the resolutions 1/ and the text of the decisions adopted by the General Assembly during its tenth special session.

2. The final text of the resolutions and decisions will appear in the printed volume.?/

y For the provisional text of the resolutions 9 see A/RES/S-10/1 and 2. 2/ Official Records of the General Assembly, Tenth Special Session, Suppl;ment No. 4 (A/S-10/4).

78-16636 / ... J:.. iil'~F/G ..... 10/2 ?nglis}·!

1 ~?age 2

I. RESOLUTIONS "})

Resolution T.:ttle Item Date of ado·otion

S-·10/1 Credentials of representatives to the tenth s·;::iecial session o:r tht> Gc,i,c'ral Assembly· (A/S 10/22) . . . . . , , , 3 (9_) 28 June 1978

B. Hesolution_adonted_o:J. the re:r2._ort of the Ad Hoc C_~mmitt~e of_ the_ 'I'e::.1th Special Session

8-10/2 Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General !-\.ss0mbly (A/S-10/23) , .•...... 9; 10, 11 and 12 30 June 1978 ~

I II. !JSCISI0:1JS

A. Elections and appointments

Decision IITo. Title Item Date of adoption

S-10/11 Appointment of the members of the Credentials Committee (A/S.-10/PV .1, p. 2) 3 (9.:) 23 Me.y 1978 4

S-10/12 Election of the President of the

General Asse..mbly (A/S-10/PV.1 0 p. 7) 4 23 May 1978 4

S--10/13 Election of the Chairmen of the Main Committees (A/S--10/PV .1, p. 27) 5 23 May 1978 4

S··l0/14 Election of the Vice-•Presidents of the General Assembly (A/S-10/PV.l,

p. 28) . 0 0 • 0 • 0 • 0 •• 0 0 5 23 May 1978 5

S-10/15 Election of the officers of the ---Ad Hoc Committee of the Tenth Special Session (A/S-10/PV,l, p. 36) ••• , 5 23 May and 24 May 1978 5 A/INF /S -lCJ/2 :~n~~lish ::'s,ge 3

B, Ot'.1er dee is ions

Decision No. Title

8-10/21 Establishment of the Ad Hoc Comrnitte2 of the Tenth Special Session (A/8-10/PV .1, p. 28) , • • . .. • • 5 6

Report of the Preparatory Committee for the 2pecial Session of the General Assembly Devoted to Disarmament (A/S·~l0/1, A/S--·l'J/PV .1,

p. 47) 0 0 • • • • • • • < • 0 ' 6 23 May 1978

8-10/23 Adoption of the agenda and allocatior of agenda items (A/8--10/10; A/S-10/PV .1, p. 48) ..... 7 23 May 1973 6

S--10/24 Referral of a draft resolution to the thirty-third session (A/s.-10/23 ~ A/S·-10/PV.27, p. 11) , ... " ... 9, 10; 11 and 12 30 June l<,•;8

I .. , A/IliJF /S--10/2 English Page 4

II. DECISIONS

A. Elections and appointments

S~l0/11. Ap~ointment of th~ members of the Credentials Committee

At its 1st plenary meeting, on 23 May 1978, the General Assembly decided that the Credentials Committee for the tenth special session, appointed in accordance with rule 28 of the rules of procedure of the Assembly, would have the same composition as that for the thirty-second session.

As a result, the Committee was composed of the following Member States: Canada, China, Ecuador, Fiji, Madagascar, Nepal, Nigeria., Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and United States of America.

S-10/12. Election of the President of the General Assembly 'l/

At its 1st plenary meeting, on 23 May 1978, the General As~embly decided that Mr. Lazar Moj sov (Yugoslavia), President of the Assembly at its thirty--second session, would serve in the same capacity at the tenth special session.

8-10/13. Election of the Chairmen of the Main Committees 'l/

I At its 1st plenary meeting, on 23 May 1978, the General Assembly decided that the Chairmen of the Main Committees of the thirty-second session would serve in the same capacity at the tenth special session, on the understanding that the Chairmen of the Special Political Committee, the Third Committee and the Fourth Committee would each be replaced by another member of his delegation.

The following persons were therefore elected Chairmen of the Main Committees:

First Committee; I-!lr. Frank Edmund Boaten (Ghana),

S~ecial Political Committee: Mr. Peter Florin (German Democratic Republic),

Second Committee: Mr. Peter Jankowitsch (Austria),

Third Committee: :Mr. Donald 0. Mills (Jamaica),

Fourth Committee: Mr. Taber Al-Hussamy (Syrian Arab Republic),

Fifth Committee: Mr, Morteza Talieh (Iran),

Sixth Committee: Mr. Enrique Gaviria (Colombia).

3/ In accordance with rule 38 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, the General Committee consists of the Pre~ident of the Assembly, the seventeen Vice--Presidents and the Chairmen of the seven !IIain Committees. See also decision 8-10/21, subpara. (_~). / ... UITF /S--10/2 English Pa0 e 5

S--10/14. =:1ection of the Vice-Presidents of_the General Assembly J/

At its 1st plenary meeting, on 23 May 1978, the General Assembly decided that the Vice-Presidents of the thirty-second session would serve in the same capacity at the tenth special session.

The following seventeen Member States were therefore elected Vice-Presidents of the General Assembly: China, Cyprus, Democratic Y~men, Denmark, Fcuador, France, Gabon, Guatemala, IndonesiEt, Lesotho, Madagascar, Netherlands, Peru, Sierra Leone, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of J\Inerica.

S-10/15, Election of the officers of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Tenth Special Session '!±.J

At its 1st plenary meeting, on 2 3 May 1978 , the General Assembly elected the Chairman of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Tenth Special Session.

At its 1st meeting, on 24 May 1978, the Ad Hoc Committee elected its other officers.

The following persons were therefore elected officer-s of the Ad Hoc Committee:

Chairman:

Mr. Carlos Ortiz de Rozas (.Argentina) ..

Vice-Chairmen:

Mr. Leslie O. Harriman (Nigeria),

Mr. Davidson L. Hepburn (Bahamas),

Mr. Fereydoun Hoveyda (Iran),

Mr. Henryk Jaroszek (Poland),

Mr. Hotoo Ogiso (Japan),

Mr. George Papoulias (Greece),

Mr. Jaksa Petric (Yugoslavia),

}1:r. Malcolm J.C. Templeton (New Zealand).

Rapporteur:

Mr. Abdelkader Bensmail (Algeria).

lj) See also decision S-10/21. / ... A/IHF /S--10/2 English Page 6

B. Other decisions

S-10/21. Sstablishment of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Tenth Spec~i}-Session 21 .

At its 1st plenary meeting, on 23 May 1978, the General Assembly decidf'd:

(§...) To establish an Ad Hoc Committee of the Tenth Special Session, which would be a committee of the whole with a 8hairman, elected by the General Assembly, eight Vice-Chairmen and a Rapporteur, and to accord its Chairman, for the duration of the session, full rights of membership in the General Committee, including the right to vote;

(:!2) To leave it to the Ad Hoc Committef' to set up working groups as nr->cessary.

S-10/22. Report of the Preparatory Committee for the Special Session ~ the General Assembly Devoted to Disarmament

At its 1st plenary meeting, on 23 May 1978, the General Assembly endorsed the recommendations of the Preparatory Com_mittee for the Special Session of the General Assembly Devoted to Disarmamenj contained in paragraphs 45 to 53 of its report, §j

i· S1-10/23, Adoption of the agenda and allocation of agenda items

At its 1st plenary meeting, on 23 May 1978, the General Assembly adopted the agenda for the tenth special session, 1./

At the same meeting, the General Assembly decided:

(a) To allocate item 8 to the plenary Assembly;

(b) To allocate items 9 to 12 to the Ad Hoc Cormnittee of the Tenth Gpec ial Session and to entrust it with the task of considering all the proposals presented under those items, including the draft Final Document submitted by the Preparatory Committee in paragraph 54 of its report §j and of reporting to the General Assembly.

21 See also decision S-10/15, 6/ Official Records of the General Assembly, Tenth Special Session, Suppl~ment No. 1 (A/S-10/1), vol. I. The recommendations contained in paragraphs 17 to 32 of the report of the Preparatory Committee had been endorsed by the General Assembly at its thirty-second session (resolution 32/88 B). Ii A/S-10/20. I .•• A/INF/S-10/2 English Page 7

S---10/24 o Referral of a draft resolution to the_ thirty-third session

At its 27th plenary meeting, on 30 June 1978, the General Assembly decided to refer to its thirty-third session consideration of the draft resolution submitted by ~fghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Cuba, Democratic Yemen, Egypt, Indonesia, Iraqj Jordan, Xuwait, Lebanon, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sri Lanka, the Sudan) the Syrian Arab ncpublic, Tunisia, Uganda, the United Arab Emirates, Viet Nam and Yemen o ~/

..

§../ A/S-10/ACol/Lol/Revolo NATUONS Distr. GENERAL GENERAL A/RES/S-10/2 I ASSEMBLY 13 July 1978

Tenth special session Agenda items 9, 10, 11 and 12

RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE GI:NERI\.L ASSEMBLY

Lon the report of the Ad Hoc Collllllittee of the Tenth Special Session (A/S-10/23jJ S-10/2. Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly

The General Assembly,

Alarmed by the threat to the very survival of mankind posed by the existence of nuclear weapons and the continuing arms race, and recalling the devastation inflicted by all wars,

Convinced that disarmament and arms limitation, particularly in the nuclear field, are essential for the prevention of the danger of nuclear war and the strengthening of international peace and security and for the economic and social ad-yancement of all peoples, thus facilitating the achievement of the new international economic order,

Having resolved to lay the foundations of an international disarmament strateGY which, through co-ordinated and persevering efforts in which the United Nations should play a more effective role, aims at general and complete disarmament under effective international control,

Adopts the following Final Document of this s~ecial session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament:

78-16112 I •.• A/H.r,S/S-10/2 Page 2

FINAL DOClJT:.IENT OF THE TENTH SPECIAL SESSION OF T!fil GENERAL ASSEi\llBLY

CONTENTS

Section

I. Introduction. 3

II. Declaration 5

III. Programme or Action 11

IV, Machinery 23

I

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I. INTRODUCTION

1. Attainment of the objective of security, which is an inseparable element of peace, has always been one of the most profound aspirations of humanity. States have for a long time sought to maintain their security through the possession of arms. Admittedly, their survival has, in certain cases, effectively depended on whether they could count on appropriate means of defence. Yet the accumulation of weapons, particularly nuclear weapons, today constitutes much more a threat than a protection for the future of mankind. The time has therefore come to put an end to this situation, to abandon the use of force in international relations and to seek security in disarmament, that is to say, through a gradual but effective process beginning with a reduction in the present level of armaments. The ending of the arms race and the achievement of real disarmament are tasks of primary importance and urgency. To meet this historic challenge is in the political and economic interests of all the nations and peoples of the world as well as in the interests of ensuring their genuine security and peaceful future.

2. Unless its avenues are closed, the continued arms race means a growing threat to international peace and security and even to the very survival of mankind. The nuclear and conventional arms build-up threatens to stall the efforts aimed at reaching the goals of development, to become an obstacle on the road of achieving the new international economic order and to hinder the solution of other vital problems facing mankind.

3. Dynamic development of detente, encompassing all spheres of international relations in all regions of the world, with the participation of all countries, would create conditions conducive to the efforts of States to end the arms race, which has engulfed the world, thus reducing the danger of war. Progress on detente and progress on disarmament mutually complement and strengthen each other.

4. The Disarmament Decade solemnly declared in 1969 by the United Nations is coming to an end. Unfortunately, the objectives established on that occasion by the General Assembly appear to be as far away today as they were then, or even further because the arms race is not diminishing but increasing and outstrips by far the efforts to curb it. While it is true that some limited agreements have been reached, "effective measures relating to the cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament II continue to elude man's grasp. Yet the implementation of such measures is urgently required. There has not been any real progress either that might lead to the conclusion of a treaty on general and complete disarmament under effective international control. Furthermore, it has not been possible to free any amount, however modest, of the enormous resources, both material and human, which are wasted on the unproductive and spiralling arms race and which should be made available for the purpose of economic and social development, especially since such a race 11places a great burden on both the 11 developing and the developed countries •

5. The Members of the United Nations are fully aware of the conviction of their peoples that the question of general and complete disarmament is of utmost importance and that peace, security and economic and social development are I .•• A/RES/S-10/2 Page 4

indivisible, and they have therefore recognized that the corresponding obligations and responsibilities are universal.

6. Thus a powerful current of opinion has gr.adually formed, leading to the convening of what will go do-wn in the annals.Rf the United Nations as the first special session of the General Assembly devote.d entirely to disarmament.

7, The outcome of this special session, whose deliberations have to a large extent been facilitated by the five sessions of the Preparatory Committee wPich preceded it, is the present Final Document. This introduction serves as a preface to the document which comprises also .the following three sections: a Declaration, a Programme of Action and recommendatio~s concerning the international machinery for disarmament negotiations.

8. \fuile the final objective of the efforts of all States should continue to be general and complete disarmameri'c under effective international control, the immediate goal is that of the elimination of the danger of a nuclear war and the implementation of measures to halt and reverse the arms race and clear the path towards lasting peace. Negotiations on the entire range of those issues should be based on the strict observance of the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, with full recognition of the role of the United Nations in the field of disarmamen~ and reflecting the vital interest of all the peoples of the world in this spherE;. . The aim of the Declaration is to review and assess the existing situation,. out1:0ine. the objectives and the priority tasks and set forth fundamental principles for disarmament negotiations.

9. For .disarmament - the aims and purposes of which the Declaration proclaims -· to become a reality, it was essential to agree on a series of specific disarmament measures, selected 1:Jy common accord as those on which there is a consensus to the effect that their subsequent r.ealizatiop in the short term appears to be feasible. There is also a need to prepare through agreed procedures a comprehensive disarmament programme. That prosramme, passing through all the necessary stages, should lead to general and-complete disarmament under effective international control. Procedures for watching over. the fulfilment of the obligations thus assumed had also to be agreed upon •. -~~at is the purpose of the Programme of Action.

10. Although the decisive factor fm:'·~chieving real measures of disarmament is the 11 political will11 of States, and especially of those possessing nuclear weapons, a significant role can also be played by the effective functioning of an appropriate interna,tii:mal machinery designed to deal with the problems of disarmament in its various aspects. Consequently, it would be necessary that the two kinds of organs required. to that end, the deliberative and the negotiating organs, have the appropriate organization and procedures that would be most conducive to obtaining constructive results. The last section of the Final Document, section IV, has been prepared with that end in view.

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II. DECLARATION

11. Mankind today is confronted with an unprecedented threat of self-extinction arising from the massive and competitive accumulation of the most destructive weapons ever produced. Existing arsenals of nuclear weapons alone are more than sufficient to destroy all life on earth. Failure of efforts to halt and reverse the arms race, in particular the nuclear arms race, increases the danger of the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Yet the arms race continues. Military budgets are constantly growing, with enormous consumption of human and material resources. The increase in weapons, especially nuclear weapons, far from helping to strengthen international security, on the contrary weakens it. The vast stockpiles and tremendous build-up of arms and armed forces and the competition for qualitative refinement of weapons of all kinds to which scientific resources and technological advances are diverted, pose incalculable threats to peace. This situation both reflects and aggravates international tensions, sharpens conflicts in various regions of the world, hinders the process of detente, exacerbates the differences between opposing military alliances, jeopardizes the security of all States, heightens the sense of insecurity among all States, including the non-nuclear­ weapon States, and increases the threat of nuclear war.

12. The arms race, particularly in its nuclear aspect, runs counter to efforts to achieve further relaxation of international tension, to establish international relations based on peaceful coexistence and trust between all States, and to develop broad international co-operation and understanding. The arms race impedes the realization of the purposes, and is incompatible with the principles, of the Charter of the United Nations, especially respect for sovereignty, refraining from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, peaceful settlement of disputes and non-intervention and non-interference in the internal affairs of States. It also adversely affects the rights of peoples freely to determine their systems of social and economic development, and hinders the struggle for self;_determination and the elimination of colonial rule, racial or foreign domination or occupation. Indeed, the massive accumulation of armaments and the acquisition of armaments technology by racist regimes, as well as their possible acquisition of nuclear weapons, present a challenging and increasingly dangerous obstacle to a world community faced ~Tith the urgent need to disarm. It is, therefore, essential for purposes of disarmament to prevent any further acquisition of arms or arms technology by such regimes, especially through strict adherence by all States to relevant decisions of the Security Council.

13. Enduring international peace and security cannot be built on the accumulation of weaponry by military alliances nor be sustained by a precarious balance of deterrence or doctrines of strategic superiority. Genuine and lasting peace can only be created through the effective implementation of the security system provided for in the Charter of the United Nations and the speedy and substantial reduction of arms and armed forces~ by international agreement and mutual example, leading ultimately to general and complete disarmament under effective international control. At the same time~ the causes of the arms race and threats to peace must be reduced and to this end effective action should be taken to eliminate tensions and settle disputes by peaceful means. I . •. A/RES/S-1O/2 Page 6

14. Since the process of disarmament affeets the vital security interests of all States, they must all be actively concerned with and contribute to the measures of disarmament and arms limitation, which have an essential part to play in maintaining and strengthening international security. Therefore the role and responsibility of the United Nations in the sphere of disarmament, in accordance with its Charter, must be strengthened.

15. It is essential that not only Governments but also the peoples of the world recognize and understand the dangers in the present situation. In order that an international conscience may develop and that world public opinion may exercise a positive influence, the United Nations should increase the dissemination 0f information on the armaments race and disarmament with the full co-operation of Member States.

16. In a world of finite resources there is a close relationship between expenditure on armaments and economic and social development. Military expenditures are reaching ever higher levels, the highest percentage of which can be attributed to the nuclear-weapon States and most of their allies, with prospects of further expansion and the danger of further increases in the expenditures of other countries. The hundreds of billions of dollars spent annually on the manufacture or improvement of weapons are in sombre and dramatic contrast to the want and poverty in which two thirds of the world's population live. This colossal waste of resources is even more serious in that it diverts to military purposes not only material but also technical and yum.an resources whihli are urgently needed for development in all countries, particularly in the developing countries. Thus, the economic and social consequences of the arms race are so detrimental that its continuation is obviously incompatible with the implementation of the new international economic order based on justice, equity and co-operation. Consequently, resources released as a result of the implementation of disarmament measures should be used in a manner which will help to promote the well-being of all peoples and to improve the economic conditions of the developing countries.

17. Disarmament has thus become an imperative and most urgent task facing the international community. No real progress has been made so far in the crucial field of reduction of armaments. However, certain positive changes in international relations in some areas of the world provide some encouragement. Agreements have been reached that have been important in limiting certain weapons or eliminating them altogether, as in the case of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction 1/ and excluding particulsr areas from the arms race. The fact remains that these-agreements relate only to measures of limited restraint while the arms race continues. These partial measures have done little to bring the world closer to the goal of general and complete disarmament. For more than a decade there have been no negotiations leading to a treaty on general and complete disarmament. The pressing need now is to translate into practical terms the provisions of this Final Document and to proceed along the road of binding and effective international agreements in the field of disarmament.

y General Assembly resolution 2826 (XXVI), annex. I ••• A/RES/S-10/2 Page 7

18. Removing the threat of a world war - a nuclear war - is the most acute and urgent task of the present day. Mankind is confronted with a choice: we must halt the arms race and proceed to disarmament or face annihilation,

19. The ultimate objective of the efforts of States in the disarmament process is general and complete disarmament under effective international control. The principal goals of disarmament are to ensure the survival of mankind and to eliminate the danger of war, in particular nuclear war, to ensure that war is no longer an instrument for settling international disputes and that the use and the threat of force are eliminated from international life, as provided for in the Charter of the United Nations. Progress towards this objective requires the conclusion and implementation of agreements on the cessation of the arms race and on genuine measures of disarmament, taking into account the need of States to protect their security.

20. Among such measures, effective measures of nuclear disarmament and the prevention of nuclear war have the highest priority. To this end, it is imperative to remove the threat of nuclear weapons, to halt and reverse the nuclear arms race until the total elimination of nuclear weapons and their delivery systems has been achieved, and to prevent th" p!'oliferation of nuclear weapons. At the same time, other measures designed to prevent the outbreak of nuclear war and to lessen the danger of the threat or use of nuclear weapons should be taken.

21. Alon8 with these measures, agreements or other effective measures should be adopted to prohibit or prevent the development, production or use of other weapons of mass destruction. In this context, an agreement on elimination of all chemical weapons should be concluded as a matter of high priority.

22. Together with negotiations on nuclear disarmament measures, negotiations should be carried out on the balanced reduction of armed forces and of conventional armaments, based on the principle of u..11diminished s-:-'!ci.:rity of the_ Jl'lrties with a view to promoting or enhancing stability at a lower military level, taking into account the need of all States to protect their security. These negotiations should be conducted with particular emphasis on armed forces and conventional weapons of nuclear-weapon States and other militarily significant countries. There should also be negotiations on the limitation of international transfer of conventional weapons, based in particular on the same principle, and taking into account the inalienable right to self-determination and independence of peoples under colonial or foreign domination and the obligations of States to respect that right, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States, 2/ as well as the need of recipient States to protect their security. · -

23. Further international action should be taken to prohibit or restrict for humanitarian reasons the use of specific conventional weapons, including those which may be excessively injurious, cause unnecessary suffering or have indiscriminate effects.

g_/ General Assembly resolution 2625 (XXV), annex. I •• • A/RES/S•-10/2 Page B

24. Collateral measures in both the nuclear and conventional fields, together with other measures specifically designed to build confidence, should be undertaken in order to contribute to the cr2ation of favourable conditions for the adoption of additional di.sarmament measures and to further the relaxation of international tension.

25. Negotiations and measures in the field of disarmament shall be guided by the fundamental principles set forth below.

26. All States Members of the United Nations reaffirm their full commitment to the purposes of the Charter of the United Nations and their obligation strictly to observe its principles as well as other relevant and generally accepted principles of international law relatin~ to the maintenance of international peace and security. They stress the special importance of refraining from the threat or use of force against the sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or ~gainst peoples under colonial or foreign domination seeking to exercise their right to self-determination and to achieve independence; non-intervention and non-interference in the internal affairs of other States; the inviolability of international frontiers; and the peaceful settlement of disputes, having regard to the inherent right of States to individual and collective self­ defence in accordance with the Charter. :} 27. In accordance with the Chart.er, the United Nations has a central role and primary responpibili ty in the sph'ere of disarmament. In order effectively to discharge this role and facilitate and encourage all measures in this field, the United Nations should be kept appropriately informed of all steps in this field, whether unilateral, bilateral, regional or multilateral, without prejudice to the progress of negotiations.

28. All the peoples of the world have a vital interest in the success of disarmament negotiations. Consequently, all States have the duty to contribute to efforts in the field of disarmament. All States have the right to participate in disarmament negotiations. They have the right to participate on an equal footing in those multilateral disarmament negotiations which have a direct bearing on their national security. While disarmament is the responsibility of all States, the nuclear-weapon States have the primary res:r;onsibility for nuclear disarmament and, together with other militarily significant States, for halting and reversing the arms race. It is therefore important to secure their active participation.

29, The adoption of disarmament measures should take place in such an equitable and balanced manner as to ensure the right of each State to security and to ensure that no individual State or group of States may obtain advantages over others at any stage. At each stage the objective should be undi~inished security at the lowest possible level of armaments and military forces.

30. An acceptable balance of mutual responsibilities and obligations for nuclear and non-nuclear-weapon States should be strictly observed.

31. Disarmament and arms limitation agreements should provide for adequate measures of verification satisfactory to all ~arties concerned in order to create I •.• A/RES/S-10/2 Page 9

the necessary confidence and ensure that they are being observed by all parties. The form and modalities of the verification to be provided for in any specific agreement depend upon and should be determined by the purposes, scope and nature of the agreement. Af,reements should provide for the participation of pRrties directly or through the United Nations system in the verification process. Where appro-priate, a combination of several methods of verification as well as other compliance procedures should be employed.

32. All States, and in particular nuclear-weapon States, should consider various proposals designed to secure the avoidance of the use of nuclear weapons, onQ the prevention of nuclear war. In this context, while noting the declarations made by nuclear-weapon States, effective arrangements, as appropriate, to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or the threat of use of nuclear weapons could strengthen the security of those States and international peace and security.

33, The establishment of nuclear-weapon-free zones on the basis of agreements or arrangements freely arrived at amonc; the States of the zone concerned, and the full compliance with those agreements or arrangements, thus ensuring that the zones are genuinely free from nuclear weapons, and respect for such zones by nuclear-weapon States, constitute an important disarmament measure.

34, Disarmament, relaxation of international tension, respect for the risht to self-determination and national independence, the peaceful settlement of disputes in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the strengthening of international peace and security are directly related to each other. Progress in any of these spheres has a beneficial effect on all of them; in turn, failure in one sphere has negative effects on others.

35. There is aJ.so a close relationship between disarmament and development. Progress in the former would help greatly in the realization of the latter. Therefore resources released as a result of the implementation of disarmament measures should be devoted to the economic and social development of all nations and contribute to the bridging of the econo~ic gap between developed and developing countries.

36. Non-proliferation of nuclear weapons is a matter of universal concern. Measures of disarmament must be consistent with the inalienable right of aJ.l States~ without discrimination~ to develop, acquire and use nuclear technology, equipment and ruaterials for the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to determine their peaceful nuclear pro~rammes in accordance with their national priorities, needs and interests, bearing in mind the need to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons. International co-operation in the peaceful uses of nuclear enersy should be conducted under agreed and appropriate international safeguards applied on a non-discriminatory basis.

37. Significant progress in disarmament, including nuclear disarmament, would be facilitated by parallel measures to strengthen the security of States and to improve the international situation in general.

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38, Negotiations on partial measures of disarmament should be conducted concurrently with negotiations on more comprehensive measures and should be followed by negotiations leadinr; to a treaty on general and complete disarmament under effective international control.

39, Qualitative and quantitative disarmament measures are both i~portant for halting the arms race. Efforts to that end must include ner:otiations on the limitation and cessation of the qualitative improvement of armaments, especially weapons of mass destruction and the development of new means of warfare so that ultimately scientific and technological achievements may be used solely for peaceful purposes.

40. Universality of disarmament aereements helps create confidence among States. When multilateral agreements in the field of disarmament are negotiated, every effort should be made to ensure that they are universally acceptable. The full compliance of all parties with the provisions contained in such agreements would also contribute to the attainment of that goal.

41. In order to create favourable conditions for success in the disarmament process , all States should strictly abide by the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations~ refrain from actions which might adversely affect efforts in the field of disarmament, and display a constructive approach to negotiations and the political ,rill to reach agreements. There are certain negotiations on disarmament under way at different levels, tbe early and successful completion of which could contribute to1limiting the arms race. Unilateral measures of arms limitation or reduction could also contribute to the attainment of that goal.

42. Since prompt measures should be taken in order to halt and reverse the arms race, Member States hereby declare that they will respect the objectives and principles stated above and make every effort faithfully to carry out the Programme of Action set forth in section III below.

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III • PROGRAMME OF ACTION

43. Progress towards the goal of general and complete disarmament can be achieved through theimplementation of aprogra~e of action on disarmament, in accordance with the goals and principles established in the Declaration on disarmament. The present Programme of Action contains priorities and measures in the field of disarmament that States should undertake as a matter of urgency with a view to halting and reversing the arms race and to giving the necessary impetus to efforts designed to achieve genuine disarmament leading to general and complete disarmament under effective international control.

44. The present Programme of Action enumerates the specific measures of disarmament which should be implemented over the next few years, as well as other measures and studies to prepare the way for future negotiations and for progress towards general and complete disarmament.

45. Priorities in disarmament negotiations shall be: nuclear weapons; other weapons of mass destruction, including chemical weapons; conventional weapons, including any which may be deemed to be excessively injurious or to have indiscriminate effects; and reduction of armed forces.

46. Nothing should preclude States from conducting negotiations on all priority items concurrently.

47. Nuclear weapons pose the greatest danger to mankind and to tr.e survival of civilization. It is essential to halt and reverse the nuclear arms race in all its aspects in order to avert the danger of war involving nuclear weapons. The ultimate goal in this context is the complete elimination of nuclear weapons.

48. In the task of achieving the goals of nuclear disarmament, all the nuclear­ weapon States, in particular those among them which possess the most important nuclear arsenals, bear a special responsibility.

49. The process of nuclear disarmament should be carried out in such a way, and requires measures to ensure, that the security of all States is guaranteed at progressively lower levels of nuclear armaments, taking into account the relative qualitative and quantitative importance of the existing arsenals of the nuclear­ weapon States and other States concerned.

50. The achievement of nuclear disarmament will require urgent negotiation of agreements at appropriate stages and with adequate measures of verification satisfactory to the States concern~d for:

(~) Cessation of the qualitative improvement and development of nuclear­ weapon systems;

(]2_) Cessation of the production of all types of nuclear weapons and their means of delivery, and of the production of fissionable material for weapons purposes; / ... A/RES/S-10/2 Page 12

(c) A comprehensive, phased programme with a~reed time-frames, whenever feasible, for progressive and balanced reduction of stockpiles of nuclear weapons and their means of delivery, leading to their ultimate and complete elimination at the earliest possible time.

Consideration can be given in the course of the negotiations to mutual and agreed limitation or prohibition, without prejudice to the security of any State, of any types of nuclear armaments.

51. The cessation of nuclear--weapon testing by all States within the framework of an effective nuclear disarmament process would be in the interest of mankind. It would make a significant contribution to the above aim of ending the qualitative improvement of nuclear weapons and the development of new types of such weapons and of preventing the proliferation of nuclear weapons. In this context the negotiations now in progress on 11 a treaty prohibiting nuclear-weapon tests, and a protocol covering nuclear explosions for peaceful purposes, which would be an integral part of the treaty,:v should be concluded urgently and the result submitted for full consideration by the multilateral negotiating body with a view to the submission of a draft treaty to the General Assembly at the earliest possible date. All efforts should be made by the negotiating parties to achieve an agreement . . ·\ . which, following endorsement by t'he General Assembly, could attract the widest possible adherence. In this con~ext, various views were expressed by non-nuclear­ weapon States ,that, pending the conclusion of this treaty, the world community would be e1:couraged if ell the nu.clear-weapon States refrained from testing nuclear weapons. In this connexion, some nuclear-weapon States expressed different views.

52. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States of America should conclude at the earliest possible date the agreement they have been pursuine for several years in the second series of the strategic arms limitation talks (SALT II). They are invited to transmit in good time the text of the agreement to the General Assembly. It should be followed promptly by further strategic arms limitation negotiations between the two parties, leading to agreed significant reductions of, and qualitative limitations on strategic arms. It should constitute an important step in the direction of nuclear disarmament and, ultimately, of establishment of a world free of such weapons.

53. The process of nuclear disarmament described in the paragraph on this subject should be expedited by the urgent and vigorous pursuit to a successful conclusion of ongoing negotiations and the urgent initiation of further negotiations among the nuclear-weapon States.

54. Significant progress in nuclear disarmament would be facilitated both by parallel political or international legal measures to strengthen the security of States and by progress in the limitation and reduction of armed forces and conventional armaments of the nuclear-weapon States and other States in the regions concerned.

55. Real progress in the field of nuclear disarmament could create an atmosphere conducive to progress in conventional disarmament on a world-wide basis. I •.. A/RES/S-10/2 Page 13

56. The most effective guarantee against the danger of nuclear war and the use of nuclear weapons is nuclear disarmament and the complete elimination of nuclear weapons.

57. Pending the achievement of this goal, for which negotiations should be vigorously pursued, and bearing in miµd the devastating results which nuclear war would have on belligerents and non-belligerents alike, the nuclear-weapon States have special responsibilities to undertake measures aimed at preventing the outbreak of nuclear war, and of the use of force in international relations, subject to the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations, including the use of nuclear weapons.

58. In this context all States, and in particular nuclear-weapon States, should consider as soon as possible various proposals designed to secure the avoidance of the use of nuclear weapons, the prevention of nuclear war and related objectives, where possible through international agreement and thereby ensure that the survival of mankind is not endangered. All States should actively participate in efforts to bring about conditions in international relations among States in which a code of peaceful conduct of nations in international affairs could be agreed and which would preclude the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons.

59. In the same context, the nuclear-weapon States are called upon to take steps to assure the non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons. The General Assembly notes the declarations made by the nuclear-weapon States and urges them to pursue efforts to conclude, as appropriate, effective arrangements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons.

60. The establishment of nuclear-weapon-free zones on the basis of arrangements freely arrived at among the States of the region concerned constitutes an ~mportant disarmament measure.

61. The process of establishing such zones in different parts of the world should be encouraged with the ultimate objective of ~chieving a world entirely free of nuclear weapons. In the process of establishing such zones, the characteristics of each region should be taken into account. The States participating in such zones should undertake to comply fully with all the objectives, purposes and principles of the agreements or arrangements establishing the zones, thus ensuring that they are genuinely free from nuclear weapons.

62. With respect to such zones, the nuclear-weapon States in turn are called upon to give undertakings, the modalities of which are to be negotiated with the competent authority of each zone, in particular:

(§:.) To respect strictly the status of the nuclear-weapon-free zone;

(:£) To refrain from the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons against the States of the zone.

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63. In the light of existing conditions, and without prejudice to other measures which may be considered in other regions, the following measures are especially desirable:

(~) Adoption by the States concerned of all relevant measures to ensure the full application of the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (Treaty of Tlatelolco), JI taking into account the views expressed at the tenth special session on the adherence to it;

(:!?_) Signature and ratification of the Additional Protocols of the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (Treaty of Tlatelolco) by the States entitled to become parties to those instruments which have not yet done so;

(c) In Africa, where the Organization of African Unity has affirmed a decision for th; denuclearization of the region, the Security Council of the United Nations shall take appropriate effective steps whenever necessary to prevent the frustration of this objective;

(g) The serious consideration of the practical and urgent steps, as described in the paragraphs above, required __ for the implementation of the proposal to establish a nuclear-weapon-free zdne in the Middle East, in accordance with the relevant General Assembly resolut~ons, where all parties directly concerned have expressed thein support :for the concept and where the danger of nuclear-weapon proliferation exists. The establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East--vould greatly enhance international peace and security. Pending the establishment of such a zone in the region, States of the region should solemnly declare that they will refrain on a reciprocal basis from producing, acquiring or in any other way possessing nuclear weapons and nuclear explosive devices, and :from permitting the stationing of nuclear weapons on their territory by any third party and agree to place all their nuclear activities under International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards. Consideration should be given to a Security Council role in advancing the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East;

(~) All States in the region of South Asia have expressed their determination to keep their countries :free of nuclear weapons. No action should be taken by them which might deviate from that objective. In this context, the question of establishing a nuclear-weapon-free zone in South Asia has been dealt with in several resolutions of the General Assembly, which is keeping the subject under consideration.

64. The establishment of zones of peace in various regions of the world under appropriate conditions, to be clearly defined and determined freely by the States concerned in the zone, taking into account the characteristics of the zone and the principles of the Charter of the United Nations, and in conformity with international law, can contribute to strengthening the security of States within

JI United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 634, No. 9068. / ... A/RES/S-10/2 Pe..gs 15

such zones and to international peace and security as a whole. In this regard~ the General Assembly notes the proposals for the establishment of zones of peace~ inter alia, in:

(§:.) South-East Asia where States in the ree;ion have expressed interest in the establishment of such a zone, in conformity with their views;

(Q.) The Indian Ocean, taking into account the deliberations of the General Assembly and its relevant resolutions and the need to ensure the maintenance of peace and security in the region.

65. It is imperative, as an integral part of the effort to halt and reverse the arms race, to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons. The goal of nuclear non~proliferation is on the one hand to prevent the emergence of any additional nuclear-weapon States besides the existing five nuclear-weapon States, and on the other progressively to reduce and eventually eliminate nuclear weapons altogether. This involves obligations and responsibilities on the part of both nuclear-weapon States and non-nuclear-weapon States, the former undertaking to stop the nuclear arms race and to achieve nuclear disarmament by urgent application of the measures outlined in the relevant paragraphs of this Final Document, and all States undertaking to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons.

66. Effective measures can and should be taken at the national level and through international agreements to minimize the danger of the proliferation of nuclear weapons without jeopardizing energy supplies or the development of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. Therefore, the nuclear-weapon States and the non-nuclear­ weapon States should jointly take further steps to develop an international consensus of ways and means, on a universal and non-discriminatory basis, to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons.

67. Full implementatio~ of all the provisions of existing instruments on non-proliferation, such as the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 4/ and/or the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (Treaty of Tlatelolco) by States parties to those instruments will be an important contribution to this end. Adherence to such instruments has increased in recent years and the hope has been expressed by the parties that this trend might continue.

68. Non-proliferation measures should not jeopardize the full exercise of the inalienable rights of all States to apply and develop their pro~rammes for the peaceful uses of nuclear energy for economic and social development in conformity with their priorities, interests and needs. All States should also have access to and be free to acquire technology, equipment and materials for peaceful uses of nuclear energy, taking into account the particular needs of the developing countries. International co-operation in this field should be under agreed and appropriate international safeguards applied through the International Atomic Energy Agency on a non-discriminatory basis in order to prevent effectively the proliferation of nuclear weapons.

!}_/ General Assembly resolution 2373 (XXII), annex. I ••• A/RES/S-10/2 Page 16

6'). Each count.ry1 s choices and decisions in the field of the peaceful uses of nuclear energy should be respected without jeopardizing their respective fuel cycle policies or international co-operation, agreements and contracts for the peaceful use of nuclear energy, provided that the agreed safeguard measures mentioned above are appliecJ..

70. In accordance with the principles and provisions of General Assembly resolution 32/50 of 8 December 1977, international co-operation for the promotion of the transfer and utilization of nuclear technology for economic and social development, especially in the developing countries, should be strengthened.

7L Efforts should be made to conclude the worlc of the International fJuclear Fuel Cycle Evaluation strictly in accordance with the objectives set out in the final communique of its Organizing Conference. ?.f

72. All States should adhere to the Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Far fare, signed at Geneva on 17 June 1925. §j

73. All States which have not yet done so should consider adhering to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and-iToxin Weapons and on Their Destruction.

74. States should also consider !,the possibility of adhering to multilateral agreements corlcluded so far in the disarrn&.ment field which are mentioned below in this section.

75, 'l'he complete and effective prohibition of the development, production and stockpiling of all chemical weapons and their destruction represent one of the most urgent measures of disarmament. Consequently, conclusion of a convention to this end, on which negotiations have been going on for several years, is one of the most urgent tasks of multilateral negotiations. After its conclusion, all States should contribute to ensuring the broadest possible application of the convention through its early signature and ratification.

76. A convention should be concluded prohibiting the development, production, stockpiling and use of radiological weapons.

77. In order to help prevent a qualitative arms race and so that scientific and technological achievements may ultimately be used solely for peaceful purposes, effective measures should be taken to avoid the danger and prevent the emergence of new types of weapons of mass destruction based on new scientific principles and achievements. Efforts should be appropriately pursued aiming at the prohibition of such new types and new systems of weapons of ~ass destruction. Specific agreements could be concluded on particular types of new weapons of

2f See A/C.1/32/7. §.! League of i:Tat ions, Treaty Series, vol. XCIV ( 1929) , No. 2138. I ... A/RES/S-10/2 Page 17

mass destruction which may be identified. This question should be kept under continuing review.

78, The Committee on Disarmament should keep under review the need for a further prohibition of military or any other hostile use of environmental modification techniques in order to eliminate the dangers to mankind from such use,

79, In order to promote the peaceful use of and to avoid an arms race on the sea-bed and the ocean floor and in the subsoil thereof, the Committee on Disarmament is requested -· in consultation with the States parties to the Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Hass Destruction on the Sea~Bed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof, 7/ and taking into account the proposals made during the 1977 Review Conference of - the parties to that Treaty and any relevant technological developments - to proceed promptly with the consideration of further measures in the field of disarmament for the prevention of an arms race in that environment.

80. In order to prevent an arms race in outer space, further measures should be taken and appropriate international negotiations held in accordance with the spirit of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies. §.I

81. Together with negotiations on nuclear disarmament measures, the limitation and gradual reduction of armed forces and conventional weapons should be resolutely pursued within the framework of progress towards general and complete disarmament. States with the largest military arsenals have a special responsibility in pursuing the process of conventional armaments reductions.

82. In particular the achievement of a more stable situation in Europe at a lower level of military potential on the basis of approximate equality and parity, as well as on the basis of undiminished security of all States with full respect for security interests and independence of States outside military alliances, by agreement on appropriate mutual reductions and limitations would contribute to the strengthening of security in Europe and constitute a significant step towards enhancing international peace and security. Current efforts to this end should be continued most energetically.

83. Agreements or other measures should be resolutely pursued on a bilateral, regional and multilateral basis with the aim of strengthening peace and security at a lower level of forces, by the limitation and reduction of armed forces and of conventional weapons, taking into account the need of States to protect their security, bearing in mind the inherent right of self-defence embodied in the Charter of the United Nations and without prejudice to the principle of equal

1) General Assembly resolution 2660 (XXV), annex. '§.! General Assembly resolution 2222 (XXI), annex.

/ ... A/RES/S-10/2 Page 18

rights and self-determination of peoples in accordance with the Charter, and the need to ensure balance at each stage and undiminished security of all States. Such measures might include those in the following two paragraphs.

84. Bilateral, regional and multilateral consultations and conferences where appropriate conditions exist with the participation of all the countries concerned for the consideration of different aspects of conventional disarmament, such as the initiative envisaged in the Declaration of Ayacucho subscribed to by eight Latin American countries on 9 December 1974. 2/

85. Consultations should be carried out among major arms supplier and recipient countries on the limitation of all types of international transfer of conventional weapons, based in particular on the principle of undiminished security of the parties with a view to promoting or enhancing stability at a lower military level, taking into account the need of all States to protect their security as well as the inalienable right to self-determination and independence of peoples under colonial or foreign domination and the obligations of States to respect that right, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States.

86. The United Nations Conference on Prohibitions or Restrictions of Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscrirr,inate Effects, to be held in 1979, should seek agreement, in the light of humanitarian and military considerations, on the prohibition or restriction of use of certain conventional weapons including those which may cause unnecessary suffering or have indiscriminate effects. The Conference should consider specific categories of such weapons, including those which were the subject-matter of previously conducted discussions.

87. All States are called upon to contribute towards carrying out this task.

88. The result of the Conferences should be considered by all States, and especially producer States, in regard to the question of the transfer of such weapons to other States.

89. Gradual reduction of military budgets on a mutually agreed basis, for example, in absolute figures or in terms of percentage points, particularly by nuclear­ weapon States and other militarily significant States, would be a measure that would contribute to the curbing of the arms race and would increase the possibilities of reallocation of resources now being used for military purposes to economic and social development, particularly for the benefit of the developing countries. The basis for implementing this measure will have to be agreed by all participating States and will require ways and means of its implementation acceptable to all of them, taking account of the problems involved in assessing the relative significance of reduction$ as among different States and with due

2) See A/10044, annex. I ••• A/RES/S-l0/2 Page 19

regard to the proposals of States on all the aspects of reduction of military budgets.

90, The General Assembly should continue to consider what concrete steps should be taken to facilitate the reduction of military budgets, bearing in mind the relevant proposals and documents of the United Nations on this question.

91. In order to facilitate the conclusion and effective implementation of disarmament agreements and to create confidence, States should accept appropriate provisions for verification in such agreements.

92. In the context of international disarmament negotiations, the problem of verification should be further examined and adequate methods and procedures in this field be considered. Every effort should be made to develop appropriate methods and procedures which are non-discriminatory and which do not unduly interfere with the internal affairs of other States or jeopardize their economic and social development.

93. In order to facilitate the process of disarmament, it is necessary to take measures and pursue policies to strengthen international peace and security and to build confidence among States. Commitment to confidence-building measures could significantly contribute to preparing for further progress in disarmament. For this purpose, measures such as the following, and other measures yet to be agreed upon, should be undertaken:

(a) The prevention of attacks which take place by accident, miscalculation or communications failure by taking steps to improve communications between Governments, particularly in areas of tension, by the establishment of "hot lines" and other methods of reducing the risk of conflict;

(b) States should assess the possible implications of their military research and development for existing agreements as well as for further efforts in the field of disarmament;

(c) The Secretary-General shall periodically submit reports to the General Assembly on the economic and social consequences of the arms race and its extremely harmful effects on world peace and security.

94. In view of the relationship between expenditure on armaments and economic and social development and the necessity to release real resources now being used for military purposes to economic and social development in the world, particularly for the benefit of the developing countries, the Secretary-General should, with the assistance of a group of qualified governmental experts appointed by him, initiate an expert study on the relationship between disarmament and development. The Secretary-General should submit an interim report on the subject to the General Assembly at its thirty-fourth session and submit the final results to the Assembly at its thirty-sixth session for subsequent action.

95. The expert study should have the terms of reference contained in the report of the ~~- Hoc Group on the Relationship between Disarmament and Develo-pment 10/

10/ A/S-10/9. I ... A/RES/S-10/2 Page 20 appointed by the Secretary-General in accordance with General Assembly resolution 32/88 A of 12 December 1977, It should investigate the three main areas listed in the report, bearing in mind the United Nations studies previously carried out. The study should be made in the context of how disarmament can contribute to the establishment of the new international econolliic order. The study should be forward-looking and policy-oriented and place special emphasis on both the desirability of a reallo~ation, following disarmament measures, of resources now being used for military purposes to economic and social development, particularly for the benefit of the developing countries and the substantive feasibility of such a reallocation. A principal aim should be to produce results that could effectively guide the formulation of practical measures to reallocate those resources at the local, national, regional and international levels.

96. Ta.kine further steps in the field of disarmament and other measures aimed at promoting international peace and security would be facilitated by carr,Jing out studies by the Secretary-General in this field with appropriate assistance from governmental or consultant experts.

97. The Secretary-General shall, with the assistance of consultant experts appointed by him, continue the study of the interrelationship between disarmament and international security reque~ted in Assembly resolution 32/87 C of 12 December 1977 and submit it to the thirty-fourth session of the General Assembly.

98. The thir~y-third and subsequent sessions of the General Assembly should determine the specified guidelines for carrying out studies, taking into account the proposals already submitted including those made by individual countries at the special session, as well as other proposals which can be introduced later in this field. In doing so, the Assembly would take into consideration a report on these matters prepared by the Secretary-General.

99. In order to mobilize world public opinion on behalf of disarmament, the specific measures set forth below, designed to increase the dissemination of information about the armaments race and the efforts to halt 'illd ~everse it, should be adopted.

100. Governmental and non-governmental information organs and those of the United Nations and its specialized agencies should give priority to the preparation and distribution of printed and audio-visual material relating to the danger represented by the armaments race as well as to the disarmament efforts and negotiations on specific disarmament· measures.

101. In particular, publicity should be given to the Final Document of the tenth special session.

102. The General Assembly proclaims the week starting 24 October, the day of thP. foundation of -the United Nations, as a·week devoted to fostering the cbjectives of disarmament.

103. To encourage study and research on disarmament, the United Nations Centre for Disarmament should intensify its activities in the presentation of information I ... A/RES/S-10/2 Page 21

concerning the armaments race and disarmament. Also, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is urged to intensify its activities aimed at facilitating research and publications on disarmament, related to its fields of competence, especially in developing countries, and should disseminate the results of such resea:r;-,eh.

104. Throughout this process of disseminating information about developments in the disarmament field of all countries, there should be increased participation by non-governmental organizations concerned with the matter, through closer liaison between them and the United Nations.

105. Member States should be encouraged to ensure a better flow of information with regard to the various aspects of disarmament to avoid dissemination of false and tendentious information concerning armaments, and to concentrate on the danger of escalation of the armaments race and on the need for general and complete disarmament under effective international control.

106. With a view to contributing to a greater understanding and awareness of the problems created by the armaments race and of the need for disarmament, Governments and governmental and non-governmental international organizations are urged to take steps to develop programmes of education for disarmament and peace studies at all levels.

107. The General Assembly welcomes the initiative of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization in planning to hold a world congress on disarmament education and, in this connexion, urges that Organization to step up its programme aimed at the development of disarmament education as a distinct field of study through the preparation, inter alia. of teachers' guides, textbooks, readers and audio-visual materials. Member States should take all possible measures to encourage the incorporation of such materials in the curricula of their educational,. institutes. 108. In order to promote expertise in disarmament in more Member States, particularly in the developing countries, the General Assembly decides to establish a programme of fellowships on disarmament. T.h~ Secretary-General, taking into account. the preposal submitt·ed ·to the specia.""l session, should prepare guidelines for the programme. He should also submit the financial requirements of 20 fellowships to the General Assembly at its thirty-third session for inclusion in the regular budget of the United Nations, bearing in mind the savings that can be made within the existing budgetary appropriations.

109. Implementation of these priorities should lead to general and complete disarmament under effective international control, which remains the ultimate goal of all efforts exerted in the field of disarmament. Negotiations on general and complete disarmament shall be conducted concurrently with negotiations on partial measures of·disarmament. With this purpose in mind, the Committee on Disarmament will undertake the elaboration of a comprehensive programme of disarmament encompassing all measures thought to be advisable in order to ensure that the goal of general and complete disarmament under effective international control becomes a reality in a world in which international peace and security prevail and in which I ... A/RES/S-l0/2 Page 22

the new international economic order is strengthened and consolidated. The comprehensive programme should contain appropriate procedures for ensuring that the General Assembly is kept fully informed of the progress of the negotiations including an appraisal of the situation when ._1:i,ppropriate and, in particular, a continuing review of the implementation of th~ programme.

110. Progress in disarmament should be accompanied by measures to strengthen institutions for maintaining peace and the settlement of international disputes by peaceful means. During and after the implementation of the programme of general and complete disarmament, there should be taken, in accordance with the principles of the Charter of the United Nations, the necessary measures to maintain international peace and security, including the obligation of States to place at the disposal of the United Nations agreed manpower necessary for an international peace force to be equipped with agreed types of armaments. Arrangements for the use of this force should ensure that the United Nations can effectively deter or suppress any threat or use of arms in violation of the purposes and principles of the United Nations.

111. General and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control shall permit States to have at their disposal only those non-nuclear forces, armaments, facilities and establi~hments as are agreed to be necessary to maintain internal order and protect the petsonal security of citizens and in order that States shall support and provide ~greed manpower for a United Nations peace force. I 112. In addition to the several questions dealt with in this Programme of Action, there are a few others of fundamental importance, on which, because of the complexity of the issues involved and the short time at the disposal of the special session, it has proved impossible to reach satisfactory agreed conclusions. For those reasons they are treated only in very general terms and, in a few instances, not even treated at all in the Programme. It should be stressed, however, that a number of concrete approaches to deal with such questions emerged from the exchange of views carried out in the General Assembly which will undoubtedly facilitate the continuation of the study and negotiation of the problems involved in the competent disarmament organs.

I • •• A/RES/S-10/2 Page 23

IV . .MACHINERY

113. While disarmament, particularly in the nuclear field, has become a necessity for the survival of mankind and for the elimination of the danger ~f nuclear war, little progress has been made since the end of the Second World War. In addition to the need to exercise political will, the international machinery should be utilized more effectively and also improved to enable implementation of the Programme of Action and help the United Nations to fulfil its role in the field of disarmament. In spite of the best efforts of the international community, adequate results have not been produced with the existing machinery. There is, therefore, an urgent need that existing disarmament machinery be revitalized and forums appropriately constituted for disarmament deliberations and negotiations with a better representative character. For maximum effectiveness, two kinds of bodies are required in the field of disarmament - deliberative and negotiatin~. All Member States should be represented on the former, whereas the latter, for the sake of convenience, should have a relatively small membership,

114. The United Nations, in accordance with the Charter, has a central role and primary responsibility in the sphere of disarmament. Accordingly, it should play a more active role in this field and, in order to discharge its functions effectively, the United Nations should facilitate and encourage all disarmament measures - unilateral, bilateral, regional or multilateral - and be kept duly informed through the General Assembly, or any other appropriate United Nations channel reaching all Members of the Organization, of all disarmament efforts outside its aegis without prejudice to the progress of negotiations.

115. The General Assembly has been and should remain the main deliberative organ of the United Nations in the field of disarmament and should make every effort to facilitate the implementation of disarmament measures. An item entitled iiReview of the implementation of the recommendations and decisions adopted by the General Assembly at its tenth special session" shall be included in the provisional agenda of the thirty-third and subsequent sessions of the General Assembly.

116. Draft multilateral disarmament conventions should be subjected to the normal procedures applicable in the law of treaties. Those submitted to the General Assembly for its commendation should be subject to full review by the Assembly.

117. The First Committee of the General Assembly should deal in the future only with questions of disarmament and related international security questions.

118. The General Assembly establishes, as successor to the Commission originally established by resolution 502 (VI) of 11 January 1952 a Disarmament Commission, composed of all States Members of the United Nations, and decides that:

(~) The Disarmament Commission shall be a deliberative body, a subsidiary organ of the General Assembly, the function of which shall be to consider and make recommendations on various problems in the field of disarmament and to follow up the relevant decisions and recommendations of the special session devoted to disarmament. The Disarmament Commission should, inter alia, consider the elements I .•• A/RES/S-10/2 Page 24 of a comprehensive programme for disarmament to be submitted as recommendations to the General Assembly and, through it, to the negotiatinE bo~y, the Committee on Disarmament;

(b) The Disarmament Commission shall function under the rules of procedure relating to the committees of the General Assembly with such modifications as the Commission may deem necessary and shall make every effort to ensure that, in so far as possible, decisions on substantive issues be adopted by consensus;

(c) The Disarmament Commission shall report annually to the General Assembly and will submit for consideration by the Assembly at its thirty-third session a report on organizational matters; in 1979, the Disarmament Commission will meet for a period not exceeding four weeks, the dates to be decided at the thirty-third session of the Assembly;

(d) The Secretary-General shall furnish such experts, staff and services as are-necessary for the effective accomplishment of the Commission's functions.

119, A second special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament should be held on a date to be decided by the Assembly at its thirty-third session.

120. The General Assembly is con~cious of the work that has been done by the international ne/l;otiating body that has been meeting since 14 March 1962 as well as the considerable and urgent work that remains to be accomplished in the field of disarmament. The Assembly is deeply aware of the continuing requirement for a single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum of limited size taking decisions on the basis of consensus. It attaches great importance to the participation of all the nuclear-weapon States in an appropriately constituted negotiating body, the Committee on Disarmament. The Assembly welcomes the agreement reached following appropriate consultations among the Member States during the special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament that the Committee on Disarmament will be open to the nuclear-weapon States, and thirty-two to thirty-five other States to be chosen in consultation with the President of the thirty-second session of the Assembly; that the membership of the Committee on Disarmament will be reviewed at regular intervals; that the Committee on Disarmament will be convened in Geneva not later than January 1979 by the country whose name appears first in the alphabetical list of membership; and that the Committee on Disarmament will:

(~) Conduct its work by consensus;

(£.) Adopt its own rules of procedure;

(c) Request the Secretary-General of the United Nations, following consultations with the Committee on Disarmament, to appoint the Secretary of the Committee, who shall also act as his personal representative, to assist the Committee and its Chairman in organizing the business and time-tables of the Committee;

(£) Rotate the chairmanship of the Committee among all its members on a monthly basis; I ••. A/RES/S-10/2 Page 25

(e) Adopt its own agenda taking into account the recommendations made to it by the-General Assembly and the proposals presented by the members of the Committee;

(!_) Submit a report to the General Assembly annually, or more frequently as appropriate, and provide its formal and other relevant documents to the States Members of the United Nations on a regular basis;

(_g_) Make arrangements for interested States, not members of the Committee, to submit to the Committee written proposals or working documents on measures of disarmament that are the subject of negotiation in the Committee and to participate in the discussion of the subject-matter of such proposals or working documents;

(~) Invite States not members of the Committee, upon their request, to express views in the Committee when the particular concerns of those States are under discussion;

(_!_) Open its plenary meetings to the public unless otherwise decided.

121. Bilateral and regional disarmament negotiations may also play an important role and could facilitate negotiations of multilateral agreements in the field of dis armament.

122. At the earliest appropriate time, a world disarmament conference should be convened with universal participation and with adequate preparation.

123. In order to enable the United Nations to continue to fulfil its role in the field of disarmament and to carry out the additional tasks assigned to it by this special session, the United Nations Centre for Disarmament should be adequately strengthened and its research and information functions accordinely extended. Tqe Centre should also take account fully of the possibilities offered by specialized agencies and other institutions and programmes within the United Nations system with regard to studies and information on disarmament. The Centre should also increase contacts with non-governmental organizations and research institutions in view of the valuable role they play in the field of disarmament. This role could be encouraged also in other ways that may be considered as appropriate.

124. The Secretary-General is requested to set up an advisory board of eminent persons, selected on the basis of their personal expertise and taking into account the principle of equitable geographical representation, to advise him on various aspects of studies to be made under the auspices of the United Nations in the field of disarmament and arms limitation 9 including a programme of such studies. * * * 125. The General Assembly notes with satisfaction that the active participation of the Member States in the consideration of the agenda items of the special session and the proposals and suggestions submitted by them and reflected to a I ••• A/RES/S-10/2 Page 26

considerable extent in the Final Document have made a valuable contribution to the work of the special session and to its positive conclusion. Since a number of those proposals and suggestions, 11/ which have become an integral part of the work of the special session of the General Assembly, deserve to be studied further and more thoroughly, taking into consideration the many relevant comments and observations made in both the general debate of the plenary and the deliberations of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Tenth Special Session, the Secretary•-General is requested to transmit, together with this Final Document, to the appropriate deliberative and negotiating organs dealing with the questions of disarmament all the official records of the special session devoted to disarmament, in accordance with the recommendations which the Assembly may adopt at its thirty-third session. Some of the proposals put forth for the consideration of the special session are listed below:

(a) Text of the decision of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party concerning Romania's position on disarmament and, in particular, on nuclear disarmament, adopted on 9 May 1978; 12/

(b) Views of the Swiss Government on problems to be discussed at the tenth special session of the General Assembly; 13/

(£_) Proposals of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on practical measures for ending the arms racel 14/

(d) Memorandum from France ~oncerning the establishment of an International Satellite Monitoring Agency; 15/

(~) Memorandum from France concerning the establishment of an International Institute for Research on Disarmament; 16/

( f) Proposal by Sri Lanka for the establishment of a World Disarmament Authority; 17/

(g) Working paper submitted by the Federal Republic of Germany entitled 11 Contribution to the seismological verification of a comprehensive test ban"; 18/

11/ See A/S-10/PV.l-25, A/S-10/1-14 and 17, A/S-10/AC.l/PV.l-16, A/S-10/AC.1/1-40, A/S-10/AC.1/1.1-17. 12/ A/S-10/14. 13/ A/S-10/AC.l/2. 14/ A/S-10/AC.l/4. 15/ A/S-10/AC.l/7. 16/ A/S-10/ AC .1/8. 17/ A/S-10/AC.l/9 and Add.l. 18/ A/S-lO/AC.1/12. I •• . A/RES/S-10/2 Page 27

(h) Working paper submitted by the Federal Republic of Germany entitled "Invitation to attend an international chemical-weapon verification workshop in the Federal Republic of Germany"; 19/

(i:) Working paper submitted by C~ina on disarmament; 20/

(J__) Working paper submitted by the Federal Republic of Germany concerning zones of confidence-building measures as a first step towards the preparation of a world-wide convention on confidence-building measures; 21/

(.!!_) Proposal by Ireland for a study of the possibility of establishing a system of incentives to promote arms control and disarmament; 22/

(!_) Working paper submitted by Romania concerning a synthesis of the proposals in the field of disarmament; 23/

(m) Proposal by the United States of America on the establishment of a United-Nations Peace-keeping Reserve and on confidence-building measures and stabilizin~ measures in various regions, including notification of manoeuvres, invitation of observers to manoeuvres, and United Nations machinery to study and promote such measures; 24/

(n) Proposal by Uruguay on the possibility of establishing a polemological agency; 25/

(~) Proposal by Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Federal Republic of, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America on the strengthening of the security role of the United Nations in the peaceful settlement of disputes and peace-keeping; 26/

(£.) Memorandum from France concerning the establishment of an International Disarmament Fund for Development; 27/

(9) Proposal by Norway entitled "Evaluation of the impact of new weapons on arms control and disarmament efforts"; 28/

19/ A/S-l0/AC.1/13. 20/ A/8-10/AC.l/17. 21/ A/8-10/AC.l/20. 22/ A/8-10/AC.l/21. 23/ A/8-10/AC.l/23. 24/ A/8-10/AC.l/24. 25/ A/S-10/AC.l/25. 26/ A/S-10/AC.l/26 and Corr.land 2. 27/ A/8-10/AC.l/28. 28/ A/8-10/AC.l/31. I ••• A/RES/S-10/2 Page 28

(r) Note verbale transmitting the text, signed in Washington on 22 June 1978 by the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru and Venezuela, reaffirming the principles of the Declaration of Ayacucho with respect to the limitation of conventional weapons; 29/

(s) Memorandum. from Liberia entitled "Declaration of a new philosophy on 11 disarmrunent ; 30/

(!_) Statements made by the representatives of China, on 22 June 1978, on the draft Final Document of the tenth special session; 31/

(~) Proposal by the President of Cyprus for the total demilitarization and disarmament of the Republic of Cyprus and the implementation of the resolutions of the United Nations; 32/

(v) Proposal by Costa Rica on economic and social incentives to halt the arms race; 33/

(w) Amendments submitted by China to the draft Final Document of the tenth special session; 34/

(~) Proposals by Canada for:j"the implementation of a strategy of suffocation of the nuclear arms r~ce; 35/

J (;y:) Draft resolution submitted by Cyprus, Ethiopia and India on the urgent need for cessation of further testing of nuclear weapons; 36/

(~) Draft resolution submitted by Ethiopia and India on the non-use of nuclear weapons and prevention of nuclear war; 37/

(aa) Proposal by the __ liQn"."."aligned countries on the- establ:tshraen:t of a zone of peace iii the Mediterranean; 38/ ·

29/ A/S-10/AC.l/34. 30/ A/S-10/AC.l/35. 31/ A/S-10/AC.l/36. 32/ A/S-10/AC.l/39. 33/ A/S-10/AC.l/40. 34/ A/S-10/AC.l/L.2-4, A/S-10/AC.1/L.7 and 8. 35/ A/S-10/AC.l/L.6. 36/ A/S-10/AC.l/L.10. 37/ A/S-10/AC.l/L.ll. 38/ A/S-10/AC.l/37, para. 72.

I ••• A/RES/S-l0/2 Page 29

(bb) Proposal by the Government of Senegal for a tax on military budgets; 39/

(cc) Proposal by Austria for the transmission to Member States of working paper A/AC.187/109 and the ascertainment of their views on the subject of verification; 40/

(dd) Proposal by the non-aligned countries for the dismantling of foreign military bases in foreign territories and withdrawal of foreign troops from foreign territories; 41/

(ee) Proposal by Mexico for the opening, on a provisional basis, of an ad hoc--;;:-ccount in the United Nations Development Programme to use for development the funds which may be released as a result of disarmament measures; 42/

(ff) Proposal by Italy on the role of the Security Council in the field of disarmai'ent in accordance with Article 26 of the Charter of the United Nations; 43/

(gg) Proposal by the Netherlands for a study on the establishment of an international disarmament organization. 44/

126. In adopting this Final Document, the States Members of the United Nations solemnly reaffirm their determination to work for general and complete disarmament and to make further collective efforts aimed at strengthening peace and international security; eliminating the threat of war, particularly nuclear war; implementing practical measures aimed at halting and reversing the arms race; strengthening the procedures for the peaceful settlement of disputes; and reducing militaxy expenditures and utilizing the resources thus released in a manner which will help to promote the well-being of all peoples and to improve the economic conditions of the developing countries.

127, The General Assembly expresses its satisfaction that the proposals submitted to its special session devoted to disarmament and the deliberations thereon have made it possible to reaffirm and define in this Final Document fundamental principles, goals-,-· pr1.ori-ties and procedures for the implementation of the above purposes, either in the Declaration or the Programme of Action or in both. The Assembly also welcomes the important decisions agreed upon regarding the deliberative and negotiating machinery and is confident that these organs will discharge their functions in an effective manner.

39/ A/S-10/AC.l/37, para. 101. 40/ A/S-10/AC.l/37, para. 113. 41/ A/S-lO/AC.1/37, para. 126. 42/ A/S-10/AC.l/37, para. 141. 43/ A/S-10/AC.l/37, para. 179. 44/ A/8-10/AC.l/37, para. 186.

I . •• A/RES/S-10/2 Page 30

128. Finally, it should be borne in mind that the number of States that participated in the general debate, as well as the high level of representation and the depth and scope of that debate, are unprecedented in the history of disarmament efforts. Several Heads of State or Government addressed the General Assembly. In addition, other Heads of State or Government sent messages and expressed their good wishes for the success of the special session of the Assembly. Several high officials of specialized agencies and other institutions and progrannnes within the United Nations system and spokesmen of twenty-five non-governmental organizations and six research institutes also made valuable contributions to the proceedings of the session. It must be emphasized, moreover, that the special session marks not the end but rather the beginning of a new phase of the efforts of the United Nations in the field of disarmament.

129. The General Assembly is convinced that the discussions of the disarmament problems at the special session and its Final Document will attract the attention of all peoples, further mobilize world public opinion and provide a powerful impetus for the cause of disarmament.

27th plenary meeting 30 June 1978 UNITED NATUONS Distr. GENERAL GENERAL A/RES/32/88 ASSEMBLY 24 January 1978

Thirty-second session Agenda item 52

RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEJl,JBLY

Lon the report of the First Committee (A/32/38lj]

32/88. Special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament

A

The General Assembly,

Gravely concerned that vast human and material resources are spent on armaments,

Reaffirming the need to allocate greater resources to economic and social progress, particularly having in mind the needs of the developing countries,

Firmly believing that a curtailment of expenditures on armaments in keepin~ with the objectives of the Disarmament Decade would facilitate the availability of greater resources for economic and social development, particularly to the developing countries,

Recalling its previous resolutions on the aforementioned matters and the specific studies carried out at its request,

Noting the declaration made by the Fifth Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, held at Colombo from 16 to 19 August 1976, on this matter, y

Noting also the proposal for a United Nations study presented to the Preparatory Committee for the Special Session of the General Assembly Devoted to Disarmament, '?J

1/ See A/31/197. '?J A/AC.187/80.

78-01529 I.,. A/RES/32/88 Page 2

Sharing the view that decisions on concrete action would be facilitated throu~h an in-depth analysis on the relationship between disarmament efforts and measures to achieve economic and social progress,

1. Endorses the recow.l!lendation by the Preparatory Committee for the Special Session of the General Assembly Devoted to Disarmament that the General Assembly should initiate a study on the relationship between disarmament and development, the terms of reference of the study to be determined by the Assembly itself at its special session;].)

2. Requests the Secretary-General to appoint, at the earliest possible date, an ad hoc group of governmental experts with the task of elaborating a possible framework and terms of reference for the above-mentioned study;

3. Requests the Secretary-General to make available to the Ad Hoc Group on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development all the relevant materials, including proposals made by Member States, as well as previous and current United Nations studies on the subject;

4. Reauests the Ad Hoc Group to report on its work not later than 1 April 1978;

5. Requests the Secretary-General to transmit the report of the Ad Hoc Group to Member States not later than a month before the opening, on 23 May 1978, of the special session.

100th plenary meeting 12 December 1977

B

The General Assembly,

Recalling its resolution 31/189 B of 21 December 1976, in which it decided to convene a special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament,

Having considered the report of the Preparatory Committee for the Special Session of the General Assembly Devoted to Disarmament, '1±/

1. Endorses the report of the Preparatory Committee for the Special Session of the General Assembly Devoted to DisarmaJ'J.ent and the recommendation contained therein for the special session to be held between 23 May and 28 June 1978 in the General Assembly Hall; 'i/

JI Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-second Session, Supplement No. 41 (A/32/41 and Corr.l), para. 32. ':!./ Ibid., Supplement No. 41 (A/32/41 and Corr.1). 'i/ Ibid. , para. 19. I ... A/RES/32/88 Page 3

2. Requests the Preparatory CoIDI'1.ittee to continue its wor1~ in order to prepare a draft final document or docu.ments for consideration and adoption by the General Assembly at its special session and to submit to the Assembly its final report;

3. Expresses its appreciation to the members of the Preparatory CoITLmittee for their constructive contribution to its work;

4. Requests the Secretary-General to transmit to Member States the,records of the thirty-second session of the General Assembly relating to the special session;

5. Further requests the Secretary-General to render the Preparatory Committee all necessary assistance as may be required for the completion of its work.

100th plenary meeting 12 December 1977 UNDTED NATDONS Distr. GENERAL

GENERAL A/RES/32/89 ASSEMBLY 24 January 1978

Thirty-second session Agenda item 53

RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY

Lon the report of the First Committee {A/32/3821/

32/89. World Disarmament Conference

The General Assembly,

Recalling its resolutions 2833 (XXVI) of 16 December 1971, 2930 (XXVII) of 29 November 1972, 3183 (XXVIII) of 18 December 1973, 3260 (XXIX) of 9 December 1974, 3469 (XXX) of 11 December 1975 and 31/190 of 21 December 1976,

Reiterating its conviction that all peoples of the world have a vital interest in the s11~cess of disarmament negotiations and that Fl, 1 States s:iould be in a position to contribute to the adoption of measures for the achievement of this goal,

Stressing anew its belief that a world disarmament conference, adequately prepared and convened at an appropriate time, could promote the realization of such an aim and that the co-operation of all nuclear-weapon Powers would considerably facilitate its attainment,

Taking into account the provisional agenda of the special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament,!/ to be held in May and June 1978, and the recommendations proposed in the report of the Preparatory Committee for the Special Session of the General Assembly Devoted to Disarmament, g__/ endorsed by the Assembly in its resolution 32/88 A and B of 12 December 1977,

1. Req_uests the Ad Hoc Committee on the World Disarmament Conference to submit to t.he General Assembly at its special session devoted to disarmament a speci2.l report on the state of its work and deliberations;

1/ Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-second Session, Supplement No. 41 (A/32/41 and Corr.l), para. 17. '?} Ibid., paras. 17-32.

78-01535 I ... A/Rf',S/32/89 Page 2

2. Requests the Ad Hoc Committee to maintain close contact with the representatives of the States possessing nuclear weapons in order to remain currently informed of their respective attitudes, as well as to consider any relevant comments and observations which might be made to the Committee and to submit a report to the General Assembly at its thirty-third session;

3. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its thirty-third session 1 11 the item entitled ; World Disarmament Conference •

100th ~lenary meeting 12 December 1977 UNITED NATIONS Distr. GENERAL GENERAL A/RES/32/87 ASSEMBLY 19 January 1978

Thirty-second session Agenda item 51

RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY

L-;;n the report of the First Committee (A/32/380)]

32/87. General and complete disarmament

A

The General Assembly,

Recalling its resolution 2660 (XXV) of 7 December 1970, in which it commended the Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof, !f

Convinced that the Treaty constitutes a step towards the exclusion of the sea-bed, the ocean floor and the subsoil thereof from the arms race,

Recalling that the States parties to the Treaty met at Geneva from 20 June to l July 1977 to review the operation of the Treaty with a view to assuring that the purposes of the preamble and the provisions of the Treaty were being realized,

Noting with satisfaction that the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof concluded that the obligations assumed under the 'rreaty had been faithfully observed l by the States parties, Noting that in its Final Declaration '?J the Review Conference affirmed its belief that universal adherence to the Treaty would enhance international peace and security,

Y For the text of the Treaty, see the annex to resolution 2660 (XXV). '?J See A/C.l/32/4. 78-01487 I • •• A/RES/32/87 Page 2

Noting furthermore that the States parties to the Treaty reaffirmed their strong support for and continued dedication to the principles and objectives of the Treaty, as well as their commitment to implement effectively its provisions,

Recognizing that in the Final Declaration the States parties to the Treaty reaffirmed the commitment undertaken in article V to continue negotiations in good faith concerning further measures in the field of disarmament for the prevention of an arms race on the sea-bed, the ocean floor and the subsoil thereof,

Bearing in mind that, in this connexion, they have addressed specific requests to the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament,

Having considered the report of the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament, JI

Noting the comments with respect to further measures in the field of disarmament for the prevention of an arms race on the sea-bed, the ocean floor and the subsoil thereof, as well as relevant documents submitted to the General Assembly at its thirty-second session,

1. Welcomes with satisfaction the positive assessment by the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the1Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof pf the effectivenes~ of the Treaty since its entry into force;

2. Invites all States that have not yet done so, particularly those possessing nuclear weapons or any other types of weapons of mass destruction, to ratify or accede to the Treaty as a significant contribution to international confidence;

3. Affirms its strong interest in avoiding an arms race in nuclear weapons or any other types of weapons of mass destruction on the sea-bed, the ocean floor or the subsoil thereof;

4. Requests the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament - in consultation with the States parties to the Treaty and taking into account the proposals made during the Review Conference and any relevant technological developments - to proceed promptly with the consideration of further measures in the field of disarmament for the prevention of an arms race in that environment;

5. Calls upon all States to refrain from any action which :rd.ght lead to the extension of the arms race to the sea-bed and the ocean floor;

6. Requests the Secretary-Gene~al to transmit to the Conference of the Corunittee on Disarmament all documents of the thirty-second session of the General Assembly relevant to further measures in the field of disarmament for the prevention of an arms race on the sea-bed, the ocean floor and the subsoil thereof;

3/ Official Records of the General Assembly, Tnirty~second Session, Suppl;~ent No. 27 (A/32/27). · I ••• A/RES/32/87 Page 3

7. Requests the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament to report on its negotiations to the General Assembly at its thirty-third session.

100th plenary meeting 12 December 1977

B

The General Assembly,

Recalling its resolution 31/189 C of 21 December 1976, in which it requested the nuclear-weapon States, as a first step towards a complete ban on the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, to consider undertaking, without prejudice to their obligations arising from treaties establishing nuclear-weapon-free zones, not to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon States not parties to the nuclear security arrangements of some nuclear-weapon Powers,

Deeply concerned at the continuation of the arms race, in particular the nuclear arms race, and the threat to mankind due to the possibility of the use of nuclear weapons,

Considering that, until nuclear disarmament is achieved on a universal basis, it is imperative for the international community to devise effective measures to ensure the security of non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons from any quarter,

Noting that the non-nuclear-weapon States have called for assurances from nuclear-weapon Powers that they will not use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against them,

Considering that the existence of credible and binding restraints against the use ~or threat of use of nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon States would contribute towards strengthening the international non-proliferation regime and creating a suitable climate for disarmament,

Recalling its resolution 3261 G (XXIX) of 9 December 1974, in which it recommended that Member States should consider in all appropriate forums, without loss of time, the question of strengthening the security of non-nuclear-weapon States,

1. Reaffirms the provisions of its resolution 31/189 C;

2. Urges the nuclear-weapon Powers to give serious consideration to extending the undertaking proposed by the General Assembly in its resolution 31/189 C and to take expeditious action in all relevant forums to strengthen the security of non-nuclear-weapon States;

3. Recommends that all possible efforts be made at its special session devoted to disarmament, to be held in May and June 1978, to evolve binding and credible security assurances to non-nuclear-weapon States, taking into account resolution 31/189 C. 100th plenary meeting 12 December 1977 A/ffES/32/87 Page 4

C

The General Assembly,

Mindful that, according to Article 1, paragraph 1, of the Charter, the primary purpose of the United Nations is to maintain international peace and security,

Convinced that the relationship of international peace and security to disarmament is a close one and that a determination of this relationship can promote peace, security and disarmament,

Considering that for the special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament, to be held in May and June 1978, the Preparatory Committee proposed that one agenda item be a review and appraisal of the close interrelationship between disarmament, international peace and security and economic development,

Considering further that it has examined at the current session a proposal for a study of experts on the interrelationship between disarmament and development, 1:±J

Bearing in mind the need for a parallel study of the interrelationship between disarmament and international secwity,

1. Requests the Secretary-General to initiate a study on the interrelationship between disarmament and international security;

2. Further requests the Secretary-General to submit a progress report thereon to the General Assembly at its special session devoted to disarmament.

100th plenary rre~ting_ 12 December 1977

D

The General Assembly,

Concerned at the fact that the armaments race is accelerating and that the world figure for expenditures on armaments continues to increase,

Convinced of the need to intensify and diversify the efforts to promote general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control,

Reaffirming the right of each State, in the exercise of its sovereignty, to determine the appropriate conditions, and to take all the necessary measures, for ensuring its security, in accordance with the purposes and principles of the United Nations,

1:±J See General Assembly resolution 32/88 A. / ... A/RES/32/87 Page 5

Mindful of the importance which new regional measures taken on the initiative of the States concerned may have,

Convinced of the usefulness for the international community of a study on all regional aspects of disarmament,

1. Invites all States to inform the Secretary-General, not later than 15 April 1978, of their views and suggestions concerning the regional aspects of disarmament, including measures designed to increase confidence and stability as well as means of promoting disarmament on a regional basis;

2. Requests the Secretary-General to transmit the communications received by him from Governments as official documents to the General Assembly at its special session devoted to disarmament, to be held in May and June 1978;

3. Decides to consider at its thirty-third session the desirability of requesting the Secretary-General to prepare, with the collaboration of a special group of qualified governmental experts, a comprehensive study of all the regional aspects of disarmament, bearing in mind, inter alia, the decisions and recommendations that may be adopted by the General Assembly at its special session.

100th plenary meeting 12 December 1977

E

The General Assembly,

Recalling its resolution 31/90 of 14 December 1976, in which it endorsed the agreed proposals made by the Ad Hoc Committee on the Review of the Role of the Uni~ed Nations in the Field of Disarmament, 'if

Having considered the report on the measures taken by the Secretary-General as recommended by the Ad Hoc Committee,§!

Noting that the Secretary-General has carried out the request in resolution 31/90 to implement as soon as possible the measures recommended by the Ad Hoc Ccmmittee falling within his area of responsibilities,

Noting with satisfaction the publication of the first volume of the United Nations Disarmament Yearbook, 1/

5/ See Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-first Session, Supplement No. 36 (A/31/36), para. 18. §/ A/32/276. 1..J United Nations publication, Sales No. E.77.rx.2. / ... A/RES/32/87 Page 6

Recognizing the vital interest of all Governments and world public opinion to be kept properly informed on all efforts in the field of disarmament,

Recalling the recommendation of the Ad Hoc Commlttee to the effect that the General Assembly, on the basis of the report of the Secretary-General, should consider publication of a disarmament periodical,

1. Emphasizes the need for a disarmament periodical presenting in highly readable form current facts and developments in the field of disarmament, such as summaries of new proposals, of important relevant statements and communiques and of in-depth studies undertaken by the United Nations or the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament, annotated bibliographies and brief sU1Il!llaries of important books and articles on disarmament questions and related matters;

2. Requests the Secretary-General to initiate the publication of a disarmament periodical in all the working languages of the General Assembly.

100th plenary meeting 12 December 1977

F 1 The General Assembly, I Recognizing that the danger of nuclear warfare remains a grave threat to the survival of mankind,

Convinced that the prevention of proliferation of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, especially in those areas of the world where the maintenance of international peace and security is endangered, remains an important element in the efforts to avert nuclear warfare,

Recalling resolution 31/189 D of 21 December 1976, in which the General Assembly requested the International Atomic Energy Agency to give special attention to its programme of work in the non-proliferation area and to give careful consideration to all relevant suggestions aimed at strengthening the safeguards regime that have been presented to the Agency, including the communication from the Government of Finland, 8/ and to report on the progress of its work on this question to the Assembly at its thirty-second session,

Noting the annual report for 1976 of the International Atomic Energy Agency, 2./

§/ A/C.1/31/6. 9/ International Atomic Energy Agency, The Annual Report for 1976 (Austria, July 1977); transmitted to the Members of the General Assembly by a note of the Secretary-General (A/32/158). I •• • A/FIBS/32/87 Page 7

Recalling also its resolution 31/75 of 10 December 1976 on the implementation of the conclusions of the first Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the recommendations, proposals and statements made at the Conference, 10/

Recalling its resolution 2373 (XXII) of 12 June 1968, in which it commended the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 11/ and expressed the hope for the widest possible adherence to that Treaty,

Noting that more than one hundred States are now parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of :h.,clear Weapons,

Underlining the importance of the nuclear-weapon States parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Wearons responding positively, by participating in the fullest possible exchange of equipment, materials and scientific and technological information for the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, as provided in article IV of the Treaty, to the proposals and preoccupation of the non-nuclear­ weapon States in e:rder to facilitate the adherence of all non-nuclear-weapon States to the Treaty;

Noting also the importance of the establishment of nuclear-weapon-free zones in various parts of the world as a possible means of contributing to the preventi•'.J,l of the proliferation of nuclear weapons as recognized by the General Assembly in its resolution 31/70 of 10 December 1976 on the comprehensive study of the questicn of nuclear-weapon-free zones in all its aspects,

Recognizing the need to ensure, on a ncn-discriminatory basis in accordance with article IV of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and in keeping with the promotion of peaceful uses of nuclear energy, a supply of nuclear technology, materials and facilities to meet the world's energy needs,

Noting the deliberations of the International Conference on Nuclear Power and Its Fuel Cycle, held at Salzburg, Austria, from 2 to 13 May 1977 ill under the auspices of the International Atomic Energy Agency, and the Conference on the Transfer of Nuclear Technology, held at Persepolis, Iran, from 10 to 14 April 1977, which confirmed the important and growing contribution that nuclear energy will make to meeting the energy needs of all countries, including the developing countries,

Noting also that the Organizing Conference of the International Nuclear Fuel Cycle Evaluation, held in Washington, D.C. from 19 to 21 October 1977, 13/ recognized that nuclear energy should be made widely available for peaceful

10/ See A/C.1/31/4. 11/ For the text of the Treaty, see the annex to resolution 2373 (XXII). 12/ For the proceedings of the Conference, see International Atomic Energy Agency, Nuclear Power and Its Fuel Cycle (STI/PUB/465). 13/ For the final communique of the Conference, see A/C.l/32/7. I ••• A/fil.S/32/87 Page 8

purposes, that effective measures could and should be taken at the nationaJ. level and through international agreements to minimize the danger of the proliferation of nuclear weapons and that the evaluation would not jeopardize the respective fuel cycle policies or international co-operation agreements and contracts for the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, provided that agreed safeguard measures were applied,

Anxious that the accelerated spread and development of nuclear technology should not increase the danger of proliferation of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, and convinced that these two objectives are not contradictory,

Underlining again the important role of the International Atomic Energy Agency in promoting the contribution of nuclear energy to economic progress, bearing in mind the special needs of developing countries, and in implementing safeguards in the interest of non-proliferation,

Noting that the International Atomic Energy Agency has made further progress in its safeguards activities by increasing its preparedness to reach with States which are not parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, if they so desire, universal and non-discriminatory safeguards agreements no less effective than those concluded by t~e International Atomic Energy Agency with States parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, by keeping under scrutiny the strengthe,ning of its safeguards, by completing this year a study on the establishment of regional fuel cycle centres and by presenting a draft convention for physical protection of nuclear materials,

Determined that similar progress could be made in exploring possibilities of increased assistance to the developing areas of the world,

1. Urgently calls for determined efforts by all nuclear-weapon States:

(~) To bring about the cessation of the nuclear arms race;

(E_) To undertake effective measures in the direction of nuclear disarmament;

(£) To find an early solution to the remaining problems in reaching agreement to discontinue aJ.l test explosions of nuclear weapons as a step towards the realization of these objectives;

2. Emphasizes in this connexion the particular responsibility of those nuclear-weapon States that have aJ.ready accepted international obligations, namely in article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, with respect to the cessation of the nuclear-arms race and the discontinuance of nuclear-weapon tests and notes as encouraging the recent efforts under way towards these ends;

3. Underlines the importance of determined efforts, especially by the nuclear-weapon States, to ensure the security of non-nuclear-weapon States; I •• • A/RES/32/81 Page 9

4. Reaffirms that all States have the right, as provided for, inter alia, in article IV of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, to acquire and develop nuclear energy for peaceful purposes under effective and non-discriminatory safeguards against the proliferation of nuclear weapons, and underlines the importance of increased efforts in this field, particularly for the needs of the developing countries and areas;

5. Recognizes the importance of the technical assistance provided by the International Atomic Energy Agency to the developing countries and areas of the world within an effective and comprehensive safeguards system, and emphasizes the urgent need of common efforts towards an essential increase of this assistance;

6. Urges States that as yet have not adhered to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, in the first instance, to do so at an early date or, at a minimum, to accept other arrangements involving the application of safeguards to their complete nuclear fuel cycle that would provide satisfactory assurances to the international community against the dangers of proliferation while guaranteeing to the States concerned unhindered and non-discriminatory access to the peaceful benefits of nuclear energy;

7. Emphasizes the importance of common efforts to study satisfactory arrangements for an adequate supply of nuclear fuels and other materials and facilities necessary to the efficient implementation and operation of national nuclear power programmes without jeopardizing the respective fuel cycle policies or international co-operation agreements and contracts for the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, provided that agreed safeguard measures are applied;

8. Solemnly affirms the following principles:

(~) States should not convert civil nuclear materials or facilities to the p¼oduction of nuclear weapons;

(£_) All States have the right, in accordance with the principle of sovereign equality, to develop their programmes for the peaceful use of nuclear technology for economic and social development in conformity with their priorities, interests and needs and should have, without discrimination, access to, and be free to acquire, technology and materials for the peaceful use of nuclear energy under effective and non-discriminatory safeguards against the proliferation of nuclear weapons;

9. Expresses its strcng support for the efforts of the International Atomic Energy Agency to increase the effectiveness of its safeguards system in order to ensure that the peaceful uses of nuclear energy will not lead to the proliferation of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices;

10. Recognizes the need adequately to ensure the physical protection of nuclear materials, facilities and transport;

11. Requests the International Atomic Energy Agency to continue the consideration of reaching an international agreement for such protection; I ••• A/RES/32/87 Page 10

12. Expresses its support for the continuation of the studies by the International Atomic Energy Agency on the question of multinational fuel cycle centres and an international regime for plutonium. management as possible means of promoting the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes and the interests of the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices;

13. Requests the International Atomic Energy Agency to report on the progress of its work on these questions to the General Assembly at its thirty-third session.

100th plenary meeting 12 December 1977

G

The General Assembly,

Recalling its resolution 2602 A (XXIV) of 16 December 1969 relating to the initiation of bilateral negotiations between the Governments of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States of America on the limitation of offensive and defensive strategic nticlear-weapon systems,

Recalling a.J,so its resolutions ~932 B (XXVII) of 29 November 1972, 3184 A and C (XXVIII) of 18 December 1973, 3261 C (XXIX) of 9 December 1974, 3484 C (XXX) of 12 December 1975 and 31/189 A of 21 December 1976,

Regretting the absence of definitive results during the last three years of those bilateral negotiations,

l. Notes with satisfaction that, in his address to the General Assembly on 4 October 1977, 14/ the President of the United States of America stated, inter alia, the following:

11 The United States is willing to go as far as possible, consistent with our security interests, in limiting and reducing our nuclear weapons. On a reciprocal basis we are willing now to reduce them by 10 per cent, 20 per cent or even 50 per cent. Then we will work for f'urther reductions 11 with a view to a world truly free of nuclear weapons. ;

2. Notes with identical satisfaction that, in his address to the Joint Session of the Supreme Soviet and Central Committee of the Communist Party on 2 November 1977, the President of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet, Socialist Republics stated the following:

"Today we are proposing a radical step: that agreement be reached on a simultaneous halt in the production of nuclear weapons by all States. This would apply to all such weapons - whether atomic, hydrogen or neutron bombs or missiles. At the same time, the nuclear Powers could undertake to start the gradual reduction of existing stockpiles of such weapons and move towards 11 their complete, total destruction ;

14/ A/32/PV.18, p. 6. I A/RES/32/81 Page 11

3. Stresses the necessity and urgency that the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States of America strive to implement as soon as possible the foregoing declarations of their respective heads of State and invites the Governments of both countries to adopt without delay all relevant measures to achieve that objective;

4. Reiterates with special emphasis its invitation to both Governments to keep the General Assembly informed in good time of the results of their negotiations and trusts to be able to receive from them appropriate information in this regard during the special session of the Assembly devoted to disarmament, to be held in May and June 19,8.

100th plenary meeting 12 December 197T

- Press Re~ease

DC/979 13 January 1978

. ··----· ..... ·" - .. ~ ·, ··--...... ,.,...... PREP~'l'0RY COMMITT~!.1.Q.Jff.::'1FT _EJNAL DOC~.,!E~=-~ FOR SPECIAL .ASSEMBEf.._ SESSION Q.~_P.I~~1Q:_1AME:'!'I - _,' \._ -----·----·-~ ' ""- ... ·-.,.u . ..-. - - . - -- .,.,-:-. ··" 54-Hem"ber Body to Meet fo New Yo:t1<:_, 24 Ja.nuarc24 F£J?!uai7

A five-week session of the Preparatory Committee for the Special Session of the General Assembly Devoted to Disarmament opens at Headquarters on Tuesday, 24 January.

At its meetings, the 54-me::nber Com"'.llittee is expected to complete the bulk of advance work for the special session -- the Assembly's eighth -- which is to be held in New York from 23 May t:,j 28 Jur,e. The Cammi ttee has scheduled a final session from 10 to 21 April to consider its final report to the special session.

At its two substantive sessions last year (it also held a three-day organizational session), the Prepo,ratory Committee agreed on a provisional agenda for the special session, as well as on a number of orE;anizational aspects for the session. It recommended also that the Conference of t!1e Committee on Disarmament (CCD) and the Ad Hoc Committee on the World Disarmnment Conference report to the special session7n the status of their worl<:.

In its report to the last session of the Assembly (document A/32/41), the Committee indicated that it had agreed in principle that, "without excluding other possibilities", the main elements of the principal document or documents of the special session would include a declaration on disarme.m~nt, a proe;ramme of action in the field of disarmament and machinery for disarmament negotiations.

In resolution 32/88 B, adopted on 12 December 1977, the Assefilbly endorsed the report and recommendations of the Preparatory Committee, and requested it to continue work on a d:raft final document or documents for consi.deration and adoption by the special session. The Corrunittee is eJ\.--pected to devote most of its forthcoming session which concludes on 24 February, to the elaboration of these texts. To facilitate this work, it has d0cided to function as a working group, open to all its members.

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:.1•-•n.... un • HU • • H • .. •U•• .. •••• .. •••••n .. ••• .. •••• .. •••••n .. •••••••• .. •••••u••••••••••••••••••• .. • .. •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• .. •••••••• .. ••••••••••••••u•••• .. •••••••••••••••••••n•.o•••••••uo•••••••uouo,oooou•••••••Hnunoouo,uo For inform&tlcn media - not an omcial record - 2 - Press Release DC/979 13 January 1978

The Assembly, in another resolution {32/88 A), also endorsed a recommendation of the Preparatory Committee that the special session initiate a study on the relationship between disarmament and development. The terms of reference for this study would oe determined. by the special session itself.

The decision to convene a 3pecial s2ssion of the Assembly devoted to disarmament was taken by the Assembly on 21 December 1976 in resolution 31/189 B, e.doptec:. without a vote.. Unuer that resolution, the Assemb ]y also established the Preparatory Committee and asked it to exs.mine all relevant ques~ions relating to the special session, including its agenda.

The substantive items on the provisional agenda for the special session, a.s adopted by the Committee and endorsed by the Assembly, are as follows:

General debate;

Review and app1•aisal of the present international situation in the light of the pressing need to achieve substantial progress in the field of disarmament, the continuat:i.on· of the arms race and the close interrelation::ihip between disar::;i.ament, interr;.at.ional peace and security and economic development;

Adoption of a declaration on disarmament;

Adoption of a programme of action on disarmament;

Review of the role of the United Nations in disarm.anent and of the international machinery for negotiations on disarmament, including~ in

particular 9 the question of convening a uorld disarmament conference.

At the Co:rm:1ittee's organizational session last March, Ca:rlos Ortiz de Tiozas (Argentina) was elected Chairman of the Committee and. the representatives of Australia, Bahamas, 1ran, Japan, Nigeria, Norway, Poland and Yugoslavia were elected Vice-Chairmen. The Co~~~ttee is to elect a Rapporteur to replace Saad Alfarargi (Eg-y-pt) who is no longer with the Perm3.,n2:nt Mission.

The Preparatory Co:rmnittee is composed of the following States: Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria~ Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin~ Brazil~ Burundi, Canada, Colombia, Cuba, Cyprus, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, German Democratic Republic, Federal Repvnlic of Germany, Guyana~ Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Japan, Liberia, Libya, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Nepal, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Peru~ Philippines, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Tunisia, Tlu·key, USSR, United Kingdom, United States, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire and Zambia. ROUTING SLIP FICHE DE TRANSMISSION

TO: A: Mr. R. Bj5rnerstedt FROM: DE: R. Ahmed ~soSE - No de bureou Es'o2an - Poste j Dalia Nov. k FOR ACTION POUR SUITE A DONNER FOR APPROVAL POUR APPROBATION

FOR SIGNATURE POUR SIGNATURE FOR COMMENTS POUR OBSERVATIONS -- MAY WE DISCUSS? POURRIONS-NOUS EN PARLER,? YOUR ATTENTION VOTRE ATTENTION AS DISCUSSED COMME CONVENU AS REQUESTED SUITE A VOTRE DEMANDE

l~OTE AND RETURN NOTER ET RETOURNER FOR INFORMATION POUR INFORMATION

Please kindly proceed as suggested.

CR, 13 18-75) /4'l ROUTING SLIP FICHE DE TR~S~J'SSION TO: ~ A:,· Mr. A. Rohan f 7/, 1 FROM: r DE: Rolf Bjornersted~ Room No. - No de hureou Extension-Poste IDote16.xr. 77

FOR ACTION POUR SUITE A DONNER FOR APPROVAL POUR APPROBATION FOR SIGNATURE POUR SIGNATURE

0 FOR COMMENTS POUR OBS ERVA TIONS MAY WE DISCUSS? POURRIONS-NOUS EN PARLER? YOUR ATTENTION v,oTRE ATTENTION AS DISCUSSED COMME CONVENU AS REQUESTED SUITE A VOTRE DEMANDE

NOTE AND RETURN NOTEFc cT RETOURNER FOR INFORMATION POUR INFORMATION

The attached letter was acknowledged previously. I believe that in view of the many requests for messages from the S-G in connexion with the preparations for the Special Session by NGOs we could write a standard message based on the speech by the S-G to the Prepcom adopting it according to need.

CR.13 18-75} 17 November 1977

Dear Mr. Whitehead,

On behalf of the Secretary-General I wish to thank you for your kind invitation extenaed to him to address the Assembly for Disarmament and Peace in Lonaon on 28 January 1978.

The Secretary-General will, unfortunately, be unable to attend your Conference~ but he will be pleased to send a message to the participants to be read by an official of the United Nations.

I take this opportunity to express our appreciation for your support of efforts aimed at disarmament, in­ cluding the Special Session of the General Assembly Devoted to Disarmament.

Yours sincerely,

Mr. Whitehead -i-1 _____ROUTING...1, ______SLIP FICHE DE TRANSMISSION_ (' TO: A: Mr. R. Bjornerstedt

FROM: DE: Albert Rohan Room No. - No de bureou Exten - oste IDote l/l0 3802 503 1

FOR ACTION POUR SUITE A DONNER

FOR APPROVAL POUR APPROBATION

FOR SIGNATURE POUR SIGNATURE

0 FOR COMMENTS POUR OBS ERV A TIONS MAY WE DISCUSS? POURRIONS-NOUS EN PARLER ? YOUR ATTENTION K. VOTR E A TT ENT ION AS DISCUSSED COMME CONVENU AS REQUESTED SUITE A VOTRE DEMANDE

NOTE AND RETURN NOTER ET RETOURNER FOR INFORMATION POUR INFORMATION

CR.13 (8-75) RECEIVED HI RECORDS CONTROL ASSEMBLY FOR DISARI\1AMENT AND PEA

. As part of the preliminary irnrk of the British Peace Movement leading up to the Special Session of the General Assembly in !-Jay-June 1978, a number of or:;anisn tions with an interest in peace, including so1:ie of the largest Trade Unions, Church Groups and Peace Crganisations , have come together to organise an Assembly for DisarDament and Peace to be held in London January 28th & 29th 1978.

The aim of the As.'-oembly will be to formulc:ite requests from the British people to our own government which we hope they will act on and convey to the Special Session to raake a positive contribution to that session.

We are writing to you in the hope that you will be able to attend our Assembly , either in part or in whole. If you were able to attend we would like you to make the opening speech to the assembled delegates on the themes of:- the need for far reaching measures of disarmanent, the role of Non Governmental Organisations in Disarmament tal:-:s,the dan.;ers of the continuin3: spiral of the Arms Race and of course the whole role of the Gnited Nations in talks on disarmament.

We realise that you will be extremely busy at that time and if you cannot come yourself a 1nessage of sup?ort would be most gratefully received as would any su~gestion of an alternate srJenker. ·.le lool-c forward to heDrin~ your reply and we express the hope that you will be able to attend and thus add to the deliberations of what we hope will prove to be a most useful and successful Assembly.

Yours for Peace, Q(/JJJb,~l Steve Whiteheacr; for the Preparatory Committee. '--•·-=--=---,

,. ! . -

UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES

POSTAL ADORESS-ADRESSE J::>OSTA.LE UNrTED NATIONS, NY. 10017

CABLE ADDRESS-ADRESSE TELEGRAPHIQUE UNATIONS NEWYORK

REFERENCE: Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions

AC/Tll 6 July 1978

Dear Mr. Secretary-General, 1. The Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions has considered your Note A/CN.l/R.904 dated 29 June 1978 in which you seek the Committee's concurrence to enter into commitments, initially under the terms of General Assembly resolution 32/214 on unforeseen and extraordinary expenses in the biennium 1978-1979, of $563,900 for the programme of work in the second half of 1978 resulting from the final document adopted by the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly. The Committee has discussed your request with your representatives. 2. The Advisory Committee notes from document A/CN.l/R.904 that your request relates to four activities:

(i) Meeting of the Group of Governmental Experts; (ii) Meeting of the Disarmament Commission; (iii) Meeting of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Studies; (iv) Strengthening of the Disarmament Centre. In paragraphs 8 and 9 you indicate that the total cost of those activities for the six-month period July-December 1978 would amount to $783,500, of which $219,600 in respect of conference servicing could be absorbed within existing resources leaving a balance of $563,900 as the additional amount required. However, your representatives have informed the Committee that as·a result of their reassessment of the conference servicing capabilities, it will be possible to increase the amount which can be absorbed to $289,600, thus reducing the additional amount required to $493,900.

The Secretary-General United Nations New York. I •.• UNITED NATIONS • NATIONS UNIES ii ii !I i - 2 -

3. In paragraph 5(i) of your Note you indicate that the estimate of $161,200 for the two-week meeting of the Group of Governmental Experts in Geneva includes $86,000 f~r conference servicing. In response to inquiries, your representatives informed the Committee that while the United Nations Office at Geneva might be able to provide some of those requirements from within approved resources, it could not commit itself to absorbing any specific amount. The Advisory Committee has concluded that, at this stage, the conference servicing requirements should be charged to the approved appropriation under section 23B. The Committee concurs in your entering into commitments of $75,200 for the "other requirements" listed under (i)B in paragraph 5 of your Note. 4. As regards the costs of the one-~reek session of the Disarmament Commission at Headquarters estimated by you at a total of $269,000 (paragraph 5(ii)), your representatives have indicated to the Committee that as a result of a reappraisal of the conference servicing capacity the additional requirements could be reduced to $56,800 (consisting of $18,200 for interpretation, $11,800 for verbatim reporting, $22,000 for reproduction and distribution and $4,800 for general services). Consider­ ing that the proposed session will take place during the thirty-third regular session of the General Assembly, when the regular establishment will be augmented by a large number of temporary staff, the Committee believes there should be more room for absorption, particularly as regards reproduction and distribution and general services. Accordingly, the Advisory Committee is of the view that additional requirements for the session of the Disarmament Commission need not exceed $30,000. 5. In paragraph 5(iii) of your Note, the estimated full costs of the two-week meeting of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Studies at Headquarters amount to $143,100, including $77,200 for conference servicing, $4,000 for general services and $61,900 for travel and subsistence of the members of the Advisory Board. The Advisory Committee was ini'ormed by your representatives that the conference servicing would be provided from within existing resources, thereby reducing the additional requirements to $65,900. For the reason given in the preceding paragraph, the Committee is of the opinion that it should be possible to absorb the general services cost ($4,000), within already approved resources. The Committee concurs in your entering into commitments of $61,900 for the travel and subsistence of the members of the Advisory Board. 6. In paragraphs 6-8 of A/CN.l/R.904 you request a total of $210,000 for the strengthening of the Centre for Disarmament during the six-month period July-December 1978. This amount consists of $186,000 for general temporary assistance, $12,000 for travel and $12,000 for the use of microfiche. The general temporary assistance covers two elements:

I ... UNITED NATIONS • NATIONS UNIES

- 3 -

(a) The continuation of the temporary staff resources (three P-5 and two G-5) which were granted for the preparation of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly Devoted to Disarmament - $95,600. (b) Additional temporary staff resources (one D-1, one P-4, one P-3 and three general service) - $90,400. 7. In its consideration of your request for ¥eneral temporary assistance, the Advisory Committee recalled that the staffing table of the Centre consists of 19 established posts in the ~rofessional and higher categories (half of them at the P-5 level and above) and ten established general service posts. In recent months much of the work of the Centre related to preparations for the _Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly. Now that the session has been held, the Centre should have considerable spare capacity for undertaking new tasks arising out of the decisions of the Special Session. Furthermore, the extent of the additional work will become known only after the sessions of the Disarmament Commission and the Advisory Board on Disarmament Studies next October/November. In the circumstances, the Advisory Committee concluded that for the remainder of 1978 the Centre should be able to discharge its responsibilities, including preparatory work for the sessions of the bodies scheduled to meet in the autumn, with the twenty-nine established posts already available to it assisted by the five temporary staff (three P-5 and two G-5) made available for the preparatory work for the Tenth Special Session. In this connexion, the Committee notes from paragraph 6 that you will submit to the General Assembly at its thirty-third regular session a report on the staffing requirements of the Centre. Accordingly, the Advisory Committee concurs in your entering into commitments of $95,600 for general temporary assistance for the Centre in 1978. 8. As regards the additional amount of $12,000 for travel for the second half of 1978, the Committee is of the opinion that $6,000 should be adequate considering that the current appropriation for travel is $14,200 for the entire biennium 1978-1979. In this connexion, the Committee draws attention to the need to ensure that the travel budget for the Centre is not exceeded. 9. In paragraph 8 of document A/CN.l/R.904 you seek $12,000 for the use of microfiche to reduce the extensive disarmament documentation which will be used in Geneva. The Advisory Committee is not convinced that it will be possible-, between now and the end of the year, to prepare all the documentation for microfiching. Accordingly, the Committee concurs in your entering into connnitments of up to $7,000 for this purpose in 1978. The Committee trusts that any future request of this nature will be accompanied with supportive evidence as to the related savings.

I ••• UNITED NATIONS • NATIONS UNIES

- 4 -

10. In the light of the foregoing, the Advisory Committee concurs in your entering into commitments, initially under the terms of General Assembly resolution 32/Zl.4 on unforeseen and extraordinary expenses for the biennium 1978-1979, in the amount of $275,700 for the activities arising from the final document adopted by the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly.

Yours sincerely,

C.S.M. Mse~­ Chairman

J_ ..

UNITED NATIONS (~i) NATIONS UNIES ...., /,. INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM/ \ ~~ MEMORANDUM INTERIEUR

TO: The Secretary-Genera~]'- CATE: 19 A: ,{ . c 1, / I REFERENCE: -----~. THROUGH: ./ f S/C OE: RolF Bj~rnerstedt ~ FROM: .Assistant Secretary-General DE: Centre for Disarmament

SUBJECT: Current state of deliberations o~ the Specia~ Session of OBJET: 'the General Assembly devoted to disarmament

1 After the conclusion of the general debate; . the Sp,-=:cia.l 3.:.-:ssio:r. has concentrated its attent-ion-o-n-the elaboration of' its f.inal document. To this end, the Ad Hoc Committee under the Chairmanship of Ambassador Ortiz de Rozas established two working groups as 1 ollows:

Working Group A, chaired by Ambassador Templeton of New Zealand. dealing with ·the Introduction, Declaration and Machinery.

WGrking Group B, chaired by Ambassador,Jaroszek of Poland, dealing with the Programme of Action.

In addition. each working group established a number of drafting g~oups open to p~rticipation by all interested delegations, as well as other informal groups.

2 The structure and procedures o·F the deliberating, negotiat:inq and drafting machinery for the Special Session shows an effort to conform to the principle of equality among States. This may have slowed down progress towards the final goal, but there is a widespread Feeling that the unprecedented effort which is being carried out is likely to produce more solid results. The active participation o~ China and France. as well as that of many other countries that were less involved in the past in disarmament activities, makes the whole exercise very significant. 3. The text of the Introd_uction has been agreed upon at th2 dra1·ting group level. ·rhe draft Declaration is not too 1-ar fi-om-compJ:ec-ion:­ and it -should be possible to clear th-e--reinaT-ning controversial-p6ints in the__§ays ahead. :Le_ss progress has been made on the Programme o F Action. in particular on the· individual measures to be includea-"in--i t. T11e draft on Machinery is undergoing a ..first reading.

I ... , i I. - :. 2 \_ / ,,.. I 1.. 4. On Machinery, there se~ms to be following: - · f 1 (a) The First Committee of the General Assembly is to deal with disarmament and security issues only:

·1.,, (b) The Disarmament Commission should be reconvened and ~ its mandate redefined;

vl- (c) A new negotiating body of some 40 members, including the t ( five nuclear-weapon States. should be s~t up and the CCD should be dissolved:

~ (d) An Advisory Board, as proposed by the Secretary-General. should be established; //l /..;/)(_, ~ (e) A second special session on disarmament should~~ ~~ld at an appropriate date not earlier than 1981.

The task ahead is to translate these principles into forrn~lae ~ that are acceptable to all.

5. The following strategy is gaining ground:

(a) to adopt a final document which shall consist of those provisions onwnich there 1s general agreem~;

(b) to include in the Final Document an annex which will list all proposa,1.9 on which there was ~ment and to send tnem for ~urther consideration to the D~sarmament Commission, the Negotiating Body or the Advisory Board~ as appropriate.

Such an outcome should satisfy all parties concerned, as this formula implies the continuation of the work which was begun at the Special Session, and no proposals would be dropped

'6 By Thursday. 22 June, the two Working Groups will submit their \ reports to the Ad Hoc Committee. Jn th<:_ .!_inal ~._!l~_se_C;_f the__ ?_~ion, . 1f~_?~ 23 to 28 June. there may be need for ilie--c:I~.E~ct involvement .· ·1 :?f the Secretary-General in the search for cornprornise_s_oTuEYon:s f \ on some of the more important questions that might still beperiding / ·,·}pt that time. ' ..; . ··lJNITED NATIONS t~,\ffl'? NATIONS UNIES ~ INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM MEMORANDUM INTERIEUR

TO: The Secretary-General DATE: ___1_2_J_u_n_e __ l_9_7_8 A:

REFERENCE: ______

THROUGH: S/C DE: CONFIDENTIAL Rolf BjBrnerstedt ~~-- FROM: Assistant Secretary-G~n~-v/ DE: Centre for Disarmament · ·1 --~ SUBJECT: The general debate at the tthen specia session , OBJET:

The general debate was a broad, J:ilgh ·revel review and assessment of the situation with regard to (i) disarmament and the related question of security; {ii) the military, economic and social consequences of the arms race; (iii) the steps to be taken in order to make progress in the field of arms limitation and disarmament; (iv) the question of adequate disarmament machinery; (v) the role of the United Nations in the field of disarmament.

Representatives of 123 States spoke in the general debate, including four Heads of State, 16 Heads of Government, four Vice­ Presidents and Vice-Premiers and 49 Foreign Ministers. With some exceptions the highest level of representation was that of the Western European countries. The executive heads of UNESCO and the IAEA made statements in plenary, although not as part of the general debate. Pope Paul VI sent a message which was delivered by His Excellency Archbishop Casoroli in the M l!Q.£ Committee, but in the presence of the Secretary-General.

What the Secretary-General had anticipated, namely, that the tenths ecia · ou e the lar est an most representative gathering ever convened to discuss disarmarnen y confirmed.

Already the special session has achieved some of the purposes for which it was convened:

(a) i~th.§___ggneE._a.l debate new ideas have been put forthL w"tiich will help promote new initiatives 1n the futJJre; the global nature of the disarmament effort was also reaffirmed, smaller nations r~alizing more fully their role and share of responsibil'1.T•Lt~y~;-----

(b) the hjgh level of representation has demonstrated the awareness of Governments about the importance of disarmament as an instrument of peace;

(c) the greater activity of mass media has served to make public opinion, in general, more sensitive to the problem;

(d) the participation of non-governmental organizations for the first time, in the General Assembly debate on disarmament, has led the NGOs to a much higher level of activity. I ... ..

- 2 -

The convening of the NATO summit meeting in Washington at the same time as the special session reflected the realities of today, but also made participants more aware of the urgent need to control and bring to a halt the arms race. The NATO countries left no doubt about their intention to increase the level of their armament and military expenditures "to match the Soviet military build-up in Europe". This is, however, to be seen also as part of the cyclical renewal·of stocks in a period of rapid technical innovation.

The Warsaw Treaty countries strongly supported the Soviet disarmament proposals as originally formulated by Mr. Brezhnev on 25 April 1978, but they did not closely link the special session to progress in aisarmament. They view such a progress as being related, in the first instance, to the convening of a future world disarmament conference. '

The interrelationship between disarmament, security and de~elopment was emphasized as never before. The developing-countries stressed, in tlie first place, the development aspect of the question, and the industrial nations seemed to show an increasing understanding for this approach.

The non-aligned and other independent nations also endeavoured to find a 11 c~::mceptual breakthrough II that could start the process of ¢1.isarmamen_t but, in spite of a large number of proposals put forward by them either new or old -- it does not appear that a break- through is yet in sight.

Under the circumstances, the speeches delivered in the general debate should be viewed, above all, as reflecting a deeper concern about the problem_and as attempts to create the procedural and institutional framework which will help bring about disarmament progress in the future.

The Secretary-General's statement at the opening of the special session was not only well received and widely supported, it also helped to orientate many delegations in their approach to di sarrnarnen t. ·

Now action has moved from the plenary to the Ad 1iQ£ Committee and its subsidiary bodies. The negotiations there will not be easy, as evidenced already by the first five working days of activity, but this is not new. It is a well known fact that in the field of disarmament there are no easy solutions. .,,

..,~""~ ..... n.- ~ to&,"'""1<~ eirculn'l:ed a tb:n:tt a~ono·~ a si?J..et.:d.: ~min.-.~.- - of u.el~ions ,ql1icli ,1.i.11 introdtm.e the secrerai:.-.f-Go,:ier:::11" s pJZOposal for an Advisoey noard in the Ad 1-Ioc C®ro:d:ct.€® ~.,,_

Mend.,,,.~o ~e ~1: reads as follat'1S;

"~e C-eneral Assonibly reqtlesi:s t·:he Sec:i:etal."'Y""' General to set up a board of eminent: perr'~s to a&rise him on various asp~'¾ of st.udie$ t-o be mi..~ under tlie auspices cf ·the united irationG m the field of d$..am.~t ,and ~as limitation/I p~t..'Ularly. (1) ~e and pedctically adjust a eompre'henrd.w p~e of studies for two -or three~~ a.bead, as well as Wttat:e proposals f~ nm, studies, (li) Gi,re w.hdce m ·the f~·•work ;s,nd. eonttant of su."bje~ t:o be studied., i:'he. apr,J:,r.:me'h to and ~aniaat.icn Of t:lte subject of st.'"Ud.y .and the presentatio.n. of relev--.-l..vit results. 'l"ne foll.-ovtlng- &4egations !:a,re 'he&.n appronclM?<1 by the 1!tu"t'1egians as likely co-3POnsors: 1:ra1 Zealand: l.ii.mt,zia, ~, ?:T!gor!ajc M~tico, Argent;,ina and Sri Lantra.. ::t1ie 'O'nited Ki.!1.gdo.m has also e.c"tpressoo L"l~est in co-=-sp1.:mror~ and t:ho Fade:i:al Republic of ~-,.y may do so as well. 'J!!1c ».Torwec;ians also plan to inuodu.ce tlw idf:tl of a dia~tmne:1:1~ !-und :bi tho Daclaration tmd$¼' t.'be heal~ ing- of ngoals and priorities0 !l'l the foll.or~ aillllmel!': ;.

V"C..v~\ii. naw.zti~ $'te,'p i.~ e~~ing the l: "'-.~e.. ,t._.,__ ., .. .. •.i...:,,,. UC:, .w.11~~ ~ ~ I}r.'l:.Ol:!!.~--1... di~ W\'lUld. be to allocate one ten1G11 of one pe~ cent of the ar~ e\~r.ently

a-~t~ en ~. to. national and. .in:ter.., 1 a1atiMal. at~ ei!fo~ i 6 UNITED''NATIONS NATIONS UNIES ;J -J.-c,, INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM MEMORANDUM INTERIEUR {Ln­ The Secretary-General ~t TO: 7 June 1978 " A:

REFERENCE: ______

THROUGH: S/C DE:

FROM: Rolf Bj~rnerstedt , , DE: Assistant Secretary-G~aJ... ~---- / Centre for DisarmamenvO/"'/ //

SUBJECT: • OBJ ET: Brief for the general debate on Thursday, 8 J;une 1978

(Morning)

ROMANIA (PM)

Romania has been a member of the CCD since 1962. It was a member of the Preparatory Committee for the Special Session to which it submitted three working papers ~nits own. It did not co-sponsor A the working papers submitted by the other Socialist countries.

Romania is a party to all major multilateral disarmament ~ J agreements (Biological Weapons and ENMOD conventions only signed).

Romania supports the goal of general and complete disarmament. It favours a comprehensive approach to disarmament with priority for nuclear disarmament. It has expressed grave concern over the contin­ uation of the arms race in Europe and the fact that the Vienna MBFR talks have not made progress. Romania advocates the creation of a nuclear-weapon-free zone .in the Balkans.

It has consistently advocated a strengthened role of the United Nations in disarmament and supported the creation of the Centre for Disarmament. In its view mankind's advancement requires that the establishment of a new international economic order be organically linked to the process of disarmament.

(Afternoon)

GUYANA

Guyana was a member of the Preparatory Committee for the Special Session.

Generally, it does not take an active role on disarmament.

It is not a party to any disarmament agreement. It has signed the Outer Space Treaty and the Biological Weapons Convention but has not ratified them. ce:SG Mr.BjOrnerstedt

Dear tu. Lamond, f'J:hanlt you very much for 110ur letter of 19 May and for the n1essage ·which you sent to roe on behalf of fifty members of the United 1-i:b1gdom Parliament on the occasion of the Special session of the General Assembly devoted t.o disa:n1ament. I veey much appreciated this message, ·the contents of whic'h X have carefully noted.. All of us who serve in tl1e United Nations fully share in ·the desire for peace and disar.mament which you have expressed.. I can assure you that ire will continue our detemined efforts to mci.ke progress towards tl1ese vital goals. May I take this opportunity also to convey to you my sincere thanks for the kind ·words which you adcbcessed to me personally., for ·which I wa,s 1110st 9a:at.eful. • With best regaws,

Yours sincerely,

K1Zt Waldheim

~ • James Lamond,. M.P. House of Commons London .. \(Jc\{, :;I· V I~· /• l ' l I ,A./( ---r1Jr

1 HOUSE OF COMMONS LONDON SWIA OAA

19th May, 1978 Dr. Kurt Waldheim, Secretary General, United Nations, New York, U.S.A. Dear Secretary General, We, the undersigned members of the United Kingdom Parliament, send our best wishes - for the success of the forthcoming United Nations Special Session on Disarmament. We congratulate the Member States on the initiative they are taking in holding this Special Session, which we regard as a step towards the ultimate goal of general and complete disarmament. L To this end, we call on all Member States to agree: * To reduce the threat of another world war and of the mass extermination of mankind, by concluding agreements banning the development, manufacture, testing and deployment of all nuclear weapons (including the Neutron Bomb) and all highly destructive conventional arms. * Progressively to reduce the armies and conventional armaments of the Permanent Members of the U.N. Security Council, and countries associated with them in military agreements.

* To reduce and finally eliminate the sale of all types of arms to Third 1✓ orld Countries. * To conclude friendly agreements of co-operation between all countries, irrespective of their political systems, and to eliminate military organisations r such as the Warsaw Pact and the N.A.T.O. alliance. * To encourage research and development of alternative employment for those workers at present employed in arms manufacture. * To call a World Peace Conference, to discuss and explain all the consequences and benefits of eliminating war from the World.

Ii We believe that the Special Session creates a unique opportunity to build a new j and brighter future for the World. We call on the leaders of all Nations to seize that opportunity, in the name of the people they serve. ~ With warmest greetings and congratulations on the great work you have done on behalf of mankind, JF' I Yours sincerel,Yi l To the Staff

From the Secrct3-~y.:=G.c.neral

The special session of the General Assei-aply on Disarmament which opens on 23 Hay constitutes one of the most significant events in the life o~ our Organization. Its fate may.have far-reaching consequences for the future of humanity and for peace on our planet. I would there­ fore ask all of you, in your respective offices and places.of work, to join me and the delegates to the special session in the minute of ~ silence dedicated to prayer or meditation provi

Rules of Procedure of the General Assembly and which will take place at the opening of the special session on Monday, 23 !fay at 3 :00 p .m. i~--1 --=1-1 • ... bc'cL • ~ < t-J [At~J o/¥ ~ tvl { /tfJ- 16/4 h ~<

.. To the Secretary-General A group of young staff and delegation members who are actively engaged in speaking, writing, teaching and defending the United Nations raised with me the question of rekindling the early idealism of the U.N. to which you have referred in several of your speeches. They believe that the special session on disarmament presents a unique opportunity and made a suggestion which I thought might merit your attention: it would consist in asking all the staff to participate at their offices and places of work in the minute of prayer and meditation at the opening of the special session. The group asked me to convey respectfully this proposal to you. For convenience purposes, I have couched it in the form of a draft circular to the staff. ~~ jl.... a,, Robert Huller 7

Kf lh/f /I- ~ .>·:: .· _.:·_ ... ·-··-·-=:·-':"""""'.....,· c~~~l ~~~!-D{Wt;,1 i,~ '-'.W . ~ l-J<::.f ~ n4 ~ et,<{ /,- /1,..i_ ~ ~ JJ.~tl) ~ ~r~ 7 N· TE. FOR THE TARY-GENERAL • ;;:, '-- A 500-~mber delegati~~~~-:, national fiGOs will come to New York next week and bringa"Speciar-'"appea:r~ ·gned by some 20 million individuals, weighing more than tons, for presentation to the Secretary-General. G It is intended that Mr. Bj~rnerstedt will receive the appeal on your behalf in a brief ceremony on the platform outside the entrance to the Public Lobby of the General Assembly building on 30 May. Mr. Akatani asks for your approval for this arrangement. A. Rohan - 2 2 May 19 78 fftZ

\

\ J UNITED NATIONS {~\\~ NATIONS UNIES ~ INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM MEMORANDUM INTERIEUR

TO: The Secretary-General DATE, 22 May 1978 A:

REFERENCE: ______

THROUGH: Mr. Rafeeuddin Ahmed S/C DE: Executive Assistant to the Secretary-General FROM: DE: Genichi Akatani C'"l. ~ £ --· Under-Secretary-efeneral for Public Information SUBJECT: OBJET: Participation of Japanese National NGO Delegation to the GA Special Session devoted to Disarmament

1. I wish to inform you that a 500-member Japanese National NGO Dele ation is arriving this week to ate in the GAS ecial Session evo e o t. The n er o apanese participants is unprecedented and reflects their strong interest in the objectives of the Disarmament Assembly. The group is representing 414 national and prefectural organizations with a total of 20 million members throughout Japan. Thirty-two prominent personalities having vital interest in the subject of disarmament are also participating in the delegation. 2. In this connexion, it is my understanding that~ de ' n is brin ' ion to the Secretazy_- Ge llion in ens, is sai o wei~ more an ens an wo eavy trucks will be used {oransport it to the Secretariat from JFK where it will arrive on 23 May 1978. 3. Arrangements are now being made with the Centre for Disarmament to receive the material on the afternoon of jo May in a brief ceremony at the ~latform just outside tne entrance to the public lobby o the General Assembly building. I understand that Mr. B1ornerstedt is prepared to receive the appeal on your behalf. The material will then be transferred to the Archives.= 4. I realize that the quantity of the material involved in this case is rather extraordinary but the appeal is inherently related to the purposes of the Special Session devoted to Disarmament. In-terms of publicity, the presentation of such great quantities of the signed appeals to the Secretary-General will have very significant visual impact to the public, especially to the Japanese public.

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I am informed that a large press corps is accompanying the delegation to cover this and other events at the United Nations. I believe, therefore, that the Secretariat should handle this presentation in a dignified and effective manner. s. If ou a rove of the ove arran ement I shall implement your ec1s1on in consultation with the Centre for Disarmament and other departments in the Secretariat.

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SIGNATURES.FOit COl\IPLETE NUCLEAR DISARl\IAj\lENT _~o be presented to the United Nations

So that there will be no more Hibakusha; In order to build a peaceful worl

*to make known to the people of the world the horrors of the Hiroshima-Nagasaki atomic bombing and the suffering of the Hibakusha. *to outlaw the use of nuclear weapons as a crime against humanity. • *to hold a world disarmament cwerence, and as soon as possible to make treaties completely prohibiting the use, testing, manufacture, stockpiling, proliferation l and deployment of nuclear weapons . - .l

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0 ~-~- "'Av.~~~ United' Nations 2326th GENERAL' PLENARY MEETING (Opening meeting} ASSEMBLY Monday, 1 September 1975, SEVENTH SPECIAL SESSION at JO.JO a.m. Official Record& NEW YORK

CONTENTS provides that a Credentials Committee shall be appointed at Page the beginning of each session and that it shall consist of nine members to be appointed by the General Assembly on the Agenda iiem l: proposal of the President. Opening of the session by the Chairman of the delegation of Algeria ...... 4. With a view to expediting the work of the special Agenda. item 2: session, and in accordance with precedents, it might be Minute of silent prayer or meditation ...... appropriate if the Credentials Committee were to consist of the same members as those appointed for the twenty-ninth Agenda item 3: Credentials of representatives to the seventh special scs.~ion regubr session, namely: lklgi11m, China. Costa Rica, Philip­ of the General Assembly: pines, Senegal, Union of Soviet Socialist Republic.,, United (a) Appointment of the Credentials Committ\:e ...... Republic of Tanzania, United States of America and Venezuela. Agenda item 4: Election of the President ...... 5. If there is not objection, I shall. consider the Credentials Agenda. item 5: Committee constituted accordingly. Organization of the session It was so Jecided. Agenda item 6: Adoption of the agenda ...... l 0 6. The TEMPORARY PRESIDENT (interpretation from Agenda item 7: French): In this connexion, may I draw the attention of the Development and international economic co-operation . . . IO members of the Assembly to a note verbale from the Secretary-General dated 15 August 1975 in which it was President: Mr. Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA (Algeria). stated that credentials for those representatives who are not already authorized to represent their Governments at all sessions of the General Assembly should be issued in AGENDA ITEM 1 accordance with rnle 27 of the rules of procedure.

Opening of the Session by the Chairman AGENDA ITEM 4 of the Delegation of Algeria Election of the President I. The TEMPORARY PRESIDENT (interpretation from French): I declare open the seventh special session of the AGENDA ITEM 5 General Assembly. Organization of the session AGENDA ITEM 2 7. The TEMPORARY PRESIDENT (interpretation from Minute of silent prayer or meditation French): The Assembly has before it part one of the addendum to the report of the Eronomic and Social 2. The TEMPORARY PRESIDENT (interpretation from Council/ A/10003/Add. 1/. French): I invite repn:sentatives to stand and observe one minute of silent prayer or meditation. 8. Mr. GARCIA ROBLES (Mexico) (interpretation from Spanish/: As paragraph 5 (a} of the document to which the The representatives stood in silence. President has just referred indicates, the Economic and Social Council, at its I 980th meeting, decided to recom­ AGENDA ITEM 3 mend to the General Assembly:

Credentials of representatives to the seventh special session The princed official records of the plenary meetings of the General Assembly: of the General Assembly are published in fascicle {a) Appointment of the Credentials Committee form, the record of each meeting being issued separately. A prefatory fascicle is issued for each 3. The TEMPORARY PRESIDENT (interpretation from session, co11taining a table of contents, the agenda French}: We shall proceed to the appointment of the and a check list of document. Credentials Committee. Rule 28 of the rnles of procedure

A/PV.2326

•.-.,,, :., General A.~rembly - Seveofu Special Session - Plenary Meetinp "That t!1c Gem:r.LI Committee of the seventh special Comrnittee of the twenty-ninth session, Mr. Carlos Ortiz de session should be the same as the General Committee of Rozas of Argentina, is present at the special session. l the twenty-ninth regular session". would therefore request the delegations of Sweden, Iraq, Mali, Mongolia, Greece and Yugoslavia to be kind enough 9. The implementation of that recommendation of the to convey to the Sei.:retariat the names of the represen­ Economic and Social Council covers three points. tatives who will be replacing last year's Q1airmen.

10. First, the General Assembly would request Mr. Abdel­ I 7. The Vice-Presidents of the twenty-ninth session who aziz Bouteflika, the Foreign Minister of the People's will serve in the same capacity at the special session are the Democratic Republic of Algeria, to preside over the following Member Stater: Austria, Central African Repub­ deliberations of the seventh special session of the General lic, China, France, Germany (Federal Republic of), Haiti, Assembly. And, for all of us who witnessed the outstand­ Ivory Coast, Lebanon, Mexico, Nepal, Nicaragua, Philip­ ingly efficient manner in which Foreign Minister Boute­ pines, Romania, Union of Soviet Socialist Republi1.:s, flika presided over the twenty-ninth regular session of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Assembly, it is quite clear that this recommendation of the United States of America and Zambia. Council will be approved by acclamation by the Assembly. 18. It only remains for me to express my genuine pride at 11. The other two aspects covered by the Council recom­ being able once again to preside over your work and all my mendation are, first, that the Chairmen of the Main gratitude for this new sign of confidence that you have Committees who were elected for the twenty-ninth regular been good enough to show in the members of the General session of the Assembly should also act as Chairmen for this Committee. It is our ambition to merit that confidence and special session; and, finally, that those representatives of for my own part I thank you from the bottom of my heart. Member States who were elected as Vice-Presidents of the twenty-ninth regular session should continue in the same 19. We are meeting again at a special session of the posts for this special session. General Assembly to consider the problems of international co-operation and development. 12. In this connexion, there is only one aspect of the Council's recommendation which I consider calls for some 20. While the great political problems that affect the peace addition, and it is for that reason that my delegation has and security of nations obviously cannot be solved without asked to be allowed to speak at this juncture. It concerns a revolution in the economic relations among peoples, the the fact that a number of the Chairmen of the Main priority that we are giving here to the development of the Committees of the twenty-ninth regular session will be third world and to the stability of the world ecunomy is absent from the present special session. My delegation proof of the progress achieved by our Organization. would therefore take the liberty of suggesting that the Assembly should adopt the same decision as that taken in 21. It was at their Fourth Conference in Algiers in previous cases, namely that, in order to ensure the September 1973 that the Heads of State and Government representative nature of the General Committee, each of the non-aligned countries proposed the convening of this Chairman of a Main Committee of the twenty-ninth regular special session. session who is absent from this special session should be replaced by another member of his delegation. 22. That proposal, made upon the completion of a thorough study of the causes of under-development, when 13. The TEMPORARY PRESIDENT (interpretation from the premonitory signs of a serious crisis .in the world French): The representative of Mexico has drawn our economy were already appearing, showed the detennina­ attention to a number of recommendations and, first and tion of those countries to free themselves from the unjust foremost, the recommendation (a} of the Economic and and oppressive relations imposed upon them and to work Social Council which is contained in paragraph 5 (a) of part sinc_erely, through dialogue, for the establishment of one of document A/10003/Add.l. He has proposed that, in genuine international co-operation. order to ensure the representative nature of the General Committee, any Chainnan of a Main Committee who will 23. The need to establish new relations between the not be present at this special session should be replaced by developed and the developing countries was to be illus­ a member of his delegation. trated spectacularly a few short weeks after the Algiers Conference by the decision of the members of the 14. If there is no objection, may I take it that the General Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries/ OPEC/ to Assembly decides to adopt that recommendation, and the put an end to several centuries of plunder by fixing proposal made by the representative of Mexico'! themselves, as sovereign countries, the p1ice of that resource so essential to their national development. It was so decided. 24. That decision, regarded by the champions of the 15. The PRESIDENT (interpretation from French}: In established order as a threat to their economic hegemony, accordance with the decision just taken, the President of emerges in retrospect as an event of capital importance, the the twenty-ninth regular session will serve as President of lessons and long-tenn repercussions · of which may be the seventh special session. salutary in more than one respect.

16. Regarding the Chainnen of the Main Committees, it is 25. What had in fact been demonstrated was that, judi­ my understanding that only the Chainnan of the First ciously employed, the natural resources of the developing

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2326th meeting - 1 September 1975 3 countries could become the decisive instrument of their realized in practice, either because of delays, which must be economic liberation, to the extent that those countries eliminated, or because of reluctance, which must be could combine their forces in order to secure control over overcome. those resources and apply them to serve their peoples. 34. The member countries of OPEC, for their part, have 26. It also became clear that the prosperity of the West is made noteworthy efforts. For example, during 1974 alone derived to a large extent from the draining of the wealth they transferred to other developing countries almost 2.5 and exploitation of the labour of the peoples of the third per cent of their gross national product, or the equivalent world, and that its economic apparatus, imposing though it of five times the average annual contribution of the be, rests on fragile and vulnerable foundations. developed ..:ountries during the last decade.

27. At a time when the complexity of the world economy 35. Despite reservations and restrictions-which will, in stresses the interdependence of States, it is no longer any event. gradually hecome more blurred--the sixth special possible for anyone to impose solutions of his own choice. session of the General Assembly will therefore have Whereas the development of one group presupposes co­ constituted for the international community as ::i whole an operation and solidarity, the pursuit of growth by another occasion that marked its realization of the true rrnture and demands structural changes which will make equitable magnitu<.k ,Jf the problems of development. provision for the interests of two thirds of mankind. 36. It is in this context that the work of this session of the 28. The Declaration and Programme of Action on the Assembly must he approached. Establishment of a New International Economic Order [resolutions 3201 {S-V/) and 3202 {S-VI)/ and the Charter 37. The seventh special session confronts each one uf us of Economic Rights and Duties of States [ resolution with histo1ic responsibilities. What kind of world do we 3281 (XXIX)] are founded essentially on this political want to build? \.\'hat kind of future are we to prepare for truth, and they therefore provide the best frame of coming genl.'rations? These questions must be given an reference for international economic negotiations. unequivocal answer, and a choice must be made between tht" two alternatives in the dilemma which confronts us. 29. While their results were disappointing in some re­ spects, the World Food Conference,• the World Population 38. The first alternative is to create, together, the co1Hli­ Conference2 and the Second General Conference of the tions for real co-operation with a view to restructuring the United Nations Industrial Development Organization [UN/DO/ 3 all emphasized, in one way or another, the right world economy by defining new goals and assigning new paths to be followed and the appropriate means to be purposes to world production and trade in order to satisfy, employed to establish the new international economic first of ,!I. the funJamental economic, social and cultural order. needs of 3)1 mznki11d. Those goals demand more justice and more s,lhdarity. particularly with regard to the poorest, and require 11at the exploitation of the developing countries be 30. Similarly, the Conference of Developing Countries on t ended a,; sr,:vcli!y as possible and that the obstacles placed Raw Materials, held at Dakar in February, the Conference of the Sovereigns and Heads of State of the Member by the prc,~rt system of international relations in the way Countries of OPEC, held at Algiers in March, an

1 Held at Rome from 5 to 16 November 1974. 41. While making the principle of reliance on one's self 2 Held at Bucharest from 19 to 30 August 1974. and on one's own forces the basis of its development 3 Held at Lima from 12 to 26 March 197 5. strategy, the third world is unceasingly fighting and 4 General Assembly - Seventh Special Session - Plenary Meetings working for true co-operation in a spirit of dialogue and on 49. The system as it now operates is itself the source of an equal and mutually advantageous basis. TI1is philnsophy the present upheavals, since it leads to the irrational and is not derived solely from moral considerations; it is an unequal management and distribution of resources. It thus expression of the legitimate desire of peoples who have makes it impossible for the weakest-that is to say, the endured centuries of political domination ,md economic developing countries- to control the planning of their backw«rdne'Ss and who arc still subject to the exploitation production or supplies or to anticipate normal and stable of capitalist monopolies to promote their own economic growth in their foreign-trade earnings. development at last in a favourable international context. SO. Accordingly, in order to produce effective co-opera­ 42. It is the industrialized countries which must now m;ike tion, consistent with the real interests of the third world their choice by dearly demonstrating their political will to and conducive, in the long run, to the stability of the participate in ;i praclical way in establishing a new industrialized countries' economies, the paternalistic and international econnmk order, the framework and ohjectives moralizing, attitudes of the past, which led to the failure of which were defined in the Declaration and Programme of -the foreseeable failure-of the international strategies for Action adopted at the sixth special session of the l lnited the First an

45. At the same time, no one can believe that the 53. That is why, when the prices of primary commodities conflicting interests and the selfislrne.ss rnltivated by a rise, the prices of finished products rise disproportionately; materialistic civilitation founded on excessive consumption when the prices of primary commodities fall, the prices of and waste will disappear as if by magic. Accordingly. this manufactures, at best, stay at their fonner level. Thus, in enterprise will be long and difficult. But is not the stake the the end, the movement of the prices of primary com­ very survival of man on a planet which has become cramped modities is highly irregular, whereas that of the prices of and is threatened with drifting aimlessly'' manufactures continue to rise with remark.able regularity.

46. This session must therefore bla1c the trail for this long 54. In fact, the only approach which will really bring process of restructuring the world economy, first, by about the most equitable situation will inevitably involve adopting practical measures tu solve one series of priority the redistribution of income. Otherwise, the laws of the problems and, secondly, hy establishing the framework and market, dominated as it is by the st{ongest and most objectives of subsequent rn:-goti::1tio11s resilient, will continue to fuel the deterioration in the terms of trade of the developing countries in an implacable ,4 7. A fundamental reform or t.hc world trade system is process which enriches the richest while impoverishing the one of these priority objectives. If 11 is to meet ful.ly the poorest. requirements of development, this reform must, first, grant developing countries non-reciprocal facilities and promote 5 S. It is thus understandable that the developing countries the unrestricted access of their products to the indus­ should feel compelled to take the necessary protective trialized countries· markets; secondly, increase their measures and ban together in order to improve their foreign-trade earnings; and, thirdly, preserve tlteir resources collective bargaining power. That defensive attitude is not from _monetary upheavals and from the inflation expurted incompatible with the search for a dialogue. On the by industrialized countries. contrary, indeed, it is the pre-condition for a true dialogue between equal partners. 48. Specific and detailed proposals to thal end have long since been made by the Jcveloping countries, and they will 56. TI1e producer-exporter associations offer the devel­ be submitted again in the course of our work. I shall oping countries an adequate framework for the pooling of confine myself to mentioning rhose which we consid,!r to their experience in the fields of production and trade, with be of ma.ior import:mce. a view to increasing their collective capacity to resist the 2326th meeting - 1 September 1975 5 forces of a raw-materials market dominated by the buyers. 63. It is these limitations, dictated by commercial and In the reformed and reorganized system of trade they will sometimes political considerations, which divert interna­ continue to play a beneficial role in the fixing of prices and tional financial co-operation from its stated goals and the regulation of world supply and demand. instead cause the phenomenon of a return flow of resources to the industrialized countries. 57. In the search for a just solution to the problems of raw materials, the draft integrated programme prepared by tl1e 64. Accordingly, it is necessary to take urgent measures to secretariat of the United Nations Conference on Trade and improve the present situation and to assign new goals to Development r UNCTAD/ 4 , which is based on the establish­ international and regional financial institutions. ment of a sc:ries of internatio11al buffer stocks, either individual or multiproduct, and on the indexing of the 65. These institutions will. first, have to mobilize massive prices of the goods exported by the developing countries to financial resources, both in tl1e developed countries and in the prices of the goods which they import from the other countries which have permanent surpluses, then developed countries, constitutes a novel proposal which adopt adequate policies with regard to grants, loans and 1arrants the closest attention. technical assistance and, finally, simplify their procedures in order to fulfil their purpose as development banks. ·,. The general revaluing of the prices of raw materials at a profitable level provided for in the integrated programme 66. 111 i'·1111,·ulJr, tLcy will have lo increase considerably will have to be recognized as an act of justice and to be seen the propo, ti, m of loans granted on favournble tcnns to the as the surest aud simplest means of channelling to the mDst di,arh;rntaged countries. the difference hetween the dewloping countries the financial resources which they curreni rat··:; and the preferential rates being met from the need, while protecting them, by means of a suitable resources oi a multilateral interest-equalization fund. indexing machinery, against the effects of the inflation exported by the industrialized countries and against con­ 67. At the same time. tile cumulative debt burden of the stantly increasing prices of industrial products and food­ countries uf tile third world, which is largely the result of stuffs. tl11: unequal relationships to which they are subjected, must be the subject of serious renegotiation on the basis of the 59. At the same time, monetary reform, the urgent need oft-repeated cbims voiced in international bodies. for which must be emphasized once again, will be required to ensure the democratic management of international 68. Taken together, these financial resources will enable liquidity and the channelling of a just proportion of such the under-developed countries to institute a true process of resources to development purposes and the financing of the deveiopment in which industrialization will be the decisive buffer stocks provided for in the integrated programme for factor. primary commodities, in conformity with the apposite and detailed measures envisaged in the Programme of Action for 69. This process. which will also pruvide the means of the Establishment of a New International Economic Order. acqumn: t ~cl•:wlc,gy. will be made possible by interna­ tional at: ion desi1:ned to bring ahout the redeployment of 60. It goes without saying that the basic reform of industrial :1,' vi ties throughout the world. external trade, the restructuring of the monetary system and the revision of the goals and modalities of the transfer 70. Tlic11 ar:,;11 the food crisis affecting vast areas of the of resources by means of the international monetary system third world. together with the alanning prospects tJ1at can are the three aspects of one and the same policy. Moreover, be glimr•r>d (:11 tlJ,, horizon, constitutes one of L°IJ.e greatest only a global approach will bring about an external climate thrc-;it,: 1,, l'·''t · ,wd 10 the survi\-! ,Jf the human race. favourable to development and, at the level of the world economy, the stability which will enable every country to 7 l. ': \JC' :: 1\ -i:·, of i .. 11;,\ ,·,,mmunity is on notice, therefore, pursue its long-tem1 goals, protected against the vicissitudes to carry uut ;1 funt.lamental rethinking of the rules and shocks caused by external disturbances. g,ivcming the expl,,itation. management and distribution of the resources l)f 'lhc planet. which is threatened with 61. At present the developing countries can scarcely destruction and sterility by an economic order that manage to meet two thirds of their needs for external undermines the quality of life and functiuns by ignoring the financing from their own resources. most basic needs of the majority of mankind.

62. In general, capital imports, including official devel­ 72. J\cce5s to food is indissolubly linked with the right to opment aid and the assistance of development finance life. Any pressure designed to limit this right and any organizations, have not overcome this deficit. Moreover, attempt to use the threat of famine as blackmail would external financial assistance is provided mainly by means of constitute a serious violation of humm rights. direct private investment, suppliers' credits, high-interest loans granted by the international financial institutions and 73. In fact. one field in whil'h efforts really must be bilateral official assistance which is often given on ex­ mobilized is that of th.: production an

4 See Official Records of t/ie Trade and De1>e/opmcnt B,,ord, 74. ii would be perfectly prn.sible to re3.lize such a goal if Fourteenth Session, First Part. Annexes, agenda item 4 (bj, docu­ the developed ~ountrics decided at last to work towards it, ment TD/B/498. leaving aside a::> political cunsidcrati(,11, and using their 6 General Assembly - Seventh Special Session - Plenary Meetings technological capacity and their resources, including those and equitable distribution of marine resources. The seas and which might he released by disarmament. oceans will tlrns become a factor in bringing peoples together and ensuring fruitful co-operation among them. 75. This goal entails the implementation uf a coherent programme which would include both medium-term :md 87. In this connexion, particular attention will have to be long-term measures. given to the land-locked countries and to the developing island countries. 76. In the medium-term, the aim would be to increase the exportable surpluses of the developed countries by using all 88. Generally speaking, special attention will have to be available means of pwduction. This measure presupposes given to the least advanced countries and special measures ti1e reform of present trade patterns and the regulation of will have to be taken to guarantee them the same the prices of essential fond-stuffs in order tu bring them development opportunities as other countries of the third within the purchasin3 power of the puor countries. world. All the measures envisaged, especially those set out in the Programme of Action adopted by the General 77. It would also he necessary to set up world and regional Assembly at its sixtl1 special session, will have to be stocks of a range of major consumer itc-ms and to provide implemented without further delay. international financing for them. 89. The success of tl1e effort to reorganize international 78. It would likewise be necessary to increase emergency co-operation depends to a large extent on the effectiveness bilateral and multilateral assistance in order to eliminate of the economic structures of the United Nations system. endemic famines and to make good the shortages caused by natural disasters. 90. These structures were conceived 30 years ago in a political and economic context which is radically different 79. In order to solve the long-tem1 problems, it would be from the one which prevails today. necessary to adopt, henceforth, a programme for the development of the agricultural potential of the developing 91 . Of course, they have been very useful and have countries. accomplished a large part of the task for which they were designed: to provide a universal framework for joint action. 80. This prograrnm.: might be baseJ on financial and But they must now be adapted to new requirements, in technical resources provided by the existing specialized order to provide the international community with an agencies and the International Fund for Agricultural Devel­ effective framework for study and for negotiation. opment, which would have to be put into operation as quickly as possible. 92. TI1e report prepared by a committee of eminent experts5 will be submitted for your consideration during 81. The implementation of the proposed programme this session. would also entail the distribution of fertilizers "n favour­ able terms. 93. Whatever further action Members are considering giving to this reform project, it is clear, as indeed the 82. This external assistance, linked to internal efforts and eminent experts stress in their report, that no structural judiciously adapted in each case to the specific local refonns, however bold they may be, can replace the conditions obtaining, will make a valuable contribution to political will of States with regard to our Organization. the modernization of the economic and social structures of production anJ to the establishment of conditions for 94. With a view to bringing about concerted international self-sufficiency. action, the President of the French Republic took the initiative of convening last April a meeting on the current 83. Mankind has another source of wealth which has so far economic crisis.6 remained almost untapped-the riches of the seas and oceans. 95. That meeting did not achieve the desired results because of the profound· differences of opinion which came 84. That sector of the world economy, in which vast to light concerning both the topics to be discussed and the prospects are opening up, must be managed in a rational goals to be attained. and democratic manner for the benefit of all peoples, whether it is a question of fish or mineral resources or of 96. In effect, the industrialized countries showed them­ scientific research. selves to be concerned exclusively with the defence of their short-term interests at1d to be clinging to outmoded 85. In this connexion, the establishment of an interna­ structures, while the developing countries proposed a joint tional sea-bed authority having exclusive jurisdiction over global approach to the problems with a view to resolving the exploration and exploitation of the sea-bed and ocean the crisis in the world economy by establishing a new type floor beyond the limits of national jurisdiction and the of relationship. power to manage those activities directly will provide an adequate framework for balam:ed international co-opera­ 5 A New Unired Nations Structure for Global Economic Co-opera­ tion. tion: report of the Group of Experts on the Structure of the United Nations System (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.75.I!.A.7). 6 First session of the Preparatory Meeting for the Conference on 86. All the nations of the world will then pool their International Economic Co-operation, held at Paris from 7 to 15 knowledge and experience with a view to tl1e development April 1975......

2326th meeting - I September 1975 7 97. Despite these disagreements, we are convinced that the 109. In this quest for a new balance based on new Preparatory Meeting for the Conference was not entirely relationships, the first step will be for the more fortunate fruitless since it did lead to the identification of the true to make the necessary concessions and yield to the problems. legitimate aspirations of those to whom history, and sometimes nature, has been ungenerous. 98. It is encouraging to note that some evolution is discernible in the attitude of the Western countries, which 110. Is it unduly iJcalistic to invite the rich countries to now officially recognize the need to give equal attention to put aside their egoism and change tl1eir usual practices in the problems of energy, raw materials and development. order to reconcile their true interests with the aspira:ions of all mankind for peace, freedom and well-being? 99. The resumption of the dialogue on a constructive basis will be possible with good chances of success as soon as the I1 l. In short, what we must ascertain is whether man will industrialized countries agree to take up in earnest, and end by turning his power against himself, thereby becoming with a genuine desire for results, the search for solutions to the instrument of his own destruction, or whether he will all the questions which are of concern to each of the be able to come to his senses in time and bring his families of the international community. imagination and his creative genius to hear •Jn the building of a new civilization. 100. The success of the future Conference will also depend, on its representative nature. The consensus which 112. The SECRETARY-GENFRAL (interprctaliun from seems to be emerging concerning the broadening of its French): Mr. President, may I address to you my sincere membership is a further guarantee of success. congratulc1tions on your election to the high post of President of the seventh special session of the General 101. It will be necessary in due course to define the link Assembly. I am convinced that under your skilful guidance to be established between the Conference, tl1e aim of which the Assembly will deal effectively with the important is to contribute to the establishment of the new interna­ matters on its agenda. The stimulating statement that you tional economic order, and the United ?\Jations, which have just made will undoubtedly be a valuable contribution remains the most appropriate framework for concerted to tl1c work of the present session. international effort. {The SecrctwJ'·General continued in f,,"nglish./ 102. Clearly it serves no purpose to close our eyes to the difficulties presented by an enterprise of such scope. 113. The GeneraJ Assembly is gathered today in special session to examine the state of world development and of I 03. The reservations or opposition evoked by the realistic international economic co-operJtion ,Llld to expand their and relevant proposals of the developing countries are the dimensions. Within this rnntcxt this Assembly has also been external manifestation of a deep conflict of interests which called upon to give the goal of development its prnper place will persist as long as the industrialized countries continue in the United Nations system and on the international to defend their short-term interests instead of seeing stage. Thi~ session, therefore, rcpres.:!nts ai; important themselves in historial perspective and thereby safeguarding landmark in what has been a long proce$~ t1,warJs thl! their long-terms interests. · achievement uf the Charter objective uf mJking our world a better and more just place for all. 104. The discussions a1ising from certain questions re­ garded as essential by the developing countries and the 114. Since its inception the United t\Jations ha~ been tactical games familiar to us all, which are simply a means intimately involved in the development process. A mi.:re of evading specific obligations, often reveal ulterior motives glance across these 30 years of the OrgJniution's history or the secret hope of maintaining or re-establishing, if provides a clear picture of the great changes tltat h:.1ve taken possible, the domination destroyed by the struggle for place, of the progress that has been made, uf the-tremen­ emancipation which the people~ of the third world now dous and increasingly urgent task that still lies aliead, as intend to carry into the field of economic liberation. well as of the role of the United Natinns as a crucible for ideas and a catalyst for progress. 105. It is, however, clear that confrontation cannot but be harmful to everyone. 11 5. lndeed, the awareness and the ad.nowledgcment of the need for reforming the international economic system are I 06. Recent political events have brought this out clearly not new. Such a reform has been called for time and time yet again, demonstrating the futility of force and the limits again. The history of the United Natilms ;;ontains numerou,; of material power. efforts the results of which, althuugh disappointing when compared with their ultimate objectives, .ippear in n.:tro­ 107. Thus the common interest demand~ that we search spect as having provided the found:ition upon which our for effective solutions, solutions made necessary by the current efforts can he more solidly built. interdependence of peoples, which represents today a form of objective solidarity. 116. The designation of the 1960s as the First United Nations Development Decade, the first session of UNCT AD I 08. Therefore only a V1s1on of one united world will in 1964, the adoption of the lntemationa.l Development enable us to reach a compromise acceptable to all and Strategy for the Second United ~ations Development finally to save the wo.rld economy from chaos. Decade fresulution 26::6(XXV)/, the Declaration and 8 Geqera! Assembly - Seventh Special Session - Plenary Meetings Programme of Action on the Establishment of a New Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, International Economic Order and the Charter of Economic held at Paris in May, the negotiations leading to the Lome Rights and Duties of States represent important stepping­ Convention,9 as well as intensive discussions within Govern­ stones from which we must proceed during this session. An ments, are all part of a cast of events which should help us analysis of these events reveals an ever-escalating evolution reach our goal. of the concept of international co-responsibility and inter­ dependence from a r

I 18. What we must do is reconcile conflicting interests 125. There are three functions, which I should like to among States. This is not an easy task, but we have no single out, which the United Nations should perform in the choice. However, with good will and mutual respect we mix of interacting events that are organized within and shall be able to convert the crisis we have been facing into a outside the United Nations system. great opportunity for long-term peace, harmony and mutual benefit. 126. First, through this Assembly, the United Nations should provide the blue-print, framework and guidelines for 119. While there is now general agreement on the 11eed for the negotiating process which will ensue both within and change, and even though there is a growing convergence of outside the United Nations system. opinion on many of the broad objectives of sharing resources and benefits more equitably, one should not 127. Secondly, the results of those negotiations should be minimize the complexity of the task that lies ahead. brought before the General Assembly in order to give such agreements the confinnation which only a universal organi­ 120. We must therefore approach this special session of zation can provide. the General Assembly soberly and rationally, but with a renewed sense of urgency. As the President of the Economic 128. Finally, the United Nations is particularly suited to and Social Council. Ambassador Akhund, stated in his providing continuity by monitoring and following up closing remarks to the fifty-ninth session of the Council, agreements reached by the international community. "we should neither expect nor seek to achieve spectacular results ... but we are entitled to expect agreement on 129. It is encouraging that the Economic and Social principles and policies and a clear indication of the Council was able to agree unanimously on the issues to be intention to negotiate concretely for tl1e achievement of considered by this Assembly ,1 0 But more important still is agreed ends."7 that the intensive consultations carried out over the past months in the Economic and Social Council and in the 121. 1 am encouraged by the fact that many different Preparatory Committee for this session of the Assembly forums have been or are seized of this issue. This is have revealed, even in the absence of a dramatic break­ certainly a reflection of the seriousness of the situation. but through. a genuine desire on all sides to find mutually I believe it is also an indication that we are dealing with an acceptable solutions. idea whose time has come. l 30. The six substantive issues beir1g considered by this 122. At the governmental level, the just completed Con­ Assembly are indeed the areas in which the international ference of Ministers for Foreign Affairs of Non-Aligned community faces short-term crises and long-term problems, Countries in Lima, the Dakar Conference of Developing to which solutions must be found if we are to achieve the Countries on Raw Materials in February, the Meeting of development goals and stability that we all seek. Commonwealth Heads of Government in Kiligston last May, followed by the interim report by a group of experts appointed by them.8 the meeting of the Council of the 9 ACP-EEC Convention of Lome, signed on 28 February 1975 at Lome. The text was subsequently circulated as document A/ 7 For a summary of this statement, sec Official Records uf the AC.176/7. Economic and Social Council, Fifty-ninth Sessiun, 1979th m.:cling, para. 21. 10 See Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, Fij'rv-ni11th Session, Supplement No. I, resolution 1980 (LIX), 8 Sec document A/AC.176/5, ann~x. para. 2. 2326111 meeting - I September 1975 9 LH. In the area of international trade, the basic problem 137. Governments have established within the United faced by most developing countries is their undue depen­ Nations ;, variety of mechanisms for channelling assistance dence on the export of one or two commodities for their to developing countries. 1 wish to urge Member States to •foreign-exchange earnings. The decline of the prices of a make full use of these means. If properly utilized and--if number of commodities in the recent past has brought out necessary- -adjusted and streamlined, they can play a vividly how vulnerable these countries are to such fluctua­ significant rule in promoting economic and social progress tions. Furthennore, the first half of this decade has seen throughout the world. little progress in the implementation of the recommenda­ tion in the International Development Strategy on the 138. In this connexion, r have also repeatedly expressed liberalization of trade in primary commodities. my concern about the vast global military expenditure, which has now reached nearly $300,000 million annually. 132. The time is ripe for major efforts to overcome these Given the enormous financial requirements for develop­ basic obstacles. In this respect, attention should be focused ment, this can only be considered as a deplor:;ble diversion on three areas: the recovery of world trade to buoyant of much-needed resources. The disarmament aspect should levels, which would benefit all countries; the liberalization therefore also be seen in this perspective. of import policies by industrialized countries in favour of developing nations; and the stabilization of the export 139. The irnpurtani.:c of industrialization as a means of earnings of developing countries so as tu enable them to accelt!rating development is widely recognized. Therefore, finance the imports needed to sustain their development the low level of industrialization in the majority of efforts. developing countries and the smallness of their share of the total world output of m:rnufactures is another grave 133. This issue, which has been before the United Nations obstacle which must be tackled with vigour. With the rapi

J 35. The pcrfonnance in transferring real resources tu 142. TI1e agriculturn! sector still accounts for the income developing countries has remained disappointing. While the of the bulk of the population of Jevcloping countries. It is terms of transfer have improved during the first half of this the source or food supply anJ of raw materials for decade, the official development assistance furnished by industries, as well as a major e~mer of foreign exchange. developed countries has failed to reach even half of the For these reasons the deccleration in agricultural growth is target set out in the International Development Strategy. a maltL'r of grave concern. While the world food situation At the same time it is gratifying to note that the shows some signs of improvement. the balance between oil-producing countries have become major contributors to supply and requirements remains precarious. international, regional and bilateral programmes of econ• omic development and co-operation. 143. It is therefore of ,;rucial importance lo take effective action. The World Food C'onferern.:e adopted a number of 136. It is clear that if the pace of development is to be important resolutions 1 2 to meet both the immediate needs accelerated, the flow of resources to developing countries and the longer tcm1 1wals in thi~ area. While a beginning has must be stepped up. In particular, the flow of resources to been made since the Conference last November, much more the most seriously affected and the least developed among progress is required. At this special session these agreements the developing countries must be increased significantly if should be translated into concrete commitments. they are to emerge from the grave predicament in wJ1ich they find themselves and raise their living standards in the I 44. ln addition to dealing with these substantive issues, course of this decade. tllis Assembly has been entrusted with the question of

12 Sec Rrport of the World Food L'nnj,•rrnct'. Rome, 5-/6 11 United Nations Conference on Trade ant.I EmploJ'mcnt, held at No,.emher /974 ll nitcd Nations publication, Saks Havana from 21 November 194 7 to 24 March 1948. No. E.75.11/U), ,·hJp. II. )0 General Assembly - Seventh Special Session - Plenary Meetings restrncturing the l 1nitcd Nations system in the economic J5 I. The PRESIDENT (interpretation from French): In and social fields. Given the dramatic changes over the past addition, the Council recommended that the General 30 years, to which our President made reference. it is Assembly at its special session should adopt, on a priority obvious that some restructuring of the system is essential if basis, concrete and positive decisions on all issues men­ the United Nations is to play its full part in meeting the tioned in its resolution 1980 (LIX) "which would make a new challenges facing the world. I am fully aware of the decisive impact on further negotiations within the United complexity and the difficulties of this math:r, but I am Nations, as well as in other international forums, for the confident that your deliberations will bring us nearer to this establishment of a new international economic order". The goal. Council also recommended that the General Assembly should "initiate the process for the restructuring of the 145. This Assembly .has a most difficult and complex task, United Nations system in the economic and social fields but it has also been offered an historic opportunity which and establish an intergovernmental committee to deal with we cannot afford to squander. The time has come to move such issues". from declarations of intent to a sustained effort to find practical and tangible solutions through ,:,ii.cc i"lc'd ~- tinn. 152. M~y J consider that the Gener:il Assembly takes note In this endeavour I wish you every success. of those recommendations of the Economic and Social Council? 146. The PRESIDENT (interpretation from French): The ft was so decided. Secretary-General has just made a masterly statement, for which I should like to thank him very warmly. 153. The PRESIDENT (i11terpretatio11 from French): In connexion with the allocation of agenda item 7, the AGENDA ITEM 6 Economic and Social Council has, in paragraph 5 of part one of document A/10003/ Add.1, recommended: Adoption of the agenda "(b) That the General Assembly should establish an Ad I 4 7. The PRESIDENT (interpretation from French): In Hoc Committee of the Seventh Special Session with a order tn expedite its work, the Assembly may wish to chairman, three vice-chairmen and a rapporteur and adopt the provisional agenda for th.is session /.4/ 10190} in accord to its chairman, for the duration of the session and plenary meeting, without referring it to the General without in any way constituting a precedent, full rights of Committee. If there are no objections, I shall take it that membership in the General Committee, including the the General Assembly agrees to th.is procedure. right to vote;

It was so decided. "(c) That item 7 of the provisional agenda of the seventh special session, entitled 'Development and inter­ 148. The PRESIDENT (interpretation from French}: I national economic co-operation', should be allocated to now ask the Assembly whether there is any objection to the the Ad Hoc Committee for consideration and report, adoption of the provisional agenda as it appears in except that the general debate on the item should take document Al JOI 90. If there is no objection, I shall declare place in the plenary; the agenda adopted. "(d} That it should be for the Ad Hoc Committee to The agenda was adopted. set up working groups as necessary;

AGENDA ITEM 7 "(e) That, notwithstanding the provisions of rule 51 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, Arabic Development and international economic cooperation should also be an official and a working language of the Ad Hoc Committee." 149. The PRESIDENT (interpretation from French). In 154. May I take it that the General Assembly approves connexion with agenda item 7, the Economic and Social those recommendations'l Council, in its resolution 1980 (LIX) of 31 July 1975, decided that the issues to be considered would essentially It was so decided. be as follows: international trade, international monetary reform and the transfer of real resources for financing the l 55. The PRESIDENT (interpretation from French): I development of developing countries. science and tech­ take it that it is also the wish of the General Assembly to nology, industrialization, food and agriculture, and the approve the recommendations of the Economic and Social restructuring of the economic and social sectors of the Council concerning the general debate and the schedule of United Nations system. meetings and to take note of the Council's report as a whole as contained in part one of document 150. May I take it that the General Assembly takes note A/10005/Add.l. of that decision of the Economic and Social Council concerning agenda item 7? It was so decided.

It was so decided. The meeting rose at 12.40 p.m. p:~ \e Office of PubHc !nforn1ation Press Section Press Reiease United Nations, Ne,N York

Backgrouncl Release GA/5755/ Add, l •:~ ¥~...:a ~ DC/1028/Add. l I \ ~ 19 May 1978 E.. _\~ ,. ~.?~"'

0

SPECIAL SESSIO(OF ?~RAL ~O_SEMBLY DEVOTED T0° DISABMAME~ TO BE HEID AT HEADQUARTERS-2S-May::28 Jillie______----

~enth Special Session To Consider Disarmament Declaration, Plan of Action and Machinery for Disarmament Negotiations

ADDENDUM

The special session will also have before it a special report by the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament (CCD) (docum.ent CCD/573, Vols. I and II) The CCD is a 31-rriember negotiating body, meeting in Genev<1, 11hich was established in 1961 by an agreement between the Soviet Union and the United States. At that time it .-,as called the EightEen-Nation Disarma:nent Committee. It was enlarged to 26 members in 1969 and reno:ned the CCD. Five '1!ore members were added in 1974. France, although one of the original members of the Committee, has not, thus far, taken its seat at the conference table.

The special report of the CCD was prepared in accordance with a resolution adopted lost year by the General P1sse:11bly at its thirty-second session (resolution 32/88 B of 12 December 1977). By that resolution the Assembly, among other things, endorsed a reco:n:nendation of the Prep8ratory Committee for the special session that the CCD be requested to prepare for the special session "a special report on the state of the various questions" under its consideration. Tlle Assembly, in particular, requested the CCD t-:> consider the agreed text resulting from the negotiations of three nuclear weapons States the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States -- related to nuclear-1'1eapons testing, with a vieu of the submission of e clraft treety to the special session (resolution 32/78 of l2 December 1977). That text is still being negotiated by the three nuclear Powers.

The report consists of two volumes, the first containing a part I, which covers the establishment of the CCD and its work and achievements and a second part dealing with the current state of questions under consideration. Volume II contains additional details on more recent views of delegations on questions under consideration in the CCD and relevant developments.

(more)

••-...... •-•U•-•••• .. ...,•••uuo• .. •••••••• .. ••o•••-,.••• .. •U••••••ou•••• .. •••o••••u•••o ■ .. ••••••••••••••• .... •••• .. •••• .. •••••••••••--••••••••• .. • ....••••• .. •• .. • .. •••••• ..•••• ..••• .... ••••••••••••• .. •• .. ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••uooo,,,u,o•••--u ■ For information media - not an official record 2 - Press Release GA/5755/Add.l DC/1028/Add.l 19 May 1978

The questions noted in the report include nuclear disarmament, including a comprehensive test ban; the prohibition of chemical weepons; the prohibition of new types and new systems of mass destru2tion; the pr')hibition of radiological weapons; general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control; comprehensive programme of disarmament; further measures to prevent an arms race on the sea-bed; end the organization and procedures of the CCD. ;1~1(1~ ~ I XI / ,.£.-- UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES ,JtJ'r· INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM MEMORANDUM INTERIEUR /lrl ,- -, '-/ \

TO: The Secretary-General A:

THROUGH: Mr. M. Sytenko, Under-Secretary-General 5/C DE: for Political and Security Council Affairs

FROM: Rolf Bjornerstedt .~ DE: Assistant Secretary-Genera~y Centre for Disarmament 'U / // . - ...... SUBJECT: OBJET: -Organization arrangements for special session of ~h-e .:}-.) Gen~ral Assembly devoted to disarmament

1. Hereby I wish to confirm the arrangements that I discussed with you on 18 May l978 co~cerning the servicing of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Tenth Special Session (committee of the whole) and theopen-ended groups operating under the Ad Hoc Committee. 2. I understand that I shall be the Secretary of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Tenth Special Session and that Mr. Corradini, who has acted as Secretary of the Preparatory Committee for the Special Session, will be my Deputy, i.e., the Deputy Secretary. \

3. It is also understood that (a) Mr. Pal Csillag will be the Secretary of Group I dealing with the programme of action, and (b) Mr. Vicente Berasategui will be the Secretary of Group II dealing with the question of machinery. 4. If more than two Groups were to be established you will be informed accordingly.

5. These arrangements have also been discussed with the Under-Secretary-General for Political and General Assembly Affairs, Mr. W. Buffwn, who is in agreement. AR/JEB 12 May 1978 b/f:RA/FMG/IL

NOTE FOR THE FILE

..

Exhibition of photographs from Hiroshima and Nagasaki to be held in the public lobby of the General Assembly building , l '(

on instructions from the Secretary-General, I called Mr. Jim Leonard of the United States Mission and asked him whether the US Government had any objections to the holding· of this exhibition during the forthcomingSpecial..Jession on __).isarmament. Mr. Leonard replied that there were no objections from the US side.

.,, __./~~ PERMANENT MISSION ofDENM+ File No. 119.H.33.b. TO THE UNITED 6¥ New York, April 14, 1978

BY HAND

Dear Mr. Lessiovski,

Referring to our previous telephone conversation concerning t~~st for the general debate during the/,ecial Sessi~n \f the General Assembly devoted tb Disarmament, I lould like to confirm that the Prime~~ark Mr. Anker J~rgensen will adress the General Assembly as fifth speaker in the morning of Monday 29 May, 1978.

Please accept my sincere thanks for all your good cooperation on this matter.

Yours truly ~~

/, -~- \ .. /(u /,,-----rt.; ,,cL--7 J 'K. -A. Eliasen ~ Minister Counsellor · Deputy Permanent Representative of Denm~rk to the United Nations _/

Mr. Victor M. Lessiovski Special Assistant to the Secretary-General of the United Nations United Nations, Room 3855 A

N e w Y o r k

Copies to: The Secretary-Gjllleral MR. R. Ahmed V Mr. P. de Churruca THE PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE OF. TO THE UNITED NATIONS 0 New York, 14 Apr.il 1_978 1222 ~

Dear Mr. Lessiovsky,

Following our conversation of today, I wish to confirm that the Prime Minister of Italy, Mr. Giulio Andregtti,-w±j_-Trvene in the general debate at t e Special Sessi/n of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament in _.¾he course of the morning of ,,/ Friday 2 J se~o-rrctspeaker inscribed on the list.

Yours sincerely,

Piero Vinci Ambassador

IVIr. Viktor Lessiovski Special Assistant to the Secretary-General United Nations - Room 3 855 New York, N~Y~ 10017

Copies to: The Secretary-G~neral Mr. R. Ahmed ✓ Mr. P. de Churruca ____ ... j-1 '-C ' UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES die. !kl_~ INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM MEMORANDUM INTERIEUR f /JJf;, -- I 1./ I (,J TO: The Secretary-General DATE: __l~3_Ap_r_il_l~9~7~8_' A:

REFERENCE: ______

THROUGH: 5/C DE:

FROM: Rolf Bjornerstedt /----::J. ____ DE: Assistant Secretary-Gener~ )./'1./)r Centre for Disarmament

SUBJECT: OBJ ET: Preparatory Committee for the Special Session of the General Assembly Devoted to Disarmament

l. The Preparatory Committee reconvened on 4 April for its fifth and final session. _The main items on the Committee's agenda, as adopted on 4 April, are: (a) Principal document(s) of the special session; (b) Final report of the Preparatory Committee to the special session.

2. On 12 April, the Preparatory Committee decided that the Committee would submit to the special session one single draft document for adoption by the Assembly as'Final Document of the Special Session of the General Assembly Devoted to Disarmament~ and that the Committee's draft document woul~ be composed of four parts: Introduction, Declaration, Programme of Action, Machinery. 3. Delegations are now concentrating their efforts on the drafting of (a) the Programme of action, and {b) recommendations on the subject of disarmament machinery. The Introduction does not present serious problems and very encouraging progress was made on the Declaration during the first week ot the current session. Several brackets have remained, but the problem has now been reduced to manageable proportions, as far as the Declaration is concerned. All the drafting is done by two groups of the Preparatory Committee, open to all, which have been and continue to be very active. Many informal meetings are held by the regional! groups. Parties which are particul.arly interested in a certain topic often meet informally, across regional lines. 4. The drafting group on the programme of action has not made yet too much progress in its work, in terms of the number of sections discussed and drafted so far. However, it has tackled the most sensitive aspects of the programme of action and has tentatively agreed on a number of formul.ations concerning various specific measures. Emphasis is being placed on short-term measures. The question of the comprehensive programme is tackled, so far, in very general terms. 5. In the context of a short-term programme, priority is being given to nuclear disarmament. The main issue discussed, so far, has been the question of a proper balance in undertakings ot nuclear and non-nuclear-weapon States to prevent vertical. and horizontal proliferation of nuclear weapons. Concerning conventional weapons, the discussion has centred on the question whether the attempts to curb the conventional arms race should be on a regional or a global basis and whether they should comprise measures with regard to transfers of weapons or also the production of those weapons. This question has not yet been solved. It should also be mentioned that France has put forward a suggestion for the establishment of an international observation satellite agency, directly responsible to the United Nations, which would collect, organize and disseminate data obtained by satellites in fields directly affecting security and the control of disarmament agreements. The proposal is being considered. - 2 -

6. Concerning the question of machinery, the present debate in the relevant drafting group can be said to represent a first reading, because discussion on the subject at the previous (February) session had been of a purely preliminary nature. Thus, for the first time efforts are being made to find common ground on the subject. Thus far, two main lines of thought have emerged. One, to recommend that new deliberative as well as negotiating bodies be established in the field of disarmament. Two, to recommend that only some improvements be introduced in the existing machinery, at Headquarters as well as at Geneva. Discussion has not gone far enough to permit the drawing of conclusions on the subject, except that perhaps, many aspects of this subject will have to be solved at-the special session itself.

\ _,.. IC/.·/ ft Le : .S'i> euAt- )4:. · ··· SE. ... /ON ::r ~ EC E I V E D

UNITED NATIONS NATI o N s u NIE sl<-1/d 4 FEB 1978

INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM MEMORANDUM INTERIEUR

TO: The Secretary-General DATE, _1_3_F_e_b_r_u_a_r_y__ l_978 A:

A. N. Shevchenko, Under-Secretary- ~ EFERENCE: General for Political and Security THROUGH: S/C DE: Council Affairs

FROM: Rolf Bjornerstedt, Assi~ __ / DE: Secretary-General ~rf Centre for Disarmament

SUBJECT: OBJET: Preparatory Committee for the Special Session of the General Assembly Devoted to Disarmament

1. With reference to my memorandum of 3 February, I would like to inform you that during the last ten days the activities relating to the preparations for the special session on disarmament have been held mainly in the drafting group and two sub-groups, which have devoted their attention to the drafting of a Declaration, as part of the final document of the special session.

2. In particular, the two sub-groups have concentrated their attention to those parts of the Declaration thab,by agreement, have been labeled 11 Review and Appraisal 11 and 11 Goals and Priorities". The sub-groups are close to completing a first draft of these two parts. The first draft, in this particular case, can be described as a composite text, where competing formulations, in brackets, are found. Still, a basic text for further elaboration is slowly being put together.

3. The third and last part of the Declaration is entitled "Principles 11 and it is hoped that this part will be taken up by an appropriate sub-group, beginning tomorrow.

4. The next step for the current session is the drafting of a programme of action. It is hoped the drafting group will turn its attention to this part of the final document in the course of the current Week. UNITF,O NATIONS NATIONS UNIES

INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM MEMORANDUM INTERIEUR

TO: DATE, __9_M_a_r_c_h_7_8 __ A: Mr. A. Corradini Director and Deputy to the Assistant Secretary-General REFERENCE: ______THROUGH: sic DE: Mr. A.N. Shevchenko Under-Secretary-General FROM: _,/'j .• DE: R. Ahmed ~-' ,__,,,,,-z '\.._{'.__ \.. . - Executive A, sistant to the \"-Y' susJEcT: Secretary- eneral ,,,,.,,- . OWE~ ~

With respect to your memorandum dated 28 February concerning the Australian Peace Liaison Committee I feel that it would be best if the Disarmament Centre continued to handle this matter. A suggested draft reply is attached. Regarding paragraph 4 of your memorandum, this question might be taken up by the interdepartemental Task Force on the Special Session. Suggested reply to Mr. Arnold

Dear Mr. Arnold, On behalf of the Secretary-General I wish to thank you for your letter of 15 December, which was received with considerable delay. The Secretary-General was very interested to learn of the activities that are undertaken by the non-governmental organizations in Australia in support of the United Nations Special Session on Disarmament, and, in particular, of the Australian People•s Disarmament Conference to be held in April. With regard to your request for a messag0 to this Conference, I hope you will understand ~hat, due to the large number of such requests from many countries, it will unfortunately not be possible to send you a personal message from the Secretary-General. However, as I mentioned to you in my letter of 13 January, we will be pleased to send a cable of greetings to the Conference, which will also contain the Secretary-General1 s good wishes to all participants. In this connexion, I would also like to draw your attention to the message by the Secretary-General to the International Conference of all non-governmental organizations which was recently held in Geneva. You may wish to use this text in preparing for your Conference, and I therefore include a copy for your information. With regard to your request for an appointment with the Secretary-General prior to the Special Session, I am unable to give you an affirmative reply at this time, but I would like to assure you that the Centre for Disarmament will make all efforts to arrange a meeting between the representatives of your organization and the appropriate Secretariat officials during your stay in New York. With best regards,

Yours sincerely,

Rolf G. BjBrnerstedt Assistant Secretary-General

Mr. Ron Arnold Secretary Australian Peace Liaison Committee P.O. Box A243 Sidney South, 2000 A u s t r a l i a UN IT E O NAT 1 0 NS NATIONS UNIES r. L -

INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM MEMORANDUM INTERIEUR PJ/t

T.O: Mr. Rafeeuddin Ahmed DATE: 28 February~ 1978 A: Executive Assistant to the Secretary-General REFERENCE: ______

THROUGH: Mr. A. N. Shevchenko, Under-Secretary-General ~ 5/C DE: 1 for Political and Security Council Affairs JU/

FROM: A. Corradini, Officer-in-5:hrrge ,, DE: Centre for Disarmament rl~'I---.--L-___.

SUBJECT:NGOs and the Special Session - Australian Peace Liaison Committee OBJ ET:

1. Before leo.vinr; for Geneva, on 25 February, Mr. Ujornerstedt asked me to take care of the following.

2. Enclosed is a draft letter for your approval and si?nature on behalf of the Secretary-General. It would not be proper for Mr. Bjornerstedt to reply, he felt, since he had already answered a duplicate letter addressed to him personally. A copy of his reply to the Australian Peace Liaison Committee is attached.

3. Concerning the message by the Secretary-General requested by the Committee for the Australian People's Disarmament Conference (21 to 23 April 1978) it is suggested that the standard text (that used by Mr. Bjornerstedt in Geneva) with minor chanf,es be sent by your office.

4. Finally, as to appointments with the Secretary-General, Mr. Bjornerstedt feels that in lieu of cornmittinP, t~e Secretary-General on an individual basis, some form of address and/or reception to be given by the Secretary-General should be considered.

5. Your conunents re~arding para~raph 4 would be appreciated. If you approve of our suggestion in paragraph 3 and would like us to make the required chanees at the appropriate time, please advise us. l~I Cl \'Jl°I' IN I'll 1·1·';: ', 'ilTITUlll.

AUSTRALIAN PEACE LIAISON COMMITTEE I ·.. __ , , . 1 h:! 1.Tol::, IY is_ rfl_' 1 Post Office Box A243, Sydney South,2000, Australia Phone (02) 26 1701. Cables: ACFICODIS, Sydney. 15TH

DR. KURT DALDHEIM, SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS, UNITCD [lATIONs Gu1LDING, NE~ YORK. N.Y. 10017. U.S.A.

TIIE AUSTRALIAN PEACE LIAISON COMMITTEE REPRESENTING THE ORGANISATIONS LISTED BELOW, MET IN MELBOURNE ON NOVEMBER 26 AND 27 1977 TO FINALISE 1 r ITS PLANS FOR ACTIVITY IN SUPPORT OF THE SPECIAL SESSION OF THE UNITED

NATIONS ON DISARMAMENT SCHEDULED FOR MAY-JUNE 1 1978, OUR MAIN DECISIONS \'/ERE AS FOLLOWS!

(1) To PROMOTE THE AUSTRALIAN l)ISARMAMENT DECLARATION (copy ATTACHED). l. THIS DECLARATION HAS ALREADY BEEN SIGNED BY MANY MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT, TRADE UNION LEADERS ANO OTHER PUBLIC FIGURES. SIGNATUR[ COLLECTIONS WILL I TAKE PLACE UNTIL MAY 1978 WHEN THE TOTAL NUMBER WILL BE PRESENTED TO THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT AS EVIDENCE OF SUPPORT FOR CONCRETE DISARMAMENT

MEASURES ■ THE SIGNATURES WILL ALSO BE FORWARDED TO THE UNITED NATIONS ■

UE SEE THE AUSTRALIAN DISARMAMENT DECLARATION AS A SPECIFICALLY AUSTRALIAN PART OF THE WORLD WIDE MOVEMENT FOR DISARMAMENT. IT IS BOTH A MEANS OF EXPRESSING SUPPORT FOR THE SPECIAL SESSION AND EDUCATING PEOPLE IN THE NEED FOR DISARMAMENT.

(2) To ORGANISE AN AUSTRALIAN PEOPLE 1 S DISARMAMENT CONFERENCE ON APRIL 21 1 ... 22 Alm 23, 1978. THIS CONFERENCE WILL BE HELD SIMULTANEOUSLY IN SYDNEY ' AND ~ELBOURNE AND IT IS EXPECTED THAT APPROXIMATELY 1000 DELEGATES WILL TAKE PART ■ DETAILS OF THE CONFERENCE TOPICS ARE OUTLINED IN THE ENCLOSED MATCRIALS ■ WE BELIEVE THAT THIS CoNFERENCE, ANO ITS PREPARATION, WILL ASSIST TO DEVELOP CONSCIOUS~ESS OF THc FACT THhT PEOPLE MUST ACT TO ENSURE

THAT THE ARMS RACE IS HALTED AND DISARMAMENT AGREEMENTS MADE ■ ... . /2

Participating Organisations: Association for International Cooperation and Disarmament (AICD), New south Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Congress for International Cooperation and Disarmament (C}CD), Victoria, Bert~and_ Russell Peace Foundation, Queensland, Amalgamated Metal Workers & S~1pwr1ghts Union, National Council, Parliamentary Committee for Peace and Justice.

-■

! ------2.

(j) To SCIID A F'£OPLE 1 S DrLEGATION TO THC UN SPECIAL SESSION TO PRESEHT THE AUSTRALIAN DISARMAMENT DECLARATION AND MAKE KNOWN THE DEC•SIONS OF THE 1\USTRALIAN PEOPLE 1 S DISARMAMENT CONFERENCE.

(4) To ACT TOGETHER WITH OTHER NGO'~ TO POPULARISE THE SPECIAL SESSION. ]N THIS RESPECT A MEETING HAS ALREADY TAKEN PLACE, CONVENED BY THE LJN 11 11 - As:,OCII\TION IN AUSTRALIA WHERE A C0'-'1MITTEE OF INTEREST HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED.

,. INFORLIING YOU OF THESE ACTIVITIES WE RESPECTFULLY REQUEST THAT A MESSAGE FROM YOU TO THE AUSTRALIAN PEOPLE 1 S DISARMAMENT CONFERENCE WOULD BE GREATLY APPRECIATED. WE WOULD, OF COURSE, WELCOME YOUR PAR,ICIPATION OR THE PARTICIPATION OF YOUR REPRESENTATIVE, BUT WE ARE MINDFUL OF THE FACT THAT IT IS DIFFICULT TO ARRANGE TRAVEL TO SUCH A FAR DISTANT COUNTRY.

IF, HO\'IEVER 1 THE OPPORTUNITY PRESENTED ITSELF WHEREBY YOU COULD PARTICIPATE WE ASSURE YOU THAT YOUR VIEWS WOULD BE GREATLY WELCOMED BY ALL THE PART­ rI ICIPANTS IN THE CONFERENCE. IF THIS IS NOT POSc.lBLE WE WOULD ENSURE THAT ANY MESSAGE RECEIVED WOULD BE DISTRIBUTED TO EVERY DELEGATE. WE ALSO REQUCST AN APPOINTMENT WITH YOU SO THAT OUR DELEGATION COMING TO L THE SPECIAL SESSION WOULD HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO ACQUAINT YOU WI TH THE LEVEL OF SUPPORT EXPRESSED FOR THE SPECIAL SESSION THROUGH THE AUSTRALIAN I 1 DISARMAMENT DECLARATION AND THE PROPOSALS FROM THE AUSTRALIAN PEOPLE S DISARMAMENT CONFERENCE FOR CONCRETE MEASURES TO END THE ARMS RACE ■

WE BELIEVE THAT IT WOULD BE USEFUL TO HAVE AN APPOINT~ENT WITH YOU ON ONE OF THE DAYS IMMEDIATELY PRIOR TO THE OPENING OF THE SPECIAL SESSION.

WITH EVERY GOOD WISH FOR THE SUCCESS OF THE SPECIAL SESSION. ....

YouRS SINCERELY,

JOE KIERS RON ARNOLD JOINT SECRETARIES AUSTRALIAN PEACE LIAISON COMMITTEE AUSTRALIAN PEACE LIAISON COMMITTEE

Post Office Box A243, Sydney South,2000, Australia Phone (02) 26 1701. Cables: ACFICODIS, Sydney. 15th December, 1977

.!Year Friends,

Further to our letter of October 14th, 1977, we now wish to inform you of the I precise plans of the nustralian Peace Liaison Committee and its member organ­ isations for disarmament action in 1978. The ~PLC met in Melbourne on b... I November 26th-27th and its main decisions were as follows:

(1) To promote the ~ustralian Disarmament Declaration (copy enclos~d). This declaration has already been signed by many members of parliament, trade union leaders and other public figures. Signature collections will take placG r until May 1978 when the total number will be presented to the ,1ustralian Government as evidence of support for concrete disarmament measures. The signatures will also be presented to the U.N. Special Session. L We see the Declaration as a specifically Australian part of the world wide movement for disarmament. The points raised in this Declarntion, while referring to the Australian situation, do not conflict with other disarmament declarations such as the Declaration issued in Japan in nugust 1977 or the New Stockholm Appeal of the World Peace Council.

(2) To organise an llustralian People's Disarmament Conference on JJ,pril 21, 22 and 23, 1978, which will be held simultaneously in Sydney and Melbourne. We anticipate about 1,000 delegates taking part. The detailed proposals for this conference may be found in the enclosed material.

(3) To participate in a People's Deleqation to the UN Special session on Disarmament.

(4) To participate in the conference of Non Governmental Organisations to be held in February in Geneva.

(5) To organise a spcakinq tour for Sean MacBride in March 1978 • . • . /2

Participating organisations: Association for International Cooperation and Disarmament (AICD), New south Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Congress for International cooperation and Disarmament (~ICD), Victoria, Bert~and_ Russell Peace Foundation, Queensland, Amalgamated Metal Workers & S~ipwrights union, National council, Parliamentary Committee for Peace and Justice. r ., - 2 -

Cear Friends, in informing you of our activities we express our desire for the strongest cooperation bet,-1een our two organisations in helping to make 1978 a year in which new and successful initiatives can be taken to halt the arms race. - In particular we cordially invite your representative to participate in the Australian People's Disarmament Conference. We believe that your organis­ ation's participation would be of great value to our movement here, and would afford Australians an excellent opportunity to learn of your activities for disarmament.

If you are able to send a representative we would appreciate early confirm­ ation so that we may arrange for his or her participation in the proqram. It would be helpful if you would also indicate which section of the program - your representative would like to participate in.

If your representative is able to come to Australia we would suggest that he or she should arrive in Sydney on t1pril 19 or 20. Because the national conference is to bG held simultaneously at two venues, your representative ,10uld spend part of the conference in Sydney and part in Melbourne.

Pollowing the conference, if time permits, we would want your representative to speak at meetings in other cities. We therefore envisage a stay of about one week.

Because of the great distance to ~ustralia and the high costs involved, we readily recognise that it may be impossible for you to be represented at our Conference. However, we would welcome receiving information about your organisation's activities for the U.N. Special Session which can be published in our Conference bulletin.

We would also appreciate receiving a message of greetings which would be circulated to all delegates to our Conference. r

Joe Kiers Ron ~rnold Joint Secretaries Australian Peace Liaison Committee "THE ARMS RACE - IIUMANI1Y AT RISK" AN AUSTRALIAN PEOPLE'S DISARl'W1ENI' CONFERENCE

Initiated by the member organisations of the Australian Peace Liaison Committee

To be held simultaneously in Melbourne and Sydney on APRIL 21st, 22nd & 23rd, 1978, as a contribution to the United Nations Special Session on Disarmament, May/June, 1978

******************

CONFERENCE TOPICS:

Commissions: ,---

(1) The World Nide Arms Race, including: the nature of the arms race - the weapons and the strategies; the political, military and social consequences; the economic effects on developed and developing countries r .. ,., . and the role of the multinationals.

(2) Disarmament: A Critical Factor for a Non-Nuclear Future, including: · the use of uranium for military and non-military purposes; ~ living without: uranium - appropr.i atG technology and energy sources; living in a nuclear State - the problem of human rights and the threat of a police state.

(3) The Arms Race - Australia and the Region, including: the external threat - who? when? where?; foreign bases as part of US global and nuclear strategy; defence industries - the national and multinational corporations in the economy, as employers, as opinion makers; the social and economic implications of disarmament; r maintaining colonies, conditioned independence, ASEAN, the Pacific Rim Strategy, national liberation movements.

(4) Is Disarmament Possible? including: International Agreements and progress to date; I the political climate required for disarmament, the impact of l disarmament on social and national liberation; f the demand for a New International Economic Order, the movement of independence and non-alignment, the significance of the Special I Session of the UN, the need for a rvorld Disarmament Conference. ~ ****************** L ... . /2 r ..

.? :,0VISI0Nl\L PROGRAM:

~!;idny, April 21st: i...... ;.__ ll.00 am - 5.00 pm: Credentials Opening Plenary Session Commissions (two in Sydney, two in Melbourne). Commissions may break-up into small working groups which take one part of the topic to co~~ider. 5.30 pm Reception for delegates. u.oo pm Public Meeting (some national and international speakers in each city}.

Saturday, April 22nd: 9.30 am - 5.30 pm: Brief Plenary s~ssion including resume of first day. Commissions continue - Plenary - introduction to further commissions (at this point the Commission topics which have been considered in Melbourne are now considered in Sydney and vice vers::l) Commissions and Workshops.

I. • • •• !:..~ : . Evening: During evening Commission leaders prepare reports which are produced for information. The results of Commissions will not be subjE:!~t to'endprsemcnt by Conference but w~ll become part of the Conference record. · · · r-- Meeting to consider an·submissions to tho proposals 1 circulating in the·confcrcncc for decision. These will I be based on the I.ustralian'Disarmament Declaration and on the proposals which will be made at an international gathering of non-govcrrtmqntn.l · organisations meeting in Geneva in February 1978 to consider joint actions in support of the UN Special Session. '·. (_ +. Drafting of Conf~rence Documents • fLOO pm, . Film show featuring anti-war films.

Sunday, April 23rd: 9. 30 am - 3.00 pm: Reports from Commissions and report on Conference Declar­ ation. Proposals for on-going nction including infonn­ ation to be pres·ented to the Australian Government and by ':l. People's Delegation to the TJN Special Session. Final Plenary: Adoption of nppeal and General Declaration: RGport on credentials; Land-line reports from each venu~. 3.00 pm: Closing Rally. This rally, open to the public, will feature the speakers who appeared in the Friday night meeting in the other city, i.e. the Melbourne program .:it Friday's public me8ting wi-11 be the Sydney program at Sunday's rally and vice versa. L *************

r rc------j ~·""""""'· •rn~l:'....!!a. .--.~="'--"- --~'r""" ,...,.,_ Australian Disarmarment Declaration

We, the undersigned, welcome the proposal of the United Nations to convene a special meeting of the General Assembly in May-June 1978 to consider how to achieve disarmament. We believe that the greatest threat to the future is the continuing and expanding arms race. We are dissatisfied with the results so far achieved in various disarmament negotiations.

We consider that Australia should contribute to halting the arms race by:

a) supporting without any conditions a treaty to ban the use of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction as a first step towards nuclear disarmament leading to general and complete disarmament;

b) agreeing not to trade in arms; c) proposing the mutual and balanced dissolution of all military pacts, the withdrawal behind national borders of all foreign forces, the dismantling of all foreign bases; d) recognising the right of all nations to independence and non-interference; e) cutting arms spending and increasing economic aid to developing nations;

f) banning the mining and export of uranium; g) supporting the early convening of a UN World Disarmament Conference.

Signature Name (block letters) Address Donation

Issued by the Australian Peace Liaison Committee for its member organisations. Return completed forms to AICD (Association for International Co-operation & Disarmament), PO Box A243, Sydney South 2000 orto CICD, 208 Little Lonsdale Street, Melbourne, BEFORE MAY 1978. (please see reverse side) -

DISARMAMENT DECLARATIONS The declaration you are signing (reverse side) is an Australian contribution to a world wide movement for disarmament. In spite of some relaxation of international tensions the arms race continues unabated. The nuclear weapons stockpiled and deployed throughout the world equal four million atomic bombs of the type which destroyed Hiroshima. Even more repugnant nuclear weapons, such as the neutron bomb, are now being produced. Nuclear tests of various kinds are continuing, and the on-going development of nuclear power will lead to the proliferation of nuclear weapons and contamination of the environment.

People are responsible for manufacturing and using nuclear weapons. People are capable of outlawing nuclear weapons and building a world of peace.

The following petitions are two important initiatives in the world wide struggle for disarmament. We invite you or your organisation to endorse them. Australian Peace Liaison Committee, November, 1977.

THE NEW STOCKHOLM APPEAL, issued by the World Peace Council at Stockholm in 1977.

To make detente irreversible - * STOP THE ARMS RACE To move forward rapidly towards a New International Economic Order - * STOP THE ARMS RACE To defend the peace and build a new world - * STOP THE ARMS RACE * TOGETHER for Banning All Nuclear and Other WeaponsofMass Destruction! * TOGETHER for General and Complete Disarmament!

* TOGETHER for the Calling Without Delay of the United Nations World Disarmament Conference!

FOR A TOTAL BAN ON NUCLEAR WEAPONS, an appeal issued by the 1977 World Conference Against A and H Bombs held in Japan in August 1977.

So that there will be no more atomic bomb victims; In order to build a peaceful world without nuclear weapons; We request the following of the United Nations:

* to make known to the people of the world the horrors of the Hiroshima-Nagasaki atomic bombing and the suffering of the atomic bomb victims * to outlaw the use of nuclear weapons as a crime against humanity * to hold a world disarmament conference, and as soon,as possible to make treaties completely proh1b1tmg the use, testmg, manufacture, stockpiling, proliferation and deployment of nuclear weapons. .,.

CC: SG IL/CG cc: Mr. R. Bjftrnerstedt bf: RA/AR/FMG/ MP/MC

9 March 1978

Dear Mr.. Fahey,, 'l'hank you ft3:Y much for your letter of 21 February and for conveying to me the prayers and good wishes of Pax Christi. I am ver,.1 grateful for your suggestions regarding the fortbeoming United Nations Special Session on Disamament.. In this connexion, you may be L!l}.terested to know that# during his visit in January., I discus.sed this subject with Arc:hbishop casa:oli., who conveyed to me the special interest cf the Bely Father in the Disamamant Session. :ram also in cont.act with the Permanent. Observer of the Holy See, Mcneignor Cheli. ? would like to assure you that t greatly value the support of the religious commcmit.y for the goals of international understanding, p¢aea and disa:rmament,., With best regards,

Kurt Waldheim .. CH INTERNATIONAL CATHOLIC MOVEMENT FOR PEACE

Feb. 21, 1978

Bernard Cardinal Alfrink International President The Honorable Kurt Waldheim Carel ter Maat Secretary General International Secretary The United Nations United States Executive Council New York, New York Rev. Alden Brown Treasurer (~/~ -l~ / /c. (-1 ) -- . - ---·-- Mr. Thomas C. Cornell Bishop Carroll T. Dozier Dear Mr. Waldheim, Ms. Eileen Egan Bishop Thomas Gumbleton Sr. M. Evelyn Jegen, SND I am writing in the name 0f Pax Christi, USA t0 respectfully Sr. Marjorie Keenan, RSHM request that His Holiness Pope Paul V1 be invited t0 address the Rev. Paul McLaughlin United Nations Special Session on Disarmament t0 be held in Rev. Kenneth Rolling, OFM, Cap. May and June of this year. As y0u kn0w, Pope Paul's m0ral Bishop Walter Sullivan Dr. Gerard Vanderhaar leadership in the area of disarmament has been extremely Dr. Gordon :Zahn valuable both to the Catholics of our world as well as to all 0ther people of good will. We believe that he can have a profound Dr. Joseph J. Fahey impact on the Special Session by urging that 0ur world turn from General Secretary Manhattan College the arms race to programs of human need. Indeed, he and Riverdale, N. Y. 10471 other Popes have often praised the goals of the United Nations (212) 548-1400 and have especially endorsed a world-wide goal of disarmament.

If it is not possible for the Holy Father himself to attend the Special Session perhaps y0u c0uld invite him t0 deliver a message by satellite or have a high ranking 0fficial of the Vatican personally deliver the message for the H0ly Father.

Our prayers and good wishes go to y0u as y0u prepare for this historic conference which cauld well decide the future af humankind ...... Respectfully yours,

11-----·------·- ··- t \ Crr1 1~:iAL C''·'.·'.~>· S~< ;II' - ,j I . SQ<;:_\ 'C,v\.

23 Pebruary 1978

near lb!. Cleveland.,, '&ank you very mudl for your let1:er of 14 Feb%uary 1978 and for s-ending me a. copv of your paper 11Disat'lllal1lent and the u.m. - Strategy fo~ the Vl'lited States». :I was Vel:Y interested in this timely contribution to the forthcoming tfni:ted Nations Special Session on Disamament and greatly appreciated your thoughtfulness in sharing it. wi.tb me. ,-"'------With best regaxcls.

Rafeeuddin l\bmed Execueive Assist.ant to the Sec:retary-Genera1

Mr. Hm:lan Cleveland Dixectm:- Aspen :tn&titu:te £or Humanistic Studies New 08 540d R d PJ:inceton,. · J:ers!J;· Rose a 1 e oa Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies Rosedale Road Post Office Box 2820 Program in International Affairs , L . Princeton, New Jersey 08540 / 609-921-1141 (/\,(J-- Cable: Aspeninst PrincetonNJ (,,,.,..- _,,/ -vl I ,_____,, February i4, 1978

Harlan Cleveland Director

The Honorable Raffeeudin Ahmed Executive Assistant to the Secretary General United Nations New York, NY 10017

Dear Mr. Ahmed:

Beginning in the last week of May 1978, the UN General Assembly will meet for several weeks in a Special Session on Disarmament.

Today, fourteen weeks ahead of time, this may look like "just another meeting. 11 But by late May, the Special Session will look more like the first world disarmament conference since 1922. At a minimum it will be a prime media event; the number of chiefs of state and heads of government attending will be multiplied by the accident that a NATO Council meeting at summit level is being planned for Washington while the disarmament session is going on in New York.

In the conviction that the U.S. has a chance to make this unique occasion something more than a well-reported rehearsal of familiar reasons for not reducing arms, the Aspen Institute (with the assistance of the Institute for World Order) undertook some months ago to suggest a strategy for the U.S. at this U.N. session. The resulting unsolicited advice, in a paper by Lincoln Bloomfield and myself, is partly intended to help stimulate the formulation of U.S. policy; in preliminary draft form it has already, we understand, been serving that purpose.

But it may also be of interest to policy officials in the United Nations Organization itself; you live in the same dangerous world and you share similar policy dilemmas. And that is why I am sending also to you a copy of the nongovernmental advice we are providing to our own government.

With best regards, Sincerely, i 4-J,'-1;, A• ' Harlan C eveland February 14, 1978

HIGHLIGHTS of DISARMAMENT AND THE UN: STRATEGY FOR THE UNITED STATES An Aspen Institute Policy Paper by Lincoln P. Bloomfield and Harlan Cleveland

The first world disarmament meeting since 1922 will be held in New York from May 23 to June 28, 1978. This "Special Session on Disarmament'' of the

UN General Assembly will probably draw to New York a good many heads of gov- ernment -- especially since there will be a NATO summit in Washington during this same period.

Thirty-three years after the Hiroshima bomb, the three arms races

"strategic," "nuclear proliferation," and "conventional" arms buildups are more dangerous, and less constrained, than ever. World military spending is one-third of a trillion dollars per year, and rising. Some "arms control" has been agreed, but arms reduction has not yet started.

The UN Special Session could make things worse -- each bloc of nations blaming the tensions on the others. But it could be a "window" of opportunity for a fresh start -- since nuclear weapons look more and more unusable (except for deterrence), conventional arms buildups are widely perceived as more and more dangerous, and non-military forms of power energy, food, technology, information and money -- are growing in importance in world politics.

The UN's majority -- the weaker and poorer nations -- will be trying to link arms reduction with a fairer share of the world's economic benefits and a bigger voice in international decision-making. The major military powers -2-

• will want to avoid derailing the big strategic negotiations (SALT) and the

moves toward peace in critical regions (the Mideast, southern Africa, the

Indian Ocean).

This Aspen Institute study, urging a principle of parsimony -- so the

Special Session is not swamped with too many detailed proposals -- suggests

eleven key components for a U.S. strategy:

1. The U.S. should welcome, even urge, that the world assembly press

the superpowers to get on with actual reductions of nuclear weapons.

2. Plutonium should be declared an international public good (or, more

11 precisely, "bad ), inspected, stored and held in trust under internationally

agreed controls.

3. The U.S. should urge the UN to sponsor a serious effort to involve

in realistic discussion of nuclear war-fighting as many countries as possible.

(This is already done inside the U.S. alliance systems, for example in the

NATO Nuclear Planning Group). The point is to educate decision-makers about

the increasingly doubtful utility of nuclear weapons in real conflicts.

4. For this educational purpose the nuclear powers might collaborate

to arrange a joint demonstratfon of a one-time above-ground thermonuclear

detonation, over an uninhabited region, which leaders of all nations would

be invited to witness personally.

5. The U.S. should sign onto a universal pledge of no first use of

nuclear weapons -- making clear that balanced force reductions in Europe

will be necessary before the principle can be applied in the European theatre.

6. The UN should set up a long overdue mechanism to keep track of the

global arms trade and military spending.

7. The Special Session should set a specific percentage (say 2%) of

GNP as a desirable maximum, and arrange special consideration (by interna- -3-

• • · tional banks and funds and bilateral aid programs) to those developing nations

working hard toward arms reduction. A special fund for development aid might

be derived from a surcharge on all military spending above the international ,.;.:. standard.

8. Arms control can be usefully regionalized. Regional or sub-regional

arms-control commissions should be developed to analyze potential conflicts,

promote mutual arms reductions, help settle disputes that produce arms races,

and negotiate with external powers to lay off and keep out. Nuclear-free

zones, "Zones of Peace" and "conflict-regulated zones" should be actively

encouraged, by the U.S. and by the Special Session.

9. The UN Security Council should be called into session with the

General Assembly's Special Session on Disarmament; when it comes to the con-

trol and reduction of arms, the UN policy process is in some sense bicameral.

While it is meeting, the Security Council can beef up its own peacemaking

and peacekeeping machinery -- by forming a panel of internationally accepted

mediators ("third-persons" for shuttle diplomacy); by modernizing the UN

communications, through a global satellite link dedicated to Security Council

use; and by using 20th Century'methods to monitor incipient disputes and alert

those who can tamp them down before the shooting starts.

10. The continuing disarmament committee that meets in Geneva (the

"CCD") need no longer be co-chaired by the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. The leader­

ship should rotate in a way that invites France and China to take some of the

leadership too.

11. A single new amendment should be added to the U.N. Charter, to

establish the principle that sovereign nations no longer have an unlimited

right to arm themselves.

Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies Program in International Affairs Post Office Box 2820 Princeton, New Jersey 08540 I,.., _.,,. IL/bg / f1 bf: AB/jMG/M't /Mk_ , =· l(Vflta

Mr. :a.. BjlSrnerstedt 14 rebnaxy 191s Assistant Secretary-General ~ I

centse fox Disarmament \ .., ·, \' Mr. A. Shevchenko, Under secret.azy-General . , ·. · Department. of Political and ·\. Security Council Affairs !: Rafeeuddin Ahmed Executive Assistant to the Secretazy~eral

As:t.icle for the "Bulletin of the Atomic scientists" on the ~l Ses,sipn of the General Assembly devoted to disa~!P!ffit \ \

With respect to you memorandum dated 6 Feb?:Uary and in view of your assessment 1:hat such an m:ticle by *• COJ:radini would be useful to the prognmme of informat.:lon on the special session, 1:.here is no objection to his c:onttibuting it. ,~, UNITED NATIONS \_- NATIONS UNIES

~ INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM MEMORANDUM INTERIEUR The Secretary-General TO: DATE: ______6 February 1978 _ A: Mr. A. N. Shevchenk.o Under-Secretary-General for :' lP.r . / ,' REFERENCE: ------­ ,] .J l,..u , · V..__. \.A_> -, THROUGH: S/C DE: Political and Security Council Affairs· Rolf Bjornerstedt, AssistaPJ FROM: DE: Secretary-General _..,,..,-- Centre for Disarmament ,~__.r

SUBJECT: Article for the "Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists" on OBJET: the Special Session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament

l. The editor of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Professor B. T. Feld, has asked Mr. Corradini to write an article on the special session for the March issue of the Bulletin.

2. He has prepared the article and a copy is attached for your approval. 3. I consider that the article would be a useful contribution to the programme of information on the special session which is underway.

I . --- .. --.:!--._. ------·-- SPECIAL SESSION OF THE U .N. GENERAL ASSEMBLY ON DISARMA.MENT

The first special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament will be held at United Nations Headquarters, in New York, from 23 May to 28 June 1978. The session, in the words of Secretary­ General 't'Taldheim, "will, in all probability, be the largest, most representative gathering ever convened to consider the question of disarmament in all its aspects. 111/

The rationale for having a special session on disarmament at this stage has found expression, of course, in many United Nations debates and, in particular, in General Assembly resolutions on the subject. The preamble of the 1976 General Assembly resolution Y by which the United Nations decided, by consensus, to.convene a special session, provides the following statement of reasons as a basis for the decision: (a) that the continuation of the arms race endangers international peace and security and also diverts vast resources urgently needed for economic and social development; (b) that peace can be secured through the implementation of disarma­ ment measures, particularly of nuclear dis~rmament, conducive to the realization of the final objective, namely, general and complete disarmament under effective international control; (c) that disarma­ ment is one of the essential objectives of the United Nations.

Both inside and outside the United Nations it is hoped that the ·new initiative can serve to awaken the world to the growing perils of the arms race and help in the search for new and effective ways to control it. Unquestionably, the world has derived some benefit from a significant number of multilateral and bilateral arms limita­ tion agreements which have been concluded in the past two decades, but this benefit is being eroded by growing military expenditures and the ever larger accumulation of weapons of increasing sophistica­ tion. In brief, it is felt that 11 the problem is outrunning the 11 progresS o y

Repeatedly,in the past,thought has been given to the possibility of convening a world conference, or other world assembly, to consider the question of disarmament in all its aspects. At the First Non-Aligned Summit Conference, held in Belgrade in September 1961, the Heads of State or Government of the non-aligned countries, in their final Declaration, recommended that the General Assembly should adopt, that same year, a decision on the convening of either a special session of the General Assembly of the United Nations devoted to disarmament or a world disarmament conference under the auspices of the United Nations, with a view to setting in motion the process of general disarmament.

Although twenty-five countries1/ were represented at the first non-aligned summit, their suggestion did not result in immediate Assembly action. On the other hand, a decision was made at the 1961 General Assembly which put stress on disarmament negotiations to be conducted within a restricted though representative body, the Committee on Disarmament, rather than on detailed Assembly deliberations.

In September 1961, shortly after the Belgrade summit, the Soviet Union and the United States submitted to the United Nations a Joint Statement of Agreed Principles for Disarmament Negotiations which had been negotiated by the two countries over a period of several months that year. The Joint Statement, it may be reme.mbcred, was welcomed by the General Assembly in 1961 and taken as a basis for negotiation by the Committee on Disarmament, which convened in Geneva in March 1962 and has.been in existence ever since. During the past sixteen years, the Committee has been the most important forum for international multilateral negotiations and has been instrumental in reaching agreement on a number of arms limitation measures, including the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.

During the same period, the idea of a world disarmament conference a ttractea much attention, inside and outside the United Nations, especially after the question of such a conference was included in the agenda of the General Assembly, in 1971, at the initiative of the Soviet Union. However, as debate progressed on this question, it became increasingly evident that, although the General Assembly had unanimously expressed the conviction that "it is most desirable to take immediate steps in order that careful consideration be given to the convening, following adequate preparation of a world disarmament conference open to all States "2/., in practice, there were serious obstacles to ensuring the participation of all the nuclear Powers in such a conference.

In 1976, the Heads of State or Government, at the Fifth Non-Aligned Summit Conference, held in Colombo, Sri Lanka, while reiterating the urgent need to adopt effective measures leading to a world disarmament conference, recommended that, pending the con­ vening of such a conference, a special session of the General Assembly be held as early as possible and not later than 1978. The agenda of the special session, the Conference suggested, should include: {a) a review of the problem of disarmament; (b) the promotion and elaboration of a programme of priorities and recommendations in the .field of disarmament; (c) the question of convening a world dis­ armament conferencee At Colombo, 84 non-aligned countries participated as members of the Conference and 10 attended as observers or were granted special status. These figures provide a clear picture of how rapidly the ranks of the non-aligned countries had increased since their first summit. 3.

On 21 December 1976, only a few months after the Colombo Conference, the General Assembly of the United Nations, after an extensive debate, adopted the resolution for the convening of the special session devoted to disarmament in .May/June 1978. By the resolution the Assembly also decided to establish a preparatory committee composed of 54 Member States appointed by the President of the General Assembly on the basis of equitable geographic distri­ bution, with the mandate of examining all relevant questions relating to the special session, including its agenda, and to submit to the Assembly appropriate recommendations thereon. The resolution also invited all Member States to communicate to the Secretary-General their views on the agenda and all other relevant questions relating to the special session for transmission to the Preparatory Committee. D-·,d In the debate on this question, the Foreign Minister of the USSR, Mr. Gromyko,.§/ recognized that 11 no one today will deny that the arms race has assumed unprecedented dimensions" and this, he said, made it imperative for all States, nuclear and non-nuclear, great and small, developed and developing, to combine their efforts to halt it. That was why, he explained, the Soviet Union had proposed, and continued to propose, that the problem of disarmament be considered in its entirety at the "most authoritative forum -- a world disarmament conference. 11 As to the special session, the Soviet Union held that it too was 11 a suitable forum" if it was viewed as 11 an intermediate stage in the preparations for a world conference. But it must really be a special kind of session, not a routine one. o.. Its work must reflect the grave responsibility of all States of the world, especially the great Powers." tn,_,_ <'.,, -, (,,, ~ China, in the debate, warned against initiatives that "could only spread illusions about peace, 11 and "lull the vigilance 11 of the peoples of the world, and thus have unfavourable consequences on the struggle of the peoples of the world against 11 hegemonism, imperialism 11 and colonialism. "]/ Subsequently, in explanation of vote on the resolution, China said that it fully understood "the honest desires and legitimate demands of the third world and other peace-loving countries" but held that lack of progress on disarmament was due 11 to the lack of the will for genuine disarmament on the part of the super-Powers. 11§/

The United States, in explanation of vote, declared its support for the resolution and warned at the same time against unrealistic public expectations, indicating that it would approach the proposal for a special session with both caution and hope. It made clear, however, that it would participate constructively and actively in the special session's preparatory phase. 2/

Early in 1977 President Carter,in his first address at the United Nations, said that the United States would make 11 a strong and positive contribution to the upcoming Special Session on Disarmament. 11 The search for peace, he thought, required "a much more deliberate 4. effort to contain the global arms race. 11 1Q/ Later, in a press conference on 28 July, the President indicated that the United States "will not only participate but play a leading role" in the special session.

With the adoption of the 1976 General Assembly resolution on the special session, the United Nations ,;,,,as recognized once again as the focal point for world-wide disarmament efforts. The Assembly decision was important for the Organization because only the year before -- on the occasion of the thirtieth anniversary of the United Nations -- the Secretary-General had noted that the role which the United Nations was playing in disarmament was "far from adequate 11 and had suggested that something be done "to strengthen the role of the United Nations in such a way that the necessary progress can be achieved. 11 W , ·

Undoubtedly, the special session and, in particular, the preparatory committee which would deliberate and negotiate over a long period of time, cou1a;rn-spite of the difficulties involved, significantly contribute to such progress, provided the Members of the Organization were to display the requisite political will and an understanding of each other's security interests.

In the course of 1977, the Preparatory Committee for the Special Session Devoted to Disarmement was officially established and met in New York, both in formal and informal sessions, under the chairmanship of Ambassador Carlos Ortiz de Rozas of Argentina. By decision of the President of the General Assembly, after consultation with the various regional groups, its total member­ ship of 54 was apportioned as follows: Africa 14 members, Asia 11, Eastern Europe 6, Latin America 10, Western Europe and Other States 13. Of the five nuclear Powers, four (France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States) are members of the Preparatory Committee.

By 9 September 1977, the Preparatory Committee was able to conclude the first phase of its work and to submit, by consensus, an interim report to the General AssemblyW putting forth a set of recommendations with regard to the organization of the work of the special session, including a provisional agenda. The latter document contained, inter alia, the following items:

(a) Review and appraisal of the present international situation in the light of the pressing need to achieve substantial progress in the field of disarmament, the continuation of the arms race and the close interrela­ tionship between disarmament, international peace and security and economic development;

(b) Adoption of a declaration on disarmament;

\ . (c) Adoption of a programme of action on disarmament; s.

(d) Review of the role of the United Nations in disarmament and of the international machinery for negotiations on disarmament, including, in particular, the question of convening a world disarmament conference.

Among the other recommendations of the Preparatory Committee, the one regarding the rules of procedure for the special session is particularly significant. It provides that ~he rules o~ procedure of the General Assembly should appl¥ in the special_ session without amendments, on the understanding that, regarding the adoption of decisions by the Assembly at the special session, every effort should be made to ensure that, in so far as possible, decisions on matters of substance will be adopted by consensus. In its work the Preparatory Committee has also been guided by these principles and, so far, it has been able to adopt all its decisions by consensus.

Concerning the level of representation, the Preparatory Committee I s view was that Member States be represented at the special session at the highest possible level.

With regard to the Presidency, the Preparatory Committee suggested that, following the established practice, the President of the thirty-second (1977) ~egular session of the General Assembly, be elected as President of the Special Session. It is expected, therefore, that Mr. Lazar Mojsov, Deputy Foreign Minister of Yugoslavia, will preside over the special session.

Another significant recommendation of the Preparatory Committee consisted of the endorsement of a proposal submitted by Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden for a United Nations study on disarmament and development. In this connexion, the Committee recommended that the General Assembly should initiate the proposed study, the terms of reference and other aspects of the study to be determined by the Assembly itself, and further recommended that decisions in that respect should be taken at the special session.

All the recommendations of the Preparatory Committee were approved without a vote by the General Assembly at its 1977 regular session.

The Preparatory Committee is now engaged in drafting the principal document { s) to be recommended for adoption by the special session. It is evident, however, that one result has already been achieved, that of stimulating much thinking about the problem. Governments have felt obliged to address themselves to the question in the context of present realities. Numerous drafts from the main political groups in the Assembly and from individual States are now before the Preparatory Committee for its consideration.

\. 6.

Also, non-governmental organizations and groups of experts have been and continue to be very active on the subject and have put forth a large number of useful ideas about approaches to disarmament.

In particular, it has been urged that the special session should call for disarmament action not only by negotiation but also through a policy of mutual example. While negotiation necessarily must remain the main instrument for multilateral disarmament, it is widely felt that there is much need and room for national self-restraint and that it would be particularly useful to show restraint in areas where reciprocity appeared possible. Such restraint, it has been suggested, 11 could start with small steps none of \vhich would endanger national security, but when reciprocated could lead to larger steps and in the end could act as a catalyst in speeding up the pace of negotiations while slowing arms development, procurement and deployment. 11 ]d/

Another suggestion is that the prevalent assumptions about the relation between military power and security should be examined critically.14:/ Here, of course, we enter a very sensitive area where there are no uniform views, because this area is dominated by the way in which nations visualize their own security and goals. It would appear, however, that there is at least some measure of agreement on one point, namely, that the concept of national security has been unduly oversimplified and that too often national security is identified exclusively with large military forces and the possession of sophisticated and costly weapons.,lY' It is evident that such a concept is not in harmony with the provision of the Charter (Art. 26), which envisages that the establishment of inter­ national peace and security will be promoted with the least diversion for armaments of the world's human and economic resources.

It is significant, in this connexion, that at its thirty-second (1977) regular session the General Assembly requested the Secretary­ General of the United Nations to initiate a study on the interrela­ tionship between disarmament and international security and to submit ·a progress report to the special session.

It should be evident from what has been mentioned thus far that the special session is not likely to suffer from any lack of topics or ideas. This is not surprising because the special session will more likely be a point of departure than a point of arrival. It can hardly be expected. that in less than thirty working days the representatives of some 150 States will be able to negotiate very complex and sensitive disarmament agreements. Naturally, some of the current negotiations, either bilateral or multilateral, notably the negotiations now being conducted in Geneva on cessation of 7. nuclear tests and on prohibition of chemical weapons are likely to be stimulated in anticipation of the special sessiono In particularr as regards the first of these two issues, the General Assembly, at its last session, declared that the conclusion of an agreement and its opening for signature would be the best possible augury for the success of the special sessiono 1.§/

As regards ·the question of preparing the ground for future progress, this will be done, presumably, through a general debate and the Assembly I s deliberations on the fC:\.:tr o_ther agen¢la i terns referred to above, including the adoption of a declaration and of a programme of action on disarmament. Stress is also likely to be placed by many sides on the need to establish a closer relationship between disarmament and development and disarmament and international security. The question of the convening of a ·world disarmament conference at some future date will undoubtedly also be debated and this also applies to the suggestion, which has been put forth by some members of the Preparatory Committee, to have a second special session on disarmament at a suitable future date.

Of course, in order to achieve its main goal the 1978 Assembly session must be able to foster a political climate that is conducive to concrete progress.

As the Secretary-General of the United Nations noted in his recent message to the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament, upon its reconvening in Geneva early this year, the achievements of the past decade and a half 11 have been directed towards arms limitation rather than disarmament. They· have been aimed at proscribing certain particularly undesirable developments but have not resulted in a substantial reduction of important weapons systems, nor have they restrained the pace of the arms race." l1/

It is to be hoped, therefore, that the special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament will mark the transition from arms limitation to a process leading to real disarmamente

The task ahead is difficult but not impossible if it is realized that there can be greater security for all at a much lower level of forces and armaments. Notes

1. United Nations document A/AC.187/62, p.2.

2. General Assembly resolution 31/l89B of 21 Decem..ber 1976.

3. Twelfth Conference on the United Nations of the Next Decade, sponsored by the Stanley Foundation, Multilateral Disarmament and the Special Session, p.5.

4. Afghanistan, Algeria, Burma, Cambodia, Ceylon, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Lebanon, Mali, Morocco, Nepal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia, United Arab Republic, Yemen and Yugoslavia. There were also three observer countries, namely, Bolivia, Brazil and Ecuador.

5. General Assembly resolution 2833(:X:XVI) of 16 December 1971.

6. United Nations document A/31/PV.7, p.62.

7. United Nations document A/C.1/31/PV.25, pp. 44-45.

8. United Nations document A/C.l/31/PV.50, p. 6.

9. Ibid., p. 12.

10. Office of the vfuite House Press Secretary, Press Release dated 17 March 1977.

11. Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirtieth Session, S,unplement No .lA (A/10001/Add .1), section VIII.

12. Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-second Session, Supplement No. 41 (A/32/41 and Corr.l). l3. Report of the Eighteenth Strategy for Peace Conference, sponsored by the Stanley Foundation, UoN. Special Session on Disarmament: u.s. Initiatives, p.2. 14. Report of the Conference sponsored by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and the Arms Control Association, Preview of the 1978 U.N. Special Session on Disarmament, p.2.

15. In a recent article ("Population and International ·security", International Security, Vol.2, No.2), }tr. Robert McNamara, the President of the World Bank, has warned against the tendency to narrow down the problem of security to one of increasing spending for military programmes. Security, he says, does not necessarily increase \vith larger military expenditures and there is a point beyond which expenditures are not only wasted on defense but will take away funds which are needed for other essential sectors. In his words, 11 If we examine defense expenditures around the world today - and measure them realistically against the full spectrum of components that tend to promote order and stability \·1ithin and among nations - it is clear that there is a mounting misallocation of resources.o.

\. ii.

That is true in the industrialized world. It is true as well in many parts of the developing world. Global defense . expenditures have become so large that it is difficult to grasp their full dimensions . 11 {ppe 25-26). Twelve years earlier in considering, in particular, the question of security in a newly developing world he had argued that, 11 In a moclernizing society, security means development ..... Without development there can be no security. 11 (U.S$ D(;'JJ,"'rtment of State Bulletin, Vol.54, June 6, 1966, ppo 877-878).

16. General A·ssembly resolution 32/78 of 'i2 December 1977.

17. · United Nations, Office ·of Public Information, Press Release SG/SW2533 dated 31 January 1978. ~ G-?_ ---- /.,L. ~ RECEu.,; r"\ UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES /l;;.JJ-- 6 INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM MEMORANDUM INTERIEUR t· FEB 1918

TO: The Secretary-General DATE: 2 February 1978 A:

A. N. Shevchenko, Under-Secretary- ~i n. REFERENCE:

THROUGH: General for Political and Security ~ 5/C DE: Council Affairs

FROM: Rolf Bjornerstedt, Assi~t Secretary- DE: General 7c5)"?7 Centre for Disarmament

SUBJECT: OBJET: Preparatory Committee for the Special Session Devoted to Disarmament

l. With reference to my memorandum of 2 February, I wish to inform you that the drafting group has started its work and by the end of today it had already held three meetings. Some sub-groups have met informally both yesterday and today and it can be envisaged that the role of the sub-groups will increase as negotiations develop.

2. This morning a formal meeting of the Preparatory Committee was held. The Committee heard two statements: {a) one by the United Kingdom, which introduced the working paper on a programme of action by the Western group, and (b) a statement by the representative of India (Mr. Vellodi, the Secretary of the Govirnment of India in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.) The latter statement dealt largely with the question of machinery, in particular the CCD. A major point of the statement was a suggestion for the setting up of a deliberative U.N. body on disarmament, in addition to the First Committee, while a reformed CCD would remain as the negotiating body. 3. Yugoslavia proposed, and the Committee decided, that the statement by the representative of India be recorded in extenso in the summary records of the Preparatory Committee. • • ,~, UNITED NATIONS i~J? NATIONS UNIES ~ INTEROFFiCE MEMORANDUM MEMORANDUM INTERIEUR

TO: The Secretary-General DATE= _ _,.l.,,0'----"'-Jun~e"---""l..,,_9...,__7_,__7 __ A:

rFERENCE: THROUGH: A.N. Shevchenko' Under-Secretary-General for AM S/C DE: Political and Security Council Affairs JV~~/,,, R\ E r...., E I V ED FROM: Rolf Bjomerstedt,. Assistant Secretary~ JUN 1 O ~g- DE: Centre for Disarmament ' 17

SUBJECT: Repl.y of China on the Special Session of the General Assembl.y OBJET: Devoted to Disarmament

In a telephone communication on 9 June 1977 with the Secretary of the Preparatory Conunittee for the Special Session of the General Assembly Devoted to Disarmament, Mr. Li Chih-hung, Military Adviser of the Permanent Mission of the People's Republic of China to the United Nations, informed the Centre for Disarmament that he had been instructed by his Ambassador to state, that in reply to the Secretary-General's Note Verbale dated 19 May 1977 inviting the views of Member States to comment on the Special Session of the General Assembly, the position of the Chinese Government on the subject remains unchanged and as stated by the Permanent Representative, Ambassador Huang, at the 25th meeting and by Mr. Hsu Yi-min at the 50th meeting of the First •••• Committee of the thirty-first session of the General Assembly (statements attached herewith). /...JolrE. :

"J: S7>ol.tt-€ -;n 9- fJ. 'bja'h "711€ Cff. 'N~ T~ T~ '1>o tvo, __ Gx?fZc...T 7?> kfAv~ Tt-tE,Q v,~..s / Ai E~P,-Q.e,nc'J) e-,..ats., 1 eQ. c , R. CL. '-Ai121:> . ,-, ~ . '3 J . 1"" TE12. ~ 12 e--.-:i "'TIJ-'('- Cl-l,~1-l.?- 0£c..~A'i7oit.li On.A<.. "Z.€~00A,i<.::- .A-1 A CO'-if2 'X~ 7b 7¥E ~~,?J~ _· G.~~ w1,hc1+ ,s tvt:>T '""ic"-'~eu M ,A ~u.,..,~ °7bQ.. Lvt'u&Z- t>/.,,f ~1..tC.A"1C)A.., • A/C. l /3J /!'V. 50 6

I ?fr. HSU (China) (interpretation from Chinese): In his speech during the general debate in this Committee~ Vice- -Chairman Huang Hua of the Chinese, delegation already made a comprehensive statement regarding our position on the!que~tion of disarmament. Here, I wish to state briefly again our views on the proposed special session of the United Nations General Assembly on disarmament. At present, the So-..,Jet Union and the United States are frantically en~aged in rivalry for hegemony all over th-= globe. Accordin.~ly, the arms race between them is becoming ever more intensified. Their rivalry has greatly aggravated the international tension, seriously threatenin~ world peace and security. At~the same time, the super~Powers, particularly the Soviet Union which is the main source

11 1 of a new world war today, are vigorously trumpeting detente; and a general and

11 complete disarmament , describing the arms race as the root cause of war and holding all countries responsible for that arms race. Its sinister aim is to cover up the basic fact that imperialism is the root cause of war, camouflage the Soviet aggression, expansion, arms build up and war preparations, lull world opinion and weaken the determination of the peoples of the world in strengthening their armecl. forces of self-defence. While refusing to una.ertake the minimum obligation, it is propagating the convening of a world disarmament conference and advocating that the proposed special session of the United Nations General Assembly

on disarmament shoulc1. be ma.de :ran intermediate st~.ge in preparation of a world

11 disarmament conference • This is precisely an integral part of its fraud of sham detente and sham disarmament. · ,. We fully understand the honest desires and legitimate demands of the third world. and other peace-loving countries, which are opposed to the arms race, aggression anc:1. expansion by the super-•Powers and support the realization of genuine disarmament. Since the Second Horld War) disarmament talks in various _forms have been going on within and outside the United Mations for· Ill:_any years. However, these disarmament talks under multifarious names have not led, and cannot possibly lead to genuine disarmament. As the talks go on, the nuclear encl. conventional arms of the super-Powers have been increasing instead of decreasine. The facts show that the lack of progress in disarmament is not due to the lack of appropriate international forums but to the lack of the will for Benuine disarmament on the part of the super--Powers. A/C.1/31/PV.50 7 (Mr. Hsu, China)

I It is evident that at pr_esent when the two super-Poi.-rers are engaged in frenzied arms expansion and ~ar preparations and in fierce contention for world hegemony, particularly when the Soviet Union is carrying out aegression and expansion everywhere,. the danger of war is visibly increasing. In the meantime, the Soviet Union is energetically peddling the fraut of sham detente and sham disarmament. Under' these circumstances, the convening of a session in whatever form devoted exclusively to the question of disarmament could not possibly achieve any progress in genuine disarmament. On the contrary, it could only be used by the super--Powers to spread illusions about peace and lull the vigilance of the world people to the detriment of the world people's struggle against imperialism, colonialism and hegemonism. We hold that in order to tall~ about disarmament, it is imperative first of all to reveal the present source of the threat to the security of the people of the world; it is imperative thoroughly to expose and denounce the super-Powers' arllll? builQ-Up, war preparations, aggression and expansion, and to urge all the nuclear States, particularly the two super-Powers, to completely prohibit and· thoroughly destroy nuclear weapons, and as a first step to undertake the obligation not to be the first to use nuclear weapons, particularly not to use them against non--nuclear countries and nuclear-free zones, and to withdraw all their nuclear . . bases and nuclear forces from abroad. Then it is essential to call upon the people of the world to unite in resolute struggle against the super-Power policies of aggression, expansion and war. This is the only approach conducive to the world people's struegle against imperialism, colonialism and hegemonism and to the defence of the security of the people the world over. Basing itself on the above position of principle, the Chinese delegation will not participate in the vote on draft resolution A/C.1/31/L.7/Rev.2.

Mr. LIIGIACHEV (U~, of Soviet Socia:lisi Republics) {interpretation from Russian): In connexion with th~9te on dra:f~ resolution A/C.l/31/L.7/Rev.2 with ...... , regard to the convening of a speciaL.s(s'sion or· the General Assembly devoted to / ·, ,,/ -- disarmament,, the Soviet de/n vuu1d lik~e the follo\fing statement, A/C.1/31/PV.25 32 (Mr. Florin, German Democratic ·Republic)---- /------

The report~ Con£erence ot' the Committee on Disarmament,,submitted to the First Committee, te~fies to the active and intensive worV{r that body in 1976. No one can deny th~~ogress was made on a number _9:r~ssues. Although that progress is still inadequate, ~e,__nevertheless have renew{a_ confirmation that the Committee on Disarmament is a repres~ntative" and /fective,/· organ for conducting talks and working on agreements -for t~cessatj,.on of the arms race and disarmament. ' We are sure that this body could discharg:j.(s" important func~ions better if all States,. by their political determinatiorvandL., by'tbeir°"' readiness to achieve

l agreement on effective ts':.rmament, w.~e~ offer more act.ive support for its efforts. "" .I In conclusion, the delegation of the German I Democratic Republic is to fartici~ajc constructiv~ly ~"d~aling with all disarmament problems. shall support all steps which may promot~he achievement Ig ent measures and we intend, in the course 0£ the ~~--to set forth our on other items on the agenda also. \ '! ' I Mr~ HUANG (China) (interpretation from Chinese): The Chinese Government's consistent position and views on the question of disarmament are well known to all. I Here I would like to elaborate further on certain aspects of this question. I In our view, in discussing the question of disarmament, one must at no time I deviate from the general international situation. lfuat are the characteristics of I the current international situation? As Chairman Mao Tsetung pointed out, the ! current international situation is characterized by great disorder under heaven, and it is excellent. As a result of the further sharpening of all the basic I contradictions in the world, the world situation has been in a state of great turmoil. On the one hand, there are the rise of the third world, the constant elevation of the political consciousness of the third world countries and the world people against imperialism, colonialism and hegemonism. and.the irresistible surge of revolutionary struggles. On the other hand, there is the intensified rivalry for hegemony between the two super-Powers, which has spread to all parts of of the globe. The international situation has grown more tense. It can be seen clearly that in the present world the factors for both revolution and war are visibly increasing. ' A/C.1/31/PV.25 33-35 (Mr..!...Huan~, China)

The rhetoric about ::detente" cannot cover up the stark reality. Let us not delve into the distant pnst. The dev~lopment over the }ast year shows that the , rivalry between the two super--Pow~rs, far from mitigating, has beenr further.. aggravated. Europe is the strategic focus of contention between the Soviet Union and the United States for world hegemony. Despite the European Security Conference, j which was rreant for appeasement and concessions, the Soviet Union has not shown any j restraint in its wild ambitions, but has become even more rampant. It has kept on ! stepping up its military threat. and political subversion against Western Europe. People can see that_ over the past year the Soviet Union has been increasipg its troops and replenishing its arms ~auii:ment in Central Europe, ste:ad::.ly :)Uilding up I its aggressive posture in a sabre-rattlin3 way. It has been stepping up its I'I: .j military pressure against northern Europe, frequently encroaching upon the l j territorial sea and air-space of the Nordic countries, and it has sent its task lt fleet to the Horth Sea in an attempt to control the Baltic Sea and the Barents I Sea, thereby ensuring its capability to disrupt the sea lanes to the Atlantic. I ~ It is accelerating the readjustment of the command system within the Warsaw Treaty i Organization and expanding its fleet in the Mediterranean, poking its nose into I southern Europe and the Middle East to sow dissension and fish in troubled waters, in an attempt to create a situation of encircling Western Europe from the no"rthern I and southern flanks and placing it under crossfire.

_,,..

C A/C.1/31/PV.25 36 (Mr. Huanr,, China)

What is more, it is carrying out expansion everywhere in its rivalry, with the other super-Power for world hegemony under the signboard of "extend_ing

1 detente to all the continents ;. Shortly after the conclusion of the European Security Conference, it has reached out its graspinG hands to southern Africa in an active endeavour to build up places of strate~ic importance capable of controllinc sea lanes on the south Atlantic. Hhile intensifying its military expansion in the Mediterranean, the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean, it has stretched out its tentacles to South-East Asia, the South Pacific, the Atlantic and Latin America to seek a growing nunfuer of new footholds in its attempt to expand spheres of influence. In these circumstan.ces, it goes without sayine; that its stuff of :1making

11 1 1 detente irreversible and ; complementing political detente with military detente : is mere deceptive talk. It would be more realistic to change them into 11 making 'rivalry fC?r hegemony irreversible;1 and II covering up military expansion with rhetoric about detente';. In fact, the rhetoric about detente is used by the Soviet representatives· at the United Nations and in other forums merely for others to listen to, whereas they did say something hcnest elsewhere or within their own circles. Did not the Soviet chieftains clamour that tr.e Soviet Union is uon a historic offensiveir "along the entire front of global confrontation"? They also said that one must be aware not only of the ·'defensive functions;' of the Warsaw TreatY,.Organization but of the need to launch •1 an extensive and actual general attack'' outward 11 backed by military might··. While rigging up once again a deceitful eight-point ;rpeace programme" at the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union held not long ae;o, they could not refrain fr0m declaring that they ,;have to reckon, in one way or another, with the state of affairs in virtually every spot on the globe·' and th~t ;, detente in no way :means the freezing of the status quo a. Behind the rhetoric of detente, they have been carcying out all sorts of activities of arms expansion and war preparations, aGgression and expansion~ and so~etimes they did make some candid remarks of confession. Does not all this offer food for deep thoueht? The facts fully show that social-imperialism is the most daneero~s source of war in the present world. As riehtly point~d o'ut by the representatives of certain countries, "detente;' is mere deceptive empty talk and no country should ''ever be duped by the empty

11 talk ab,.,ut peace and lose sic.ht of the global rivalry fo'!-" power • A/C.1/31/PV.25 37 (Mr. Huanp;, Chine1.)

In order to' contend for world hegemony, the two super-Powers are bound to step up their arms expansion and arms race. That super-Power whish shouts that it ''is doing all it can to achieve proe;ress alon1s the road leadin! to. general and complete disarmament 11 is ac.tually "doing aJ.l it can'1 to press forward at an unprecedented pace along the road leadin13 to ·• general and complete arras expansion:,. The Soviet leaders have extolled to the skies the so-called "peace programme 11 of their 24th Party Congress. But as a matter of fact, the five years since the

1 11 production of the = peace programm.e of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union are precisely years during which the Soviet Union has ~een engaged in ever more frenzied arms expansion. The Soviet nuclear arsenal has not been reduced in the least. On the contrary, Soviet strat~gic n~clear arrr~ have greatly exceeded those of the other super-Power in quantity. At the S8je time, it is exerting great efforts to develop and deploy new-type intercontinental MIRVs and medium-range ballistic • Ltlssiles, attempting to seize an all-round nuclear superiority. Soviet conventional armed strength is also developing rapidly with a drastic increase in th~ quantity of its tanks, artillery and military aircraft and a constant improvement in their quality as well. Its armed forces have already increased to over 4 million. The speed of its naval development is even more startling, and the total tonnage of its fleet has multiplied rapidly. Not long ago, its first aircraft carrier sailed into the Mediterranean and the Atlantic for a show of force. Its fleets have been active in all the oceans of the globe, undisguisedly pushins the gunboat policy everywhere. A Soviet military chieftain openly declared that 11 the Soviet navy always maintains that rivalry for supremacy over the sea is not the purpose, but a prerequisite for dominating the world''. This year~ the Soviet leaders are raising another uproar~ now over a new "peace programme.i put forward at the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. But it was 'at this Congress that a Soviet leader clamoured that the Soviet Union would "do everything to have the armed for.ces of the Soviet Union provided with all the necessary means for fulfilling their responsible 11 tasks • Soviet military chieftains also clamoured that they wanted to strengthen

' •

A/C.l/31/PV.25 38 (Mr. Huanp.:, China) the fighting power of the armed forces and to stress the development of offensive, mobile weapons with a po,,erful striking force. •. Uow people can see that, although the nuclear and conventional armed strength of the Soviet Union has long greatly exceeded the needs of its self-defence, it is still stepping up its all-round arms expansion. If this is not for outward expansion and for preparing to launch a new war of ae;p;ression, what other purpose can it serve? As the representatives of .some thirc. world countries have pointed out penetratingly, if all these weapons are for the purpose of defence, t~en where are the aggressors? In face of the aerressive posture of the Soviet Union, the other super­ Power, unwillins to laG behind, is increasing its military expenditures and stepping up its military build-up and the development of new weapons. While the SALT talks between the two super-Powers are going on in a marathon fashion, the •so-called backfire bombers, cruise missiles and other new-type weapons are being manufactured and tested at an accelerated pace, and both sides are improving and increasing their offensive strategic nuclear power, giving impetus to a new round of the arillS race. As a matter of fact, the Strategic Arms "Limi tation;1 Talks have become a fig-leaf for covering up the ;1promotion11 of strategic arms development. Uith the intensified contention between the two super-Powers for hegemony, the arms race between them can only grow in intensity and escalate without let-up._ ,. Since the super-Powers are bent on desperate arms expansion, why should they, particularly the Soviet Union, engace in such high-sounding talk about disarmament? Superficially this see!!JS self-contradictory, but in point of fact their words and deeds are mutually complementary. Like all aggressors in history, they cry out for disarmament precisely because they are going all out for arms expansion. Their shout for a.isarrnal'l.ent is for the very purpose of covering up .. their intensified arms expansion. The time when they are most vociferous in clamouring for :idetente;; and :1disarmamentn is exactiy the ti!'le when they are stepping up arms expansion and preparing for new aggression. The most dangerous source of war today is precisely the biegest peace swindler of our time.

I •

A/C.1/31/PV.25 39-40 (~'ir. Huane;, China) . For many years now, the Soviet Union has been en~ae;ed in all ldnds of acts of agr,ression and expansion in various parts of the world. But it;comes every .- year to the United Nations to preach peace loudly. Ha.vine done this, it carries on its evil doin~s with redoubl~d efforts. Its perforMance this year is even more brazen. During the general debate at the current session of the General Assembly, Er. Gr01:;yko devoted_ three fourths of his speech to prattle about detente and disarmament, and even pretentiously put forward a so-called proposal on the 11 conclusion of a world treaty on the non-use of force in international relationsn. He knocked together all kinds of fraudulent disarm8Jllent proposals which he had peddled here over the years, and which had long been thrown into the garbae;e heap, to produce a so-called ;imeraorandu..-rn on ending the arr,;_s r"ace and disarmarr..ent:'. He tried to sell it to the }'~embers of the United Nations, boasting that this ;,memorandumi: was a so-called 11 refle~tion of the sincere efforts of the - ·, Soviet Union::. ~le have already exposed and criticized the substance of the so-called "world treaty on the non-use of force;', and I am not going to repeat it here. In his a;memorandum::, Mr. Gromyko unabashedly declared that first of all there

1 should be a ··cessation of the nuclear arms race: , that one should ;istop manufacturing nuclear weapons:: and bring about a •1reduct"ion of conventional armaments'·1 . One cannot help asking: Who is it that is :frenziedly engaged in the nuclear arms race and going all out to expand conventional armaments? Is it not the Soviet Union itself? If the Soviet -Union is really so concerned about nuclear and conventional disarmament, why does it not first of all do something in this respect as an exan1ple for everybody to see? Brezhnev already gave a reply to this question on another occasion. He said: no. The reason for arms

1 expansion was that the Soviet Union had to "perfect its defences ' since it was :;faced with an endless arms racea. It is clearly the Soviet Union itself which is enc;ared in an nendless arms

j race;; at a speed far in excess of the other super-Power, yet it says that it ,;has to" step up the 11 race": because of the existence of such a "race", even though it is so keen on disarmament. Such is its logic: "arms expansion is justified':.

I •

A/C.1/31/PV.25 41 (Mr. Huanr:. China)

1 The ;;memorandum=· rehashes the proposal for a : complete ancl. general, prohibition of nuclear tests:;, demandinQ: that all countries shoull:i si_gn the "Treaty on the Hon-Proliferation of I'Tuclear ileaponsa. A nuclear Power, which has carried out countless numbers of nuclear tests and brafged that it could &estroy the earth dozens of times, is talkine: so profusely about the cessation of all nuclear tests and nuclear non-proliferation. This can only reveal its features as a nuclear overlord which is trying hard to maintain its nuclear monopoly for continued wanton nuclear threats and nuclear blackmail against other c~untries. It is argued in the ;,mer;iorandun:1 that the cessation of the ar1ns race is dependent

on ''the prohibition of all nuclear weapon tests ;i. This is all the more puttinG the cart before the horse and, therefore, absurd in the extreme. It is well known that with the two super-Powers already in possession of hu~e nuclear arsenals, a mere cessation of nuclear tests cannot in the least hinder them from , continuin:; to :produce, stocl:pile and use nuclear weapons. While :propae,atine; so enere;etically the complete prohibition of nuclear tests, Mr. Gromyko has totally evaded the question of the need to prohibit the use ·or nuclear weapons first, and he has all alone adamantly refused to undertake the obligation not to be the first

to use nuclear weapons 1 particularly not to use nuclear weapons against the non-nuclear States and nuclear-free zones, still less has he any intention to realize the complete prohibition and thorough destruction of nuclear weapons. This fully shows that the .. :ultimate goal'' of ;; complete elimination of all types of nuclear weapons.: as alleged by Mr. Gromyko is nothine; but a clliffisy lie. Unwilling to prohibit the use of nuclear weapons now in their possession, and even less willinr; to destroy them, they are talking glibly about prohibiting the_ currently non-existent new-type weapons which are 11 more formidable:" than the nuclear weapons and about the prohibition of ;:military use of environmental modification techniques":. ~lhat practical purpose would such an exercise serve other than to Il1isleP.c1. the public ancl divert people's attention?' Leaving aside the crucial question of the complete prohibition ana thoro~gh destruc~ion of chemical weapons, the Soviet Union is ene;aged in empty talk about the conclusion of an agreement on the prohibition of the must dangerous, lethal types uf chemical weapons. This is likewise a fraud desi ,g:ned to divert people's attention. ' • A/C.l/31/PV~25 42 (Mr. Huan,r;;. China)

Furthermore, Mr. Gror,yko, after some patchwork, dished up again his proposal on the so-called :1rea.uction of the military bud~ets of States perr.1anent I members of the Security Council by 10 per cent and utilization of.part of the

1 funds thus saved to provide ass~stance to developing countries' , a proposal which had been thoroue;hly exposed a few years back anc1. which he tried again to peddle.

1 11 Ile said that :;as a first step~ , a fir;ure either e;reater or smaller than 10 per cent,: coulct be reducecl. in 1977. Let us leave aside the pi ti ably snall military budgets announced by the Soviet Union every year. Only heaven knows how such a meagre sum could be sufficient to eA1)and their daily growine armed forces and the .;newest and most sophisticated technical equil)rr.ent· 1 which they boast · they already possess. Eere we would like to ad.vise them to cease their mystical

1 remarks about ,;a ficure either greater or smaller than 10 per cent" • Houle. it not be better for th era to declare openly that all their past and present ,;raili tary assistance:; to developing countries would be e;ratis and that there would be no more need for debt-servicing and interest payment, all this as a ;;reflection17 of the ;:sincere effortsa of the Soviet Union? In recent years, quite a nu.~ber of small and medium-sized countries have proposed the establishment of nuclear-free zones and zones of peace, and called for the undertal:ing of due obligations by the nuciear Powers. But the Soviet Union has all along refused to siP,n Additional Protocol II of the Treaty for the Prohibition of nuclear Heapons in Latin America and refused to sup:9ort the proposal for declaring the Indian Ocean a zone of peace. This •time Mr. Grorriyko asserted that the Soviet Union would chanfe its attitude towards the latter and would pe ready to ma'k.e a acontribution:1 to it. ~-That kind of :1contribution::7 Firstly, he flatly denied the existence of Soviet military bases in the InQian Ocean region. This is tent amount to dec_larin~ that it would hang o~ to those bases of various descriptions. Secondly, he declare4 the readiness of the Soviet Union, together with other c;reat Powers, to ,;seek ways of reducing, on a reciprocal basis, the military activities in the ~ndian -Ocean and the regions directly adj accnt thereto::. The stress was on .. a reciprocal basis •1 and on ;;seeking ways to reduce the military activities::, and definitely not the

.icessation'' of military activities anc. ,;withdrawal;r fro11 1: the region. tlhe.t is

' '

0 A/V. J/ jJ /'t'V .2'.;i 43

more, it would be free to ''increase·: and :;expand·' such military acti;vities at any tirr.e on the pretext of the lack. of a "recinrocal basis :i. Thirdly, :i,ts

1 • contribution;, would be conditional, that is: as the Indian Ocean is alle~edly an important sea route connectinf, the European part of the Soviet Union.with the Soviet Far East, there should be no obstacles to its so-called II freedom of naviration and scientific research=1 there. In this way it tried at one stroke to impose on the Indian Ocean peace zone_the maritime hegemonis111 which it had obstinately clung to at the Conference on the Law of the Sea. Such is the

1 II • ''contribution;; it would be ready to r..ake and another areflection ; of the since.re

11 efforts of the Soviet Union •

At this point, is it not crystal clear what really are the various a sincere efforts:: as reflected in Gromyko's meri1orandum? In the circumstances, in which the Soviet Union has shown no sincerity whatsoever for disarmament and refused I to cornnit itself to the necessary pre-conditions which we have repeatedly put forward, the convenine: of a world disar111ament conference which it has been advertisin~ so energetically could only serve to lull the vigilance of the people of the world. This is of course what we are firmly against. The representatives of certain countries have ri3:htly said that the laclr:: of prof:ress in disarmament is not due to the lack of appropriate international forums but due to the lack of the will for ~enuine disarma.I!lent on the part of the super-Powers. l!hile making a big issue of the question of,the convenin~ of the proposed special session of the United Nations General Assembly on disaI'J11.an1ent, the "memorandum; 1 asserted that the special session should be made ::an intermediate staGe in preparation of a world di•rnr!lla.I!lent conference·' to 11-pave the way for a world disarma.D'.ent conference·;, and so on and so forth. Brezhnev also made a big fanfare over it at a recent meetinc; of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. This fully reveals the Soviet Union's desperate atte:rnpt to use the convening of a special General Assembly .session to serve its scheme of sham disarmauent. It is very clear that under the· present circumstances, in which the two super-Powers are enga~ed in frenzied arms expansion and war preparations and in fierce contention for world hegemony, particularly when the Soviet Union is carryine out acgression and expansion I I A/C.1/31/PV.25 44-45 {Mr. Hun.no.:. China) everywhere while peddling the fraud of sham detente and sham disarmament, the convenin~ of a session in whatever forrr. devoted exclusively to the , question of disarmament could only spread illusions about peace, lull the vigilanc~ of the world people anQ brine unfavourable consequences to the world people's struggle against hegemonism, imperialism and colonialism.

_,.

' I i A/C.1/31/PV.25 46 (Mr. Huang, China)

In recent years, quite a number of small and medium-sized countries have at different international forums exposed and criticized the super-Po~ers for stepping up their rivalry, carryi:rg out ageression and expansion eterywhere and menacing the security of the peoples of the world. They have c_orrectly pointed out that in the existing· circumstances, if there is to be disarmament, there must first of all be disarmament by the super-Powers. They demand the prohibition or nuclear weapons, particularly nuclear disarmament by the super-Powers; they demand that the super-Powers should undertake not to use nuclear weapons against the non-nuclear countries, undertake to respect the nuclear-free zones and zones of peace, withdraw all their military presence from abroad and dismantle all their overt and covert military bases on foreign soil. The Chinese Government firmly supports the above-mentioned just demands of the numerous small and medium-sized countries and is resolutely opposed to all frauds of sham disarmament and real arms expansion concocted by the super-Powers. 'The Chinese Government has consistently stood for the complete prohibition and thorough destruction of nucle~r weapons and maintains that, as a first ~tep, all nuclear-weapon States should undertake the obligation not to be the first to use nuclear weapons, particularly not to use nuclear weapons against non-nucle~r countries and nuclear-free zones. In our opinion, it is entirely just fo~ the small and ·medium-sized countries to put forward proposals for the establishment of nuclear-free zones and peace zones in order to oppose super-Power rivalry and nuclear threats and safeguard peace and security in their region~. We firmly support their proposals for the establislunent of nuclear-free zones in Latin America, Africa, South Asia, the ~fiddle :Cast etc. and the proposal to declare the Indian Ocean a zone of peace, and we are ready to undertake due obligations. At present, the principal obstacle to the true realization of nuclear-free zones and zones of peace comes from the super-Power policies of aggression, expansion and war. Therefore, if progress is to be made in the above efforts of the numerous small and medium-sized countries, these efforts must be closely linked up with the present struggle of the world people against imperialism and hegemonism. People have been discussing disarmament with interest out of their concern over the fundamental issue of war and peace. It is fully understandable that the A/C.1/31/PV.25 47 (Mr. Huang. China)

people of various countries who experienced the sufferings of two world wars eagerly wish to prevent imperialis~ from starting a new world war. ,However, one must be soberly aware that imperialism remains the source of war ttiday .· So long as social-imperialism an~ imperialism exist, there will be no lasting peace in the world. The elimination of war can only happen after the elimination of imperialism, the elimination of exploitation of man by man and of one nation by another, and not before. The emergence of nuclear weapons has not solved, and cannot possibly solve, the basic contradictions of our time. It can neither check the advance of human history nor change the nature of imperialism and all reactionaries. The realization of a "world without weapons, without armies, . without wars" through "general and complete disarmament" as )reached by Khrushchev in the past is a fraud which has long been mercilessly repudiated by history. The "complete elimination of the threat of war and aggression 11 as now ,propagated by Mr. Gromyko is all the more an absurd lie. The so-called world without weapons, without armies, without wars can only be a world without States. Yet Khrushchev and his disciples who preached 11 a world of three withouts 11 have spared no efforts on their part to carry out arms expansion and war preparations. This shows that they themselves know perfectly well what all this is about. At present, the United States has vested interests to protect around the world, and the Soviet Union seeks expansion. This state of affairs is unalterable. The continued fierce rivalry between the two super-Powers is bound to lead to war some day. This is independent of man's.will. As the representative of a third world country clearly pointed out in his speech at the current session of the General Assembly, "Conflicts between big Powers are inevitable so long as the drive for power and dominance remains the overriding consideration in international relations". It would be a fantastic illusion to count on earnest disarma~ent by imperialism as a means to prevent the outbreak of imperialist war. O~ly by waging strusgles and continuously exposing and frustrating the imperialist attempts of aggression and expansion, can the people of the world strive to delay the outbreak of imperialist war and get prepared and remain invincible once imperialism unleashes the war. •

A/C.1/31/PV.~5 48-50 (~. Huang, China_'

Historical experience tells us that· imperialism used to sing loudly, the hymns of "peace" and "disarmament" when it was stepping up its preparatio;1s f'or a

I new war. This is the habitual tactics of all imperialists. When the fascist ! ' chieftain Adolf Hitler was plotting the march into the Rhineland and the invasion of Austria and other neighbouring ~ountries, he was delivering his deceptive and demagugic "speech of peace" and even promised with sweet words the readiness of Germany to "destroy" its existing weapons and "dissolve" all its troops. One must not forget that it was in the very process of the disarmament conference h~ld under the auspices of the League of l'Tations that Hitler covertly proceeded with stepping up his rearmament and preparations for war. At that time the disarmament conference had been guing on for nearly th~ee years, and many countries had been led into a kind of obsession about "disarmament II and a blind faith in Hitler's nice words and cheap promises. As a result, they suffe~ed greatly from the surprise attacks la'unched by Hitler. After World War II, in the two decades from Khrushchev to Brezhnev, the Suviet Union has been talking profusely about disarmament while engaging in frenzied arms expansion. The Conference of the Committee on Disarmament in Geneva has entered its 16th year. And in recent years there have been innumerable rounds of disarmament talks between the two super-Powers. But in effect the arms race between them has become ever fiercer, reaching a new high in history. The historical facts and the pre:;;ent reality show that the disarillament~talks which have been draggi.ng on for years, far from leading to "lasting world peace", can only be used by imperialism to spread illusions about peace, immobilize the world people and cover up its preparations for war.

' A/C.1/31/PV.25 51

(Mr. Huan~, China)

// One may recall the past experience of certain ~eople concluding the Munich ( f agreement with Hitler in pursuit of the policy of "appeasement", and the result was well known. Today there are people in the West who, oblivious or th~ sanguinary historical lessons, invariably want to push social-imperialism eastward and divert it towards China by appeasing and making concessions to it and by recognizing its sphere of influence and giving it small favours. The European Security Conference reflected such a Munich line of thinking. But things go against their wish; one party wants to "divert the peril towards the East", whereas

11 the other wants to "attack in the 1-e;st while making a feint to the east ., This has been borne out by the developments over the past year and more since the conclusion of the European Security Conference. The avarice of the aggressors can never be satisfied. Appeasement can only indulge the evil~doers, and nourishing a tiger breeds a scurce of trouble. The continued pursuit of the appeasement policy can only result in inflating the ambitions of the aggressor and hasteniug the • outbreak of war, and he who does it ~i~l end up lifting a rock only to drop it on his own feet. Recently, quite a number of small and medium-sized countries, · particularly those under the direct threat of Soviet offensives, have realized from their mrn experience that "over the last decade the Soviet Union has never

11 I been so aggressive as it is today • Hore and more persons with foresight and public opinion in general have pointed out the growing danger of war and reminded people not to repeat the same error of the thirties, and they call upon people to see the real situation clearly, cast away illusions, make the n~esssary preparations for self-defence, strengthen their unity and hold on against the Soviet expansionist activities. They also point out soberly that the Soviet Union .has many weaknesses, that it is but a "colossus with feet of clayn and that it is nothing to be feared. Under the leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, headed by Chairman Hua Kuo-feng, the Chinese Government and people will carry out the great leader and teacher Chairman Mao Tsetung' s behests,. continue unswervingly to implement Chairman Mao's revolutionary line .and policies in foreign affairs, persevere in proletarian internationalism, never seek hegemony and never be a super-Power. We are determined to implement earnestly

I \. • ' . . , " . . . A/C.1/31/PV. 25 52 (Mr. Huang~ China)

Chairman Mao's teaching 11Be prepared against war, be prepared against natural disasters, and do everything for the people", make all the necessary preparations I agai11st wars of age;ression and be ready at all times to wipe out any enemy that dares to invade us. We maintain that the pressing issue before the numerous small and medium- sized ·countries now under the threat of super-Power military expansion is to fully mobilize the people and get prepared against wars of aggression. At present, a number of small and medium-sized countries stress the importance of developing their independent armed forces for self-defence; a number of other countries ha~e put foward the proposition of strengthening co-operation on defence matters in a united struggle against hegemonism. We surport these correct views. All countries that are subjected to the super-Powers' aggression, subversion, intervention, control and bullying should unite and form the broadest united front to wage tit-for-tat struggles against them. In the context of imperialist aggression against China, "Chairman Mao Tsetung pointed out, "We are advocates of the abolition of war, we do not want war; but war can only be abolished through war, and in order to get rid of the gun it is necessary to take up the gun". Chairman Mao further pointed out: 11 All reactionaries are paper tigers. 11 "The revionist Soviet Union is a paper tiger too. 11 We should get rid of the supersitution -- fear of social­ imperialism. Blustering and swashbuckling, social-imperialism is in fact outwardly strong bnt inwardly weak and beset with difficulties. It has wild ambitions but lacks strength. _It is politically unpop~_ar, its economic base is weak and its battle lines are too far-flung. Its acts of aggression and expansion everywhere breed in themselves the seeds of defeat. Neither nuclear weapons nor conventional arms of the newest type can save the aggressors from their doomed defeat. Final victory will certainly belong to the billions of world people who dar~ to fight.

Mrs. THORSSON (Sweden: Mr. Chairman!first -of all let ~e extend to you and to the other officers oft Corunitp{e the wa,rm congratulations and good wishes of the Swedish delegation. We v/convinced that, under your experienced and able leadership and guidance,~~ Co will manage to deal with the many and complex disarmament issues i/a most eff" ient manner. ·The present level of

'· I United Nations Office of Public Information Press Section Press Release United Nations, New York

io-, ~( Background Release DC I ;;.i. 5 May l977

PREPAPtATORY COMMITTE.E FOR SPECIAL GENERCU, ASSEMBLY SEGSION ON DISARMAMENT TO START SUBSTANTHb wmm: IN NEW YORK, 9--20 MAY

The Preparatory Committee for the Special Session of the G2neral Asscnbl;.,r Devoted to Disarmament opens its first substantive session at United Nations Headquarters on Monday, 9 May.

At its two-week session, the 54-membi:;r Committee will ri:;vie:·1 the coi:1.~cn~:3 communicated to the Secretary-General by Member States on the a;;2nda a.:d all other questions relating to ·the special session. These cor-cilllents were invi t2.J by the Assembly in the resolution establishing the Cammi tt'3e. (Replies circu.­ lated so far a.re in documents A/Ac.187/1-28, 30 and 32-40.)

The Cammi ttee will also have before it a series of docum2nts it ,~·o(L1',.:~d from the Secretariat when it held its organizational session at Hcad-.:!_ 1B.rt2::.·s from 28 to 30 March. These documents are to include a collec-tio!:. of ;;s-:;c::i;:,~ "/ resolutions concerning disarmament and a description of e:dstir:g e:.1c~:. -~~1•;.,- ~,,.•yy disarmament negotiations.

The decision to convene a special session of the Assembly deTrotP.d to disarmament, to be held in New York in May/June 1978, was tal<:.en by t!"0 J.sse,::°l::'1.y on 21 December 1976 in resolution 31/189 B. Under this :resolution, the Asser:..".:l.y also established the Preparatory Cammi ttee and asked it to examine "all rele,-a:1t questions relating to the special session, including its agenda.tr. The Committee was reqt1ested to report with recommendations to the Assembly at its thirty­ second session (September/December l977)•

The Assembly invited all Member States to communicate their views on the special session to the Secretary-General not later than 15 April. The Secretary­ General was asked to transmit these views to the Committ<.=e and to give it all necessary assistance, including the provision of background informutior,. ar.::1 documents.

As for the composition of the Cammi ttee, H. Shirley P,mcrasinghe ( Sri Lanl:a.), President of the Assembly at its thirty-first session last year, consulted ·with the Chairmen of the regional groups and appointed 54 members, in accordance with the Assembly resolution, on the basis of equitable geographical distribution. As a result, 14 seats were allocated to the African countries, 11 to Asia, 6 to Eastern Europe, 10 to Latin America and 13 to Western Europe and other States.

(lfi6¥e~formation media - not an official record - 2 - Press Re lea cc DC /917 5 Mny 1977

The Pre_'()aratory Committee is composed of the followir.iB St!J.tes: Algs::ria, Argentina., Austra].ja.:i .Austria, Bu.ham.as, Bangladesh., BelgitlB, B~nin, :Sraz:,l, Burundi, Canada~ Colom.bi~, Cuba, Cyprus , Egypt, Ethiop:i.a, :F'-:.·2.nce, Ge~CJ.ilsn Democratic Republic, Federal Republic of' Germs..ny, Guyana, Hunga1·y, India.~ Ire.n, Iraq, Italy, Jaran, Liberia, Libya, Malaysia, Mauri.tius, Jiexico, Morocco, Nepal, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama., Peru, Philippines) Po:.:..and, Ro1,1E•nio 1 Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Tunisia, Turkey, USSR, Uni',.;cd Kir.gd:::,_r.1, United States, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire and Zambia.

In an address opening the Preparatory Com.mi ttee I s orgar,~'._zc":.r,:· en:. se::::c-ionJ Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim called for an enhanced role fo:c 'ct1?- Cni kd Nations in the field of disarmament. He noted that tccbnologicaJ p:i.·cigru;s tended to outstrip the negotiations in disarmament and that a. comj_)T,~hensive approach wa.s necessary in order to attaili practical stc:_ps tow3.,c'!~ dis'J.:r-,c:n.~nt •

Disarmament, the Secretary-General said, should a.:!.so be pm:·c:18d with a view to putting a halt to the massive diversion of funds and tnanpowcr to military ends. For a number of yea.rs, world mili ta.ry · exr,endi t:1re !-:..ad :1e °";"_ some $300 billion a. year, he said, adding that this vast sum crn1ld he.Tie ::•,:.212 used to promote developm'3nt projects, including the proeotic:-1 of hea.lth care, better nutrition, and the easing of the world food si tuu.tion.

(The text of the Secretary-General's statement is contained in Press Release SG/SM/2431-Dc/900 of 28 March.)

At the organizational session, Carlos Ortiz de Rozas (.Arge11b.:1c1) :-las elected Chairman of the Committee and Sa.ad Alf'arargi (Egyrit) was elected Rapporteur. The representatives of Nigeria, Bahamas, IranJ J.~.]J·,.o_. p_,,:':;:r.~7~.2, Norway, Poland and Yugoslavia were elected ,as Vice--Chairmen.