PART 1 : History of Outagamie County Wisconsin, in PDF Format

F\V H. S. LIBRARY FV L APPLETON, WIS.

HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY WISCONSIN

Being a General Survey of Outagamie County History including a History of the Cities, Towns and Villages throughout the Countr, from the Earliest Settlement to the Present Time

THOMAS H. RYAN Editor-in-Chief

ADVISORY BOARD

HENIhY D. RYAN ISAAC N. STE\ ART JOHN D. LAWE C-I ARLES E. RAUG(;HT I'ETER 'UTIBBS LOIC)1TS 1 ACu (COT - 1()JiN E EBEN E, REXFORD

CHICAGO GOODSPlEIED HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION PUBLISHERS TE KENNEBBE- Hlc X. MYW a : PREFACE

A N LEXAMI[NAVTI'ON of this volumie by subscribers will reveal llade in newspaper files, early French and Indian records, that a vast extent of original 'research for material has been public documents and private memoranda of various kinds. The object has been to comipress into the pages, even at the partial expense of finished literarv style, interesting and valuable da.ta con- cerming the county so far as space would allow. In order to do this, and to show our appreciation of friendly and considerate treat- iment and reasolnable patronage, we have extended the number of pages iore than five hundred beyond what was planned at the outset. It will le seen. that we have saved from. permanent loss thousands of interesting items usually overlooked or disregarded by- local historilans. 'Ths'a permanent foundation, whiclh can be elaborated Cand ilmuproved by subsequent writers, has been laid for t future perfect county history. -Generally, statistical tables and routine p:loceedings have been avoided, a.nd a narrative form has been .adopted. 'he book necessarily contains errors, though it is believed that, owing to the great care exercised, they will be found to be comparatively few. The publishers .stand ready, as is their custom, to correct all such by a special errata sheet to be sent to subscribers to be pasted in the books. As a. whole, we feel confident that our subscribers, who have our thanks. for their patronage, will appreciate this fine volume. TI-IE PUBLISHERS.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

HISTORY PAGE. (eology, Rocks, Drift, Soil, Water Power, Drainage, et...... 1. Exploration, Indians, Traders, Voyageurs, Hiistoric Places, etc ...... 2 County Affairs Before 1880, Organization, Acts of the Board, Societies, Finances, Roads, etc ...... Appleton before 1880, Origin, Industries, City Council, Public Works, Ad- vanceient, Banking, Officials, etc ...... Politics before 1880, Parties, Conventions, Candidcates, Maass Mieetings, Election Returns, etc ...... Military Record, Civil War, Spanish-American War, G. A. R., Other Org'ani- zations, Relief, Monuments, Decoration, TMemorial Services, et ...... 29S Appleton 1880 to 1911, City Council Proceedings, Officials, Public Woril's Industr-ies, Finances, Banking, Improvenients, Commission Governmenlt. etc...... 35 Politics 1880 to 1911, Conventions, Nominees, Primaries, Politicians, Party Issues, New Parties, Election Returns, etc( ...... 388 Boating, Stage Lines, Mail Routes, Railways, Telegraphs, Telephones, Elec- tric Lights and Lines, etc ...... 407 Medicine, Surgery, Dentistry, Epidemics, Diseases, Operations, Societies, etc. 442 Clhurchles Pastors, Sunday Schools, Buildings, Various REeligious Societies, Benevolence, Temperance, Music, etc ...... 469 Bench, Bar, Circuit Court, Trials, County Court, Officials, Municipal Court, Associations, etc...... 15 Education, Subscription Schools, Common School System, High Schools, Grades, Union System, County Schools, Statistics, NTew Methods, etc... . 34 Kaukauuna, ?rench Settlement, Business, Incorporation, Officials, Public Works, Improvements, etc ...... 570 Settlement, Towns, Incidents, Wild Animals, Storms', Logging, Early Schools and Churches, Trails and Roads, Seymour, Hortonville, Black Creek, Shioeton, Little Chute, Kimberly, Snidersville, Oneida, Incorporation, Industries, Recent Improvements, etc ...... 127: Miscellaneous Events, First Settlement of the County, Appleton's First Officials and Finances, Trouble in the Council, Seal, City, Appleton in 1853, Recent Officials, Little Chute, Institutes and Clubs, etc ...... 1.38( Biography and Reminiscence ...... 5 91

BIOGRAPHY

A. PAGE. PAGE. Abel, William ...... 774 Adsit, Amos Elias, D. D. S..... 1161 Abraham, Frederick Mr...... 837 Albert, Henry...... 722 Abraham, Henry W., MI. .D..... 614 Allen, Eliwyn C ...... 1155 Abrahams, Isaac A ...... 1108 Allen, Mr.. MIartha J ...... 995 Adkins, Charles G ...... 1227 Ames, Bostic H...... 879 Adkins, Charles V ...... 1228 Ames, William 1)...... 769 6 T ~'AiBLE OF CONATEA7TS

PAGE. PAGE. Anderson, Warren ...... 1189 Bowlby, 1H. L...... 662 Appleton Machine Company... .. 1115 Brainard, Carlos iXM...... 1111 Armitage, Albert E ...... 788 Brandenberg, lired ...... 776 Ashman, John ...... 1204 Brass, Otto ...... 829 Assinan, Gust ...... 1095 Breitriek, Charles ...... 917 Aul, Emil...... 1101 Breitrick, William ...... 996 Breitung, Albert A., Sr ...... 1208 B. Breitung, Oswald ...... 1246 Babcock, Fllllk(C .. B. 1). S.... 774 Brenner, Karl F. George..... 799 Baechlelici·:liFranlklia H. 863 Briggs, Ansel Bailey ...... 825 -Baeliman,Bacelnniu mWilliamiliam G...... C...... Brill, 97 JohJohn ...... 895S898 Balker, William ...... 655 Brugger, Albert ...... 796 Baldwin, Hon. Geoge1072 ...... Broka N. H 1007 Baldw-in, Geoge Benjaomin. ... 1073 Brooks, Everett H.,. M. 1...... 709 Baldwin, Charles Frederick. .. . 1073 Brusewitz, Albert...... 745 Ballard, Anson...... 108 Bux, illiam...... 867 1Barnies n. Lynan Eddy. 1040 Buboltz, Albert ...... 858 Bartels Fred ...... 674 Buchanan, William...... 678 ulanuen,Boaner JoihnW (Ill...C...... 12259 Bunman Charles 11...... 856 Ba.mnBlallln Willial (...... 9 Budick, Erastus P ...... 843 Bayorgeon, Anma P ...... 9reistel 62 Beach, Andrew J...... 1201 :Bulgert,iFrederick M.I...... ,866 Bean, Walter ...... 1137oIli"1 ...... Busch, John ...... 976 Becker, Alois ...... 116 tler W...... 758 Becker, Franlk lb...... 1074 I:ecker, .John ...... 1069 Blecker, Julius E...... 690 Bleelen, John I...... 1064 Calibe, Henock Charles ...... 682 Bleemster, John ...... 649 Calmes, Frank ...... 101.5 Beggs, Archie ...... 675 Canavan, James V., M. 1) ...... 664 Behin, Gustave A...... 986 Cance, Edmond J...... 910 Bender, Moses...... 1142 Carneross, Ralph E ...... 640 Behtle, 'rederick...... 1192 Carter, Adelbert B...... 719 Berg , Ignatz George ...... 1086 Carter, Henry W...... 1202 Berg, John l...... 1101 Casey, John ...... 830 Bergnians, Adrian ...... 997 Catlin, Mark...... 1109 Bernard, Francois...... 1017 Charlesworth, Frank M1...... 800 Bertschy, Perry Henry...... 980 Christophersen, Charles...... 1215 Bessing, Henry Anton...... 601 Citizens National Bank ...... 817 Blake, Richie R ...... 731 Clack, Charles ...... 604 Blake, William G...... 1251 Clark, Frank E...... 651 Blake, William J.5...... 1255 Clark, Michael F1...... 865 Blanshal, Charles Rogers ...... 883 Clark, William 0 ...... 730 Bleick, Ferdinand J...... 736 Colburn, Frank H1...... 704 Bleick, Ierman...... 1144 Cole, Chales ...... 1017 Bleick, Louis George ...... 977 Cole, Robert I., D. ). S...... 1169 Boelter, Julius H...... 1202 Colwitz Charles ...... 628 Boehime, Alwin F...... 900 Comerfo rd, William...... 1176 Bohl, August ...... 1235 Conkey, Alexander...... 835 Bohl, Fred ...... 1210 Conlon, William J...... 907 Boldt, John C ...... 1123 Coonen, Martin ...... 901 Bonini, Louis, Jr...... 1200 Conway, John ...... 1038 Bonnii, H-Ierman ...... 1.248 Coppes, John ...... 106 Boon, John Allen ...... 689 Cornelius, Chester P...... 1059 Bowmana, B. N ...... 1240 Court, Ewalt ...... 744 Bfoyd, Charles D., M. D ...... 1059 Court, Henry C ...... 64 Boyd, Charles S ...... 1049 Cotter, Patrick ...... 1213 Boyd, Samuel ...... 1034 Cotter, William P...... 1190 Boye, I) J...... 1170 Culbertson, Alexander...... 622 Bottensek, Joh ...... 852 Culbertson, John...... 1004 ow-arnman, Edward R...... 837 Cuff, George A...... 1241 TABLE OF CONTENTS

D. PAGE. PAGE. I)lanls, Albert ...... 725 Fischer, Andrew...... 1209 .Dalke, Henry J...... 1226 Fischer, Frank F ...... 1212 Danielson, A. 0...... 595 Fish, Stillman N...... 724 Davis, A. H...... 1192 Fisher, Rudolph D...... 704 D)ay, Thomas ...... 770 Fitzgerald, James F1...... 1269 Dean, Dwigoht W ...... 933 Fitzmaurice, Rev. Walter J ... 1018 Deering, Gregor...... 995 Flanagan, John...... 850 Degal, William...... 92( Flunker, August W...... 875 Deimer, Frank ...... 973 Fockel, Willian ...... 1223 ;Deml, George...... 757 loote, WT. J., D. )...... 1168 Dempsey, Peter J...... 849 Forster, Max ...... 881 Dettmann, Rev. Gustave ...... 890 Forstner, Williami ...... 656 De Wall, G. H ...... 1248i Forward, Fayette L ...... 608 Dey, John ...... 1001 Foster, Argo M., M...... 845 Dietrich, Albert ...... 752 Foster, Henry A...... 1035 liestler, Herman 0. .105...... 1035 Fountain, John...... 1153 D)ietzler, Jacob ...... 1070 Fox River Paper Company. .... 611 Diffording, William 1I ...... 1 _265 I'ranh, William A...... 686 DittmIer, Hon. Francis ...... 105(6 1Fraser, Allen A...... 766 Donaldsen Frank E., M. 1) .... 10)65 lFreeman, Hiram G ...... 962,611 D)ouglas, Earl11W., D. 1). S..... 1107 Flreund, Jacob...... 1085 D)ouglass, James H...... 889 Fries, Frank ...... 1016 )owner, A. (G...... 1207 Fritz, aTeodore ...... 741 I)owner, George R ...... 815 )orow, Fred ...... 762 C. Doyle, Joseph H-I., M. D-...... 1239 ( Gablowsky, Paul...... '657 Dreissen, Edward G...... 854 . 92 I)rinks, Bernhart ...... 1097 G nr Er ...... 31 Edward ...... 631 riscoll...... Gavey,Gardner, Pat ...... 122 DImI~t.I.~'GaePrkra ...... _8401226 Gayhart, Michael J ...... 1199 Geenen, D. M. and A ...... 653 E. Geenen, William ...... 892 Eagle MfLanlufacturling Company] . (()680 Gehring, Andrew...... 1175 Ebert, William .. 980 Gehlke, Andre ...... 60 Edmonds, Hon. Edward A..... 1050 , on ...... 928 lEdnmonds,' Lewis MI\iles...... 769 Gillespie, John ...... 1128 Eick, Charles ...... 1081 illett, haes ...... Eick, Louie ...... 1102 ilan, Joseph ...... 812 IEiscih O)tto . 723 G an, Wil liam L...... 812 Ellenbeeker, Anthony...... 658 Glassbrenner, Frederick...... 669 Eljlenhbeke. Joseph:...... 1210 Gloudemans, Arnold...... 1099 Ellsworth. Herbert E., M. 1) .... 936i londemans, Jo ...... 125 Endter, August...... 965 G(loudemans, Peter A ...... 144 - ib, Er eman .a...... 103i6 (IGlueckstein, Michalae ...... 667 •IEskiman IA-el ...... 1243 Goodland, Hon. John ...... 958 Goodland, John, Jr ...... 1046 Gosse, Ferdinand W ...... 827 F. Gosse, William...... 1118 Falck, F rank 982 Gaf,a...... Carl...... 885 Farnam, Eliabh ...... 8333 Graf, Herman ...... 1197 I1arrell, W illiall...... 810 Grandy, Robert ...... 1242 IFassbender. Hubert ...... 957 Gresenz, August ...... 1121 Fassbender, John M...... 764 Griesbach, Henry ...... 1174 Fassbender, Joseph P...... 923 riesbach, John...... 1174 Fassbender, Peter...... 766 (iriesbach, Joseph ...... 974 Faust, Joseph J...... 1044 Griesbach, Sebastian ...... 1173 Faust. Nicholas...... 1021 Griswold, E. Clarence ...... 783 Faville, Rev. John...... 911 Griswold, Wiifield...... 1082 Felton, J. N...... 1269 Groat, John ...... 1247 Feurig, Gustave Henry ...... 607 Grossman, Henry...... 908 Fiestedt. Henry...... 1066 Grothl, Willia ...... 1179 38 TA.BLE OF COANTEINTS

PAGE. PAG E. Gruniert, Moritz F'...... 847 Hills, Hubbard E ...... 882 Grutzmacher, Carl ...... 1195 Hodgins, Douglas ...... 87S G(ummlermaii, Rev. Basilius, O. Hodgins, Joseph Arthur...... 1190 M. Cap...... 1071 Hoefer, Fred W ...... 708 Hoehne, Fred ...... 784 lI. Hoffman, Servatus...... 633 Hoh, Henry L...... 729 HIaas, Charles ...... Ho, Loui s...... 49 Hackel, John, Jr...... 884 Hoier, Anton...... Hackleman, William 1-1...... 708 -Iolz, Alfred P., M. D ...... 657 Ilackworthy , John ...... 675 olz, illia ...... 170 1lagen, Charles J ...... 35 Ioyt, TVWillian M1...... 771 THaln, Charles...... 777 Huebner, Ernest A...... 1198 Hahn, Emarnuel ...... 762 Hunsicker, John ...... 88S Hahn. Julius E...... 19 ut, rederick W...... 1091 Hlallock, Ernest Corson, D. D. S. 900 Hurlman, Arnold ...... 933' Hlalloran, Dennis P...... 1123 Huse, Frank ... Ham, John D...... 65 ilamimen, John...... 1271 I-ansleit, Christ ...... 969 J. -lardackel,Herman Taylor.... 922 Jack, Edward John...... 873 H1arp, Ferdinand ...... 893 .Jack, Jacoob ...... 881 H-ardy, John ...... 66 Jacobs, August ...... 109;3 larriman, Frank WT ...... 643 Jacquot, John B...... 1033 Harrimlan, Fred E ...... 1047 Jacquot, John L ...... 946 -IartsAorm,Benjamin J...... 17 Jaccquot, Louis ...... 832 fHartsworm, Paul...... 74 .Jage, Edward ...... 743 Ifartsworn, John...... 710 Jahnke, August ...... 87 Hartzheim, Frank J1...... 1 222 .amison, William G...... 1067 fHarwood, F. J ...... 1028 Jansen, Edwar d ...... 1229 Hawley, James E ...... 919 Jansen, Ienry ...... 894 Hassinger, Edward L...... 1131 Jansen John...... 1049 Hauert, Frank WTT...... 730 anssen, Gerrit...... 1261 auert, Fred C ...... 63 nkel, rederick...... 660 Hlauert, Jacob...... 77 Jennerjahn, Henry...... 743 Hauert, Jacob J...... 737 Jent.z, Albert ...... 1084 Haug, John...... 1145 entz, er ...... 1084 H-eagle, Jacob ...... 852 Jepson, Albert...... 1200 Hechel, Michael ...... 616 Jepson, Frank ...... 49) Heckert, Herman, Sr ...... 1167 .Jepson, Warren ...... 864 Heenan, John Stephen ...... 648 Johnson, Dr. Henry T...... 11)93 Iegner, Leo August ...... 1160 Johnson, Orrin ...... 1219 Heidmann, Joseph ...... 903 Johnson, Dr. 0. N ...... 119: Ieidman, Joseph ...... 903 Johnson, William MW...... 65 Heideniann, John Henry ...... 1232 Jonen, Peter...... 1231 Heiman, John...... 1149 Jones, Hon. George C ...... 959 Heinemann, F...... 668 Joosten, Martin M ...... 1071 Heindl, Wenzel ...... 932 Julius, Charles ...... I 15 Heller, Henry Sylvester...... 1110 Julius, Christ ...... 621 Helns, Henry ...... 1175 Julius, John ...... 1191. Henes, Anton ...... 1154 Henrichs, Charles J...... 1180 Henry, Robert E ...... 620 Herman, Charles G: ...... 959 Kahn, Julius...... 7.... 42 Herman, John...... 831 Kamps, Gerhard...... 768 Herinsen, John ...... 930 Kanips, Herman A ...... 9 Hermsen,. Marti ...... 928 Kanouse, Abijah MT. M. D.. . 63'9 Heubner, Charles...... 1136 Karweick, August ...... 19 Hiietpas, Nicholas ...... 1094 Kathagen, Antone...... 99 Hilger, John August ...... 1147 Kaukauna Lumber & 3Ifg. Co. .. 104 Hiller, Alfred ...... 979 Kean, John ...... 69 Hills, Alfred R ...... 969 Keelan, James D...... 956 TABLE OF CON TE'NTS 9

PAGE. IPAC E. Keifer, Nieholas...... 914 Lampke, Charles H ...... 855 Keller, Kuno F...... 1005 Landers, Thomas ...... 1S Keller, Louis H...... 1006 Lanser, Mathias ...... 1 5105 Keller, Prof. Paul G. W ...... 612 La Salle Hotel ...... 77 Kelly, Thomas ...... 1126 Laudon, Joseph ...... 990 FKennedy, Leon...... 1234 Lauersdorf, Gustave...... 1206 Kern, Frank ...... 1079 Leahy, Daniel ...... 1134 Kerr, Dr. Richmond.( ...... 02 Lecker, Herman ...... 221 Kesting, Charles H ...... 603 Lehrer, Joseph ...... 784 Kerwaek, Herman Carl ...... 1132 Lehrer, Siegfried ...... 734 Kessler, John ...... 637 Leininger, Johnl ...... 861 Keune, Alfred G-...... 805 Leisgang, Frank...... 791 Klispert, George, Jr...... 1231 Lemke, Marx A ...... 909 Kitzinger, Mathew...... 750 Lempke, Joseph...... 621 Kitzinger, Mathias ...... 1260 Lettmann, Gerhard ...... 6(7 Klarner, Frank ...... S62 Liebhaber, Benno ...... 1170 Klein, Joseph ...... 923 Lillge, Henry C ...... 715 Kling, John ...... 1029 Linsmeyer, Joseph ...... 1196 Klitzke, August ...... 685 Lippert, Anton ...... 1165 Klitzke, William ...... 919 Lisbeth, Stanislaus F...... 937 Knaack, Louis C...... 1172 Little, Thomas B ...... 1164 Knapstein, Henry ...... 868 Lochman, Rt. Rev. Peter Joseph 1079 Knapstein, Theodore ...... 1236 Lochschmidt, Adolph...... 876 Knegtel, Rev. Theodore...... 10(47 Lockery, Michael M...... 110:3 Knuppel, August ...... 677 Lord, Osborn G., M. 1)...... 772 Koch, Anthony J...... 739 Lowe, John ...... 834 Koepke, Otto ...... 713 Luck, Gustaf E ...... 1184 Koffend, Joseph...... 645 Luebke, Albert ...... 814 Kohl, Charles ...... 1152 Lueck, Herman F...... 860 Kohl, Michael ...... 669 1Lutz, Lawrence ...... 119(i Kolleth, Albert ...... 793 Lyons, James A., M. D...... 970 Kolleth, August ...... 1103 Lyons. William L ...... 935 Koletzke, Ferdinand ...... 1181 Komp, Joseph E ...... 1249 M. Konrad, Gust ...... 1207 Aacs Pete.. 12 Krahn, August...... 60 Krahn, Charles ...... 1227 Main, GilbertGilbert..868 ...... 8 Krause,K rause, Aug.Aug·. ¥V~ainW.... .,8 19I Mansfield, Willard G...... 80 l(rause,Krause, Henry G ...... 797 Marcks,l August ...... 778 Kressin, A...... 800 Martens, Julius J ...... 1 06 Kressin, Frank...... 91arsal, Victor ., . D...... Kressin, Frederick...... 1290 Marston, Captain Josep H...... Kreutzoerg, Henry...... 1417 Marx,l Hlenry N ...... 69 Krueger, Albert...... 6.. 4/ Martin, Willia ...... 1264 Kroner, John ...... 1211 Maschinsky, Gusta...... 877 Krugmeier, Albert -T...... 642 Alert...... 1256 Krull, Emil ...... 86 Ma John ...... 94 Kubitz, William J...... 1001 Maylahn, Charles F...... 659 IKuehne,Kuehhn, Robert ...... 1071077 7 ...... McCarthy, John Thomas...... 1.090 (Kuhn, Charles ...... 1181 McCarthy, Michael John...... 1222 unimroow, Kuinrow,Albert F F...... 89589 AMcCarthv, Patrick ...... 1233 Kumrow, Bert ...... 913 M1cCarthy, William P...... 707 urz, Frank ...... 1032 McCarty, Dennis...... 801 McCa.ty, Joseph J...... 801 L. iMcDermott, Martin...... 726 Ladholz, Henry ...... 683 McGinnis, Daniel ...... 1194 Laird, Alexander ...... 596 M'cGlone, Patrick ...... 1205 Laird,John Janison, . D.. 63( McKeever, John ...... 1117 Laird William...... 916 McLean, Aleander W...... 846 Laird, William J1...... 1249 McLeish, William ...... 688 Lambie, John A...... 951 MAeating, Arthur G...... 640 10 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE PGE..PAGE. Meidam, John...... 1114 Oaks, Charles P...... 629 Meidam, Miles ...... 845 Oelke, Henry J...... 822 Meidam, Stephen ...... 870 0 'Keefe, Edward ...... 911 Meltz, John...... 1.188 O'Keefe, William E., D. D. S.. 891 Menning, Lewis...... 820 O'Leary, James D...... 1218 Menning, William...... 906 Orbison, Thomas W ...... 938 Menting, John ...... 927 Ort, Frederick ...... 108 Merbach, Fred ...... 781 Merity, John ...... 695 MIerkl, William ...... 900 Packard, George 11...... 1130 Mews, William.. .ach, Jo n905...... Meyer, Cornelius...... 701 Palmer, Edin S...... 859 Meyer, Henry William ...... 1003 Paquin, chael. 1225 MAIeyer, William .712 Parker, John L...... 841 MIichelstetter, William ...... 1061 Patterson, Wilson ...... 5 Mielke , HermaanPal 779 Agst,J ...... 1203 MillerFrederk WiPlli am. .::: 1122 Peabody, George Frederick ..... 1018 .-iller, Frederick Williain...... 1122 Pease, Marion W ...... 1177 Miller, George ...... 111...... \iler RHichard...... 1152llPeters, Frank.,r5 ...... 599 Miller, Richard ...... Peters, Hans ...... 1267 Mitchell, M. F ...... 739 Peters, Henry ...... 1255 MAodersohn, Julius...... 841 Peters, Herman John ...... 1.188 Moehring, Ernest ...... 1250 Peters, William ...... 1126 Moeskes, Gerhard T...... 954 Petersen, Andrew FP...... 681 Molitor, John...... 1000 Petersen, Fred ...... 767 Moore, Luther H., D. D. S..... 724 Petersen, Fred ...... 1120 Morack, Henry J...... 869 Petersen, Louis A...... 1150 Morgan, John G ...... 612 Petit, Frank ...... 1247 Morgan, Col. Nathan E...... 741 Phillips, Frank 1...... 652 Morrow, E. J...... 761 Pierce, Edward...... 706 Morse, John A...... 595 Pierce, Humphrey...... 1014 Mory, Charles H...... 828 Pingel, William ...... 714 Mueller, Charles William...... 619 Plank, Joseph J...... 759 Mueller, Emil ...... 775 Ploeger, Charles F...... 1025 Mueller, Frederick A...... 714 Ploger Brothers ...... 823 Mullholland, Hon. Hugh J...... 1006 Pratt, Mrs. Deborah Cooley .... 710 Mullen, Thomas J...... 755 Pratt, Harry K., D. D. S...... 723 Murphy, Augustus L...... 826 reisler, Charles...... 822 Murphy, Catherine Agnes...... 848 Priewe, Herman...... 1183 iMurphy, Frankl S...... 11230 Prosser, Henry J...... 947 Mur1rphy, ...... James...... 918 Mua y, James ...... 906 Prunty, Patrick H...... 918 Purath, Ferdinand ...... 711 Puth, Frank ...... 615 N. Putney, George W...... 684 Nagreen, Orlando ...... 950( Pynn, Alfred ...... 811 Nelson. Birdell ...... 1037 Nelson, Nels ...... 819 R. Newell, Sanford D ...... 654 Radeacher, August...... 1206 Nichols, Louis E...... 1106 Ralph Earl D...... 97 Nicholson, Dexter Putnam ..... 1006 Ramsay, Bertin...... 1031 Nickel, Philip ...... '. 792 Raught, Charles E...... 1087 Nickolay, Jacob ...... 720 Reeve, Dr. James Theodore .... 1022 Nieland, John James ...... 597 Reeve, James S., M. D...... 1023 Nile, The Company ...... 812 Reese, David E...... 957 Nitschke, August ...... 853 Regenfuss, John ...... 854 Noack Brothers ...... 717 Reick, William ...... 624 Nolan, William N., M. D ...... 772 Reid, Alexander James ...... 1030 Norenberg, Fred ...... 981 Reid, Thomas B...... 1096 Nugent Brothers ...... 887 Reiland, Nicholas...... 1219 Nutting, Clarence N...... 921 Reinke, Frederick F...... 945 TABLE OF CONTENTS 11

PAGE. IAGE. Reis, Jacob ...... 1230 Schmidt, Bernard John ...... 1116 Reis, Louis ...... 1228 Schmidt, Louis C ...... 1013 Relean, William ...... 821 Schmidt, Mathias ...... Renn, John Joseph ...... 890 Schmidt, William ...... 763 Rettler, Nicholas F...... 838 Schnabl, Frank ...... 780 Reuter, Henry ...... 1042 Schneider, Henry ...... 760 Rexford, Eben Eugene ...... 1068 Schneider, John ...... 1135 1234 Ripp, Reverend Conrad...... 861 Schneider, Stephen ...... Ristau, Charles...... 846 Schoettler, John F...... 6 Ristau, Gus W ...... 1025 Schonmmer, Nicholas C ...... 690 Ritger, Anton ...... 961 Schrader, Christian ...... 1238 Fiber & Paper Corn- Schroeder, Charles W...... 1245 Riverside 872 pany ...... 1043 Schroeder, Frederick William... Rohloff, Fred ...... 1078 Schroeder, John S...... 71 Roloff, William ...... 1269 Schroeder, Paul.... 14S Rooney, Francis J...... 1141 Schroeder, William...... 698 Rosenberg, Albert ...... 745 Schroeder, Willia m...... 830 Rossberg, Louis ...... 1150 Schroeder, William ...... 1127 Rothlesberger, August ...... 718 Schroeder, William ...... 1258 Rubbert, William ...... 984 Schroeder, William L...... 888 Ruessmann, Rev. Frederick L. . 1013 Schuetter, Henry ...... 940 Rupple, Samuel G ...... 1251 Schultz, Charles W ...... 1098 Ruscher, Fred W...... 1178 Schultz, Frederick...... 113 Russell, John B ...... 1158 Schultz, Henry ...... 778 Russell, Walter M ...... 771 Schultz, Theodore ...... 632 Ruston, Robert ...... 605 Schulze, Daniel L ...... 125 Ryan, Clement E., M. D)...... 642 Schulze, Martin Augustus...... 73 Ryan, Daniel J ...... 904 Schulze, Robert W ...... 142 J ...... 994 Schulze, William ...... 34 Ryan, David 878 Ryan, Francis A...... 993 Schulze, William ...... Ryan, Henry D...... 994 Schueller, Engelbert...... Ryan, James ...... 993 Schreiter, Wenzel A ...... 971 Ryan, John C ...... 994 Schumacher, John ...... 811 Ryan, Patrick H ...... 726 Schuster, Otto E...... 983 Samuel...... 992 Schwab, Conrad A ...... 6 Ryan, Col. 662 Ryan, Samuel ...... 993 Schwab, Max ...... Samuel J...... 995 Schwaier, John...... 1217 Ryan, 1230 Ryan, Thomas -1...... 978 Scott, James R., M. D ...... Sedo, Henry ...... 765 S. Shepherd, Reuben F ...... 1182 •kerF E 1116 Shannon, S. C...... 1045 Saecker, F. E...... 1116 Sherman, David A. ... 999 Saecker, H. G ...... 1116 Sherman, John J ...... 9 Sager, Hen...... 1110 Sherman, Wesley H ...... 941 Sandborn, Manley J.r , Mt.. 1). . .. 1 S4Sievert, August ...... 964 Sanders, Evert ...... 654 Sil, Wolf R ...... 721 Sasman, Frederick ...... i, olf R....749 Sassmaan,Sassmalnn, PhillirPhillin .9...... ·· 852 ...... Silverwood, Percy...... WV...... 1062.663 Schaefer, George R ...... 813 Sloan, Heny Schaetzel, Phillip ...... 17 Smith, H-on. Augustus Ledyard. 1051 & Schafer,Schafer, HenryHenry...... 12.224 . .. 1_224 Smith,T sfeThe CoC. ayF., ...... Livery Scharmann, Emil W 1214 Trasfer Co ...... y ...... 192 Scheibe, Edward F...... 897...... Scheibe, Herman...... 104 S th, Clak E ...... ith, Oliver C ...... 815 Scheibe, John...... Smith Rev. Reeder...... Schiedermeyer, George ...... 759 Smith, Rev. Reeder...... 9 Schindler, Joseph J ...... 836 Smits, Martihn ...... 700 Schlegel, Herman J ...... 1186 Sudde, John ...... 02 Henry N ...... 733 Sommers, Henry ...... 8 Schlimm, 597 John Courtland ...... 768 Spears, John ...... Schlosser, 02 Schmeichel, Fred ...... 939 Speel, Frederick ...... 592 Schmidt, Charles A ...... 1146 Spencer, Albert M...... 12 TABLE OF CON\TEANTS

PAGE. PAGE. Spencer, Frank Simeon ...... 1138 Ullmian, Joseph ...... 677 Spoehr, Ernest ...... 630 UlInmer, Joseph Steven...... 1214 Spoehr, William 1-1...... 631 llmer, Louis ...... 909 Spry, Thomas ...... 1_115 TUlrilch, Anton ]F'...... 671 Staedt, Henry...... 750 Stalker, David ...... 664 V. Stansbury, Emory, M. D ...... : 952 Van Asten, Walter...... 53 Stark, Andrew H ...... 1163 Vandenhoy, John ...... 69 Stark, Theodore Frederick ...... 1161 Vandenberg, Antone J...... 1080 Steele, J. D ...... 1016 Vandenberg, John...... 703 Steffens, Albert A...... 7583 Vandenberg, Lambert...... 1 25,- Steffens, Joseph J...... 754 Van Den Bosch, John...... 912 Steinbrecher, Rev. Francis Xav- Vandervelden John...... 693 ier ...... 1099 Van Der Loop, Arnold ...... 990 Stellmacher, Fred W ...... 789 Van Heuklom, Edward G ...... 986 Stengle, Frank ...... 1271 Van Oudenhoven, Cornelius .... 1.112 Stewart, Isaac Newton...... 886 Van Roy, John...... 8897 Stewart, John A...... 785 Verstegen, Arnold...... 804 Stilpl), Stephen R ...... 844 Verstegen, Frank...... 1264- Striegel, Martin ...... 1217 Verstegen, John E...... 804 Stuckart, John ...... 1129 Verstegen, Joseph ...... 803 Sturm, Albert H...... 795 Veistegen, Joseph...... 1_262 Sturm, Henryy ...... 794 Vinal, Charles S ...... 651 Sturm, Joseph ...... 1153 Voecks, Albert ...... 668 Syvlvester, Charles...... 1257 Voecks, Emil ...... 896 Vogel, Edward HI...... 916 T. Von Chrunigen, Emil ...... 1268 Taggart, Willi...... 122 Voss, William 1_1871... Tagge, Charles ...... 1260 Vosters, Louis ...... 1259 Talbot, R. S...... 691 T namtm,E. W ...... 782 W. Tanner, Herbert. Battles. M. 1). 1008 Wagg Solomon ...... 59 Techlin, Otto...... 1237 Waite, Jonathan...... 1171 Tellock, Rudolph J...... 600 Walker, F. G...... 689 Tennie, Joseph ...... 859 Wallace, Anthony ...... 844 Tesch, William J ...... 785 Warning, Frederick C...... 1168 rThiel, Edwin James Frederick. . 1239 Warning, Frederick Christian... 1186 Thorn, Peter ...... 942 Wasserbach, Jacob Fred ...... 1139 Thompson, Harry E ...... 783 XWebster, Warren M ...... 665 Thompson, Lee E...... 1176 Weifenbach, Hugo ...... 1.041 Thompson, Martin...... 935 VWeihing, George G ...... 835 Thorn, Isaac ...... 944 Weissenborn, Albert B...... 679 Tibbets, Elias Alvin...... 1157 Welter, Phillip...... 991 Tiedt, Robert ...... 1216 Weltzien, John Theodore...... 977 Tillman, Frank ...... 1.233 Wendel, Charles T ...... 963 Timm, Herman...... 1241 Wentink, Frank C...... 756 Timrm, William H...... 666 Wenzel, William ...... 732 Torrey, Daniel MI ...... 747 Werbelowsky, Joseph David. . . 809 Torrey, Fred N ...... 948 Werner, August...... 673 Town, Freeman 0...... 825 West, Albert John...... 702 Tracy, Hon. John...... 1038 Wettengel, Albert A...... 1119 Trauller, Nick ...... 790 WVeyenberg, Henry ...... 1092 Trettien, Frank FF...... 1113 Weyenberg, Theodore ...... 1263 Tubbs, Lloyd ...... 791 Weyenberg, William...... 1088 Tubbs, Peter...... 1054 Whipple, Carlos 0...... 818 Tuttle, A. F ...... 68:1 Wichmann Brothers ...... 740 Wiedenhaupt, Charles...... 921 17. Wilcox, Fred M ...... 892 lTecke, ,Hon. John...... 806 Wilharms, John D...... 1140 Uecker, Emil W ...... 857 Williams, Roger Harrison ..... 1215 TllImai, Gabriel ...... 676 Williams, Wesley B...... 824 -TABLE OF1 CON\TEN TS 13

P AG 1. PAGE. W\\illiatn ,en George ...... 98 \\ underlich.i FFredeic k ...... 1090 \\Iillsonu Edgar G ...... 1044 W underlichi William ...... 1159 \\ilson, l'rank ...... 665 Wuudrow, August ...... 925 \Winislowt,Rush, M'. D ...... 1075 W\iunters, Nelson W ...... 1130 . WTiscon.in Tissue Pai)er Coin- Voung', William B ...... 1 16 plany ...... 687 AWitt, J1ulus C ...... 1194 . \Vittlhuhl . Charles ...... 705 Zahlrt, Charles 1 ...... 839 Wittlin. JJohn ...... 66 1 Zahrt, Frank Henry...... 890 \\ itllnalml , John ...... 924 Zeh, Edward S...... 7 W\olf, Hubert...... 667 Zeh, Henry ...... 1172 Wolf, John G ...... 751 Zeller, David ...... 931 W\olf. Peter ...... 992 Zenier, Alex ...... 966 \Volf, William...... 610 Zerbach, Rev. John E...... 659 \\ood, Jamies A ...... 761 Zimmeman, William 1'...... 696 \oods. James...... 728 Zschaechner, Herma ...... 920 A\underlic h, Charles ...... 596 Zuehilke, Bernard J...... 609 A\Vunderlieh, Christian...... 842 Zwicker, Robert Amos ...... 1156

ILLUSTRATIONS FACING PAGE AppJetu,(-. :1879 ...... 448 Appleto; . College Avenue, 1868...... 96 Appleton Street Scene ...... 576 Applleton Views ...... 6086.. Apple tol Wate r Po er Chart...... 80 Bald-Wii, George ...... 480 read . Da niel ...... 64 Busy 11ty,A Appleton ...... 544 Calnies. Frank ...... 92 laclk, Charles ...... 960 (lulbertson. Alexander ...... 1024- Dittmler. F. P...... 1]088 Dl)ulha me-Grig no n Hlouse, Kaukauna ...... 864 Flox River Paper Mfills, Aplpleton ...... 7)0 (eologictal County Map)...... 32 1larrimi a, F. W ...... 832 -ortonvi-lle Vriew-s ...... 11 lJoies, George C ...... 80( KIaukau-; al, Views ...... 768S Meyerr, }. W ...... 736 Old Sawmilr}, Hortonville ...... 704 BIaminsay, Bertin ...... 672 yvan, T homas H ...... 6401(3 Se-ymour Roller Mills ...... 384 Seymour Views ...... 32352...... ; Shioetoir Views ...... 160 Skeuand lit...... 64 Smith, Rev. Reeder...... Winslow, Dr. Rush ...... 256(..... Wolf, Wiilliam F ...... 320

HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

GEOLOGY, DRAINAGE, ETC.

EOLOGICALLY considered, the foundation of Outagamie county consists of what was formerly called "fundamental gneiss," which embraced granites, gneisses, syenites and hornblendic, micaceous, chloritic and allied crystalline rocks which were once sediments derived from the wear of earlier rocks. Concerning those earlier rocks little or nothing is yet known. It is believed that "the entire rock substance of the earth was once in a molten condition, and that on cooling it solidified, giving rise to a primitive rock from which the greater portion of the sediments of all subsequent geological formations was derived." Among the rocks the gneissoid granites predominate to such a large degree that the whole series may generally be termed granitic. Extending across the east end of the county and covering about one-fourth of its surface are the Trenton (and Galena) limestones. Then in a narrow strip extending northeast and southwest is the St. Peter's sandstone. Then comes an irregular band, amounting to about three townships of Lower Magnesia.n limestone. The balance of the county to the westward is composed of Potsdam sandstone. The following table shows the relation of these strata to others of this portion of the country. Quaternary r Cenozoic...... Tertiary C Tertiary Mesozoic...... Reptilian C arboniferous Cincinnati AGES..... Devonian Galena Paleozoic...... Upper Silurian Trenton Lower Silurian St. Peters Cambrian Lower Magnesium Potsdam Ezoic...... Huronian Laurentian

The Potsdam period in this state is represented by the Pots- dam sandstone and the Lower Magnesian limestone. 17 18 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

Sal ali...... Upper Silurian..... San Niagara tNiagara ...... Clinton Medina Oneida

The marine growth of Wisconsin ceased with the middle De- vonian age, at which time it finally rose above the ocean and ever since has been dry land. Thence forward its record was one of erosion until the Tertiary age. This erosion was finally interrupted by the extraordinary work of the glacial period. "In the progress of erosion and subsidence the sea advanced upon the Laurentian lands and separated from them a large island within our northern boundaries, to which the name Isle Wisconsin has been assigned since it became the nucleus about which gathered the later formations of our state."-Geology of Wisconsin, 1873-6. "The valley from Green Bay to Lake Winnebago is exceedingly abrupt on the east and very slightly-ascending on the west. This is due to the nature of the rock from which the valley was eroded. The strata in this portion of the state dip to the eastward. Three groups of beds are concerned in the formation of the valley. The upper one which forms the cliffs on the east side is Magnesian limestone belonging to the Niagara period. Beneath this lies a series of clays, soft shales and limestones forming the Cincinnati group. Under this is a hard thick-bedded dolomite known as Galena limestone which forms the bottom of the valley."-Geology of Wisconsin, 1873-7. The erosion in this valley is still going on, and no doubt it was in progress before the glacial epoch and the partial valley thus formed probably influenced the southwestern movement of the ice therein. This ice movement still further deepened the valley as the great glacier moved up the Fox river basin. At a later date the valley became filled with red clay. Terrace or Fluviatile epoch Champlain or Lacustrine epoch Quaternary Age ...... Second Glacial epoch (Glacial Period) Interglacial epoch First Glacial epoch

"Green Bay, Lake Winnebago and the former Lake Horicon occupy portions of a glacial channel and owe their origin to slight drift obstructions thrown across the valley. The fact that Lake Win- negabo discharges through a channel having a rocky bottom does not militate against this statement, for the real channel of the valley is near Clifton on the east side of the lake. The drift blocks this up and the lake pours over a low rock barrier that separates it from the parallel valley of Butte des Morts, which occupies a lower HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 19 geological horizon. Were the drift removed a channel between Menasha and Clifton would drain the lake. "Green Bay Glacier.-Another field of ice was thrust down west of Lake Michigan, having the Green Bay-Rock river valley for its axial channel. It expanded eastward until it came into contract with the Lake Michigan glacier, and' on the western side until it reached a little beyond the center of the state. The margin of this glacier separated from that of the Lake Michigan glacier in the northwestern part of Walworth county, and thence curved westward across R;ock river to the northwestern corner of Green county, thence swept steadily to the northward, passing through Dane, Sauk, Adams, Waushara, Portage, Waupaca and Shawano counties and into Lin- coln where it joined the margin of a third glacial stream, the Ke- weenaw or Chippewa valley glacier." "East of Wolf river valley is the more prominent though similar valley of Green Bay and Lake Winnebago. In pre-glacial time it must have been much smaller in size, having been excavated to its present great size by the glacier. Lake Winnebago alone covers about 200 square miles, while the area of the connecting valley below (lower Fox river) is 400 square miles. The western slope of both valleys is gradual, but the eastern slope is precipitous, being cut out of the soft Cincinnati shales overlain by the hard Niagara limestone. The bed is the hard Galena limestone of the Trenton series. The eastern side of the lower Fox river drainage basin rises abruptly 100 to 200 feet above the water in Green Bay and continues as a line of cliffs along the eastern shore of the present Lake Winnebago and thence southward, though'largely covered with drift in the southern part of the state. The glacial action sent down an immense ice sheet, cutting out the valley of Lake Michigan while a branch tongue gouged out Green Bay valley to its present size. ,The floor of Green Bay valley has a rapid rise, Lake Winnebago being 166 feet above Green Bay. The portion of the old valley now occupied by the upper Fox was largely filled with drift and it seems probable that to the action of the glacier in cutting down the intervening Lower Magne- sian rampart and in partially filling the upper valley of Fox river, is due the change in the flow of Upper Fox and Wolf rivers through the newly enlarged Green Bay valley to the lake. It is also likely that the change in flow is partly due to a depression toward the north, which occurred during or after the recession of the glacier, as suggested by Major Warren. This depression caused an advance of Lake Michigan, which rearranged the drift and deposited the red clays. By means of the latter this ancient shore of the lake can now be traced northward beyond Shawano on Wolf river, westward up Fox river above Berlin and southward to a few miles north of Fond du Lac. Lake Winnebago is a comparatively modern reservoir, formed in the valley by the deposition of glacial drift."-United States Government Survey, 1905-6. "More than 90 per cent of the coarser part of the drift compos- ing the drumlins of the Green Bay Glacier appears to be of local derivation, being of similar lithological character to the rock forma- 20 H'ISTORY OFUTAGAMIE COUNTY tions underlying the area. About 9 per cent must have been brought from the Canadian crystalline rocks several hundred miles to the north. The drumlins reach their finest development i-- the ground moraine 'of the Green Bay Glacier and are arranged in a regularly radiating system corresponding to the radiating lines of flow in the deploying glacier." The Potsdam sandstone area forms a rude crescent, the eastern limb of which enters Green Lake county and extends thence to the Menominee river. The Lower Magnesian lim'estone forms a ser- rated band or a fringe on the convex edge of this crescent, averaging about seven miles in breadth. It passes diagonally through Winne- bago, Outagamie, Shawano and Oconto counties. In thickness it varies greatly. "In the erosion of the Wolf river valley, in Caledonia, Mukwa and Hortonia the sandstone below was readily removed and the more resisting ledges of dolomite left projecting in vertical cliffs of moderate height." Through Hortonia the course of the ledge is eastward in which direction the formation slowly dips until in the town of Ellington it is covered by the St. Peters sandstone and Tren- ton limestone which standing out in a similar escapement seem to form a continuation of the Lower Magnesian ledge. In sections 25 and 26, Ellington, highly fossiliferous limestone of the Trenton period reaches from near the flood plane of the valley upward thirty- five feet or more. On section 24 there arises from the same flood plane a mural cliff of lower Magnesian limestone to the height of more than fifty feet. The rock forming this Lower Magnesian cliff is a very hard silicious dolomite, of almost flinty texture, striking fire readily from impact of the hammer and yielding. a resonance and fracture more like quartzite than ordinary limestone. To the east a lower ledge of the more usual coarse silicious limestone extends some distance into the next township and a similar ledge on the west curves to the north and is lost under the drift. But it soon re- appears and extends nearly to Wolf river. About two miles east of New London, North and South Mosquito Hills rise about two hundred feet above the railroad grade at the station. Their main mass is sandstone. Magnesian limestone reposes on the summits of these hills. Several similar ledges occur in the townships of Black Creek, Cicero, Lesser and Hartland. The limestone is burned for lime and is used for heavy masonry. St. Peters sandstone rests upon the Lower Magnesian limestone, but is often wholly absent and the Trenton limestone rests directly upon the Lower Magnesian limestone. In Center township is a partly exposed low dome of rock resembling the Lower Magnesian mounds; the beds are exposed on the east and south sides in which directions they dip. The rock is a bluish gray argillaceous limestone with shaly partings and many fossils. The formation passes north through the townships of Freedom, Os- born, Seymour and M-aple Grove. This rock is extensively quarried for building purposes. HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 21

From Appleton to DePere the Lower Fox river forms a succession of rapids over the heavier and more resisting ledges of the Galena limestone. At Kaukauna the layers vary from six to thirty inches in thickness and have a dip of from one and a half to two degrees to the southeast. The rock is of a dull bluish green or gray hue and has thin shaly partings. Along Duck Creek this formation is displayed. Throughout the Fox river valley, wherever the Galena limestone is exposed, can be seen the planed, polished and grooved surfaces made during the glacial epoch. "We have only to suppose that all the waters of Lake Winne- bago basin (including that of the Upper Fox) formerly drained to Wisconsin river; that a slow change of level in this region elevated the southwestern part and depressed the northeastern part till a large lake was formed which finally overflowed forming the course of the lower Fox. This explains the present doubling back in the course of the upper Fox and tributaries and it accounts for the close relation and yet opposite courses of Fox and Wisconsin rivers. As the level changed the erosion at the outlet could not keep pace with it and so prevent a lake forming, because a granite ridge lies near the surface between the Wisconsin and Buffalo Lake. When the lower Fox outlet formed, the lose material covering the rocks rapidly gave way and lowered the lake level down to the rock which now (1875) keeps it to its present level. The period of this change was post-glacial, because this alluvial terrace is free from glacial drift which it could not have been .if formed before in a region like this surrounded by glacial drift deposit."-Major Warren. No part of Outagamie county is in the Archaean area-the one that was never below the primitive ocean. It lies within the district in Wisconsin where there is the lightest rainfall-28 to 32 inches annually. This region embraces parts of Outagamie, Brown, Wau- shara, Winnebago, Calumet, Fond du Lac, Sheboygan, Waupaca, Shawano, Oconto, Kewaunee, Ozaukee and a few other counties. During the Quaternary age this huge Michigan glacier moved southward on the bed of what is now Lake Michigan and sent south- westward an immense branch which traversed the Green Bay region and crossed the present Outagamie county. The elevation of Appleton at the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- way station is 128 feet above Lake Michigan and 706 feet above the sea. The elevation at the Wisconsin & Northern station is 145 feet above Lake Michigan and 723 feet above the sea. The elevation at Little Chute is 144 feet above Lake Michigan and 722 feet above the sea. At Medina it is 192 and 770 feet respectively. Winnebago lake is 162 and 740 feet respectively. Wolf river from Shawano south follows along the cliffs of the lower Magnesian limestone, its bed lying in the soft Potsdam sandstone, until in the town of Ellington, along the line of an apparent fault, the limestone is brought athwart its course and it turns to the west, still following the face of the Lower Magnesian cliffs, until they turn southward in the town of Mukwa, when the river curves in the same direction and at length in the bed of Poygan lake and the 22 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

basin of the Fox river it finds its way across the obtrusive formation. Its waters then reverse their course and flow back along the face of the projecting cliffs of the Niagara limestone for a hundred miles, where Porte des Morts allows them to escape into the great lake at a point not half the distance from their source that they have traveled." A notable spring lies near the road between New London and Hortonville on section 28, Township 22 north, range 15 east. It is free from -organic impurities and contains small percentages of car- bonates and mineral compounds; the water is soft and pleasant to the taste. This spring rises near the junction of the Potsdam sandstone and the Lower Magnesian limestone. A sulphur spring is on the land of J. E. Harriman below Appleton and flows from the drift. To the north of Lake Winnebago the limit in altitude descends at about the same ratio as the general surface of the valley. Arte- sian flows can be secured at varying depths. The St. Peters sandstone is not so reliable in this region and regard as farther south. On the other hand the Potsdam sandstone should furnish artesian flows. Water Power of the Fox River.-The upper Fox river from its slight descent furnishes no water power, a fact which is compensated for by the facilities it offers for navigation. But the lower Fox river presents an almost continuous series of rapids from Lake Winne- bago to Green Bay. In this distance of about thirty-five miles it has a fall of 170 feet, so distributed as to be completely and econom- ically utilized. The powers upon this river possess an immense advantage in the grand natural reservoir furnished by Lake Winne- bago which embraces an area of about 350 square miles. Neither floods nor drouth cause any considerable or inconvenient fluctua- tions in its level and the steady reliable flow thus secured at all seasons is a vast advantage. The channel of the river consists.of a gorge between clay banks, with a floor of heavy-bedded limestone, so that it may be dammed-with material taken fron its own bed and without overflowing adjacent lowlands. The great reservoir makes it unnecessary to have more than a limited local one, sufficient to guard against interference from other powers. The minimum flowage is estimated at 150,000 feet per second, this amount being available at all seasons of the year. By 1905 there had been utilized of the lower Fox river 31,895 actual horsepower of the waterfall between Lake Winnebago and Green Bay. This large power caused this section to rank high as a paper and pulp manufacturing center. The height and power of the several falls estimated on this basis are as follows: Height, Places. Feet, Horsepower. Neenah and Menasha ...... 10 3,000 Appleton ...... 38 11,500 Cedars ...... 10 3,000 Little Chute...... 38 11,500 Kaukauna ...... 40 14,500 Rapide Croche ...... 8 2,300 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 2S Lt. Kaukauna ...... 8 2,300 De Pere ...... 8 2,300 Totals...... 150 50,000 (Geology of Wisconsin, 1873-7 vol. 2.)

PROFILE OF FOX RIVER FROMf MAENASHA TO GREEN BAY Distance Elevation Descent STATION From Between Above Between Points Menasha Points Sea Total Per Milie Menasha dam, crest ...... 746.1 ...... Appleton, Upper lock, crest ...... 5.1 5.1 736.5 9.6 1.9 Appleton Locks, foot...... 6.3 1.2 699.7 36.8 30.6 Cedar Lock, crest ...... 9.6 3.3 699.7 .0 .0 Little Chute locks: Crest ...... 10.6 1. 690. 9.7 9.7 Foot ...... 11.6 1. 653.8 36.2 36.2 Grand Kaukauna locks: Crest .... 13.3 1.7 653.8 .0 .0 Foot ...... 14.2 .9 603.3 50.5 56.1 Rapide Croche lock: Crest . 17.9 3.7 603.3 .0 .0 Foot ...... 17.9 .25 593.9 9.4 37.6 Lt. Kaukauna lock: Crest ... 23.9 6. 593.9 .0 .0" Foot ...... 3 23.9 .2 .587.7 6.2 31. 0 De Pere lock: Crest ...... 29.8 5.9 587.7 .0 .0 Foot ...... 29.8 .0 580. 7.7 ... Green Bay ...... 35.2 5.4 580. .0 ...

These improvements have changed the river into long stretches of slack water, with perhaps short rapids at the foot of a dam, except at Grand Kaukauna. and Grand Chute, and the site of the' city of Ap- pleton, where the rapids are passed by canals, while the river flows' over its original steep bed. Since March, 1896, a gauging station has been maintained at Rapide Croche by government engineers.. The lower Fox is rarely troubled with ice gorges; there is also an, absence of great freshets. The large concentration of fall in the- lower river and the location of 94 per cent of its drainage area above this concentration, have the effect of producing extensive and valuable water powers. 24 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

RAPIDS ON LOWER FOX RIVER IN 1866 (BEFORE IMPROVEMENT). Feet. Miles. Depere ...... 8 0. Lit. Kaukauna ...... 8 6. Rapide Croche ...... 8 6. Grand Kaukauna ...... 50 4.5 Little Chute ...... 38 2.5 Cedar Rapids ...... 10 .75 Grand Chute ...... 38 4.00 Winnebago Rapids ...... 10 4.25

Green Bay to Lake Winnebago ...... 170 28.0

Hortonia Township.--Cache of copper implements found beneath earth and limestone slabs in quarrying at Little Mosquito Hill near Hortonville, about the year 1888. Noticed by S. D. Peet, Preh. Am., vol. 2 (1898), p. 231. Reported by C. E. Brown, Rec- ords of the Past, vol. 1, pt. 3 (Mar., 1905), p. 445. Bovina Township.-Menominee village was located at Shioc- ton. Mentioned in Narrative of L. B. Porlier, Wis Hist. Colls., vol. 15 (1900), p. 445. Ellington Township.-Cache of flint and quartzite implements found near Stephensville, and not far from Hortonville. Described by C. E. Brown, Records of the Past, vol. 4, pt. 3 (Mar., 1905), p. 89, fig. 4. Greenville Township.-Village site southeast of Greenville, N. E.. 1/4 Sec. 15, T. 21, R. 16 E. Reported by J. H. Glazer, Apl., 1906. Kaukauna Township.-Winnebago village originally settled by Itometa's band was formerly located at Kaukauna (Grand Kakalin). Mentioned in Wis. Hist. Colls., vol. 14 (1898), p. 413. Group of conical mounds on the Grignon Flats on an island between the Fox River and the Government Canal in the Second Ward, City of Kaukauna. One explored contained burial pits covered with limestone slabs. In several of the pits stone and copper implements, animal bones and human remains were found. Described by E. E. Baileyv Oct., 1902. Traces of cornhills formerly to be seen on the tablelands on top of the bluff, back of the Grignon farm, at Kau- kauna. Interments disturbed in uncovering the ledge at the Gov- ernment quarry, at Kaukauna. Group of conical and oval mounds on the hill above the second lock, at Kaukauna. Cemetery on the Chas. Bidwell property, at Kaukauna. Reported by Mary A. Cham- berlain, Oct., 1905. Buchanan Township.-Burial accompanied by two large copper spearpoints found in gravel pit on the 0. G. Lora property, 1 mile east of Kaukauna, Sec. 18, T. 21 N., R. 19 E. Reported by W. H. Elkey, Apl., 1905. Village site on the south bank of the Fox River, on the S. E. 1/4 'Sec. 9. Reported by J. H. Glazer, Apl., 1906. HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 25:

Grand Chute Township.-Three village sites on the north bank of the Fox River, east of Appleton, on the S. W. ,/ Sec. 9. Village site on the north bank of the Fox River, in the city of Appleton, on the S. W. 14 Sec. 34. Reported by J. H. Glazer, Apl., 1906 (Wis- consin Archeological Society). Two specimens of copper ore were found in 1870 on the farm of Erbard Leopold in the town of Hortonia on the Stephensville road. One weighed ten pounds and contained a large per cent of iron; the other weighed five pounds and was almost pure copper. (See elsewhere for other discoveries.) THE INDIANS AND THE FRENCH.

F RENCH missionaries and explorers were the first white persons to invade the territory of the present State of Wiscon- sin-the objects being extension of empire, expansion of trade and religious proselytism. In the middle of the seventeenth century the Winnebagos (Puants) were found permanently located on Green Bay. They were an outcast tribe of the Siouan stock and tyrannized over their Algonquin neighbors-Menominees, Pottowatomies, Sacs, Foxes, Kickapoos and Mascoutens-and made open and savage war upon the Ottawas and Illinois; but in time both the latter formed war leagues against them which in the end nearly annihilated them. The Hurons and Ottawas, scourged by the Iroquois, took up residence at Mackinac, along Lake Superior and the' islands at the mouth of Green Bay. Here they were again attacked by the Iroquois and driven still farther to the westward. Jean Nicolet came to. New France as Canada. was then called in 1618 and at once spent the winter learning the island Algonquin language and remained with those tribes for two years. Later he lived eight or nine years with the Algonquin. Nipissiriniens and in the end passed as one of them so thoroughly had he learned and imbibed their language and customs. He finally became an agent of the government and as such was delegated to make a journey to the nation called People of the Sea to conclude peace between them and the Hurons, from whom they were distant three hundred leagues to the westward. IHe left the Huron country with seven Indians. When he was two days' journey from that nation he sent one of those savages to bear tidings of the peace, which word was especially well received when they heard that it was a European who carried the message; they dispatched several young men to meet the Manitouirinion, that is to say; 'the wonderful man.' They meet him; they escort him; they carry all his baggage. He wore a grand robe of China damask all strewn with flowers and birds of many colors. No sooner did they perceive him than the women and children fled at the sight of a man who carried thunder in both hands-for thus they called the two pistols that he held. The news of his coming quickly spread to the places round about and there assembled four or five hundred men. Each of the chief men made a feast for him and at one of these banquets they served a.t least six score beavers. The peace was concluded; he returned to the Hurons and some time later to Three Rivers where he continued his employment as agent and interpreter to the great satisfaction of both the French and the savages by whom he was equally and singularly loved. In so far as his office allowed, he vigorously cooperated with our fathers for the conversion of those peoples."- 26 ' HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 27

(Jesuit Relations, Vol. XXIII.) According to Le Jeune the tribes encountered by Nicolet in Wisconsin were the Menominees, Winne- bagos, Mascoutins and Pottawatomies. The date of his visit was probably 1634, but may have been 1638. It is thought he wore his Chinese robe probably to impress the savages and make tlem subservient to his designs for their beaver-skins; but may have been, as stated by several writers, because he thought he might perhaps reach China where he could appear in court costume. In 1665-66 Nicholas Perrot visited the tribes of the Green Bay country. He was well acquainted with the various Indian languages and had been employed often by the government in the dealings with western tribes. It was largely due to his intelligence that a knowledge of western affairs became known before the advent of whitemen. Through him the existence of the Mississippi became known first; and the information furnished by him enabled La Salle to prepare to better advantage for his western explorations. Through his influence and agency. many tribes were kept friendly to French advances and ministrations. The first Frenchmen with firearms to visit the savage tribes were regarded and treated as gods; Perrof was thus regarded on his visit to the Green Bay country in 1665-66. "The old men solemnly smoked a Calumet and came into his pres- ence, offering it as homage that they rendered to him. After he had smoked the Calumet it was presented by the chiet to his tribes- men, who all offered it in turn to one another, blowing from their mouths the tobacco smoke over him as if it were incense. They said to him, 'Thou are one of the chief spirits since thou usest iron; it is for thee to rule and protect all men. Praised be the Sun, which has instructed thee and sent thee to our country.' They adored him as a god; they took his knives and hatchets and incensed them with the tobacco smoke from their mouths; and they presented to him so many kinds of food that he could not taste them all. When he left the room they insisted on carrying him upon their shoulders; the way over which he passed was made clear; they did not dare look in his face; and the women and children watched him from a distance. Perrot was careful not to receive all these acts of adora- tion, although he accepted these honors so far as the interests of religion were not concerned, He told them that he was not what they thought, but only a Frenchman; that he had come to establish a friendship between the Indians and the French; that they would receive assistance from the latter and that as the beaver was valued by the French he had come to learn whether there was opportunity to carry on trade with them. War having broken out between the Pottawatomies and the Malhominis, he made peace between them. He was everywhere treated with great consideration. A party of Pottawatomies which had gone east to visit the French returned while Perrot was here and still further added to the splendid reception given him. 'The Indians were so delighted with this alliance with the French that they sent deputies in every direction to inform the Islinois, Miamis, Outagamies, Maskoutechs and Kickabous that they had been at Montreal, whence they had brought some mer- 28 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY chandise, they besought those tribes to visit then and bring beavers. Those nations were too far away to profit by this at first; only the Outagamies came.' At this time there was an Outagamie village of over 600 cabins near New London or Mukwa, but probably not in the present Outagamie county. There were at least two French- men among the Green Bay savages while Perrot was there.. They were after beaver, were brave fellows, and were often engaged in altercations and more or less bloody encounters with the natives. The Indians named Perrot Metaminens, which meant "Little Indian Corn." In the summer of 1666 the Miamis, Mascoutens, Kickapoos and fifteen cabins of the Illinois came to this region and made clearings beside the Outagamies, thirty miles to the southwest. Perrot succeeded in forming such an alliance of the savages with the French as would enable the latter to secure their beaver skins in exchange for guns, kettles, knives, etc."-(La Potherie, 1665-66.) "I have learned that the Illinois, the Outagamie and other savages toward the south hold that there is a great and excellent genius, master of all the rest, who made heaven and earth and who dwells, they say, in the east toward the country of the French. The fountain head of their religion is libertinism; and all these various sacri- fices end ordinarily in debauches, indecent dances-and shameful acts of concubinage. All the devotion of the men is directed toward securing many wives and changing them whenever they choose; and that of the women toward securing their husbands; and that of the girls toward leading a life of profligacy."-(Father Allouez in Jesuit Relations, 1666-67.) "The country of the Outagamies lies southward toward the Lake of the Ilimonek (Michigan). They are a populous tribe of about a thousand men bearing arms and given' to hunting and warfare. They have fields of Indian corn and live in a country offering excellent facilities for the hunting of the wild-cat, stag, wild ox (buffalo) and beaver. Canoes they do not use, but commonly make their journeys by land bearing their packages and their game on their shoulders. These people are much addicted to idolatry. It is said of them and of the Ousaki (Sacs) that when they find a man alone and at a disadvantage, they kill him, especially if he is a Frenchman, for they cannot endure the beards of the latter people. As for the Ousaki (Sacs) they above all others can be called savages. They are very numerous, but wandering and scattered in the forests without any fixed abode."-(Jesuit Relations, 1665-69.) About this time Sault Ste. Marie was the resort of nineteen different Indian tribes which went there to fish and trade. -Already before 1670 French traders in considerable numbers began to visit all the tribes of the Green Bay and Fox river region to secure the beaver skins and other peltries of the savages. What is now Kau- kauna, Little Chute and Appleton were famous Indian resorts owing to the rapids and the facilities for fishing, etc. In April, 1670, Father Allouez came to; visit the Green Bay and Fox riverregion. On the way he observed a solar eclipse. He reached the Outagamie settlement on Wolf river, in Waupaca county HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 29 probably, where he found that the fierce Iroquois from the east had made a raid and had destroyed a considerable Fox village. The Mascoutins lived on the Upper Fox river. He finally returned down the river and on the way visited the Menominees who had been almost exterminated by wars, and also the Winnebagos on the east shore of Green Bay. Father Allouez had no chapel and soon counted a.s Christians seven adults and forty-eight children. "On the following day I celebrated holy mass at which. the French to the number of eight paid their devotions. (They were traders among the Indians.) As the savages had gone into winter quarters, I found here only one village of different nations-Ousaki, Pouteouatami, Outagami, Ovenibigoutz (Winnebagos), about 600 souls. On this bay (he means in the Green Bay region) in a place they called Ouestatinoug twenty-five leagues away there is a large nation named Outagami and a day's journey from them there are two others, Oumami and Makskouteng. On the 16th of April I embarked to go and begin the mission to the Outagamies, a people of considerable note in all these regions. We slept at the head of the bay at the mouth of the River des Puans (Fox), which we have named for St. Francis. On our way we saw clouds of swans, bustards and ducks. On the 17th we ascended the River St. Francois (Fox) which is two and sometimes three arpents wide. After proceeding four leagues (nearly ten miles) we found the village (in Brown county) of the savages called Saky (Sacs), whose people were beginning a work that well deserves to have a place here. From one bank of the river to the other they make a barricade by driving down large stakes in two brasses of water, so that there is a kind of bridge over the stream for the fishermen who with the help of a small weir easily catch the sturgeon and other kinds of fish. They call this contrivance Mitihikan. On the 18th we passed the portage called by the natives KeKaling (Kaukauna), our sailors dragging the canoe among the rapids while I walked on the river bank where I found apple-trees and vine stocks in great numbers. On the 19th our sailors ascended the rapids for two leagues by the use of poles and I went by land as far as the other portage which they called Ooukacitiming (Little Chute), that is to say 'causeway.' We arrived in the evening at the entrance to Lake des Puans (Winnebago), which we have named Lake St. Francis; it is about twelve leagues long and four wide; it abounds in fish but is uninhabited on account of the Nadouecis (Sioux) who are there held in fear. After voyaging five or six leagues on the lake we came to a river flowing from a lake bordered with wild oats; this stream we followed and found at the end of it the river that leads to the Outagamies (Foxes) in one direction and that which leads to the Machkouteuch (Mascoutins) in the other. We entered this first stream which flows from a lake. On the 24th, after turning and doubling several times in various lakes and rivers, we arrived at the village of the Outagamies. This people came in crowds to meet us in order to see, as they said, the Manitou who was coming to their country. This nation is renowned for being populous, the 30 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY men who bear arms numbering more than 400; while the number of women and children there is the greater on account of the polyg- amy which prevails among them-each man having commonly four wives, some six and others as many as ten."-(Allouez.) The course of Allouez was up Fox river, into Lake Winnebago, through Grand Lake Butte des Morts, and along the Upper Fox and up Wolf river. In the summer of 1670 Father Dablon and Father Allouez passed up Fox river from Green Bay. "They found at the DePere rapids a sort of idol adored by the savages-a rock resembling a huma.n bust. This the missionaries removed and cast into the river. They continued up the river, but returned late the same year to Green Bay. In February, 1671, Father Allouez went up the Fox river and on again to the Outagamie tribe where he founded the mission of St. Mark. The Outagamies were at first haughty and insolent and at first granted only rebuffs and mockery. In time he gained their affection and encouragement. About this time a chapel was built at DePere rapids and was a member of the Green Bay mission. Allouez labored with the tribes on the Fox and Wolf rivers and Andre with those about DePere and along- the shores of Green Bay. Allouez accomplished much, instructing the savages in five different tongues. The Mascoutins and Illinois nations 'received him as an angel from Heaven and crowd about him both day and night.' The Outagamies were especially interested in the cross; everyone made its sign and a war party believed they had attained success by means of the cross. Allouez erected in their village a large cross 'thus taking possession of those infidel lands in the name of Jesus Christ.' " The Saky (Sac) village four leagues up the Fox river was apparently at Little Rapids. The Kakaling portage was around the rapids at Kaukauna and the portage at Ooukocitiming was at Little Chute. About 1671-3 a church was built at DePere. This misison was called St. Francois Xavier. In May, 1672, Allouez again went up the Fox river to the Mascoutins and there remained until September when he returned to Depere. His canoe was wrecked in the rapids at Appleton and all his baggage soaked. with water, but not lost. He and one of his boatmen remained eight days on an islet ten feet long until his men could procure another canoe, when all returned safely to the mission house at Depere. During the year 1672 he baptised among the Foxes at St. Mark's mission forty-eight persons. "He revisits them in November, 1672, and again in Feb- ruary, 1673. The Indians listened to him, but were easily diverted from his teachings by reason of the fact that the new faith did not protect them from their enemies." From 1676 to 1678 Allouez was aided in 'his missionary work by Fr. Antoine Silvy who came to Canada in 1673. In 1678 Albanel was superior at Depere and his chapel there was the center for the savages of all that region. Andre, Silvy and Allouez were at this HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 31 time at work among the various western tribes. Andre continued his labors around Green Bay. Thus, to sum up, it will be seen that Father Claude Allouez, .ften called the "Apostle of Wisconsin," was the founder of every Indian mission in the State. On December 3, 1669, he founded at the head of. Green Bay the mission of St. Francis Xavier. In 1671 this mission was moved about two leagues up Fox river to the present site of Depere where in 1676 a church was built by Father Albanel. Ten years later (1686) Nicholas Perrot presented to the church a beautiful silver monstrance which was found in 1802 buried near the site of the old church. In April, 1670, Father Allouez visited the Outagamies on Wolf river and the Mascoutins, Miamis, Illinois and Kickapoos on the Upper Fox river. An Outa- gamie village was situated about six miles above "Little Lake St. Francis at or a little below Mukwa. He founded a mission among. them and named it St. Marks. He likewise established a mission called St. James among the Mascoutins on the Upper Fox river. In May he founded the mission of St. Michael among the Menomi- nees on Green Bay. In the fall of 1670, accompanied by Father Dablon he again visited the Mascoutins. He also established missions among the Winnebagos and Pottawatomies on the eastern shore of Green Bay and also among the Sacs whose village was located about four leagues up Fox river, probably near Little Rapids. Father Louis Andre remained in charge of the Green Bay missions while Father Allouez attended those higher up the rivers. When Father Marquette arrived at the Green Bay in 1673 he found over 2,000 Christian Indians. The first chapel at Depere was probably a bark wigwam, but a good church was erected in 1676, which about 1687 was burned down by the pagan savages. During 1676 Father Silvy stated that there were baptised at the Depere mission thirty- six adults and 126 children."-(Rev. Chrysostom Venoyst O. S. F.) "The Foxes, called by the French Ranards and by the Chippewas Oudagamig (Outagamie), call themselves Muskwakig, meaning 'People of the Red Land.' They resided along Fox and Wolf rivers and had a large village near New London and another at Mukwa or a little below there (the latter being a modification of Muskwaki, their Indian name) on the Wolf river where Father Allouez visited them in April, 1670, and founded St. Marks mission. This mission was soon abandoned owing to the hostility of the Foxes toward the French. They were the only Algonquin tribe on whom the French made war. The Foxes and Chippewas were enemies from time immemorial and many a bloody battle was fought between them. Their last great battle was fought at St. Croix Falls in 1780, at which time the Chippewas defeated both the Foxes and the Sioux, reduc- ing the former to fifteen lodges, who were then incorporated with -the Sacs. Eventually the Chippewas (Santeurs), who lived near the Sault, drove the Foxes out of northern Wisconsin. By formal ceremony on June 4, 1671, St. Tussan at Sault Ste. Marie took possession in the name of the King of France of the territories "from Montreal as far as the South Sea (Pacific Ocean) 32 IHISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY covering the utmost extent and range possible." He planted a cross there and raised over it the French royal standard, with ceremonies both civil and religious. Representatives of fourteen different tribes were present and were addressed by Allouez and St. Tussan, who explained to the natives the nature of the ceremony. Father Dablon relates how all the North and West were thus annexed to the crown of France, the king "subjecting these nations to Jesus Christ's do- minion before placing them under his own." The ceremony closed with a bonfire around which the Te Deum was sung. There were present representatives of the following Indian tribes: Schipoes (Chippewas, Saulteurs), Malamechs (Merameg, Man-um-aig, Cat- fish), Noquets (No-Kaig, Bear Family or Clan), Banabeoueks (Ne- baun-aub-aig(?), Mer-man Clan), Makomiteks (Makomiteks (?), Poultiatemis (Pottawatomies), Oumaloumines (Menominees), Sas- saouacattons (Nassawaketons, People of the Forks), dwelling at the bay called that of the Puants, Green Bay, and who have taken it upon themselves to make the treaty known to their neighbors who are the Illinois; Illinois, Mascouttins (Mascoutins, Mashkouteng, Muscatine, Muscoda, Prairie People, Nation of Fire), Outagamies. (Foxes, Reynards), Christinos (Crees), Assinipouals (Assineboines, Stony Country, Sioux), Aumossomiks, Monsoneeg, Moose), Outa- ouais-Couscattons (Ottawa, Kiskakou (?) or Staouabouskatouk, a Cree tribe), Niscaks (Kiskakous) (?), Maskwikoukikiaks (Maskwa- keeg(?) Foxes or Mikikoueks. The treaty was signed by Nicholas Perrot, Father Dablon, Father Dreuilletes, Father Allouez, Father Andre, Sieur Jollyet, Jacques Mogras, Pierre Moreau, Sieur de la Taupine, Denis Masse, Francois de Chanigny, Sieur de la Chevrat- tiere, Jacques Logillier, Jean Maysere, Nicholas Dupuis, Francois Biband, Jacques Joviel, Pierre Porteret, Robert Duprat, Vital Driol, and Guilaume Bonhomme. On May 17, 1673, Louis Joliet and Father James Marquette, sent out by the Canadian government to find a route to the South Sea, as the Pacific ocean was then called, left Michillimackina.c, with five men, some Indian corn and dried meat, set out in two bark canoes on the great expedition. They soon reached the "Bay of the Fetid," (Green Bay) as Father Marquette called it and the first Indians encountered were the Menominees (called wild oats, Folles-Avoines, Oulalouminik, Malhominies)' who were visited by Father Marquette on their river, the Menomi- nee, as there were many Christians among them. This tribe of Indians, when told of the objects of the expedition endeavored to dissuade both Joliet and Marquette from any further advance, with tales of the dangers. to be encountered, but failed. They continued to advance and soon reached the upper part of the "Bay of the Fetid" (Green Bay) where there resided many Inidians, of whom the mis- sionarieshad before baptized over 2,000. In the Indian language *the bay was not called Fetid, but rather Salt, because the Indians disliked salt. The Indians then residing at the upper end of Green Bay were the Winnebagos, Ouenibigones, or in French, Puants, Charlevoix called then Otchagras. Nicollet called them. Gens de Mer. The Winnebagoes had presumably come from the ocean (salt CoL~n t

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Ou+a'asr ile C tPeers Sans-ton. Go a^ ^t B liCower 7Nagnest at L imesfotc, Gtteoko0) \/ A.Potodan4 SaaJs~ne.

HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 33 water) which the Indians designated in terms meaning fetid. As a matter of fact the Winnebagoes are a branch of the Dacota.h family, but lived so far to the eastward that they became surrounded by the Algonquins. "We left this bay to enter a river emptying into it. It is very beautiful at its mouth and flows gently; it is full of bustards, duck, teal and other birds, attracted by the wild oats; but when you have advanced a little up this river, it becomes very difficult, both on account of the currents and of the sharp rocks which cut the canoes and the feet of those who are obliged to drag them, especially when the water is low. For all that, we passed the rapids safely (in Outa- gamie county) and approached Machkoutens (Mascoutens) the Fire nation." They reached that nation on June 7, and at the same time reached the western limits of French exploration. "This town is made up of three nations gathered here: Miamis, Maskoutens and Kikabous. The former are very docile and showed themselves so eager to hear Father Allouez when he was instructing them that they gave him little rest even at night. The Maskoutens and Kikabous are ruder and more like peasants. As bark for cabins is rare they use rushes. A beautiful cross was planted in the midst of the town. No sooner had we arrived than M. Joliet and I assembled the sach- ems; he told them that he was sent by our governor to discover new countries and I by the Almighty to illumine them with the light of the gospel; that we needed two guides to put us on our way; these, making them a present, we begged them to grant us. This they did very civilly and even proceeded to speak to us by a present which was a mat to serve -us as a bed on our voyage. The next day which was the 10th of June two Miamis whom they had given us as guides embarked with us in the sight of a. great crowd who could wonder enough to see seven Frenchmen alone in two canoes dare to under- take so strange and so hazardous an expedition." Late in September, 1673, Father Marquette returned to Green Bay, or the Bay of the Fetid, via the present Chicago river and along the west shore of Lake Michigan. Here he seems to have remained until November, 1764, when with two men, he started back to the. Illinois country as he had promised the Indians residing there he would. He never again returned to Green Bay. When Father Claude Allouez arrived at Green Bay in 1669 he found already there eight Frenchmen engaged in trading with the Indians. This fact should be noted; no doubt several of them resided for periods in what is now Outagamie county. Allouez taught the Indians at St. Francis Xavier mission in 1669-70 to say 'Our Father' and 'Hail Mary' in their own languages. "In 1679 the La Salle expedition in tne vessel Griffin, accompanied by Fathers Hennepin, Gabriel and Membre, reached 'the Bay of the Fetid' (Green Bay) at the entrance to Lake Dauphin (Michigan) 40 leagues from Missilimakinak."-Narrative of Father Membre. The Issati or Nodonessiou called the Outagamies by the name Messenecqz.-Father Hennepin's narrative. "The grand chief of the 34 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

Issati or Nodonessiouz consented (to our departure) and traced in pencil on a paper I gave him the route we should take for four hundred leagues. With this chart we set out, eight Frenchmen,* in two canoes and descended the rivers St. Francis and Colbert. Two of our men took two beaver robes at St. Anthony of Padua's falls, which the Indians had hung in sacrifice on the trees. We stopped near Ouisconsin river to smoke some meat. * * We found the Ouis- consin river as wide as the Siegneley (Illinois) with a strong current. After sailing up sixty leagues we came to a portage of half a league which the Nodonessiouz chiefs had marked for us; we slept there to leave marks and crosses on the trunks of the trees (this was the same route taken by Joliet and Marquette). The next day we entered a river which winds wonderfully, for after six hours sailing we found ourselves opposite the place where we started. One of our men wishing to kill a swan on the wing capsized his canoe, fortunately not beyond his depth. We passed four lakes, two pretty large, on the banks of which the Miami's formerly resided; we found Mas- koutens, Kikabous and Outagamy there, who sow Indian corn for their subsistence. All this country is as fine as that of the Islinois (Illinois). We made a portage at a rapid called Kakalin (Kaukauna visited previously by Allouez) and after about four hundred leagues sail from our leaving the country of the Issati and Nodonessiouz we arrived safely at the extremity of the Bay of the Fetid, where we found Frenchmen trading contrary to orders with the Indians. They had some little wine in a tin flagon which enabled me to say mass; I had then only a chalice and altar stone; but Providence supplied me with vestments, for some Islinois flying from the tyr- anny of the Iroquois, who had destroyed a part of their nation, took the vestments of the chapel of Father Zenobius Membre, Recollect, who was with the Islinois in their flight. They gave me all they took except the chalice which they promised to give back in a few days for a present of tobacco. I had not celebrated mass for over nine months for want of wine; I had still some hosts. We remained two days to rest, sing the Te Deum, high mass and preach. All our Frenchmen went to confession and communion to thank God for having preserved us amid so many wanderings and perils. One of our Frenchmen gave a gun for a canoe larger than ours with which after sailing a hundred leagues we reached Missilimackinac where we were obliged to winter."- (Narrative of Father Hennepin.) In September, 1680, when the Iroquois drove the Illinois In- dians from their homes on the Illinois river Sieur de Touty, Sieur de Boisrondet, Father Membre, Father Gabriel and a few other French- men started for Green Bay. On the way Father Gabriel was killed by the Kickapoos, and de Boisrondet was lost from the little party fom ten days. "At last we fortunately met at the Pottawattomie village where their chief Ononghisse, quite well known among those nations, welcomed us most cordially. He used to say that he knew only three great captains, M. de Frontenac, M. de la Salle and himself. This chief haranged all his people who contributed to furnish us food. *Duluth, Hennepin, Ako, Du Gay (called the "Pickard") and four French soldiers. HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 35

Not one of us could stand for weakness; we were all skeletons, the Sieur de Tonty extremely sick, but being a little recruited I found some Indians going to the Bay of the Fetid where the Jesuits have a house, I accordingly set out for it and, cannot express the hardships I had to undergo on the way. The Sieur de Touty followed us soon after with the rest. We cannot sufficiently acknowledge the charity these good fathers displayed toward us until the thaws began, when we set out with Father Enjalran in a canoe for Missilimakinac.- (Narrative of Father Membre). "In Northern Wisconsin (in 1681-83) the missions are accomplishing much good; but the Fathers have to contend most -of all against the inveterate superstition and idolatry of the savages, nevertheless the latter frequent the Depere chapel and venerate it as they, do their idols-offering it tobacco and addressing it 'as if it were a living thing.' Albanel is now in charge there; Andre continues his labors among the tribes of Green Bay, whose savage traits have been greatly subdued by his patience, courage and devotion. He now counts more than 500 Christians on the whole bay. Allouez and Silvy have ministered in the Outaga.mie and Mascouten villages, which, including the refugees from other tribes, number at least 20,000 souls. They have baptized some 500 persons many of whom have been healed by that rite."-(Jesuit Relations, 1677-79.) At a distance of about half a league from this spot, Wisconsin river portage, is the river Kakaling (Fox), which is only a stream with its source in the swamp, through which it winds a great deal, and forms small lakes by frequently widening and narrowing. The route continues about forty leagues down this river, following its windings and then the village of the Outagamies is reached, half a league from the river on the north side. Before reaching that place the river flows into a lake about eight leagues long and three leagues wide and about two leagues beyond the village are what are called the Kakaling (Kaukauna) rapids. They are difficult to descend owing to the swiftness of the water, the quantity of rocks against which it strikes and three falls where the canoes and their cargoes have to be portaged; they are six leagues in length. At the mouth of this river where it falls into the Bay of the Puans is a house belonging to the Jesuits, who really hold the key to the country of Castoria (Beaverland) where a lay brother that they have, who is a blacksmith with two companions converts more iron into beaver skins than the Fathers convert Savages into Christians."-(Jesuit Relations, 1682). The name Kakaling was usually restricted to the rapids and portage at the present Kaukauna, which is but a modification of Kakaling. In 1688-90 there was great disturbances among the western tribes; so much so that Nicholas Perrot was sent out to terminate the trouble. Monsieur de Louvigni, commander of the post of Michil- limackinac, came west to that post in 1688, and was preceded by Nicholas Perrot who prepared the way for his proper reception in order to duly impress the savages. Upon his arrival, and at a large 36 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY council, General de Louvigni sharply rebuked the savages for their faithlessness. "The Outagamies and the Maskoutechs wishing to second the Outaonaks at the time when they took sides with the Iroquois who had sent them a large collar (peace offering) in order to thank them for having restored to them five chiefs whom they had captured when on a hostile expedition against the Islinois, resolved to do the Iroquois a pleasure, to massacre all the French who were coming down from the country of the Nodonaissioux. They persuaded themselves that they would by such a massacre, attract to themselves the friendship of that haughty nation, who had appeared greatly pleased when the Outagamis had sent back'to them five slaves of their nation, whom the Miamis had given to them to eat."-(La Potherie, 1688- 90). The arrival of the French soldiers at Michillimackinac was heard at Bay des Puans. The chief of the Puans resolved to thwart the designs of the Outaga.mis to kill the Frenchmen; he accordingly visited them and represented that Onontio (God) had sent Le Petit Bled d'Inde (Perrot) with a large force to revenge himself for their evil project. The Outagamis thereupon precipitately quit the am- buscade they had formed and went back to their village. "This chief who was afraid that they would learn of his ruse, went to meet Per- rot at the entrance of the bay; the latter promised to keep his secret and presented to him a gold trimmed'jacket. Perrot had an opportunity to become acquainted with all that had occurred at 'La Baye' (as Green Bay was often called). The Outagamis had taken thither their hatchets, which were dulled and broken, and had compelled a Jesuit brother to repair them; their chief held a naked sword ready to kill him while he worked. The brother tried to represent to them their folly, but was so maltreated that he had to take to his bed. The 'chief then prepared ambuscades in order to await the French, who were to return from the country of the Nodonais- sioux. Perrot sent back the Puan chief to the Outagamis to tell them on his behalf that he had learned of their design against his young men and would punish them for it and to let them know that he was not disturbed by their threats; that he had sent back all his men except fifty Frenchmen; that he had 300 musket shots to fire and enough provisions with which to receive them; that if he should by chance encounter any one of their nation he could not answer for the consequences and that it would be useless for them to ask him to land at their village. The Puan chief returned to La Baye where he exaggerated still further what Perrot had said to him. The Reynard (Fox) chief visited him expressly to ascertain the truth of the matter and dared not wait for Perrot. He departed with eighty of his warriors to march against the Nodonaissioux, after he had given orders to the people of his village to assure Perrot on his behalf that he loved him and to take great pains to entertain him well." Perrot thus subdued the Outagamis without a battle. He likewise secured the friendship of the Miamis, making them presents of merchandise and receiving 'in return many beaver skins. He made HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 37 similar alliances with the Sakies, Potta.watomies, Maskoutechs and others. Perrot disclosed to the Indians on this visit the plan which had been formed to unite all the Miamis, Outaga.mis, Kickapoos and many of the Illinois, to assemble on the Mississippi and march against the Nodonaissioux. But the Outagamis were only partly faithful to their promises to Perrot and continued to plot against the French who had furnished arms to their enemies the Sioux. In his trip to the West in 1699 John Francis Buisson de St. Cosme gave the following description of his visit to the Green Bay country: "On the 18th of September we arrived off the bay of the Pua.nts forty leagues distant from Michillimackinac. We cabined in an isle of the detour and were detained there six days. On the 20th we crossed the bay of the Puants (which is) about ten leagues broad; you cross from isle to isle; the bay is about 20 or 30 leagues long. On the right as you enter you will find another small bay called (the Bay) of the Noquets. The Bay of the Puanto is inhab- ited by several Indian nations-the Noquets, Folle Avoines (Menom- onees), Foxes, Poutowatomi and the Saks. The Jesuit fathers have a mission at the head of the bay. * * The Foxes (who) are on this little river (Fox) that you ascend on leaving the bay to reach the Weskonsin will not suffer any person (to pass) for fear they will go to places at war with them, and hence they have already plun- dered several Frenchmen who wished to go by that road. This obliged us to take the Chikagu (Chicago) road." "From the 27th to the 30th (of August, 1700) he (Le Seuer) made eleven leagues and a half and met five Canadians, one of whom was dangerously wounded in the head; thev were naked and had no arms except a wretched gun with five or six charges of powder and ball. They said that they were descending from the Sioux to go to the Tamarois and that forty leagues above (on the Mississippi) they had perceived nine canoes carrying ninety Indians who had plun- dered and cruelly beaten them, this party were going to war against the Sioux. It was made up of four different nations-Outagamies, Saquis, Poutuatomis and Puans who inhabit a country eighty leagues east of the river and of the point where M. Le Sueur then was. These Canadians resolved to follow the detachment (Le Sueur's) which was thus composed of 28 men. On the first of September he passed the river of the Ouesconsins by which M. Le Sueur came to the Mis- sissippi for the first time in 1683 to go to the country of the Sioux where he has at various times spent seven years."-(St. Cosme). In 1712 the Outagamis, Mascoutens and a few warriors from other tribes lost over 1,000 men, women and children in an attack on Fort Pontchartrain, Detroit. They were induced by the English to. make the attack and received many presents for the task. The Chief Pemoussa of the Outagamies led the attack; he was their war chief. Though this was a serious blow, the Outagamies still had near Green Bay over 200 warriors. "The Rena.rds (Outagamies) being the common enemies of all the nations of the upper country, it is absolutely necessary to take all possible measures for destroying them, as they have but recently 38 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY killed at Detroit three Frenchmen and five Hurons. This new out- rage on the part of the Renards (who last spring at the Baye des Puantes killed one l'Epine, a Frenchman) makes it apparent that it is no longer possible to deal gently with that nation without incur- ring the contempt of all the others who are informed of the wrongs done us by the Renards. * * To increase the number of the French in this expedition it appears necessary that his Majesty should be pleased to grant an amnesty to all the coureurs de bois (to the number of 100 more or less) on condition that they go to Michilimakina to join the other French and the savages and make war on the Rlen- ards under the command of the officers charged with the expedition. This reason together with the conjuncture of the peace, appears very reasonable for the granting of this amnesty, and it is moreover for the good of the colony to make them return thither; whereas if his Majesty does not grant them this favor they might resolve to remain always in the upper country and perpetuate themselves there, importing merchandise from this colony through the savages and perhaps using them also to get some from the English. Thus those men would be lost to this country which so urgently needs them and those Coureurs de bois no longer hoping for pardon might abandon themselves to grievous extremities. The most natural rendezvous for the expedition against the Renards is Michilimaquina which is the center and resort of all the nations. These licenses will produce a good effect among the nations of the upper country on account of the great quantities of merchandise that will be carried by them; that will keep them from going to seek goods among the English, as they will find at home all they need." (Extract of letter from Vandreuil and Begon to the Canadian Minister, 1713). "It is certain that the Reynards have no retreat except among the Mascoutins and Kickapoos and that all the other savage nations are against them and are much more numerous; that if the Puants, Folles Avoines, Sakies and Mathomonies have not declared themselves openly against them it is because they are the Reynards' near- est neighbors, and that if they once declared themselves and we did not immediately move to their assistance this proximity would be very dangerous for them. * * To be assured of this truth it is only necessary to examine the pitiable situation of the savage nations who are dying of hunger in their cabins, not daring to leave them to go hunting on account of their well-grounded fear that the Rey- nards will destroy them all one after the other."- (Part of letter of Vandreuil and Begon to the French Minister, 1714). "These French having assembled with all the savages who have been invited will form a considerable force with which Sieur de Louvigny will march to the village of the Reynards to attack them there; and if they do not stay in their forts he will cut their corn, burn their cabins and encamp on the ground. As the Reynards will not find it easy to obtain provisions when assembled, they will be obliged to disperse in order to hunt; and Sieur de Louvigny will have them pursued and harassed by different parties that he will HIS-TORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 39 send after them."-(Part of letter of Vandreuil and Begon to the French Minister, 1714)." "The Reynards, Ougatanons, Mascoutins and Kinapoux have recently gone to invite the Irokois to join with them against us and the Outaona nations."-(Extract from, letters of Ramezay and Be- gon to the French Minister, 1714). "In June, 1715, a French boat in which there were five men, carrying corn to Michilimakinak, was surprised by a boat of twenty-two Reynards who killed these French- men. The latter defended themselves bravely, killing three Rey- nards and wounding several others."--(Same). It was decided in the above Council that Sieurs de Maunoir and Dadoneour should go with the Miamis, Oyatonons and Islinois to Chicagou, where in case they arrived first they were to await the .savages of Detroit who were to go there by land, hunting in order to share their provisions. When they are all assembled there they are to set out against the fort of the Reynards distant about 65 leagues from Chicagou; they can reach the fort from that place in about seven days. They will regulate the time of their departure from Chicagou so as to arrive at the fort of the Reynards at the end of August. Sieur de Lignery will likewise assemble the French with the Outaois and the savages of the North, who are at Michilimakina and its vicinity and he will set out with them for the fort of the Rey- nards, distant from Michilimakina about 80 leagues. He shall regulate the time of his departure so as to arrive at the Reynard's fort at the end of August. It was agreed in the Council that the first corps reaching the fort should only invest it waiting for the arrival of the second corps, which will enable them to attempt its capture in such manner as may seem best to Sieur de Ligney. The Sioux were invited not only to refuse refuge to the Reynards, but also to join the expedition against them."--(Extract from letters of Rame- zay and Begon to the French Minister, 1715). The expedition against the Rzeynards did not take place as planned owing to measles among the Weas and Miamis and to lack of provisions at Michilimakina. But plans for the expedition the. next year were made during the winter of 1715-16. In this interval,, in order to retain the Coureurs de bois, it was necessary to extend the period of their trade licenses. The English had already gone among the Sioux and had completely alienated them from the French; it was believed due to the Sioux and English combined that the Outaganlies were hostile to the French. "The Reynard savages live about 60 leagues from Michilimak- inac, are located on a river which empties into the Bay des Puants and number about 300 warriors. They have committed many acts of hostility against the French. They were punished once by a detachment which set out from Detroit to which the Miamis, the Out- anois and the Hurons joined their forces. But as the Reynards re- sumed their hostile attitude, orders were given, in accordance with letters from Canada, to wage war on these savagesy or to make peace with them, but to prefer peace to war * * Monsieur de Lou- vigny writes that he will go up in the spring and will labor to bring 40 HISTORY OF OUTAGAJMIE COUNTY about either peace or war according to circumstances. He adds that the lowlessness of the Coureurs de' bois is so great that it is absolutely necessary to make an example of some of them in order to restrain them and to enforce upon them obedience to the.officers in the upper posts. He says that the French who went up for this war (against the Reynards) set out laden with merchandise, although none is needed for carrying on the war and that they have carried thither more than 40 cases of brandy. The result is that wherever French and Savage come together there is an open hell; and Mon- sieur de Louvigny states that some Frenchmen have gone to trade with the Reynard savages, of which all our allies complain."- (Proceedings of French Council of Marine, March, 1716). It is safe to say that from a few to a score of the coureurs. were at Green Bay and along Fox and Wolf rivers at nearly all times after the visits of Nicholas Perrot to this region. "On the first of May, 1716, Monsieur de Louvigny left Mon- treal with an army of 225 Frenchmen and was joined by about 200 others at Detroit and Michilimakinac, the object of the expedition being to attack the Reynards at their fort near Mukwa. The muni- tions of war, the presents, and the necessary provisions were carried by the French at their own expense and without any cost to the king. He .returned to Quebec in October, having forced the haughty Rey- nards to sue for peace. He reduced them to this necessity after having opened a trench 35 toises (about 224 feet) from their fort, which he pushed forward 10 toises on the first night and 16 the second. Finally the enemies, seeing that he was devoting himself to the main part of the place, to undermine it and blow it up, while two cannons and a grenade-mortar kept up a heavy fire night and day, resolved to implore the clemency of the French. They were not listened to until the opinion and the sentiments of all the nations that accompanied the army had been ascertained by Sieur de Louvigny, who proposed to them conditions so severe that all those tribes believed that they would never consent to them. These conditions were:- 'That they shall make peace with all the nations dependent on the King with whom the French trade; that they shall by forcible or friendly means bring the Kikapous and Mascoutins, their allies and our enemies, to make peace as they do, with all the nations in general; that they.restore or cause to be restored all the prisoners of every nation whom they hold which they did; that they shall go to war in distant regions to get slaves to replace all the dead who had been slain during the course of the war; that they shall hunt to pay the expenses of the military preparations made for this war; and that as an assurance of their fulfillment of all these articles they shall give to Monsieur de Louvigny six chiefs or children of chiefs, to be taken to the Marquis de Vandreuil in order to be guarantees for the conditions of the treaty.' "All this was done; the hostages were brought to Quebec. That haughty nation which terrified and ravaged all the upper country. has been reduced to submit to all these conditions, although they had 500 warriors and 3,000 women (who on these occasions fight desper- HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 41 ately), and although their fort was fortified by three rows of pali- sades, with a ditch behind it to sustain the assault. This enterprise was carried through with great vigor and the officers who were present gave evidence of their vigilance and activity by working at the trenches like the meanest soldier. They did so in order to set an example and to animate the small number of those who accompanied Sieur de Louvigny (who amounted to only 800 men) to press an action which was important and whose delay might have caused its loss owing to the proximity of the allies of the Reynards whom the latter had notified and called to their help.--(Letter of Governor de Vandreuil to Council of Marine, October 14, 1716). For this service Louvigny was granted a gratuity of three thousand livres. This was called "The Fox War." Three of the six hostages having died from smallpox, ten Frenchmen, including two interpreters and one of the remaining hostages were sent west later to explain the condition of affairs to the Reynards. At this time the disaffected voyageurs were induced to return to Quebec. "The result of these two voygages has been the establishment of peace among all the nations with whom the French trade; the descent of the disaffected French from the upper country, or rather their abandonment of it, and an extraordinary abundance of rich and valuable peltries."- (Louvigny to Count de Toulouse, October 1, 1717). This large expedition passed through the present Outagamie county. It is probable that after reaching Grand Chute (Appleton), the expedition passed overland via what is now Hortonville and New London to the Reynard village near Mukwa. A small river (Fox) very much incommoded with falls, discharges itself into the bottom of this bay and is.known under the name of the Riviere des R!enards, or River of the Foxes, on account of its neighborhood to the Outagamies, commonly called the Renards or Foxes. All this country is extremely beautiful.- (Charlevoix's Voyage to North America, Vol. I, 1721). "The Otchagra Indians, commonly called Stinkards, dwelt formerly on the shore of the bay, and in a most charming situation; they were attacked here by the Illinois, who killed a great number of them; the rest of them took shelter on the river of the Outagamies which falls into the bottom of the bay. Here they settled on the banks of a kind of lake Winnebago. The Sakies though few innum- ber are divided into two factions, one of which is in the interest of the Outagamies and the other in that of the Poutewatamies. Those of them who are settled in this post are mostly of the party of the latter and consequently are friends to us."-(Charlevoix). "The nation that has occasioned most discourse in these western parts for the last twenty years is that of the Outagamies. The natural ferocity of these-Indians, soured by the repeated ill treat- ment they have received .and sometimes imprudently enough their alliance with the Iroquois, always disposed to stir up new enemies against us, have rendered them formidable. They have since become still more closely connected with the Sioux a, numerous nation who have insensibly become warlike; this union renders almost imprac- 42 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY ticable at present the navigation of the whole upper Mississippi. I met at the bay some Sioux to whom I put many questions with respect to the countries lying to the west and northwest of Canada."- (Charlevoix). An Outagamie whom the Illinois were burning with the utmost barbarity, havinig perceived a Frenchman among the spectators begged hil to have the goodness to assist his enemies in tormenting him and upon the other's asking him the reason of this request was answered: "It is because I should then have the consolation of dying by the hands of a man. My greatest regret is that I have never killed a man." "But said an Illinois, you have killed such and such persons." "As for the Illinois," said the victim, "I have killed a sufficient number of them but I do not reckon these to be men."-(Charle- voix). "The Renards in their last fight against the Illinois had with them some Sioux, Mascoutins, Kicapous, Puants and Sakis, but there were no Sauteurs or Folles Avoines. It is not surprising that they should have the Mascoutins and Kicapous, since the former are at present incorporated with them, while the Kicapous have always been their allies. As for the Puans and the Sakis, it was easy to get them, because the Puans are settled near them; and the village of the Sakis is only 20 leagues from that of the Renards, with whom they are closely connected by the marriages of the Sakis with the daugh- ters of the Renards, and of Renards with those of the Sakis. But it is not to be believed that there were any Sauteurs among them, since those tribes are continually at war with each other."--(Governor Vaudreuil to the Minister, October 11, 1723). At this time the Renards were at war with the Illinois. "A nation passionate and untamable, springing up into new life from every defeat, and though reduced in the numbers of their warriors, yet present everywhere by their ferocious enterprise and savage daring."- (Said of the Outagamies by Bancroft, the historian). In the summer of 1724 de Lignery went to Green Bay to settle if possible the trouble between the Sauteurs and other tribes of the region and the Renards. At this date Monsieur Damariton was commandant at the post on Green Bay. He succeeded in securing peace with the Sauteurs, but not with the Illinois who had not returned the Renard captives. Dutisne denied most of what the Ren- ards claimed. So also did Boulanger and Kereben, Jesuits, and Thomur, priest among the Illinois; they said January 10, 1725: "Monsieur Delignery cannot have had the slightest doubt when he made the peace that the five Frenchmen mentioned in his letter were killed last spring, since their scalps were carried through the villages of the Renards and the Poux and other lake tribes were informed of the affair. Moreover, even if he had not been aware of it he at least knew certainly that in 1719 one St. Hive was killed and de Rulis- seaux wounded; that in 1721 a soldier was killed at the gate of the village of the Kaskacies; that in the following years Monsieur Nep- veu and. his family were massacred; that in 1723 Lesueur and La- foud were slain while hunting; that in the following year Monsieur HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 43 de St. Ange was attacked and one of his soldiers killed; and that last spring Monsieur de Boisleviant's canoe manned by four Frenchmen and his slaves was attacked and the four Frenchmen were killed. The Illinois have not left their lands and if the Renards went thither it was because they wished to attack the Illinois. The destruction of Le Rocher and of Prinithorny are proofs of this. Hence we may conclude that the Renards in all their representations have imposed upon the French chiefs." Investigation showed that the Renards were guilty of many murders and other atrocities in violation of their solemn promises. Ouachala was principal chief of the Renards in 1725. "In October last (1726) I had the honor to render you an account of what had happened at la Baye (Green Bay) since the journey made there last year by Monsieur de Lignery for the purpose of negotiating peace between the Rena-rds and the Illinois. As I have not lost sight of the instructions you gave me, I had resolved to send Monsieur de Lignery back to le Baye this spring to complete his work and to strengthen a peace that did not as yet appear to be very firm. The account that Monsieur du Plessis (who has succeeded Monsieur Smariton in the command of the post of le Baye) has given me the present state of the Renard's affairs, decided me otherwise. Rev. Father Chardon is missionary at le Baye."-Beauharnois to th'e Minister, May 18, 1727). At this time there was in charge of the post at "le Baye" at least two officers and a squad of soldiers. It is singular with what ease the Indian warriors traveled long distances to attack their enemies. The Renards at Green Bay often went to the Illinois river in from five to seven days and returned in the sanme time with the spoils of war if they succeeded. With the same ease the Iroquois of New York came west to attack the savages in Michigan, Wisconsin, and at the Sault and the latter journeyed East to attack the former. The Miamis of St. Joseph river, Mich- igan, went back and forth to the Green Bay region with equal facil- ity and dispatch. There was constant communication between the different tribes through messengers sent 100 and 200 miles and more. Savage endurance overcame all obstacles. "We have the honor to represent to you in our answer to the King's memorial that the English who are jealous of the trade carried on by the French with the savage tribes of the upper country, try in every possible way to deprive the French of that trade, and to make them objects of suspicion to the savages, a great number of whom they have won over by means of considerable presents, which they continually give them. We are also informed that they have sent collars underground (secret messages) to all the savage tribes among whom the French' have posts or establishments, to urge themn to get rid of the French and to slaughter the garrisons; and'that the Renards who have received such collars have said that they would no longer suffer any French among them. ,All this has determined us to wage war in earnest against the Renards to forestall their evil designs. The fresh enterprises of the English and the threats of the savages who wish to throw off the yoke have reduced 44 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY this colony to an extremity that sufficiently justifies the necessity of the war against the Renards and the importance of striking a signal blow that may lower the pride of the savages and overthrow the pro- jects of our enemies. With every economy on our part the expenses of that war cannot be less than 60,000 livres."-(Beauharnois and, Dupuy to the Minister, October 25, 1727). In 1729 there were twenty-nine soldiers stationed at le Baye, the officers being d'Amariton, captain; St. Michel, lieutenant; Char- train, ensign; Le Verrierfils, second ensign; two sergeants; three corporals; three lance corporals; and twenty-one privates. In 1728 Mons. de la Fresuiere with a force of Frenchmen was among the Foxes, but would not stop with them nor show them any favors, because they had recently killed Frenchmen; he said he "would not stay in a place stained with French blood." At this time the Outagamies sued for peace. He was on his way to the Missis- sippi, and with him were Campeau, blacksmith; Menard, Reaunie, interpreters; Dumois, captain of militia; and Bayselle, voyageur. By 1829 the Outagamies had made enemies of the Kickapous, Mas- coutins, Folle Avoines, Sauteurs-in fact roused all the upper tribes against them, and had not made friends yet with the Sioux. In 1730 the Folle Avoines, Ottawas and Winnebagoes struck the Outa- gamies at the instigation of the French, but the blow was returned, the Outagamies investing the fort of the Winnebagoes at Little, Butte des Morts.. In this extremity Ensign Marin with a company of French militia from Green Bay went to the assistance of the Win- nebagoes. On March 19, 1730, they reached "Coulimy," probably Cacalin or Kakalin (the present Kaukauna) where they were obliged to take portage. They advanced cautiously in order to surprise the Outagamies, but were discovered and attacked near the fort with' great fury. Marin held them, made a counter attack and drove them back to their works near the fort, but had the greatest difficulty in holding his Indian allies in line; they were treacherous. On the third day the Renards asked for a truce; and began to remove their women and children, the warriors covering the retreat; they succeeded in evading their enemy. It was announced in the fall of 1730 that the Outagamies, har- rassed on all sides, were starving. At this time Captain Du Cuis- son with 30 Frenchmen struck another blow at the Outagamies who were down in the Illinois country with 111 cabins. There St. Ange with a force of 500 struck them another severe blow. He invested them in their fort, and in the end when they were trying to escape by flight he killed and captured 200 warriors, besides 600 or 700 women and children. The Outagamies held out here twenty-three days before retreating. This battle was about 60 leagues southwest of the southern extremity of Lake Michigan, possibly in Kendall county, Illinois. The few Outagamies collected their scattered remnants, reorganized, elected chiefs, were joined by many of'other tribes, and soon were again.formidable. In 1831 a large body of Hurons, Ottawas and Iroquois attacked them in their village on Wis- consin river and again nearly annihilated them, slaughtering over HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 45

300. This drove the Outagamies to the Mississippi where they reorganized again. Many were soon back to Green Bay with the other tribes which befriended them. It was said that the instigator of all the misdeeds of the Outagamies was Ki-a-la, a famous medicine man and war chief. In the end he was transported to Martinique. Orders came from Montreal to bring all Renards there to be destroyed. "The Sieur de Villiers also had orders, if that wretched remnant will not obey to kill them without thinking of making a single prisoner, so as not to leave one of the race alive in the upper country if possible. If he is obliged to exterminate the men, the women and children who remain will be brought here (Montreal) especially the children. I hope Monsieugneur that if this step meets with the success that I expect from it, we shall be in a position next year to make all our nations of the lakes attack the Chicachas (Chick- asaws). As I have written to Detroit and to all the posts in the neighborhood of the Mississippi to go there, I expect that there will be a number of bands in the field. Thirty men' from Sault St. Louis and from the lake of Two Mountains have gone there lately. The village of the Sakis, Monseigneur has been restored to its former condition."- (Beauharnois to the French Minister, Montreal, July 1, 1733). Late in 1733 when the French at Green Bay undertook to arrest and convey the remnants of the Outagamies to Montreal, they re- sisted and were assisted by the Sakis, and Mons. de Villiers and his son were killed and three other Frenchmen were wounded. At this time the son was at Little Cacalin with a force to intercept the Outa- gamies should they try to escape. The Sakis and Outagamies re- treated up Fox river and were hotly pursued by the French and their Indian allies and a severe battle was fought three leagues from the fort. This occurrence again roused the French authorities who had been assured that no trouble was to be feared from the Outa- gamies. The latter and the Sakis went to the Mississippi and established themselves in the present Iowa. There they were pursued by Sieur de Nogelles with a force of 84 Frenchmen and 200 settled Indians, all moving up Fox river and on to the Mississippi. The expedition was only partly successful because the Indians scattered to avoid them. Several battles were had with detachments and many were killed. This was in, 1735, and a battle was fought near the present Des Moines, Iowa. From 1735 to 1739 the French at Green Bay tried to make up with the Sacs and Foxes, even inviting them back to their old homes, but they were refused and in their new home were joined by many others and soon were again a menace to western trade. They succeeded in forming leagues with the Sioux and the Iroquois. During these years and later the Green Bay region was thronged with coureurs du bois who carried on their traffic with the Indians to a considerable extent in spite of the company of militia at the fort. In spite of all that could be done the farmers (storekeepers) continued to sell goods to the coureurs. 46 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

By 1750 many Outagamies and Sioux were in the vicinity of Green Bay, besides Puants, Kickapous, Folle Avoines, Sauteurs, Sa- kis, and others. In 1756 the trade then was owned by Mons. de Rigaud Vaudreuil who farmed it to a few dealers for 9,000 francs per annum. About this time each year the Green Bay agency sent to Montreal from 500 to 600 packs of furs. In 1758 the Folle Av- oines killed 11 Frenchmen at Green Bay and pillaged a storehouse; another account says 22 Frenchmen and pillaged a magazine at the post. In 1760-61 the British took possession of the Green Bay country, having captured from the French all of Canada. Lieutenant Gorrell was the first British commander at Green Bay. He spent a year in gaining the good will of the Indians. The tribes here did not join Pontiac's conspiracy. In 1766 Jonathan Carver passed up Fox river. Peter Pond did the same in 1773. The Revolution of 1776- 82 transferred all this territory to the United States. The suppres- sion of the Jesuits in 1775 caused the desertion of nearly all the upper country by the white traders and missionaries. The savages were left much to their own devices. As early as 1821 the Oneidas and other Eastern tribes visited in small numbers the Green Bay country, but the Menominees and Wminnebagoes, instigated by the French, refused to cede them any land. A little later the French relented and agreed to cede a strip five miles wide extending across Fox river at Little Chute; this grant was finally made August 18,. 1821. In 1822 the Menominees made a large grant covering much of the present Outagamie county. Really, the Menominees at this time for a small consideration ceded to the NTew York Indians a right in common to the whole of their lands; they were really swindled. Late in the fall of 1822 a party of about fifty Stockbridges located at Grand Kakalin on the east side of the river. The next year many others came and located there and at Little Kakalin. The Menominees soon repented of their bargain, when it was too late; in fact they were hopelessly divided among themselves as to what should be done. The Oneidas who arrived in 1823 and 1824 remained on Fox river until removed to Duck Creek. In 1825 another band of Oneidas came to Duck Creek. The Stockbridges remained at Grand Kakalin. The treaty of 1827 at Butte des Morts and others settled the whole Indian question for the Green Bay region. In 1825 the Winnebagoes claimed from the portage across to Fox river "thence down Fox river to the Winnebago lake and-to the grand Kaukaulin (Kaukauna.) including in'their claim the whole of Winnebago lake. At this date, also, the Menominees claimed all the country bounded north by the Chippewas, east by Green Bay and Lake Michigan, south as far as Milwaukee river and west as far as Black river. On August 11, 1827, at a treaty held ati Butte des Morts on Fox river the Menominee and Winnebago'Indians left the settlement of their troubles to the president of the United States. The following. was established as the boundary between the Government and the HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 47

Menominee tribe: "Beginning on the shore of Green Bay six miles due north from the parallel of the mouth of Fox river and running thence in a straight line but with the general course of said river and six miles therefrom to the intersection of the continuation of the westerly boundary of the tract at the Grand Kaukaulhn claimed by Augustin Grignon, thence on a line with the said boundary to the same; thence with the same to Fox river; thence on the same course six miles," and so on around to Green Bay. The Winnebagoes were parties to this treaty. On February 8, 1831, a treaty with the Menominee Indians secured to the government all the claim of that tribe to a large tract around Green Bay including all of what is now Outa.gamie county on both sides of the river. At this time the Menominees claimed all the tract thus ceded as the exclusive property of their tribe. The Menominees agreed that the following tract might be set apart as the home of several tribes of New York Indians, who might come there to settle within three years: "Beginning on the west side of Fox river near the Little Kackalin (Kaukauna) at a point known as the 'Old Mill Dam,' thence northwest forty miles; thence northeast to the Oconto Creek falling into Green Bay; thence down said, creek to Green Bay; thence up and along Green Bay and Fox river to the place of beginning," excluding therefrom all private land claims confirmed; and also the following reservation for military purposes-"Beginning on the Fox river at the mouth of the first creek above Fort Howard, thence north 64 degrees, west to Duck creek; thence down said Duck creek to its mouth; thence up and along Green Bay and Fox river to the place of beginning." This tract ceded for tho benefit of the New York Indians contained about 500,000 acres and included all the improvements on the west side of Fox river. At this time all the Menominee territory south of Fox river was ceded to the United States. The following tract then occupied and owned by the Menominees was set apart for their future and permanent home. "Beginning on .the west side of Fox river at the old mill dam near the Little Kackalin (Kaukauna) and running up and along said river to the Winnebago lake; thence up Fox river to the Wolf river; thence up Wolf river to a point southwest of the west corner of the tract herein designated for the New York Indians; thence northeast to said west corner; thence southeast to the place of beginning." This was to be their future home. Here they were to be taught at the expense of the government how to farm and keep house according to white customs and were to be furnished with domestic animals, farming utensils, etc. A saw- mill and a grist-mill were to be erected by the government. On Fox river for the benefit of the Menominees. The tribe reserved the right to hunt and fish on the south side of Fox river and Green Bay as well as on the North side. At this treaty R. A. Forsythe, C. A. Grignon, A. G. Ellis and Richard Prickett were interpreters. Samuel C. Stambaugh was Indian agent at Green Bay. This treaty was concluded at Washington, D. C. Later many changes were made in the provisions of this treaty. 48 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

On June 25, 1832, it was provided that a new boundary should be given the tract set apart for the New York Indians ''to commence at a point on the west side of Fox river and one mile aboye the Grand Chute on Fox river" as to add 200,000 acres to the original tract "on and along the west side of Fox river without including any of the private claims along said Fox river." In a treaty September 15, 1832, the Winnebagoes ceded to the United States their claim to the following tract: "Beginning at the mouth of Peketolaka river; thence up Rock river to its source; thence with a, line dividing the Winnebago nation from other Indians east of the Winnebago lake to the Grand Chute; thence up Fox river to the Winnebago. lake and with the northern shore of said lake to the inlet of Fox river and thence around to the beginning." In a treaty held with the Menominees in the agency house at Green Bay, October 27, 1832, an additional tract was granted to the Brothertown Indians "to colmmence at a point on the west side of the Fox river and one mile above the Grand Chute on Fox river" to comprehend the additional quantity of 200,000 acres on and along the west side of Fox river without including any of the confirmed private land claims on the Fox river, and which 200,000 acres shall be a part of 500,000 acres intended to be set apart for the Six Nations of the New York Indians and the St. Regis tribe. All this was refused by the Menominees. They agreed to cede the following tract: "Beginning on the said treaty line at the old mill damn on Fox river and thence extending up and along Fox river to the Little Rapid Croche; thence running northwest three miles; thence on a line running parallel with the several'courses of Fox river and three miles distant from the river until it will intersect a line running on the northwest course, commencing .at a point one mile above the Grand Chute and thence northward and around to the beginning and to include 200,000 acres." Charles A. Grignon was granted the right to erect a mill on Apple creek. By the treaty held at Cedar Point on Fox river, September 3, 1836, the Menominee Indians ceded the following tract to the United States: "Beginning at the mouth of Wolf river and running up the same to a point on the north branch of said river where it crosses the extreme north or rear line of the 500,000 acre tract heretofore granted to the New York Indians; thence following the line last mentioned inanortheastwardly direction three miles; thence in a northwardly course to the upper forks of the Menomiinee river at a point to intersect the boundary line between the Menominee and Chippewa nation of Indians; thence following the said boundary line last mentioned in an eastwardly direction as defined and established by the treaty of Little Butte des Morts in 1827 to the Smooth Rock or Shos-kin-aubie river; thence down the said river to where it empties into Green Bay between the Little and Great Bay de Noquet; thence up and along the west side of Green Bay (and including all the islands therein not heretofore ceded) to the mouth of the Fox river; thence up and along the said Fox river and along the west side of Winnebago lake (including the islands HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 49 therein) to the mouth of Fox river where it empties into said lake (Winnebago); thence up and along said Fox river to the place of beginning (saving and reserving out of the district of'country above ceded and described all that part of the 500,000 acres granted by the treaties between the Menomonees and the United States made February 8, 1831, and on October 27, 1832, which may be situated within the boundaries hereinbefore described, the quantity of land contained in the tract hereby ceded being estimated at about four millions of acres." By the treaty of February 3, 1838, with the Oneidas the following agreement was made: "The First Christian and Orchard parties of Indians cede to the United States all their title and interest in the land set apart for them in the first article of the treaty with the Menominees of February 8, 1831, and the second article of the treaty with the same tribe of October 27, 1832. From the foregoing cession there shall be reserved to the said Indians, to be held as other Indian lands are held, a tract of land containing 100 acres for each individual and the lines of which shall be so run as to include all their settlements and improvements in the vicinity of Green Bay." For this cession the Government paid to the Orchard party $3,000, and to the First Christian party $30,500, of which last sum $3,000 might be expended under Rev. Solomon Davis in the erection of a church and parsonage. Jacob Cornilius signed this treatv on behalf of the Orchard party and Henry Powles, John Sundown, Adam Swamp and Daniel Bread on behalf of the First Christians. By the treaty of February 3, 1838, the First Christian and Orchard parties of Oneidas ceded to the United States the tract ceded to them by the Mlenominees February 8, 1831, and October 22, 1832. But from this cession there was reserved to the Oneidas a tract of 100 acres to every individual of the tribe and to include all their settlements and improvements in the vicinity of Green Bay. The New York Indians reserved the following tract by treaty of January 15, 1838: "Beginning at the southwesterly corner of the French grants at Green Bay and running thence southwardly to a point on a line to be run from the Little Cocaclin parallel to a line of the French grants and six miles from Fox river and thence on said parallel line northwardly six miles; thence eastwardly to a point on the northeast line of the Indian lands and being at right angles to the same." "The Memorial of the Legislature of the State of Wisconsin to Congress respectfully represents, that the Oneida Indians have been Christians since the beginning of the century; and since they removed to their reservation in this State in the year 1828 they have steadily advanced in civilization; that they have schools and have acquired the English language; that they are good steady farmers, skillful mechanics, axmen and workmen generally; that they have lived for a series of years under a democratic form .of government established by themselves and different from the former 50 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

hereditary chieftain government; and that we are informed that a large majority of them are desirous of acquiring the rights of citizenship and of holding their lands in severalty. Your memorialists therefore respectfully request that if they will consent, a treaty be made with these Indians, conferring upon them the rights of citizenship and holding their lands in severalty, and trust that in the event of such a treaty being carried out and their surplus lands being brought into market, its results will be most beneficial, not only to those Indians, but to that part of the State where they are located. Approved March 8, 1870." "Memorial to Congress: The memorial of the legislature of the State of Wisconsin respectfully represents: That in the counties of Brown and Outagamie in this State there are about 1,337 Indians of the Oneida tribe located on a reservation of about 65,000 acres of land; that the said Indians are in a deplorable condition, without the necessaries of life and under the present policy of the government, without ambition or stimulus for exertion and improvement and are retrograding in civilization and capacity for self maintenance; that in the opinion of your memorialists the true interests of humanity and civilization dictate that a radical change should be made in the government, condition and prospects of the said Indians who are themselves anxious and eager that a different, policy should be adopted in their behalf. Therefore, in the interest of the said tribe of Indians. and for their elevation, improvement and civilization, your memorialists respectfully ask that a law or, laws may be passed by your honorable bodies as follows: "First. Providing for the allotment to each head of a family and to each of such other Indians in said tribe as shall be deemed best, land in said reservation to an amount not exceeding eighty acres; and for the sale of the balance of the land in said reservation which shall remain after such allotment and for the permanent investment of the proceeds of such sale for the benefit of such tribe. "Second. Providing that all real estate so allotted to any of the said tribe of Indians shall not be alienated by the owner thereof and that with this exception all civil and criminal laws of the State shall apply to the members of the said tribe of Indians except such laws as would permit them to vote and to hold office. "Third. Providing for a commission which shall determine from time to time what members if any of the said tribe are of sufficient intelligence and character to merit the right to vote and to hold office and conferring such right upon any such members, of the said tribe, as may be adjudged by such commission to be worthy and qualified for it. "Resolved by the Assembly, the Senate concurring, That the governor of this State is hereby respectfully requested to transmit a copy of this memorial to each of our senators and representatives in Congress from this State. Approved February 23, 1877." The act approved May 20, 1903, created two townships in Brown and Outagamie counties from the territory embraced in the HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 51 Oneida reservation; the town in Brown county became Hobart ahd the town in Outagamie became Oneida. The first town meeting in Hobart was ordered held June 2, 1903, in the Union schoolhouse, and the first town meeting in Oneida was ordered held on the same date in Epworth Hall in said town. The usual town officers were ordered chosen and the towns were given all the rights and powers conferred upon other towns of the State. COUNTY AFFAIRS AND MISCELLANY.

W HAT is now the County of Outagamie was owned by the Indians until taken possession of by the French in the seventeenth century. It so remained until it passed to Great Britain as a result of the Seven Years' War, 1761-2. At the close of the Revolution, 1783, it became the possession of the United States. In 1789 it was made a part of the Northwest Terri- tory, and in 1800 a part of Indiana Territory. In 1809 it was included in Illinois Territory and so remained until 1818, when it was attached to Michigan Territory. On April 20, 1836, it was included in the Territory of Wisconsin. By the Act of January 11, 1805, all territory east of the line due north from the south end of Lake Michigan to the northern boundary of the United States was constituted Michigan Territory. By the Act of Congress approved April 18, 1818, "all that part of the Illinois Territory which is situated north of and not included within, the boundaries described by this Act (creating the State of Illinois) to the state thereby authorized to be formed, shall be and hereby is attached to and made a part of the Michigan Territory from and after the formation of the said state (of Illinois), subject, nevertheless, to be hereafter disposed of by Congress according to the right reserved in the fifth article of the ordinances as aforesaid." Brown county, Michigan Territory, was given the following boundaries: "Bounded on the north by the county of Michilimack- inac as established by an act of the governor of the said territory of this date; on the east by the said county of Michilimack- inac and by the western boundary of the said territory as the same was established by the Act of Congress passed January 11, 1805, entitled 'An Act to divide the Indiana Territory into two separate governments;' on the south by the states of Indiana and Illinois; and on the west by a line to be drawn due north from the northern boundary of the State of Illinois through the middle of the portage between the Fox river and the Ouissin (Wisconsin) river to the county of Michilimackinac, into a separate county to be called the county of Brown, October 26, 1818." "And I do establish the seat of justice of the said county of Brown at such point on the Fox river and within six miles of the mouth thereof, as may be selected by a majority of the judges of the County Court of said county. "LEWIS 'CASS, "Governor of Michigan Territory." The County Court was ordered held on the second Monday of July of every year. 52 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 53 two In 1824 a bill was drawn dividing Michigan Territory into governments, one was to be called Chippewau. The bill was separate the seat drawn by J. D. Doty. One section was as follows: "That near the of government of said territory shall be established at or of Munnominnee (so called) on the east bank of the Fox village the eleven miles above Fort Howard. And the Legislature of river, such territory shall cavse the public buildings to be erected at said and five point near the said village as they may deem most suitable; acres of land located by the Governor to be below the thousand Legis- Grand Kaukaulan on said river, is hereby given to the said shall be lature for the use of the Territory, the proceeds of which to the erection of the said Territorial buildings." applied to "All that district of country within the county of Brown the Indian title has been extinguished and comprehended which a point with the following boundaries, namely: Commencing at southeast from the head of the rapids of the Grand Kau- ten miles a line kaulin and running a due northeast course until it intersects due northwest and southeast through Point au Sable drawn line of Green Bay, thence along said line until it intersects another at and running a due northeast course from a point ten commencing from northwest from the head of the rapids aforesaid, and miles the town- thence due southeast to the place of beginning, shall be Green Bay. April 27, 1827." ship of the May, 1832, Morgan L. Martin was councilman from In Michili- Seventh District, composed of the counties of Chippewa, Crawford and Iowa. There was introduced in mackinac, Brown, of Huron Congress about this time a bill to establish the Territory or Ouisconsin. Bay, In 1832 post routes were granted from Chicago to Green The latter and Green Bay to Prairie du Chien via Fort Winnebago. crossed Outagamie county. all that tract of country lying north of the State of Illi- "That Wiscon- nois, west of Lake Michigan and south and southeast of the rivers of Green Bay, in the present territory of Michigan, sin and Fox Bay laid off into four new land districts." One was called Green be north of Land District, "which district shall embrace the country and Fox), when the Indian title shall become said rivers (Wisconsin so as to extinguished and the Green Bay District may be divided two districts when the President shall deem it proper." On form half June 15, 1836, the Green Bay district was divided, the southern being cut off and constituted the Milwaukee district. Act of December 9, 1836, fixed the seat of justice for Brown The by county at either Navarino, Astor or DePere, as might be decided the voters. On September 6, 1834, the boundaries of Brown county were as follows: "Bounded north by the county of Michilimack- fixed title inac." All that part of Brown county to which the Indian east by ships 11 and 12 north, in the Green Bay Land district, and the line drawn due north through the middle of Lake Michigan until it strikes the southern boundary of the county of Michilimack- 54 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

inack." All that part of Brown county to which the Indian title was extinguished was attached to and constituted a part of the township of Green Bay. South of Brown county to the Illinois line was made Milwaukee county, which was attached to Brown for judicial purposes. Approved September 6, 1834. "All that district of country in said county (Brown) lying on the west side of Fox river and Green Bay in the county of Brown and north of the south line of the claim of Paul Duchane (Duch- arme) at the Grand Kaukaulin extended, shall be a township by the name of Howard, and the first township meeting shall be held at the dwelling house of Jacques Porlier on the first Monday of Sep- tember next."-Approved March 17, 1835. "All that district of country in said county composed of surveyed townships 21, 22 and 23 north, ranges 18, 19, 20, 21 and 22 east, shall be a township by the name of Mason, and the first township meeting shall be held in the courthouse in the village of Menomi- nee on the first Monday of September next."-Approved March 17, 1835. As will be seen this township embraced the southeastern part of the present Outagamie county. In 1839 a portion of the present Outogamie county became the town of Kaukaulin. (See chapter on Kaukauna.) In January, 1840, Daniel Whitney, William Dickerson, Alex- ander Grignon and David Johnson were appointed commissioners by the Legislature to lay out a, territorial road from Fort Howard via Grand Kakalin and Little Butte de Morts to Knagg's ferry in Brown county. The Act of February, 1846, authorized the construction of a macadam, plank, rail or turnpike road from the foot of Grand Kakalin to Winnebago lake. "George Grignon, of Green Bay, while shooting pigeons near Grand Kaukalin accidentally shot his right arm near the wrist through the center, so that it had to be amputated. Doctor Arm- strong, assisted by Doctor Ward, performed the operation."-( Green Bay Advocate, August 27, 1846.) The Act of March 13, 1848, incorporated the Winnebago Lake & Fox River Road company, with power to build a plank road from Winnebago lake to the foot of the rapids at the Grand Kakalin; the incorporators were Albert G. Ellis, William Mitchell, Samuel Ryan, Siliver Newton, Henry S. Baird, William Dickinson, Erastus M. Drury, Francis McCarty and George McWilliams. In 1848 Wisconsin Territory, by vote of the residents and the adoption of a constitution, formed a state government and asked for admission into the Union, which was granted. The new state asked for the improvement of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers under the former Act of 1846. In 1849 George W. Lawe, John '0. Dean and Thomas H. Clark were authorized to lay out and establish a state road from Wolf river near the southwest corner of section 20, town 22, range 16, to the Grand Kaukalin. At this time a state road was ordered laid out HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 55 from Madison to Green Bay, via Oshkosh; another was established from Winnebago rapids, via Grand Chute, to Aldrich's mill. In response to a general call for a meeting of the pioneers of the county, signed by John Stephens, J. M. Phinney, Harmon Jones, G. H. Myers, W. S. Warner, J. F. Johnston, William McGuire, Sam- uel Ryan, Jr., and others, a large number met at the hall of J. C. Smith in Appleton on Washington's birthday, 1872. John Stephens called the meeting to order and James M. Phinney was chosen tem- porary chairman. He stated the object of the meeting. A committee was appointed to prepare a program for the occasion. A resolution inviting Dr. Steele of the university and the ministers of the county to attend was passed. A list of old settlers was ordered made out, with statistics of their arrival. A constitution was at once prepared. The first officers elected were: John Stephens, president; Ethan Powers, vice-president, Daniel Huntley, secretary; John Leith, treasurer; H. L. Blood, John Dey, W. H. P. Bogan, Edwin Nye and John H. McGillan, executive council. The song of the pioneers, composed by Mr. Stephens, was then first read and then sung. At the conclusion of the song, dinner was served. After dinner Mr. Stephens delivered the first address and told how he had hunted over the country before it was settled. Dr. A. B. Randall came here first in August, 1847, and erected a log cabin in 1848. W. S. Warner said he came to Appleton in 1847, before a street was opened or a house built, and later helped to chop out College avenue; built his own house in a day and a half; he and George H. Myers got lost in the woods between Appleton and Hortonville. Prof. James M. Phinney said when he came here in 1848 "the very idea of building the college here in the woods with no town or village near it, appeared almost foolhardy; he became teacher of mathematics; they began 'the university in the fall (of 1848) with thirty-five students, little and big. Before winter ended they had 100 and before the year closed 150. Randall Johnson of Black Creek said he settled in what was Bovina in 1852; helped lay out the Green Bay and Stevens Point road; stopped with Mr. Jordan where Shiocton now stands. John Leith located in Center in 1850; went back to England, returned, got lost in the woods near his own home and was out over night with wolves howling around; his wife taught the first term of school in the town. John Batley, John H. McGillan, Charles Breitreick, L. L. Randall, Daniel Huntley, John Dey, Capt. Ethan Powers and others related how they settled here. "General' A. J. Jackson, an old colored man, was called out. Mr. Stephens introduced him as "the first white settler in the county." He was reared in Tennessee, near Nashville; could not tell when he came here; lived for a time in a wigwam with Winnebago Indians where Madison is; then lived in Oshkosh before it had a name; and then at Neenah; secured a wife from the Stockbridge Indians, had six children, but all died: "I was the first settler this side of the Oneida line; I chopped and cleared many farms-one for Mr. Abbot, of Freedom; one for Mr. Woodward, and one for Mr. Phinney." Ephraim St. Louis, of Kaukauna, said he came from Canada to 56 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

Green Bay in 1838 and traveled thence to Kaukauna on foot; lost the trail, but followed the river; wolves all around him; went to Little Chute and located and had resided there ever since. The same year a Methodist missionary settled here with the Indians. St. Louis soon went up the river to see the country; reached "Flat Rock" at what is now Appleton; saw a fresh brush-heap, examined it and found the dead body of the Methodist missionary, who no doubt had been murdered; went back to Little Chute; got help; buried him where he was found; never knew his name; word was sent to the Indian agent, Colonel Boyd, who at once demanded of the Menominee chief the arrest of the murderers; three Indians were taken and locked in the Depere jail; one confessed that they killed him expecting to get money; they cut out his heart and ate it and drank his blood to make themselves brave; the other two Indians killed the one who confessed in jail, and then hung themselves with strips of their blankets. I took through the river to the lake, portaging around the rapids the first boat that sailed on the waters of Lake Winnebago, the sailboat 'Snow Bird'. (Statements of Mr. St. Louis). The following is a list of the pioneers prepared and published at this time: George St. Louis, 1839; N. Pauley, 1842; Thomas St. Louis, 1844; Ephraim St. Louis, 1838; James Jackson (colored), 1830; Christian Heinz, 1842; R. R. Bateman, 1847; H. L. Blood, 1847; M. Culbertson 1848, Charles Wolcott 1848, John Stephens 1848, Alexander Ross 1848, John F. Johnston 1848, John Lillman 1848, J. C. Van Neil 1848, S. . Childs 1848, W. H. Johnston 1843, John Dey 1849, W. McGuire 1849, David Barry 1849, C. E. Wolcott 1849, Thomas Powers 1849, Wait Cross 1849, Charles Breitreich 1849, C. A. Fisher 1849, M. D. McGrath 1849, P. V. Smith 1849, T. W. Lyman 1849, J. C. Smith 1849, D. Huntley 1849, Thomas Gleed 1849, A. P. Lewis 1849, H. M. Jones 1849, Miles R. Perry 1849, Edwin WVolcott 1849, Frank Wolcott 1849, Mrs. S. A. Wilson 1849, H. Greenfield 1849, Mathew Nugent 1849, John McPherson 1849, John McPherson Jr. 1849, J. M. Phinney 1849, George H. Myers 1849, W. W. Crane 1849, W. B. Crane 1849, W. S. Warner 1849, A. Mortis 1849, Harrison Green 1849, W. F. Johnston 1849, Mrs. N. Mereness 1849, Fred Blood 1849, F. L. Tuttle 1849, A. B. Briggs 1849, A. P. Lewis 1849, H. M. Jones 1849, Miles R. Perry 1849, E. E. Powers 1850, Levi Randall 1850, James Gilmore 1850, Henry Priest 1850, J. H. Wharton 1850, Nicholas Wertz 1850, W. G. Whorton 1850, Clark Renoud 1850, Hector McKay 1850, John Leith 1850, L. L. Randall 1850, F. C. Vandebogart 1850, Morris R. Gleed 1850, A. C. Darling 1850, C. B. Brownell 1850, A. G. Smith 1850, Mrs. P. A. Brownell 1850, R. Johnston 1850, John Batley 1850, R. K. Randall 1850, George Knowles 1850, E. Godwin 1850, E. Connery 1850, A. B. Everts 1850, J. D. Pierce 1850, G. M. Robin- son 1850, Almany Orr 1851, E. Saxton 1851, Samuel Boyd 1851, John McGillian 1851, James A. McGillan 1851, R. G.GMcGillan 1851, Jennie St. Louis 1851, M. B. Johnston 1851, Humphrey Sul- HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 57 livan 1851, M. H. Lyon 1851, George G. Johnston 1851 S. B. Beld- ing 1851, W. D. Reynolds 1851, Seth J. Perry 1851, John H. Barnes 1852, Samuel Ryan Jr. 1852, Dr. Byron Douglas 1852,- Earle W. Douglas 1852, J. H. Marston 1852, L. Zenton 1852, James Ryan 1852, W. W. Briggs 1852, G. W. Boone 1852, W. L. Sweetzer 1852, M. Doran 1852, E. Spencer 1853, Francis Bernard 1853, R. F. Mc- Grath 1853, Alfred Aspinall 1853, H. D. Ryan 1853, W. H. P. Bo- gan 1853. In February, 1850, there was a tri-weekly mail Green Bay to Fond du Lac via Kaukauna, Appleton, Neenah, etc. In 1850 Con- gress gave to the states all the unsold swamp and overflowed land within their respective borders. The act of February 4, 1850. authorized a state road laid out from Hortonville in Brown county. to Grignon bridge in Winnebago county, A. E. Horton, William N. Davis and Cyrenus Baldwin were commissioners. On June 1, 1850, the population was as follows: Ellington 264, Grand Chute 630, Hortonia 192, Kaukauna 689 and Lansing 209. The population of Brown county in'1846 was 2,672; 1847, 2,914; 1850, 6,222. In 1849-50 six townships were separated from Brown county and added to Manitowoc county. In the legislature early in 1851 a bill was introduced to construct a bridge over Fox river at Grand Kaukauna. For this three substi- tutes were offered: A toll bridge at Grand Kaukauna; a bridge over the river at Grand Chute; a toll bridge over the river at Little Chute. The first one above mentioned was introduced in the senate by Mr. Conkey. Other bills were to incor- porate the Fox and Wisconsin Plank Road Company; build the Waupun and Oshkosh road; a memorial to Congress to survey the public lands north of Fox river, and one prohibiting any persons but Indians from killing wild buck, doe and fawn during February, March, April, May and June of each year. In 1850 Theodore Conkey was senator from the first district. In the legislature in January, 1851, the following proceedings were had: "By Mr. 'Conkey, No. 17, Senate. A bill to divide the county of Brown and to create the county of Utaghamie, Wednesday, Janu- ary 15, 1851." The next day the Senate as a committee of the whole considered the bill to create Utagamie county and reported it back to the Senate without amendment. Further consideration was postponed eight days. It was then postponed until January 31, on which day it was reported back with amendments by the committee of the whole; the Senate agreed to the amendments. Mr. Conkey then moved to amend the 6th section by striking out the word "village" and inserting the words "town of Grand Chute." Mr. Gale moved to amend by striking out the word "Utagamie" wherever it occurred in the bill and to insert therefor the word "Fox;" carried 9 to 1. The bill was then ordered engrossed. Later the motion to engross was reconsidered by 11 to 5. Mr. Conkey voted not to reconsider. Mr. Bugh then moved to reconsider the vote to strike out the word "Outagamie" and to insert the word "Fox;" agreed to. Mr. Conkey voted against this motion to reconsider. The bill was 58 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

then ordered engrossed for a third reading. Mr. Reed moved to suspend the rules and have the bill read the third time which was done. It then was put upon its passage and was carried. Mr. Conkey voted against the motion to pass the bill. It was his own bill, was passed as he introduced it, but he voted against it apparently because he had changed his views concerning it perhaps as to the proposed alteration in name. On February 15, the House con- curred in the bill creating Outagamie county as it was spelled at last. The act approved February 17, 1851, was as follows: "That all that portion of country now embraced in the county of Brown, known and designated as Towns 21, 22, 23 and 24 north, ranges 15, 16, 17 and 18 and the west half of 19, is hereby set off into a separate county, which shall be called and known as the county of Outagamie. "That the county of Outagamie as aforesaid shall be organized after the first day of April next for the purpose of county government, and shall enjoy all the rights, privileges, immunities and powers of the other counties of this state. "There shall be an election held in the several towns and pre- cincts such now or may be hereafter established by law on the first Tuesday of April next for the election of all such town and county officers as the said county by virtue of its organization and the privileges of this act shall be entitled to, who shall severally hold their offices until the first day of January after the next general annual election and their successors are duly qualified. "The said election shall be considered in all respects in the manner now provided for holding the same under the law regulating general elections and the votes cast at the same shall be returned and canvassed as therein provided and the judges of said election shall issue certificates of election to any person duly elected under the provisions of this act. "That the seat of justice of said county shall be and is hereby located at the Town of Grand Chute in said county and the citizens of said county may at their first election vote for or against the establishment of the seat of justice of said county at any place in said county and the place so receiving a majority of the votes polled at such election shall be the permanent seat of justice. "Said county so established shall remain attached to the county of Brown for judicial purposes until otherwise provided by law. "The county supervisors so elected on said day of election shall meet as soon thereafter as may be at the seat of justice and with the clerk of said county, all of whom being first duly qualified according to law and under oath by some person authorized to admin- ister the same, shall then and there proceed to organize said county and may then and there perform all such duties and services as may be required of them by law in order that the said county may be organized as contemplated by this act and to approve the qualifica- tions of other county officers. "That the county of Outagamie shall pay into the treasury of the county of Brown all costs, fees, charges and expenses that shall HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 59

be paid by the county of Brown that may accrue in consequence of any prosecution, conviction, imprisonment or proceedings whatever against any person charged with any crime or misdemeanor within said county of Outagamie and the supervisors of the county of Brown may sue and collect the same from said county of Outagamie in any court of competent jurisdiction." "At Kaukauna we found some buildings going on and there is said to be a good demand for lots. The country back towards Wolf river is now receiving settlers and preparations are making to open a road to that river from Kaukauna. The land is of the very best quality and persons are constantly arriving in search of locations. The new hotel at Lansing is a fine building and we found Mr. Hanna and a number of others at work preparing for the 'gravita- tion ball' which was to come off soon. We stopped the second night at the house of Mr. Jackman at Grand Chute. Having some business in Dublin, the settlement at the public works on the opposite side'of the river, we found some twenty shanties, filled with in- mates ready to go to work. They are now getting out timber for the lock; the canal is about half completed. Grand Chute, Apple- ton and Lawesburg continue to grow and business seems in a healthy condition. We noticed many new buildings, which were constructed with a good deal of taste. The institution (Lawrence University) is in full operation and doing well. It is highly spoken of everywhere. There are many new clearings and new and neat farm- houses on the way from the Chute to Neenah. Good locations are eagerly sought after and uncleared land is sold readily for $10 to $15 per acre. This will do for a country through which, three years ago, the only road was an Indian trail."-(Cor. Green Bay Advocate, January 16, 1851). "At the first meeting of the board of supervisors for the county ,of Outagamie held in pursuance of the act creating said county at the house of R. P. Edgarton in the village of Appleton in said county April 18th, A. D., 1851, the following chairmen were present from their respective towns: Grand Chute-Geo. M. Robin- son; Kaukauna (misspelled in the records)-Geo. W. Lawe; Lan- sing-Lewis A. Hine; Greenville-Lorenzo E. Darling; Hortonia- Josephus Wakefield; Ellington-(absent)." George M. Robinson was chosen chairman of the board and R. A. Lawe, secretary pro tem. Charles A. Grignon, treasurer-elect, presented his certificate of election from the clerk of the board of Brown county; also his bond with the signatures of Charles A. Grignon and of M. L. Martin, Perry H. Smith and Alexander Grignon as sureties; this bond was accepted and Mr. Grignon was duly sworn in as county treasurer. Lorenzo E. Darling became clerk of the county board. Charles Turner was duly qualified as county surveyor. This meeting was evidently held in the forenoon, because an adjournment was taken to half past one o'clock, when upon motion of Josephus Wakefield a "furnishing. committee" was appointed by the chairman to procure books, stationery, desks, cases and other necessaries for the county officers. This committee was composed 60 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY of Hine, Wakefield and Lawe. Mir. Wakefield asked to be released, whereupon Mr. Robinson was substituted on the committee. Mr. La.we upon request was also excused and Lorenzo E. Darling was substituted. The following resolution was then adopted: "Resolved, That the register of deeds be authorized immediately after receiving his books to transcribe the records from the register's office at Green Bay appertaining to land in Outagamie county." The following resolution was also adopted: "Resolved, That the chairman of this board be authorized to receive proposals or bids for erecting suitable county buildings in Grand Chute, Appleton, Lawesburg or any other part of Grand Chute, said proposals to be accompanied by drafts specifying the block or lot on which they propose to erect those buildings; said proposals to be received before the next meeting of the board." The "furnishing committee" was authorized to procure a seal for the county. Miles F. Johnson was authorized to charge 10 cents for each foot passenger on his ferry over Fox river. A resolution annexing certain lands to the towns of Kaukauna and Lansing having been lost, a motion to reconsider carried, whereupon the original resolutions were unanimously adopted. These resolutions were as follows: "That so much of town 21, range 19, as is embraced in Outagamie county; also sections 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 and 33, town 22, range 19, be embraced in the town of Kaukauna; and that,so much of the county of Outagamie as lies east and north of the town of Lansing, excepting sections 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 and 33, town 22, range 19, be embraced in the town of Lansing. The board then adjourned to meet on the first day of July, 1851, at Edgarton's Hotel, in the town of Grand Chute. On the first day of the July (1851) meeting, the following members were present: George M. Robinson, Lorenzo E. Darling. L. A. Hine and George W. Lawe. The first proceedings was to adjourn from Edgarton's Hotel to the plank road office at half past one o'clock, at which time the following members were present: L. E. Darling, L. A. Hine, George W. Lawe, George M. Robinson, John R. Rynders, and Josephus Wakefield. The "furnishing committee" reported in substance as follows: "That they had purchased of Rood & Whittmore for the county one deed book, one mortgage book, two alphabets and one index book, (the cost) amounting to $40.75; also of I. N. Lydan of Green Bay one ream of paper at (a cost of ) $3 per ream. Time for receiving proposals for the county buildings was extended to 10 o'clock July 2, 1851, and it was resolved that no proposal without satisfactory security would be received. Rood & Whittemore were allowed $30.75, though their bill was previously stated to be $40.75. The petition of I. Macpherson and twenty-three others to set apart so much of the town of Kau- kauna as formerly belonged to Wrightstown and Lawrence in a seT;- arate town to be called Cast, was laid on the table. On the second day of the July term the proposals for erecting the county buildings were considered, whereupon it was resolved "That the board now proceed to view the several lots or parcels of HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COULNTY 61 At land that have been offered for the site of the county buildings. two o'clock p. m. the board came in from taking views." to raise A bounty of $5 for wolf scalps was offered; an effort directed io the bounty to $10 was lost. The district attorney was John P. Arndt examine the accounts of Earle L. Goodrich and the county. Hine and Wakefield were appointed a commit- against erect the to enter into agreement with the persons who should tee of the county county buildings. John Jewett, Jr., was deputy clerk board. Darling On the third day of the July term there were present Rynders and Wakefield; an adjournment from 10 Hine, Robinson, Mr Lawe s to 11 o'clock was taken, the same members being present. It was excuse for absence, sent by special messenger was accepted. the electors of Outagamie county did at the elec- "Resolved, That the seat on the first Tuesday of April last, A. D. 1851, establish tion known of justice of Outagamie county in the town of Grand Chute, for town purposes under the Revised Statutes, as the town organized out K." All the bids for county buildings were declared Chapter the jail, order. It was resolved to separate the courthouse from of ordered made register's office and clerk's office; the latter two were It was ordered that the courthouse should be completed fireproof. "Resolved, That by the next annual meeting of the board. It was county as lies west of towns 23 and 24 north, so much of Outagamie also so 16 east shall be embraced in the town of Ellington; range New proposals for much of the county west of town 22, range 16." and county buildings were ordered received before land donations unless meeting of the county board, no bid to be considered the next adjourned to accompanied by satisfactory security. The board then July 14. office." Mr. At that time they again met at the "plank road Green Bay. The Hine reported having procured record books from to meet the same day at the office of A. S. board then adjourned then the village of Grand Chute. All members were Sanborn in and Petitions to postpone the erection of county buildings present. laid on the table. to accept the proposal of Theodore Conkey were to the county build- It was resolved to open the proposals in relation on July 15. Donations of lands for the county ings at 9 o'clock scalp of were ordered received. A bounty of $10 for the buildings upon oath wolf killed in Outagamie county was ordered paid every who was ordered made to that effect before any justice of the peace said scalps; the affidavit was declared sufficient to thereupon destroy to the affiant to the bounty. On the 15th the resolution to entitle was repealed. Plats attach certain territory (see back) to Ellington kept in the clerk's of the various towns of the county were ordered then opened and' office. The proposals for county buildings were read and the following action thereon was taken: Theodore Conkey is desirous of deeding to! this "Whereas, erect county Block No. 31 in the town of Grand Chute and to county therefore buildings on said block as this board shall direct; 62 .HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

"Resolved, That Block No. 31 or a part of said block and other lands adjoining it on the east in the plat of the village of Appleton shall be the block on which to erect the county buildings, which shall be accepted for county purposes, provided said Conkey erect the county buildings as the county supervisors shall direct otherwise not." All the members voted in favor of this resolution- Darling, Hine, Lawe, Robinson, Rynders and Wakefield. On July 16, A. S. Sanborn, district attorney,, drew up the articles of agreement between Theodore Conkey and A. A. Lawrence on the one part and the county board on the other, and after a number of changes had been made therein both parties signed the agreement. On November 11, 1851, the board met and organized at the office of H. S. Eggleston, there being present Darling, Robinson, Lawe, Wakefield, Hine and Rynders. The board adjourned to Frederick Packard's office. The chairmen of the several town boards of supervisors were required to report the aggregate amount of real and personal estate. At this session the board equalized assessments throughout the county. The sum of one. and one-half mills was ordered levied for school purposes. Eight mills were ordered levied for county expenses. The towns were Grand Chute Hortonia, Kaukauna, Greenville, Ellington and Lansing. The aggregate valuations of the taxables as corrected by the board were as follows: Ellington, $35,623.32; Grand Chute, $108,165.02; Green- ville, $29,240.55; Hortonia, $31,917.74; Kaukauna, $81,761.73; Lansing, $65,539.58. J] Wakefield was paid $2 for canvassing the votes of the county;'L. A. Hine, $4 for furnishing plats of the towns; A. S. Sanborn, $5 for preparing the Conkey & Lawrence agreement; H. S. Eggleston, $743.27 for transcribing the records concerning Outagamie county, on the Brown county books; W. J. Johnson, $5 for certain plans and specifications; J. Jewett, Jr., $6 for preparing report on schools for the state superintendent and number of scholars to the county treasurer; J. Hersey, $3.46 for services as justice of the peace; J. R. Rynders, $2 for services as county canvasser. The county officials were paid at this time. The "furnishing committee" was directed to procure a safe for the register of deeds. Ad- journment to meet in December at the house of Thomas Hanna. At the December (1851) session much unfinished business was done. William S. Bailey was paid for services as justice of the peace. H. C. Sillis was paid $10 for a grey wolf scalp. Robinson & Brother were paid for printing county orders. The clerk and chairman of the county board were authorized to sign and issue county orders that had been allowed by the board. The town of Medina was set apart from Hortonia, the separation to take effect in March, 1852; an election for town officers was ordered held in the schoolhouse of District 1. There was dissension as to the boundaries of the new town. The annual town meeting for 1852 in Hortonia was ordered held at the schoolhouse in District 2. The clerk of the county board was allowed a salary of $300 for 1852, to be paid quarterly. He was paid $150 for his services in 1851. The board unanimously adopted a memorial praying the Legislature to pass a law making tax titles HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 63 good, or else to render all unoccupied lands and those owned by non- residents free from taxation. Orders amounting to $125 for an iron safe for the register's office were authorized to be issued. At the February (1852) session George Pratt was paid $10 for a wolf scalp. At this date the resolutions creating the town of Me- dina and for the town meeting in Hortonia were repealed. On February 23, 1852, it was resolved that so much of the county as lay west and north of Wolf river in town 22, range 15, should be embraced in the town of Hortonia. The following was passed: "Resolved, That the Legislature be requested to pass no acts authorizing the laying of state roads in this county, which require the county to pay for laying out the same." A. S. Sanborn was paid $10 for rent of clerk's office for nine months. Smith & Ballard were paid $18 for rent of office for county treasurer for nine months in 1851. E. Rudd was allowed $6 for a county seal. The clerk of the board was authorized to pay the county bounty on wolf scalps. R. A. Lawe and George M. Robinson were appointed agents on the part of Outagamie county to make full and final settlement with Brown county; their acts thus far were ratified and confirmed. Benjamin Proctor was a justice. "Whereas, The traffic in intoxicating liquors has in all ages of the world been a fruitful source of untold crime, misery and pau- perism; and, "'Whereas, Until the recent glorious discovery made in the State of Maine, the benevolent and the' good were at a loss to know what plan could be devised to put a stop to its dreadful and ruinous consequences, therefore "Resolved, That the Board of Supervisors of the county of Outa- ga.mie do hereby request the Legislature to protect us from the evils set forth in the above preamble, ere our prisons are filled with criminals and our poorhouses with the wives and children of the drunk- ards, by enacting a law similar to the one now in operation in the State of Maine." The above, offered by Mr. Darling, was unanimously adopted. On April 30, 1852, the new county board met at the house of S. E. Beach, Appleton, and consisted of the following members: S. E. Beach, of Grand Chute; Isaac Wickware, of Greenville; Milo Coles, of Ellington; Norman Nash, of Hortonia; Lewis A. Hine, of Lansing; Ethan Powers, of Lansing. Hine and Powers contested for the office, both claiming election. Mr. Beach was chosen chairman of the board. The opinion of George H. Powers, district, attorney, was called for to determine what evidence was necessary and legal to learn whether Hine or Powers was entitled to the seat. February 24, 1852, counsel appeared for Mr. Powers. The contest was postponed and in the meantime both Hine and Powers were permitted to sit with the board. Action concerning tax certificates was taken by the board. Albright & Crosby were allowed $200 for a safe for the register's office. Robinson & Brother were paid for printing delinquent tax lists. A.. . Sanborn was 'paid $10.50 for transporting the county safe from Green Bay to Grand Chute. 64 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

The county treasurer's fees were inquired into at this time. The offer of Hanna and Bateman to furnish room for county offices and courtroom was accepted. Lewis A. Hine having charged the deputy county treasurer with fraud in,the discharge of his duties the board expressed the opinion that there was no evidence before them to substantiate such charges. An investigation was ordered. Lorenzo E. Darling was clerk and Alden S. Sanborn deputy at this time. At the November (1852) session the members present were: Beach, ANash, Wickware, Powers, N. M. Hephner and Henry Bassonnett Kaukauna. At this time the town of Freedom was set off from Lan- sing by the Legislature, but no provision was made for an election in the latter to fill vacancies thus caused; the Legislature was requested to remedy this oversight. Robert Lovett was paid $28 for court seals. The register of deeds and the clerk of the board rented offices of P. H. Smith. The board solicited proposals for rooms for the county offices at this time. Theodore Conkey was called before the board to state how near completion the county buildings were. The following passed: "Resolved, That there be and is hereby appropriated out of the county treasury the sum of $5 and that a county order in that amount be immediately drawn and the sheriff of the county be and is hereby instructed to negotiate said order for apples and segars immediately and forthwith present the said apples and segars to this board for further consideration." The books and vouchers of the county treasurer were ordered investigated. The clerk of the board was paid for canvassing the votes for county officers, April, 1852; for canvassing those for county judge, May, 1852; for canvassing those for judges of the Supreme Court, October; '1852; and for a general canvass of the election of November, 1852. In 1852 the first pauper expenses were allowed by the board; the town of Kaukauna was allowed $40.14 on this account. The county treasurer having withheld school moneys, was sued by the county and was reimbursed by the school districts affected. A. S. Sanborn was paid $200 per year for his services as district attorney for 1853 and 1854. George H. Myers was paid $75 salary as district attorney for 1852. The clerk's salary was $150 a year. A county order registry was ordered kept by the treasurer. In November, 1852, the county towns were Grand Chute, Kau- kauna, Ellington, Greenville, Hortonia, Freedom and Lansing. The board passed this resolution: "That the board at the present session deem it inexpedient to enforce the contract for the completion of the county buildings; but if they are not completed by the 30th day of December next, then the board will adopt such measures as the interests of the county may require." The board adjourned to meet on that day-December 30. The aggregate value of taxable property in the county, Novem- ber, 1852, was as follows: Grand Chute, $102,869.25; Ellington, $26,515; Kaukauna, $96,960; Greenville, $24,151; Hortonia, $31,- ,,aa> E....e...... ges>.a~ls g~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... E

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664; Freedom, $29,254; Lansing, $22,828. There were three taxes -State, county and school. In December, 1852, all of the county north and west of Wolf river was organized with a separate township and the first town meeting was ordered held at the house of Washington Law in April, 1853; the new town was named Embarrass. Grand Chute, Apple- ton, Lawesburg, Hortonville and Nepomuc villages were laid out before Outagamie county was organized. The board at this time con- ditionally released Conkey and Lawrence from their contract to build the courthouse: The latter two claimed they had already expended $800 and asked for relief from their contract. The conditions of relief were as follows: "That if the said Lawrence shall execute to the said county a deed of the lands contracted to be executed on his part in said contract and if the said Conkey will give good and sufficient security to deed to said county Lots 1, 2, 3 and 4, in Block 31, town of Grand Chute, then this board will release said Lawrence and Conkey from said contract dated July 16, 1851." An appropriation of $500 was made with which to complete the courthouse. Con- key's bond was fixed at $1,000. Lawrence conveyed the above mentioned land to the county. The board then released them from their former contract. The following offered by Mr. Nash was adopted: "Resolved, That H. S. Eggleston, clerk courts; A. B. Everts, sheriff; J. S. Buck, register of deeds; P. H. Smith, deputy treasurer; A. S. Sanborn, deputy clerk; and S. E. Beach, chairman of this board, do each and severally invite one member of this board to a New Year's dinner and each of the said county officers and the said chairman is hereby commanded to have a good roast turkey for dinner." Propositions or bids to finish the courthouse were called for, but this act was rescinded and a committee was appointed to negotiate with some responsible party to finish the building; Beach, Powers and Wickwa.re were the committee. The act of February 18, 1852, was as follows: "That the county seat of Outagamie county be and the same is hereby permanently located upon lands conveyed to the county for the purpose of erecting county buildings thereon and upon which lands said buildings are now being erected by'order of the board of supervisors of said county." The act of March 4, 1852, defined the boundaries of Outagamie county as follows: Beginning at the southwest corner of township 21 north, range 15 east, of the Fourth principal meridian; running thence north on the range line between ranges 14 and 15 to the northwest corner of township 24 north, range 15 east; thence east on the line between townships 24 and 25 north, to the northeast corner of section 4, township 24 north, range 19 east; thence south on the section lines to the southeast corner of section 33, township 21 north, range 19 east; thence west on the township lines between townships 20 and 21 north to the place of beginning. The act of March 15, 1852, provided that after June 1, 1852, Outagamie county should be fully organized for judicial purposes 66 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY and in October of that year the first term of circuit court was ordered held by the judge of the Fourth circuit, and thereafter two terms in April and October were to be held each year. In April, 1852, a sheriff, clerk of the court and district attorney were ordered elected. "Kaukauna and Appleton Plank Road.-We are happy to state that nearly the entire stock has been taken in the above important road and that it is now a settled fact that it will be completed between the 1st and 20th of June. The officers of the company and many of our citizens are entitled to great credit for their labors to fill the stock during the past week."-(Green Bay Spectator, April 24, 1852). The commissioner of the general land office reserved from sale the even sections along Fox river for the improvement fund. They were offered at public sale, but were withdrawn from market on the day of sale. But settlers entered thereon and continued to do so and in the end were entitled to the usual preemption rights. There was much complaint over the long lapse of time before they were permitted to prove up and receive their patents. The settlers wanted Congress to handle the sale, because they thus would have to pay only $1.25 per acre, while under the state it would cost them $2.50 per acre. On February 17, 1853, the recent proceedings of the county board were ordered published in the Appleton Crescent and $40 was appropriated to cover the cost. The courthouse committee reported that in as much as the sum requiired to complete the courthouse was so much larger than expected and as no provision for such a large sum had been made, they were unable to carry out the order of the board. G. H. Marston was employed to paint the building. A resolution to recognize Robert Morrow and not Charles A. Grignon as treasurer was laid on the table; but the board authorized town treasurers to pay taxes to Mr. Morrow. This step caused Mr. Grignon to commence action against the town treasurers, whereupon the board "Resolved, That Charles A. Grignon is hereby requested to discontinue all proceedings that may have been instituted against the said town treasurers in consequence of making their returns to said Morrow; and said Grignon is also hereby requested to endorse the bonds of said town treasurers as satisfied." If he would comply, the board agreed to hold him blameless; also the sheriff. About this time there appeared in the Crescent an anonymous article cautioning all persons against paying taxes to Robert Morrow; whereupon the board issued a statement to the effect that in their opinion Robert Morrow was the lawful county treasurer and the Crescent was asked to publish this statement, for which the board agreed to pay charges. S. E. Beach was allowed $3 for medical attendance upon a county pauper, February, 1853. In February, 1853, the treasurer's fees to the amount of $656.88 were referred to a special committee-Beach, P.owers and Bassonnett The board passed the following. "Resolved, That in the opinion of this board the. condition of the official bond of Charles A. Grignon, late treasurer of the county of Outagamie, is forfeited and the dis- HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 67 trict attorney is hereby requested to commence suit thereon as soon as he shall deem practicable." The board occupied a room owned by B. McFaul at this time. "Resolved, That Robert Morrow, acting treasurer of Outagamie county, is entitled to the county treasurer's sign and is hereby authorized to reduce the same to his immediate possession." S. E. Beach and two assistants were appointed to investigate the accounts of Mr. Grignon, county treasurer, in lieu of the former committee. In 1853 the new county board was as follows: H. L. Blood of Grand Chute; N. M. Hephner, Lansing; C. Hartman, Freedom; L. E. Darling, Greenville; W. W. Benedict, Hortonia; Milo Cole, Ellington; B. H. Beaulieu, Kaukauna; Mr. Blood became chairman. All of Outagamie county in town 24, ranges 18 and 19, except the Oneida reservation was annexed to. the town of Freedom. The total equalized assessments of the county in 1853 was $301,710.04. The names of three streets in Lawesburg (near Appleton) were changed -Division to Union, Spain to Washington and Menasha to Frank- lin. W. W. Benedict and others petitioned for a new town to be set off from Hortonia-referred to a special committee. H. S. Eg- gleston was clerk of the Circuit court. George W. Gregory was clerk of the county board. The committee on the new town to be called Bovina and to be set off from Ellington was appointed. At this time, also, the town of Dale was ordered set off from Hortonia. At this date a new committee on courthouse was chosen; they were em- powered to see about the county jail also; the committee were: Coles, Hartman and Benedict. The bounty on wolves was fixed at $5 in November, 1853.. A committee of three-Blood, Darling and Heph- ner-was appointed to count up the assets with a view to the early completion of the courthouse and jail. Conkey deeded the property agreed upon to the county for courthouse, etc., and was released from this bond. Mr. Grignon not having turned over the county treasurer's books, etc., the board resolved as follows: "That Robert Morrow, the treasurer of Outagamie county, be and is hereby directed forthwith to make a demand of the said Grignon to deliver to said Morrow all and singular the books, records, papers, funds and property belonging to the office of treasurer of said county in the possession of said Grignon, and in case the said Grignon shall refuse to deliver to said Morrow upon such demand the said books, records, etc., then the said Morrow is hereby enjoined and directed with the advice of good and sufficient counsel to commence sum- mary proceedings forthwith for the recovery of the same before some court having jurisdiction in the premises." The committee.on courthouse having recommended raising that structure and building a jail in the basement, the board refused to concur. "Resolved, That so much of the report of the committee on public buildings as casts aspersions upon the action of the board of supervisors of this county, who located the county buildings and entered into contract for. the building and completion of the same, be stricken out." Darling and Benedict voted for this resolution and Blood, Beaulieu, Hartman, Coles and Hephner against it. 68 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

However, the following language was ordered stricken from the report of the building committee by a vote of 5 to 2: "Whether this action on the one part was consummated by a mistaken devotion to the public good, or the influence of selfish and designing men on the other part, is not a matter for your committee to determine." The report as amended was then adopted by the vote of 5 to 2, the latter two being Blood and Coles. A tax of 10 mills on the dollar for county purposes was levied in 1854. Blood, Hephner and Darl- ing were' instructed to have the courthouse and jail completed at the earliest practicable moment; orders were authorized to be issued to cover the cost. The case of Grignon vs. Morrow to test the right to the office of county treasurer was pending in the circuit court. The board thereupon determined to make settlement with Morrow. In 1853 the total receipts in the county treasury were $8,738.72, and the total expenses $8,588.72, balance on hand $150; other funds in the hands of the treasurer amounted to $2,832.20. Blood, Beaulieu and Coles were appointed a committee to make final settlement with Brown county. Costs in cases from Shawano county amounted to $264. "Resolved, That. in the opinion of the board of supervisors the organization of agricultural societies in this country, has proved emi- nently beneficial to the agricultural and manufacturing interests and has a direct tendency to stimulate to increased action all departments of industry; and we therefore recommend. that the citizens of the several towns in this county meet at the National Hotel in the village of Appleton, on the second day of January next for the purpose of organizing a county agricultural society; and Resolved, That Henry S. Blood, Robert R. Bateman and Rolla A. Lawe be and are hereby appointed a committee to make arrangements for said meeting and to draft such articles as may be necessary for the orgalniza- tion of said society."-(Adopted November 26, 1853). The plan for a county jail submitted to the board by Mr. Bene- dict was adopted in November, 1853. Alden S. Sanborn was paid $35 for office for clerk for the year 1853, and for the board during the November session. Charles A. Grignon, claiming to be county treasurer, presented his bond as such official, but the board refused to consider it. Prof. E. Cooke was paid $15 for services as chemist in analyzing the contents of the stomach of the wife of Fred Schoef- fler, supposed to have been poisoned by arsenic. S. Ryan, Jr., had charge of the Crescent at this time. Mr. Benedict represented the town of Dale on the county board. "Appleton and Grand Chute.-The citizens of these thriving villages appear to appreciate fully the advantages of Plank Roads. And although young in years they have, in the kind of improvements, already outstripped this as well as most other places in the north. They have built a plank road to Grand Kaukaunal some nine tniles and one to intersect the Menasha and Kaukauna road and are now at work building one westward to Wolf river some twenty miles which is to be continued to Michiljohn's mill, Waupaca Falls, Plover Portage and Stevens Point. $50,000 of stock has. been taken and HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 69

$15,000 of the bonds of the other road negotiated which places the enterprise in a p6sition for immediate construction. A large quantity of plank and logs have been got out for it during the winter and workmen are busy and expect by next fall to reach Wolf river with it. Persons will not wonder at the extraordinary success of road building at Appleton when informed that Rev. Reeder Smith is the main operator."-(Fond du Lac Jourrnal, March, 1853). Early in 1853 there was subscribed $50,000 toward the proposed plank road from Appleton to Stevens Point. "Outagamie or Utagamie?--Which is correct? We do not pro- fess to be well versed in Indian orthography, but from what we do know of it, we are persuaded that Utagamie is the correct mode of spelling the name of our county. At any rate, that is the pronunci- ation."-(Crescent, March 26, 1853.) "It is believed that $75,000 logs (equal to 25,000,000 feet of lumber) were cut upon the Wolf and Embarrass rivers during the past winter. Wolf river is fairly choked up with rafts on their way to Oshkosh, Fond du Lac, etc."-(Crescent, April 30, 1853.) "Farmers, is it not high time for Outagamie to have a county agricultural society? Why should we not have a stock fair in the spring or winter?"--(Crescent, November 19, 1853.) The Agricultural Society gave great encouragement to agricul- ture, horticulture and stock raising early in the '50s. The newspapers took up the matter and had departments devoted to those subjects. Improved stock was particularly demanded by the society and by the press, and in response the farmers throughout the county began to improve their herds of cattle, hogs, horses and sheep. Im- proved fruit raising was also an important subject. Grain received due consideration. The culture of cranberries was urged upon citizens owing to the numerous marshes where they grew wild. As a whole, the society greatly advanced the conditions of the farmer and horticulturist. Late in 1853 the court affirmed that Charles A. Grignon was the legal treasurer of Outagamie county. Mr. Morrow took an ap. peal from this decision, returnable at the coming June session. There being two men who claimed to be county treasurer it was uncertain to whom town treasurers and other officials should make their reports. Albert Cook of the town of Freedom raised ten acres of wheat in 1853 which averaged 33 bushels per acre. This was a little better than the county average, but the crop generally was excellent that season. "Caution-It is said that Robert Morrow is pretending to act as treasurer of Outagamie county and to receive money in that capacity; therefore this is to caution all persons against making any payments to said Morrow. Further information will be given at the county treasurer's office, corner of College avenue and Garrison streets, up stairs.-Charles A. Grignon, county treasurer, February 17, 1853."-(Crescent, June 18, 1853). 70 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

"The town of New London was subject to entry a few weeks since, but now the land is entered, a town laid out and lots are being built upon. A wharf and a warehouse has been constructed and a store established. A steamboat from Fond du Lac and Osh- kosh visits this point daily. This must be a point at which a mechanic, merchant or public house keeper could invest without risk. It offers the best kind of an opening for a tanner and currier; also for a foundry."-(Cor. Crescent, July 16, 1853). In early years the maple sugar industry of northern Wiscon- sin was not only large, but often very valuable. It was hard labor, but it paid in those days when sugar cost so much. Quite often from 25 to 100 pounds of sugar were made in a single day in this county by some of the early settlers. In Grand Chute alone over five tons were made during the season of 1853. Not everybody knew how to make maple sugar properly. Those who understood the methods produced an excellent article which found ready sale in all the stores. The legislature in 1853-4 passed an act authorizing the boards of supervisors of the towns of Grand Chute, Greenville, Hortonia and other towns in adjacent counties to subscribe in behalf of said towns to the capital stock of the Wolf river branch of the Winne- bago Lake and Fox River Plank Road Company, such amounts not to exceed $10,000 for any one town, and to pay for the same in bonds of such towns, the bonds to be payable in fifteen years, with interest not exceeding 10 per cent. In response to this act, Grand Chute by a vote of 141 to 97 voted for the bonds. In due time the town supervisors ascertained that the road was incumbered with heavy liabilities and until freed therefrom would jeopardize the issue of bonds ordered. This fact becoming known, caused the town board to pass resolutions calling for information as to such liabilities. In March, 1853, the Fort Howard and Kaukauna Plank Road was authorized. It was surveyed and was to cross Apple creek a little below La Vine's residence; a little grading was to be at Dutch- man's, Ashwaubane and Apple creek; it was to be nearly a straight road from Depere to Kaukauna. It was a part of the standard road from Green Bay to Lake Winnebago. At the annual session of the county board commencing No- vember 14, 1854, there were present Theodore Conkey, Grand Chute; B. H. Beaulieu, Kaukauna; M. W. Allen, Hortonia; Isaac Wick- ware, Greenville; C. Hartman, Freedom; Milo Coles, Bovina; N. M. Hephner, Centre; Edward Spicer, Dale; , Ellington; J. Mer- rickle, Embarrass. Isaac Wickware was chosen chairman. The board was in session in the courthouse, but adjourned to the Na- tional Hotel for reasons not shown. Diagrams of several of the towns were ordered procured from the land office at Menasha. The assessment of the plank road in the town of Kaukauna was ordered abrogated for 1854. Ryan & Co., were paid $271.62 for printing. At this time the..case of Grignon vs. Morrow was in the Supreme Court. The petition of N. M. Hephner and others to change the 'HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 71 name of the town of Lansing to Center was referred to a committee of two. The board relinquished any claim for damages it might have in consequence of there having been laid out, by the trustees of the village of Appleton, streets and alleys through the lands set apart for county purposes-Lawrence and Elm streets. The board directed both Grignon and Morrow to report the county funds in their hands. The salary of district attorney for 1855 and 1856 was fixed at $300 per annum; the clerk's salary was set at $100 per year. James Gilmore took Mr. Conkey's place on the board, November 17. Both Grignon and Morrow made reports as requested by the county board. Part of the village plat of Little Chute was vacated. Settlement with Brown county was not yet effected. Shawano county had not yet paid the court expenses due this county. The decision of the Supreme Court in the county treasury case was read to the board by Frederick Packard, Esq. The Supreme Court decided that the officers elected in November, 1851, were legally elected for two years. County officers were notified on November 21, that offices in the new courthouse were ready for them. Increase in travel and custom at the National Hotel forced the board to occupy a room opposite the National-usually known as the "feed store." At this time Mr. Conkey took Mr. Gilmore's place on the county board, representing Grand Chute. "November 23, 1854; members all present; committees were busy at their respective duties; when motion was made to adjourn till 3 o'clock to attend service and hear the Thanksgiving sermon by Rev. N. E. Cobleigh, and the motion carried." The new county buildings were placed in charge of Theodore Conkey, member of the board, with orders to complete the same and furnish them for occupancy. A complete set of standard weights and measures were ordered. The bond of Charles A. Grignon, county treasurer, dating from November 25, 1853, was approved by the board. During the November session (1854) Allen street in Apple- ton was changed to Prospect. A portion of the village of Little Chute was vacated. A change was made in the boundary of Bovina, town. The town of Lansing was changed to Center. There were many people in Outagamie county in 1854 who bitterly opposed the last grant of land in this district to private enterprises. The lands were reserved from sale to await the action of Congress upon a bill which proposed to donate them to various rail- roads. This reservation was highly disapproved by nearly all the citizens of this county. The Crescent used bitter language in de- nouncing the act as "the last great land grab," and called it the "land grant swindle." In April, the Crescent declared that the recent town meetings had chosen township officers superior to any that had ever been elected before. This guaranteed an excellent and able board of county supervisors and meant improvement in county affairs in every department. In Grand Chute, J. S. Buck was chairman of the supervisors. In Greenville, Isaac Wickware, democrat, was elected over L. E. Darling, free-soiler, by a majority of 24 votes. In Hor- 72 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

tonville, M. W. Allen, a free-soil whig, was elected chairman without opposition, succeeding Mr. Benedict, democrat. In Dale, E. Spicer, democrat, was chosen chairman without opposition. In Ellington, H. Kethroe, democrat, was elected chairman over S. D. Mason, whig. Kethroe succeeded Milo Coles, democrat. In Centre, N. M. Heph- ner, democrat, was) re-elected without opposition. In Freedom, Christian Hartman, democrat, was re-elected. In Kaukauna, B. H. Beaulieu, a national whig, was re-elected by a majority of 4 over Mr. O'Connor, democrat. The indications were that the new board would stand 8 democrats, 1 free-soil whig and one regular whig. In 1853 the political completion of the board was 5 democrats', 1 free- soiler and 1 whig. The W'olf river branch plank road was designed to extend from Appleton to Stevens Point, a distance of about 70 miles, and an extension thereto was projected to Green Bay. It was announced that stages would be ready to run regularly over this route by the latter part of June. The points touched by the stages were announced to be Appleton, Hortonia, New London and other places toward Ste- vens Point. It was announced late in May, 1854, that there were in this land district 69 towns, which were reserved from sale agreeably to the request of the Michigan delegation in 'Congress. A considerable part of this land lay in Outagamie county. By the first of June the grain crop throughout the county looked better than ever before. Winter wheat particularly was excellent and promised a very large yield. Spring wheat was also fine. As prices were high the farmers were happy over the outcome. Late in May the citizens were called upon to vote on the proposition of taking stock in the Appleton and Stevens Point plank road by the issuance of town bonds therefor. The citizens were pretty equally divided on this question. Many who wanted the plank road favored the bonds; others who saw no private benefit or fore- saw trouble opposed the issuance. By the middle of May the maple sugar season ended. It was thought to be the poorest year for that industry the county had had in five seasons. However, more than one sugar bush in Grand Chute made from 300 to 500 pounds. It was realized that the falling off in the supply was due to the destruction of the maple trees and to the fact that the farmers were busy in their fields and could not find time to attend to the sap. The act of March 1, 1854, legalized the election of Appleton village officers in April, 1853. The organization and acts of the original school district No. 6, Grand Chute, were legalized and the name changed to District No. 6. The act of March 29. 1854, provided that the county officers should have the right to hold their offices in such buildings in the village of Appleton as the board of supervisors should agree upon, but that said offices should be furnished free of charge to the county. At a town meeting in Grand Chute the sum of $200 was appropriated in June, 1854, toward the opening of a road from the court- HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 73 house toward Greenville and Bald Prairie. The work of causewaying the cedar swamp and grubbing a. large portion of the road was let to Mat. Long. The people of Greenville agreed to construct the road through their town to the cedar swamp. The Appleton council also ordered a new street opened from Lawrence street to the courthouse square. All town officers throughout the county were busily engaged at this time in opening roads in every direction to meet the wants of the new settlers. This spring the legislature passed a law authorizing the state treasurer to withold the state school money from all counties in arrears to the state. Much complaint was occasioned thereby. Outa- gamie county was in arrears and the Crescent and the citizens generally complained grievously concerning the act of the legislature. The result, however, was to compel the county to pay her dues to the state in order to secure money for the support of her schools. It was really a wise measure, though not relished at the time by the citizens. According to N. M. Hephner, the winter wheat raised in the town of Centre in 1853 ranged from 35 to 42 bushels of plump seed per acre on new land; on rough stubble land where the trees had been cut off the yield was about 20 bushels per acre. There were large tracts of land yet in the county to be purchased at $1.75 to $2.50 per acre. Settlers were called for and were not slow in coming. The county was filling up rapidly with an excellent class of settlers, not only from the East, but from the German provinces in Europe. "Town Assessments.-We suggest to the different town assessors in this county that they meet on some future day at the county-seat and compare and equalize their assessments. Last year great in- equalities existed; for instance improved lands in the town of Green- ville (richest soil in the county) were assessed at $1.50 to $2 per acre, only 25 or 50 cents higher than the wild lands in the town of Free- dom. Now, we know that the Greenville land owners do not take less than from $6 to $10 per acre in yellow gold for their farms and we also know that wild. land of an excellent quality can be bought in Freedom at from $1.50 to $2.50 per acre. These remarks extend to other towns. Look at the inequality and injustice of the same. Should not a remedy be provided at once?"-(Crescent, June 10, 1854). "The First Load of 'Cheese.-We saw in town last Saturday a fine load of cheese from the farm of Mr.'Barnes near this village. Mr. Barnes is from Ohio and the product of his dairy bore the superior mark of the rich cheese of which large quantities are imported from that state. Mr. Barnes has already manufactured over 1,000 pounds this season which readily sell at 10 cents a pound. He has a farm of 100 acres under cultivation and a fine stock of cattle, and we wish him every success as a pioneer dairyman of our county."-Crescent, June 10, 1854). 'According to the census of June, 1850, the population of the county of Outaga,mie (then a part of Brown county) was as follows: White males 1,079; white females 797; colored males 6; colored 74 IHISTORIY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY females 4; total 1,886. Taking the average of the vote cast at the recent town elections and allowing one voter to every seven souls, we have a population of 6,139. The increase, counting everything, amounts to about 100 per cent per annum in four successive years. and the greatest part of this increase has occurred during the last eighteen months. The present rate of arrivals will crowd hard upon 10,000 a year. The backwoods are fairly alive with newcomers and this village is receiving daily accessions to its population and our village population today, we do honestly believe, is greater than the number in the whole county four years ago."-(Crescent, June, 1854). About the middle of June, 1854, a large meeting of the citizens convened at the central schoolhouse to make arrangements for the celebration of the 4th of July. Dr. S. E. Beach was chosen chairman and Franklin Proctor, secretary. Remarks were made by H. L. Blood, Samuel Ryan, Jr., G. H. Marston and others and it was unanimously resolved to celebrate that day. President Cooke was invited to deliver the principal oration. M. A. Mosher, A. B. Everts, and G. H. Marston were the committee of arrangement. The sum of $75 was raised to procure fireworks. Mark A. Mosher was chosen to prepare toasts; Julius S. Buck was elected marshal of the day; the Appleton Saxhorn Band was invited, to furnish the music; connected with the band were Johnston, Huntley and Randall. Joseph McNeil agreed to prepare the public dinner. Among those who took part in this proceeding, in addition to those mentioned above, were Edward H. Stone, Moses W. Allen, William D. Jordan, Stephen D. Mason, William Youngs, L. S. Augur, N. M. Hephner, A. C. Black and Edward West. Another committee of arrangement was as follows: W. S. Warner, John Moodie, J. W. Letcher, Henry L. Blood, Joseph McNeil, H. C. Sherwin, M. D. McGrath, N. Richmond, G. H. Mars- ton, D. C. W'eston, Wait Cross, Robert Briggs and Thomas Marsden. The Howard and Kaukauna plank road was projected to bring Appleton and Kaukauna in connection with Howard. It traversed an important section of country which was being rapidly settled. The plan was to bring the trade of a large section of back country to the Fox river. In 1854 two men who claimed to be county clerks officiated as such. The Crescent said, "Ours is a double-barreled county. We have two gentlemen acting as clerks. Both together ought to be able to satisfy the inquisitive. A correspondent asks why the receipts and expenditures of the county are not published."-(Crescent; August 19, 1854). "Ladd & Letcher and Tibbits & Johnson after several weeks of hard work succeeded in getting their rafts of lumber safely moored at Grand Chute. While on Lake Winnebago they were towed by the Swan and were broken up and the logs scattered and piled upon the beach. They had great difficulty at Neenah in getting through the incomplete lock. They were also detained at Butte Des Mortes. This is a roundabout way of bringing logs from the Wolf river, but it is the only way they can be brought by water until a canal is dug HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 75 from the Wolf to the Fox terminating at Appleton."- (Crescent, August 19, 1854). In August, 1854, the complaint of Charles A. Grignon against Robert Morrow for withholding the books and papers belonging to the office of county treasurer after the decision of the supreme court was heard before Judge Johnson. After a full investigation of the case and after hearing the arguments of counsel the judge ordered issued a warrant for the commitment of Morrow and a search warrant for the county books and papers. Morrow in the meantime decamped and left the county. The sheriff reported himself unable to find any of the books and papers and accordingly pursued Mr. Morrow who left the county. About the last of August, 1854, winter wheat was worth here $1.10 to $1.15; spring wheat 85c to $1; oats 30 to 33c; potatoes 38 to 44c; eggs 15c; butter 12 and 15c; beef 7 to 1Oc; superfine flour $6.25 to $6.50 per barrel; spring wheat flour $6. The case over the county treasurership was decided by the supreme court in August. Charles A. Grignon, the supreme court announced, was entitled to the office for the years 1852-3. The Crescent said: "The county having enjoyed for so long a time the luxury of two county treasurers will, we suppose, now be content to foot the bill and try hereafter to get along with one set of officers- a measure of economy which the present state of finances will fully justify." "Squirrels, etc.--The woods in this vicinity are fairly alive with black squirrels and the boys are having rare sport hunting them. Raccoons are also more abundant and accordingly are more mis- chievous than at any time in the memory of the white man. Coon hunts-night parties-are not infrequent."-( Crescent, September, 1854.) "And Still Another Bear.-On Saturday evening our friend, Warren Warner, brought us a luscious bear steak for, our Sunday dinner. It was part of a fine black bear killed by him on the school section. It seems as if bears were more plentiful in our county than they have been for years."-(Crescent, September, 1854.) From time to time the Crescent noticed the large vegetables that were grown in this county. The soil was alluvial and very rich, and carrots, potatoes, squashes, cabbages, etc., were raised in large quantities and of the largest sizes. Many parts of the county were as rich as a garden. Particularly was it noted that throughout the county, whether on old wood-land or prairie land, the growing of wheat was extremely successful. The principal wheats grown at that time were Black Sea and Canada grub. Winter wheat was a standard crop. It was noted by the Crescent that corn planted on July 4 was perfectly ripe and ready for the mill on September 5. The corn crop was heavy throughout the country. In the spring of 1854, R. A. Lawe was secretary of the County Agricultural Society. An adjourned meeting was held in the courtroom in Appleton to prepare an exhibit for the comiing fall. The executive committee of the society consisted of William Johnston, R. A. Lawe, Edward West, Milo Coles, John H. Barnes, Peter Heph- 76 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY ner, Josephus Wakefield and Ethan Powers. Samuel Dunn was president of the society. It was announced early in March that the "wooden rookery," otherwise known as jail, authorized by the county board, would be ready for service about the middle of April. Previous to this date it was necessary to keep prisoners in the jail a.t Depere where several insane persons from this county were confined. During the summer and early fall this county suffered severely from a drought, many wells in Appleton and vicinity entirely drying up. It was followed by one good result, namely: the digging of better and deeper wells. It had not yet been ascertained that artesian water might be obtained here by digging to a suitable depth. County orders in July, 1854, were 25 per cent discount. In the early fall of 1854 the Grand Chute town supervisors after a thorough investigation rescinded all action previously taken by them in reference to the issue of town bonds to aid the Wolf River plank road. "The Hunt.-A party of thirty of our citizens had a backwoods hunt on Saturday last. In all they killed about 1,000 black and gray squirrels, pigeons, quails, partridges, ducks, etc. Only one deer was killed and the bear could not be found. In the evening they partook of a splendid supper at the Crescent Hotel. They talk of another hunt soon."-(ICrescent, September, 1854.) "Deer Kill- ing.-During the stay of the light fall of snow last week some of our town men were very successful killing deer within one or two miles of town. Venison has been very plentiful for the last few days and never fatter or better in quality."-(Crescent, November 18, 1854.) In September two men killed eight bears in one day near Wolf River in Outagamie county. The abundance of acorns presumably took the bears to that locality. "The county board gave notice of adjournment today after a session of twelve days. Some wise measures were adopted. Unlike the basswood board which sat at 1853, the present board voted a sufficient amount of county tax to pay off all the debts left by the heavy expenses growing out of the murder trials, and the current expenses of county government for the ensuing year, and a round thousand dollars beside. Although the raising of $6,500 county tax is an extraordinary amount for so young a county as ours, we are frank to say that we think the supervisors acted wisely in voting the tax because it will pay up everything we owe and leave a surplus so that the county orders must go up to 90c as soon as the first of January instead of 70c the current price of yesterday. Theodore 'Conkey, supervisor from this town, was appointed to take charge of the public buildings and cause them to be completed; also to furnish county officers all necessary supplies. Next year in all probability a county tax of $3,000 will be amply sufficient. Isaac Wickware of Greenville is the chairman of the county board."-(Crescent, No- vember 25, 1854.) It was suggested that the county board should make the necessary appropriation and purchase land for a county HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNATY 77 poor-farm. Such farm should be located in Ellington, Center or Freedom, it was said. "Thanks.-To Mr. W. W. Crane for a venison steak, part of a fine buck killed by him a short distance from this village."--(Cres- cent, November 11, 1854.) At the February (1855) session there were present Isaac Wick- ware, Greenville; Edward Spicer, Dale; Theodore Conkey, Grand Chute; B. H. Beaulieu, Kaukauna; C. Hartman, Freedom; N. M. Hephner, Center; Henry Kethroe, Ellington; Mr. Allen, Hortonia; Mr. Coles, Bovina; Mr. Given, Embarrass. S. R. Sherwin contracted to complete the courthouse, and was paid $529 for that work. The same bounty allowed for killing wolves was also allowed for killing bears to all persons, exclusive of Indians. The sheriff was allowed expenses of keeping prisoners. The report of Mr. Grignon, treasurer, showed many duplicate orders, but nevertheless was rejected by the board. Mr. Morrow admitted the existence of duplicate tax certificates, and upon his promise to make good concluded to take no action. At this time there was outstanding in county orders and jury certificates, $6,448.01. A portion of Freedom was separated and attached to Kaukauna. At a special meeting in August, 1855, there were present Con- key, Eggleston, Bateman, Hephner, Childs, Palmer, Johnson, Mason, Beaulieu, Mr. Conkey was chosen chairman. It was resolved that after this date no bear bounty would be paid. This motion was reconsidered and laid on the table. At the November (1855) session there were present Conkey, Allen, Palmer, Hubbard, Mason, Johnson, Childs, Hephner, Beau- lieu, Merichle, Bateman, Eggleston and Lawe, the last three representing the three wards of Appleton. The board took steps to clear and fence the courthouse square. For almost the first time the board adopted the rule to refer all claims first to the appropriate committee. "Your committee on bears would very respectfully report that the resolution granting a bounty on those harmless animals called bears should, be repealed.-Robert R. Bateman, James Merichle, N. M. Hephner, adopted." A portion of Embarrass town was attached to Ellington; also a part of Bovina was attached to EmTbarrass. An additional safe for the county records was demanded. L. B. Noyes was district attorney in November, 1855; the board disapproved of his retention of fees in certain cases. A special committee recolm- mended the construction of a fence twelve feet high and seventy feet square of two-inch plank around the jail; cost about $200. The board at this time decided against raising a county tax for the improvement of county roads. The sum of $200 was appropriated for clearing and fencing the courthouse grounds. Mr. Noyes, district attorney, rendered the opinion that the county was responsible for the care of a "dangerous lunatic confined in jail" here. The board decided that under the constitution they could not increase nor decrease the salaries of officers. In November, 1855, the board appointed Mr. Lawe to make arrangements with the trustees of the Baptist Chur'ch for the use 78 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY of the courtroom for divine service for one year, the rent not to exceed the cost of keeping the room in order. A special committee made a long and complicated report on the condition of the county treasurer's office and accounts; the actual state of county finances was in doubt. The reports of the two treasurers Morrow and Grig- non conflicted; and no doubt ill will and private gain cut a figure in the adjustment. Mr. Grignon's report made the following showing: Report Debtor. Creditor. 1853 ...... $3,576.62 $3,576.62 1854 ...... 7,152.23 7,152.23 1855 ...... 29,981.49 29,981.49

The committee recommended that $1,292.45 be deducted from the above credits and $1,211.09 be added to the above debits, leaving to the county a credit of $2,503.54. There were on hand county orders to the amount of $7,709.18 and tax certificates $2,530.92; making in all due the county from the treasurer $12,743.64. Mr. Morrow was behind in his accounts as treasurer and suit against him was commenced by Mr. Grignon. The board criticised the reports and finally passed the following resolution: "That the sum of $12,743.64 be charged to said treasurer on the date of his last report, to wit: November 15, 1855, in addition to the interest on said tax certificates of 1853 and 1854 received from Mr. Morrow as hereinbefore mentioned." The board appropriated $1,200 for fireproof buildings for the county records. There was ordered levied for 1856 six mills for county purposes; two and a half mills for schools, and ten and one- sixth mills for State. The tax was apportioned as follows:

Towns. State. School. County. Grand Chute ...... $1,292.48 $317.75 '$762.61 Ellington ...... 238.61 58.66 140.79 Bovina ...... 134.42 33.04 79.31 Hortonia ...... 173.34 42.61 102.28 Dale ...... 202.60 49.81 119.54 Freedom ...... 304.08 74.76 179.43 Greenville ...... 353.30 86.86 208.46 Center ...... 311.99 76.70 184.08 Embarrass ...... 400.87 98.55 236.59 Kaukauna ...... 692.21 170.18 408.45

Totals...... $4,103.90 $1,008.92 $2,421.54

Additional and complete field notes of all lands in the county were ordered procured from the land office in Menasha. A large quantity of logs was seized by the district attorney under the swamp land act. John G. Jewell was paid $10 and Alvin Owens $20 for killing bears. The previous act attaching a part of Bovina to Em- barrass was repealed. HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 79

The board met in special session in March, 1856; Mr. Alien was chosen chairman pro tempore. The board promptly repealed several acts passed at the last session, because it had been shown that they were illegal and would work a hardship on important interests of the county; they referred to tax certificates, land sales and the collection and disposal of taxes, etc. Messrs. Childs, Gilmore and Bateman were appointed a special committee to ascertain and report the exact amounts due from Robert Morrow and Charles A. Grignon as treasurers of the county. This troublesome question still hung fire; the board itself was uncertain what to do. The contract to build fireproof offices was let to Patton & Moore. "Whereupon the board adjourned, having done just enough to fill this book without crowding, leaving the necessary space for the comments of propriety, the subsequent pages being devoted to the expression of that admiration which future generations must feel when beholding the wisdom of their fathers illustrated in this book; attest, Frederick Packard, clerk." Late in January, 1855, lumbering operations were in full blast. The pineries were alive with woodmen and teams and the drives were expected to be very large. Immense forces of men and teams went to the pineries on Wolf River and there found steady employment. One man alone on that river employed a sufficient force to get out 3,000,000 feet of logs. There was much complaint in October owing to the lack of roads leading to the flourishing town of Freedom. Both Center and Freedom were filling up with newcomers, large clearings were being made, houses built and farms opened. The roads were few and the county board was importuned to open additional ones at once. A road leading to Freedom could be made to extend to Elling- ton and Bovina. The town of Dale was growing rapidly also. At Medina a substantial store had just been built and a general stock of goods introduced. This enabled the farmers to secure supplies without much trouble. The roads to Appleton were very bad. Bo- vina also was growing rapidly. Another saw-mill was in. process of erection at the mouth of Shioc River and another store was established there. A large tavern was in process of erection also. Bovina at this date was opening a road to Shawano. At Ellington another mill was going up; Mr. Van Vleck was building a store; a new tavern was projected, and many settlers were coming in. Mr. Sherwin secured the lumber for the Courthouse from Hor- tonville. He planned to have the building ready for the spring term of court in 1855. Center the most sparsely settled town in the county voted a $500 special road tax in 1855; Ellington voted only $400; Greenville voted $800. The other towns also took some action. It was realized that next to good schools, good roads were necessary in this county. "New Comers.-Land seekers throughout our county were never more plentiful at this season of the year than now. Prices of wild land have gone up rapidly. While a good many arrivals leave dis- appointed, the price is nothing to what it will be one year hence. 80 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

We hear of quite a number of sales at prices far in advance of last year and yet land is cheap, and there are enough to know it as will be proved in less than six months."-(Crescent, April 21, 1855.) By the last of April the Courthouse was fully completed and received an extra coat of paint. The jail also was newly painted and both presented an attractive appearance. Inasmuch as considerable money was expended on the jail, it was thought that the county should raise the price of rent there at once. From June 1 to September 1, 1853, nineteen families settled in Appleton, adding approximately one hundred to the population. As there were usually about 300 students in the village, the actual population during the summer of 1855 was nearly 2,000. In 1850 Elling- ton comprised three townships in length and one in width. The town of Bovina in 1855 embraced towns 23 and 24, range 16. The Shioc mills were on section 16, town 23. The mills and one section of pine land were recently sold for $12,000. Mr. Winch, formerly one of the proprietors of the mills, built a steamboat to run on Wolf river. It was thought that the mouth of Shioc River must eventually become a.n important trading point. A small steamer was designed to run upon the upper Wolf river. In 1855 the wheat crop was very heavy in this county. It was believed that the winter wheat would average thirty bushels to the acre. At this time winter wheat was worth about 90c per bushel. The contract for finishing the Courthouse was let to Stephen Sherwin of Appleton for $415. The court-room was planned to occupy the whole side of the building, 40x40 feet, thus furnishing abundant space for any public or court proceedings. In October, 1855, the secretary of state served notice on the clerk of the county board of Outagamie county to pay at once the state tax of $4,103.90. In 1854 this state tax amounted to $2,450. It had almost doubled in one year. The Crescent complained that this was due to the republican management of state affairs. A large flock of sheep arrived in Appleton October, having been imported from the East via the Collingwood route to the Green Bay country. It was destined for some farms back of Appleton.

EXPENSES 1855.

Judicial ...... $2,154.08 Poor ...... 9.00 Wolf and bear bounty ...... 270.00 Salaries of officers...... 617.50 County board ...... 332.54 Courthouse finished ...... 666.85 Stationery, fuel, etc...... 326.15 Printing ...... 489.38 Illegal taxes ...... 306.70 Court certificates ...... 245.53

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HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 81

ASSETS 1855.

Tax certificates on hand ...... $2,530.92 Orders on hand 7,709.18 Due from Shawano county ...... 264.18 Due from R. Morrow ...... 717.76

Total assets ...... $11,221.86

TOTAL COUNTY LIABILITIES 1855.

County orders and court certificates outstanding Feb- ruary 23, 1855 ...... $6,448.01 Amount due the State in back years ...... 1,976.78 County expenses 1855...... 5,417.75

Total liabilities...... $13,842.54 Assets ...... 11,221.86

Liability balance ...... $2,620.68

In 1855 the assessment showed 208,942 acres under cultivation; its assessed value was $397,048; equalized valuation, $397,053; personal property, $6,532; total valuation, $403,585.

STATISTICS 1855.

Towns. State. School. County. Grand Chute ...... $1,292.48 $317.75 $762.61 Ellington ...... 238.61 58.66 140.79 Bovina ...... 134.42 33.04 79.31 Hortonia ...... 173.34 42.61 102.28 Dale ...... 202.60 49.81 119.54 Freedom ...... 304.08 74.76 179.43 Greenville ...... 353.30 86.86 208.46 Center ...... 311.99 76.70 184.08 Embarrass ...... 400.87 98.55 236.59 Kaukauna ...... 692.21 170.18 408.48

Totals...... $4,103.90 $1,008.92 $2,521.57

In 1855 the Outagamie and Shawano Plank Road Company was incorporated by J. C. Lewis, Jackson Tibbits, G. R. Andrews, Charles D. Westcott, E. West, Luther B. Noyes and Perry H. Smith with a capital stock of $100,000; object to construct a plank road from Appleton to some point in Shawano county. On December a large quantity of school and university land in Outagamie county was sold by the commissioners at Appleton. Lands sold at that time lay in townships 23 and 24, range 15, and 82 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY was sold at $1.25 per acre. Private sales were made in these tracts at $1.50 per acre, and a few choice tracts at $2 or more per acre. In January, 1856, a man named Leonard became intoxicated in Kaukauna and laid out during one of the coldest nights. He was terribly frozen and great care was necessary to save his life. Drs. Beach and Merriman attended him and performed twelve amputa- tions using chloroform. All the fingers, both thumbs and two toes were taken off. Some of the fingers were disjointed at the hand. The man had a wife and four children who were totally dependent upon his labor for support. He thus became a county charge. This case was noted as a remarkable one, showing the shocking and fear- ful results of liquor drinking. In March Frederick Packard in a communication to the Cres- cent endeavored to explain how Outagamie county became indebted to the state. He said it was due to the dispute over the county treasury by Messrs. Grignon and Morrow. He claimed that during the years 1853-4 while Mr. Morrow held the office he should have paid to the state treasurer $2,896.60, but only actually paid $982, leaving a balance due of $1,914.60. In April the postoffices and postmasters in Outagamie county were as follows: Appleton,-John Elliott; Little Chute,-Peter Maas; Kaukauna,-John Hunt; Oneida,-C. G. Lathrop; Freedom,-John Brady; Lansing,-L. S. Augur; Center,-M. McGillan; Ellington,- S. D. Mason; Shiocton,-M. G. Bradt; Hortonville,-D. E. Wood- ward; Greenville,-Burnett Mills; Wakefield,-Seth J. Perry; Medina,-C. Koontz. The crop of maple sugar in the spring of 1856 was very light and as a consequence the price advanced to 12e a pound. By the summer of 1856 there was much speculation in land around Appleton. This was deplored because it was believed that the interests of the city itself would thereby suffer. The village property on the northern side of the river in the First and Third Wards was 30 per cent cheaper than improved agricultural lands. Village lots were held at reasonable rates. Lands in Center, Elling- ton, Bovina, and Freedom were worth from $3 to $10 per acre, and there was extensive speculation in such property. Notwithstanding the scarcity of lumber and other building ma- terials, the construction of stores and dwellings at Appleton rapidly progressed in the spring of 1856. It was said that more lots were cleared and fenced this spring than during any previous season. In addition, the citizens everywhere were planting shade and fruit trees. The high stages of water and the heavy winds which had prevailed prevented the rafting of logs to this point. However, more than 2,000,000 feet of logs were on the way here by May 24. "There is quite a heavy emigration into the northern towns of our county. The land is cheap and fertile and the climate healthy. Cattle growers, dairymen, and others can make fortunes in the Wolf River Valley in a few years."-(Crescent, May 24, 1856.) It was reported in September that nine men in one day killed thirteen bears in Waupaca county. This report awakened the hunt- HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 83 ers of this locality and they prepared to seek the woods. In October all swamp land pre-emptors were invited to come to the register's office with two disinterested witnesses to prove the required progress on their claims. The register of deeds was P. D. Bingham. In November, 1856, the county board appropriated $500 with which to fence and clear the Courthouse square. The total county receipts in 1856 were $22,690.54 less $2,530.92 on hand at the beginning of the year. There was on hand at the end of the year $9,751.52. In January, 1857, the county board made an appropriation with which to prepare a map of the county showing the location of towns, villages, and the principal streams. This map was attrac- tively prepared and copies were sent to scores of counties in the East for the purpose of attracting settlers to this vicinity. Excellent farm land was advertised in Center, Freedom, Ellington, Bovina and Em- barrass at from $2 to $10 per acre. "Killing Deer—.-Animmense number of deer were killed in this county during the latter part of last week. We hear that one Indian killed fourteen in the town of Center on Saturday. The snow was crusted over strong enough to bear a man and they hunted the poor animals with dogs and clubs. This wholesale destruction of deer is too bad. We actually wish that the legislature would take away the privilege given to Indians to hunt game out of season; and that the white savages who are so wicked and thoughtless as to exterminate the species in season and out of season were made to feel the rigid penalty of the law."-(Crescent, February 21, 1857.) The special attention of newcomers was called to the desirability of residing in the town of Bovina. The lumber interest there was very large and valuable and the mills were in steady operation. Hundreds of men were at work the previous winter in the lumber camps. The village of Shiocton counted two hotels, several stores and half a dozen mechanic's shops and already the village was an important point in river navigation. In addition there were many acres of unoccupied grazing and farming land within the limits of that town. It was considered an excellent location for actual settlers. It was announced by the Crescent that the use of maple sugar in Outagamie county was more than ten times greater than in any previous sugar season known, and the quality was never better; the price was about 12c a pound. In April the City of Appleton and the town of Grand Chute jointly voted at the courthouse the sum of $4,140 for roads and bridges in city and town. This was thought a liberal appropriation. It was believed the county should build and maintain the bridges, even within the limits of Appleton, over navigable rivers like the Fox and Wolf. About the middle of June a large meteor passed over Appleton about noonday, taking a northeast direction and though the sun was shining brightly at the time it was distinctly visible. It left as a trail a white cloud and after a few seconds exploded in a series of concussions resembling the firing of a cannon in rapid succession. 84 HISTORY- OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY It was estimated to have been one hundred miles from Appleton and accordingly must have been very large. By the last of August the plank road between Dunn's Corners and the Greenville town line was nearly all graded and was considered one of the best pieces of road making in this county. In 1857 the state geologist, Prof. Daniel, was in this portion of the state making an examination of the geological features. He stated that he found a much larger quantity of excellent farming land in this portion of the state than he had expected. There was great complaint in the fall that young men, in order to secure hickory nuts, walnuts, etc., were in the habit of cutting down the trees in order to get at the nuts more readily. The citizens regarded this act as outrageous and demanded that it should cease. The report of the secretary of state for the year ending Sep- tember 30, 1857, showed that Outagamie county was indebted to the State to the amount of $2,800. The existence of this indebtedness was laid to the usurpation of the office of county treasury by Robert Morrow who had gone to Kansas. In November at the session of the county board there was for the first time in history an entire unanimity in the reports of the treasurer and the equalization of the assessment rolls. Much credit was given Dr. Douglas for his method of keeping the accounts and finances of the county. The board appropriated $1,000 to aid in constructing .a bridge across Fox river in the Second ward. The property holders were expected to add $3,000 to this appropriation. Late in 1857 a public road extending from New London to the town of Embarrass was projected and its construction commenced. The latter town was quite rapidly settling at this date. Some complaint was made because the proprietors of certain lands at New London compelled the roadmakers to build in a half circle to avoid crossing their property. In 1857 the county board appropriated $1,000 for the partial construction of a bridge over Fox river at Appleton. Thomas Hanna took the contract. He failed to build the bridge and the money was used to pay county expenses. The county sued the Morrow bonds- men-Robert Bateman, H. L. Blood and William Rork-and got judgment, the county finally agreed to settle the judgment for $200. Patton & Moore were the contractors for the fire proof county buildings in 1858. The total receipts of the county treasurer for 1858 were $33,100.less $1,347 on hand at the beginning of the year. In. November 1858 the county board were presented with an. application in behalf of Robert Morrow for an appropriation of $500 to be used in paying his expenses in contesting with Charles A. Grignon for the treasuryship of this county in 1853. The claim was disallowed by a vote of three in favor to eleven against. It was wondered at the time how any three men could be found who would vote in favor of this application. The county board made an appropriation of $1,000 to aid in constructing a permanent bridge across the Fox river at Appleton and appointed a committee to let the contract and to report concern, HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 85 ing progress of the work. The high stage of water in the river prevented work on this improvement until August, 1858, at which time the contractor endeavored to get rid of his bargain. He was released from his contract upon his request, as the $1,000 was raised by an express law for a specific purpose. It was believed that the board had no right to divert it to any other use. At this date the board numbered fifteen members and W. H. P. Bogan was chairman. "I am ashamed to see a procession of disgusted pilgrims pick- ing their way from the steamboat through an ocean of mud and then comforting themselves in believing their troubles are over and crossing the bridge only to find a nasty slippery hill of red clay mud and only to remember that at one end of this nuisance are the Fox and Wisconsin Improvement Company and some others who claim to be our most enterprising citizens and at the other end the business part of the city of Appleton and to realize that for two whole seasons of business this abomination has disgraced our city."-(Cor- respondence, Crescent, November 27, 1858.) At an adjourned session of the county board held in January, 1858, the following proceedings were had: Numerous petitions and remonstrances were heard in reference to proposed locations of the boundaries of Embarrass, Hortonia and Medina. A committee framed an ordinance dividing Embarrass and forming a separate town of 22, range 15, to be called Musquito Hill. The citizens of Little Chute petitioned the county board to divide the town of Kau- kauna by north and south lines, and remonstrated against a river boundary. A committee appointed to ascertain the gross amount of county ordinances and other certificates not canceled reported outstanding $5,187 worth. The board finally decided the town of Buchanan to be all that part of ranges 18, 19 and township 21, lying south of Fox river. At this time several sections were attached to Grand Chute. The first annual meeting of Buchanan was ordered held at the school house No. 6 in the town of Kaukauna. It was ordered that all that part of Embarrass lying in township 22, range 15, be set off and become a new town to be called Liberty. The first meeting was ordered held at the school house in district No. 1 of the town of Embarrass. At this session there was'quite a sharp discussion over the boundaries of Embarrass. It was finally concluded that Liberty should be all that part of Embarrass in township 22, range 15, and all of township 23, range 15, and east of Embarrass river. Remonstrances against the change of the name of Medina to Dale were received. The board took steps to have prepared correct maps of every town in the county. The committee on jail and county buildings reported substantial progress. The finance committee reported having examined the accounts of Charles A. Grig- non, former county treasurer, and had found them in fair condition. In its session January, 1858, the county board effected a final settlement between Charles A. Grignon, late county treasurer of the county of Outagamie. Anson Ballard, the deputy, made a full report, accounted for every dollar of public funds, and delivered the books and papers with clean hands. There had been much com- 86 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY plaint over the management of the county treasurer's affairs, but Mr. Ballard showed that under him any complaint was wholly unfounded. Late in January it was announced that a new republican paper was soon to be issued in Appleton. The old Free Press under Brady and others had died and this apparently was a new attempt of the republicans to secure a permanent organ in this county. The Dutch settlers road and the bridges across the creeks were constructed in a hurry. This road was greatly desired by Appleton owing to the fact that when once opened it would attract here the trade of one hundred farmers living in that direction. At this time Congress passed a bill for the relief of settlers upon certain public lands in Wisconsin. These lands were granted to aid the improvement on the Fox and Wisconsin rivers and were thus sold or contracted to be sold; and were by this new law con- signed to the state and the title of purchasers was declared to be as valid as though the selection had been made in conformity to the law. On March 26, 1858, the old settlers held a complimentary meeting at the National Hotel in honor of Dr. S. A. Beach and lady who were about to move to Kansas. Nearly forty couples assembled and listened to speeches and enjoyed a bountiful supper. Henry L. Blood presided and on behalf of the meeting presented Dr. Beach with a morning gown and slippers. The doctor responded with much feeling. He stated that he had been here nine years and that his intercourse with the people had been pleasant though sometimes exacting and severe. He arrived at Appleton in June 5, 1849, and found the only hotel in the place was the Edgarton barn, and the only means of access thereto without wading in water was a foot-bridge affording a safe footing to dryer ground. Emmon Kelly was cook at the hotel. The doctor said: "I have had the pleasure of aiding according to my limited means every arrangement and every meeting of possible interest calculated to benefit Apple- ton. I have been present at nearly every celebration or meeting of public interest that has ever been held here, and the remains of an only brother fill the oldest grave in your cemetery." The guests presented Mrs. Beach with a reticule filled with implements. President Cooke replied on behalf of Mrs. Beach to the address of W. S. Warner. Resolutions regretting the departure of Dr. Beach and his wife were passed. In March a bill was pending in the legislature to submit to a vote of the people the division of Calumet County in order to allow a couple of towns to be attached to Outagamie county. Bills were also pending for a resurvey of Appleton and for amendments to the city charter. The city engineer of Appleton was authorized by the Legislature in 1858 to make a survey and map of the city as follows: Wherever the boundaries of lots, blocks or streets or any part of said city which is now platted or purports to be platted are uncertain or the landmarks effaced, he shall establish such boundaries and renew such HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 87 according to the latest plat of such part as the same landmarks or appears in the office of register of deeds of the county of Brown wherever such plat is deficient in not showing anything Outagamie in required by law to be shown, he shall supply such deficiency map to be made by him; but he could not change records nor the 26, landmarks. The map was to represent the whole of sections 25, show 27, 34, 35 and 36, town 21 north, range 17 east, and could outlots. It was announced in April, 1858, that information from Hol- land had arrived to the effect that 100 families there had embarked and would come to settle in the vicinity of Little Chute. These inhabitants were welcomed because they were sure to make good Bu- citizens. Excellent lands in Center, Freedom, Kaukauna and chanan were open for their selection. was reported that 1,000 immigrants had just been landed It Green in New York and that 500 of them were on their way to the settlement which included Outagamie county. At this time Bay nation- the county boasted of its German population. Men of that ality made settlements here and were fast becoming Americanized. In the town of Bovina there was a pigeon roost seven miles there long by two or three miles wide. Millions of pigeons roosted often settled in such large numbers on trees as to break them and pot. down. Thousands were killed for sport and for the boiling The contract for building a foundation wall for the courthouse was let in August to Joseph Stowe for $170. The equalized assessment of the county in 1858 was $1,511,130. The assessment in the city of Appleton in 1858- was as follows: First ward, $132,415; Second ward, $185,796; Third ward, $137,669; of personal and real property, $455,880. The year before the total a gain of aggregate assessment footed up $135,000; there was thus $320,000 in a single year. In September the suit of Henry Hewett against the town of Grand Chute for $9,000 of plank road bonds which the town refused as legally issued, was decided against the plaintiff. The to recognize a lot suit of Elisa Morrell against the University of Lawrence for Both on the Lawrence tract was decided in favor of the plaintiff. sent back to the circuit court for future proceedings. cases were was By a decision of the supreme court Samuel Ryan, Jr., Hamer denied the right to the office of clerk of the court and C. A. opponent of November, 1858, was installed in his place. This his should decision was based upon the opinion that Outagamie county or terri- not join its forces with, nor be influenced by, any county attached merely for political purposes, as was Shawano. tory of In November, 1858, O. P. Peebles, a citizen of the town was accidentally drowned at Stephensville. He was get- Ellington, into out logs at the mill when he was accidentally precipitated ting sank the pond, but in falling was stunned so that he immediately and did not rise again. At the annual meeting of the county board in November, 1858, chair- the following action was taken: W. H. P. Bogan was elected 88 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

man. The petition of Antoine Smith and sixty others and of N. B. Des Marteau and others prayed that the town of Buchanan might be reattached to the town of Kaukauna, and that of Nicholas Beau- lieu and forty-seven others against such reunion were received. At this session so much of the town of Freedom as was embraced in towns 23 and 24, range 18, and all that part of town 24, range 19, west of the Oneida reserve was set off and made a separate town called Osborn. The first town meetings were ordered held at the house of Robert McNab. The boundaries of Embarrass and Liberty were so changed that in the latter was included all that part of town 22, range 15, north of Wolf and the two south tiers of sections in town 23, range 15, leaving to Embarrass all of town 23, range 15, north of the section line south of sections 19 and 24, inclusive, and all of town 24, range 15. Elections in Embarrass were ordered held in the schoolhouse at Maple Creek. At this session the name of the town of Medina was changed to Dale; later this change was left to the voters to be decided. At the session of January, 1859, a committee was appointed to see where a county poor-farm of not to exceed 320 acres could be procured. It was also resolved that at the next town meeting the question of whether the county seat should be changed to the center of the county would be submitted to a vote of the citizens of all the towns. It was at this time that Shawano county desired a separate organization. Its courthouse and county buildings were erected and ready for use and it desired to be separated from Outagamie county. In the discussion over the change in the county government, many advocated the retention of the supervisor system, while the Crescent took the other side and favored a change. Early in 1859 it was stated that the people living northwest of Fox river in Brown county desired to be annexed to Outagamie county. They complained that they were continually in trouble about their school districts, one district lying in three different towns, and in consequence were put to great annoyance and expense. The proposition current in the state in January to abolish the existing system of county boards of supervisors and the substitution therefor of three county commissioners, was at first well received by the people of this county. It was believed such a change would be a saving to the counties and the state. The people of Dale, Hortonia, Embarrass and Liberty towns and a number of towns in Waupaca county agitated the subject of forming a new county. The Crescent fought this movement, alleging that the towns of these counties which desired to be separated would find themselves in a much worse condition afterward than at present should the project be carried into execution. Every town in Shawano county desired to join the proposed new county. In February, 1859, a new saw-mill was built at New London. That village at this date began to grow quite rapidly, because it was believed it would become the seat of justice of the new county HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 89 which was proposed to be organized. Hortonville and Mukwa were rivals for county seat honors in the proposed new county, the name of which was to be Menominee. In March there was promise of a prosperous maple sugar season. Many who owned groves of maple trees prepared to go into the woods. The Crescent editor said: "Long ago we used to plod over seven or more miles ,of mud ever so deep to enjoy a ladle of warm sugar or a pull at a handful of wax. Fine fun may be had at one of those old-fashioned bark-covered log camps." Persons who had pre-empted claims on the sections of the Fox and Wisconsin Improvement Company's lands were notified to prove up by May 2, 1859, agreeably to the proclamation of President Buchanan. Much of these lands had been cultivated several years and contained good buildings and other improvements. The state road from Appleton to Shawano was laid out late in May. The lines were run and an excellent route was found, Bing- ham and Foote established this road in which the people of Apple- ton and Shawano took a great interest. In the apportionment of the drainage fund made by the school land commissioners in 1859, Outagamie county received $1,280.31 By April 30, it was known that the maple sugar product of the past spring was one of the best in the history of the new state. In Outagamie county more than twice as much was manufactured as in any previous year. Had not the spring work interfered with the business a much larger quantity would have been manufactured. The drainage commissioners in June appropriated $100 for the Hortonville and Appleton road: $100 for the Grieenville and Medina road west from Kling schoolhouse; $100 for the road on the south line of the Greenville school section and the Shawano road. Bingham and Stone, two of the drainage commissioners for this county, determined to devote their services to the Shawano and Hortonville roads. It was stated in June, 1859, by the Crescent that the largest tree so far as known to be cut down in Outagamie county was recently leveled on the farm of Mr. Raab in the town of Center. It was a white oak and perfectly solid and measured seven feet through its base; 50 feet from the ground was its first limb. The tree was over 80 feet high and no doubt was the largest in the county. The several roads which needed grading in July were one of the section line parallel with the courthouse and west of the plank road; one in Grand Chute and Greenville bridging Mud creek; one extending in the direction of Ball Prairie. It was stated that not less than $25,000 annually in trade would come to this city by the construction of the last named road. The sum of $250 was all that was necessary to complete this line and secure the trade. Merchants, manufacturers, millers, and all business men were publicly appealed to for funds to assist in completing these three lines. The project of setting apart the drainage income funds belonging to the county to open and grade highways was received with favor. It was thought to be the best way to drain the county lands. 90 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

In the meantime the county board, it was argued, should appropriate money for the improvement of the most important county roads. In 1858 there was a short crop of nearly all products and rather a poor harvest in Outagamie county. However, the county raised a handsome surplus of wheat. The wheat crop in this county was never surpassed; the berry was better than usual; the corn crop also was unusually good. Oats and potatoes were fair; grass was a light yield; but vegetables' were exceedingly good. Orchards throughout the county began to bear quite extensively and the home product could be seen and purchased in the local markets. By the middle of September the road from Appleton to Shawano was nearly completed in this county. Mr. Bingham assisted by C. W. Hopkins superintended the work. In August, 1859, the Menasha and Appleton plank road was reported in bad condition. In many places the planks were torn out and as a whole it was rough and dangerous. The Appleton and Kaukauna plank road was in much the same condition. Great complaint was made and the town authorities were compelled to improve the latter route. The plank road through the Third ward of Apple- ton was in an unsafe condition. On Court street in the Second ward the plank badly needed relaying and there was required a railing for the bridge on the ravine side to Lawrence street. In slippery times the bridge was dangerous. Greenville section line road west from the Courthouse was neglected and was also in bad condition. Near the toll-gate on the Menasha and Appleton plank road were some half dozen very bad places in need of repair. There were good roads to Freedom, Center, Hortonville and Dale. At the meeting in the Second ward to complete the ward schoolhouse every vote was cast in favor of the improvement. There was required an out- lay of about $10,000, but no one opposed the assessment and the completion of the house. The vote on the $25,000 loan to complete the railroad from Appleton to Oshkosh was heavily in favor of the proposition. Only 26 votes were polled against it. There was a large quantity of swamp land held in this county by non-residents and returned by the county treasurer as delinquent. About the middle of August, 1859, a large black bear was seen on the plank road near Mr. McGrath's. It was reported that two children out blackberrying were devoured by a bear, but this was not sub- stantiated. In November a special committee of the county board reported in favor of a poorhouse and farm. The Motor in December, 1859, asked what had become of the Outagamie County Agricultural society, and recommended that it should be resurrected and that a fair should be held in 1860. It was urged that the county was bound in the interests of its agricultural interests to hold such a fair. In 1857, the Wolf river was navigable for steamers, also the Em- barrass, the Shioc branch of the Wolf and Black Creek, the upper branch of the Shioc offered abundant facilities for the lumber trade. Duck Creek in the eastern part of the county ran across the Oneida Indian reserve and emptied into Green Bay. Appleton, Cedar Rap- ids, Little Chute, Kaukauna and Rapide Croche formed one vast and HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 91 almost continuous water power which never failed at any season of the year. The succession of rapids kept the stream free from ice no matter how severe the winter. The greater part of the county' was heavily timbered. Quantities of maple, basswood, beech, oak, hickory, butter-nut, elm, and poplar were found throughout the entire county, particularly in the southern part. In the north were pine and hemlock. By 1857 this timber already was considered a very valuable asset of the county. The soil was equal in productive- ness to any found in the west. Splendid wheat was raised throughout the entire county. Corn was not so reliable a crop but the others could be depended upon. At the session of the county board in November 13, 1860, a full representation was present. W. H. P. Bogan was elected chairman. A motion to adjourn to the house of Thomas Hanna prevailed. At this meeting the inhabitants of Embarrass presented a petition to change the name of that town to Maple Creek. Ryan & Ross were paid $418 for printing. The district attorney was asked to render an account of expenditures in the even section suits during the past year. The committee mentioned above reported an ordinance to change the name of the town of Embarrass to that of Maple Creek. This ordinance was ordered published in the weekly newspapers of Appleton. The county treasurer was required to furnish information relative to the drainage fund due this county. The board resolved itself into a committee of the whole in order to examine the new jail and county buildings. At this date also a resolution was adopted appointing an investigating committee to examine the finan- cial affairs of the county and consider the official conduct of county officers. The construction of fireproof rooms for the county records was discussed and thoroughly considered. A special committee which had been appointed to ascertain who was entitled to the salary of district attorney reported that upon investigation they had learned that Mr. Myers had succeeded in the courts in securing the right to that office and accordingly a salary was due that lawyer. At this time the inhabitants of Liberty petitioned the county board to change the boundary between Liberty and Embarrass. It was referred to a committee. The committee to examine the county jail having done so reported the same satisfactory, though some suggestions as to improvements of the yard, etc., were made. They found that the jail was perfectly secure for the safe-keeping of prisoners. John P. Deidrich was licensed to keep a ferry over Fox river in section 23, town 21, range 18, in the town of Buchanan for the term of three years. A new seal for the clerk of the court was ordered obtained. The sum of $200 was appropriated to opening and working the town line road between Ellington and Centre and Greenville and Grand Chute. The district attorney was allowed the sum of $400 per year for his services to the county. Attempts were made at this session, to procure the passage of a law to change the time of holding the No- vember term of the circuit court so that it would be held two weeks before or two weeks after the session of the county board. A tax of one mill on the dollar was ordered levied for school purposes 92 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

throughout the county for the year 1861. A tax of three mills for county purposes was ordered levied. At the meeting of the citizens of the county held at the courthouse January 28, 1860, pursuant to call, the county agricultural society was duly reorganized. W. H. P. Bogan was elected chairman of the meeting and J. S. Buck, secretary. Mr. Mason was appointed to draft a constitution. Nearly forty persons of different parts of the country signed the constitution and became members of the society. The officers for the ensuing year were as follows: W. C. P. Bogan, president; George Knowles, vice-president; James M. Phin- ney, secretary; and E. H. Stone, treasurer. A trustee was appointed from every town in the county and from each of the three wards of Appleton. Preparations to hold a fair the coming autumn were duly made. In February the Crescent boasted that Outagamie county did not have a single prisoner confined within the county jail, nor as many paupers in the county as many villages elsewhere were required to support. In 1860 there was pending in the legislature bills for Appleton providing for the appointment of a street commissioner thereby requiring the city to keep the plank road and other highways in repair. Another bill proposed to annex the northwestern ,tier of sections in the other county to Outagamie. The act of March 19, 1860, amending the charter of Appleton, provided for the appointment of a street commissioner by the city council. "The expenses of repairing and maintaining those parts of the roads from Appleton to Menasha, from Appleton to Kaukauna, and from Appleton to New London by way of College avenue, as lie within the city limits, and of repairing and maintaining the bridges across the great ravine on Court street and College avenue and such other bridges now or hereafter erected as the common council shall by ordinance direct, shall be paid from a fund to be known as the 'road fund,' and a tax shall be levied annually on all the taxable property of the city for the purpose of such fund and paid out by the treasurer only on orders drawn expressly on said fund." In April, 1860, day after day the air was black with wild pigeons, and the hunters. of this locality killed them by the thousands. In May a large chunk of lead ore was found in the garden of Alderman Gilmore in Appleton. It was suggested that he could make use of it during the next railroad war. During the year ending June 1, less than 2,500 pounds of wool were produced in Outagamie county. When the war came on many thought the production of wool would grow less, but it steadily increased and during 1864-'65-'66, the business advanced enormously, scores of farmers engaging in that industry in all parts of the county. The wool crop in 1866 was, in round numbers, 50,000 pounds. Wool growing paid double .the profit of wheat growing and the labor was nothing in comparison. Farmers were urged to diversify their cr6ps. "More wool and less wheat," was the cry. It was noted by the Motor in July that never before were the crops generally so promising as they were that season. Wheat of all kinds were excellent. Oats, potatoes and corn HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 93 were likewise good and garden truck was never better. From all parts of the country farmers brought in sample specimens of grain of enormous growth and yield. A severe hailstorm which swept across the southern portion of the county in July, 1860, destroyed a large amount of standing grain and other property. In Grand Chute and Kaukauna hail stones as large as hen's eggs fell in large quantities. Windows by the hundreds were smashed. During the year excellent roads were built throughout the length and breadth of Greenville, the main thorough- fare extending westward from the courthouse. With the exception of a short strip beyond Mud creek in Grand Chute and another in Greenville the road furnished an excellent drive. This year Outa- gamie county raised a large surplus of nearly every crop thousands of acres of wheat averaging between 20 and 30 bushels to the acre; corn very promising; hay the best for years; oat crop very heavy and potatoes and garden vegetables abundant. In 1860 more attention was being paid to orchards and the raising of fruit than at any previous time. A few fruit growers were making considerable money. Theodore Conkey had an orchard well worth visiting, and in Grand Chute B. B. Murch had another. In Greenville William Amos, S. J. Perry, M. R. Perry, Henry Pond, James Thompkins and others had large and valuable orchards just beginning to bear. In July, 1860, the agricultural society began making elaborate preparations for the coming fair and cattle show. Late in August 1860 several bears were seen in the vicinity of Appleton within two weeks. One of them, it was stated, took a supply of pork from the premises of Mr. Van Hoagley without asking permission for the same. It was proposed in 1860 to hold periodical sales of farm stock at different points in the county from time to time as the market seemed to demand. One was held at Little Chute in August and was so successful that others were at once projected and the custom was adopted. During August that month there were two full moons, the first occurring on the first day and the second on the 31st day. On September 29, 1860, the papers published as supplements a full and complete premium list of the approaching county fair. Fifteen classes constituted the premium list as follows: Cattle, horses, sheep, hogs, poultry, grain, vegetables, fruit, farm products, agricultural implements, harness and leather, domestic manufactures, such as carpets, quilting, yarns, etc., flowers and house plants, needle work of all kinds and art work. The highest premiums offered were for the best cattle and horses and amounted to $3. It was announced that the fair would be held on the park of Rev. Reeder Smith near Appleton. The annual address was delivered by Prof. R. Z. Mason. The committee on arrangements consisted of the president, Mr. Bo- gan, the secretary, Mr. Phinney and George W. Spaulding, A. Foster and A. B. Everts. In the fall of 1860 apples were more plentiful aid cheaper than ever known here before. Many were grown here, but not enough to 94 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY supply the demand, accordingly large quantities came by barrel on the steamers. Early in September, 1860, the corn crop of Outaga.mie county was seven times larger than it was the year before and more than twice as large as during any previous year. The Agricultural society met September 1 and made and passed the following resolution: "That this society hold a. county fair on Wednesday the 18th day of October next on the grounds offered by Mr. Pierce in the Third ward of this city; that the chairman and secretary with three trustees to be appointed by the chairman be a committee to prepare a premium list and to nominate committees on the several classes and report to the trustees two weeks from today. Messrs. Nye, Pearson and Pack- ard were appointed to serve on this committee. At this date the Motor boasted of the many ideal farms to be found in Outagamie county. Every town had them and in some localities they were numerous. In 1860, Outagamie county began suit against the State to secure the drainage income fund withheld by the state treasurer and the court decided in favor of the county. The amount was between $1,300 and $1,400. The County Fair in 1860, notwithstanding a pouring rain, was a decided success. There was a goodly show in all departments, particularly those of cattle, horses, sheep, swine, and calves. The me- chanical department was not represented. A splendid line of vegetables was shown. The Fine Arts room was thronged all day, the display being not only creditable but surprisingly good. Professor Mason's address gave general satisfaction. This, the first fair held in Outagamie county and gotten up in a fortnight's notice, demon- strated what the county could do in this direction when it tried. In October, 1860, a stock fair was advertised to be held at Little Chute. and all the county were invited to attend. In November, 1860, the officers and directors of the agricultural society met, on which occasion the receipts at the fair were shown to have been $127.88. W. H. P. Hogan was continued as president; R. Z. Mason was chosen vice-president; John Stephens, secretary; and E. H. Stone, treasurer. The total amount paid out for premiums was $108.25. County orders were worth seventy-five cents on the dollar, but in trade they passed at from eighty to ninety cents. On December 14, 1860, the county jail was destroyed by fire at about 3 o'clock in the morning. The insurance was about $500. The fire supposed to have originated from the chimney. "County Matters.-The county investigating committee has been in session the past week and numerous witnesses have been examined in reference to the management of county affairs. Until the report appears it is not probable that the public will learn anything important even if developments of consequence occur."- (Crescent, December 29, 1860.) The county board in December, 1860, and January, 1861, trans- acted the following business: The courthouse was ordered repaired. The report of the county treasurer showed that the total receipts for HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 95

1860 were $45,881, less $6,338 on hand at the beginning. At this date the total liabilities of the county were $10,713, and the total assets $15,988. A petition against the proposed division of Grand Chute town was received. A petition for the division of Center town was received. George H. Myers district attorney reported that the county was defendant in twenty-one civil cases to set aside the taxes on what were known as the "even sections," two being in the Supreme Court. Several suits over the drainage fund were also pending. The board refused to divide Grand Chute and Center. A special committee appointed by the county board to investigate the affairs of the county and the official acts of the officers in December, 1860, reported at this session. They criti- cized the treasurer and clerk of the board and pointed out many ir- regularities in the treasurer's methods. Prisoners were ordered confined in the jail of Winnebago county. How to secure what Sha- wano county owed this county was considered. The board subscribed for the two county papers and ordered copies sent to certain town officials. Illegal tax certificates gave the board considerable trouble. Supervisor Bogan reported that the jail had "seceded" and recommended the construction of a new one. Steps to build a new county jail to cost not over $4,000 were taken. At the June session, 1861, the council appropriated $1,000 for the relief of soldiers' families, the payments to be made upon the recommendation of aldermen, but not to families of officers. In January, 1861, a postoffice was established in the town of Bu- chanan and John Brown was appointed postmaster. The office was supplied by side mail from Kaukauna. The county officers in January were as follows: George R. Wood, sheriff; J. S. Buck, under sheriff; C. A. Hamer, clerk of the court; J. F. Johnston, deputy clerk; J. Jewett, Jr., district attorney; Thomas McGillan, clerk of the county board; Samuel Ryan, Jr., deputy clerk; Matthias Werner, county treasurer; John F. Johnston, his deputy; John Stephens, surveyor; H. W. White, coroner; Ste- phen Balliett, his deputy; H. Hills, register; H. Packard, deputy. The office of county judge was vacant. In March the contract to build a new county jail was awarded to Williamson & Bates for $4,530. It was designed to be one of the most substantial structures of the kind in the state. John Stephens, secretary of the County Agricultural Society, published the premium list for the fair of the coming fall. The highest premiums offered were $5 for the best cattle and horses. The fair of 1860 was held under very unfavorable circumstances and was partly mis-managed. The trustees determined that the coming fair should be better. In 1861, Jacob I. C. Meade was appointed notary public at Shi- octon. B. T. Morse owned the mill at that point and during the spring of 1861 sawed 300,000 feet of lumber andi about 80,000 shin- gles. He would have done a much larger business, but could not secure enough workmen. 96 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

"The line of road of the Menasha and Kaukauna Plank Road Company including their roadbed between the village of Menasha and the east side of Fox river, at or near the Kaukauna rapids, sa called, having been abandoned by said company; the same is hereby declared and established as a public highway and subject to the management and control of the towns in which the same lies, like other highways."-Approved April 13, 1861. The trustees of the county agricultural society met in Appleton June 22, 1861. W. H. P. Boga.n, president, presided. The following resolution was passed, "That the president, secretary and treasurer be and are hereby authorized to lease a portion of the college grounds not less than five or more than fifteen acres for the purpose of fair grounds for such term of years as they may be able to get it; that the executive committee obtain appropriations of money from the county and from the city of Appleton and from citizens for the purpose of clearing up and fencing such fair grounds as may be obtained and preparing for the fair and expend the money for material so obtained for these purposes; that the fair be held on the first and second days of October." At this meeting committees for the different classes of exhibits were appointed. The Agricultural Society- after an examination of various sites secured a fine tract of about eight acres in the northern part of the Second ward by a lease for fifteen years from David Kimball at a nominal rent. The society prepared to clear and fence the tract at once so as to be ready for the fair in October. In August the work was rapidly progressing; the structure was nearly finished and nearly all the material was on hand for the completion of the building. In July, the county board districted the county as follows: Dis- trict No. 1-Appleton and town of Grand Chute, population 3,118; District No. 2-towns of Greenville, Dale, Hortonia, Ellington, Bo- vina, Liberty and Maple Creek, population 3,916; District No. 3- towns of Buchanan, Kaukauna, Freedom, Osborn and Centre, population 2,462. At the meeting of the county board in July, 1861, the town assessment rolls were equalized. The county was divided into the following supervisor districts. No. l-Appleton and Grand Chute; No. 2-Greenville, Dale, Hortonia, Ellington, Bovina, Liberty and Maple Creek; No. 3-Buchanan, Kaukauna., Freedom, Osborn and Center. At this session the board recommended "to all public officials to discontinue the practice of receiving paper money in payment of public dues of any name or kind whatsoever" and to refuse to receive and discontinue the circulation of paper money and de- nounced generally all paper money circulated by banks of issue. Early in September, all the citizens interested in the county fair were asked to turn out with axes, picks, grub hoes and other necessary implements to clear the ground and prepare it for the approaching fair. The second annual county fair was held October 1 and 2. The first day was spent largely in preparation, but the second day was largely attended although the hard rain of the preceding day drew EE::- --E- vs-s-ss§,Oas. ,>lx§S

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HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 97 much from the attendance and interest. There was a better show of stock than the year before. Horses were exceedingly good. A few excellent cattle were shown. Working oxen were in evidence and milch cows were especially fine. . An exhibit of sheep by Van de Bogart was excellent. McGregor of Greenville took the first premium on fine wooled sheep. The swine exhibits were not as good as expected. At the Fine Arts Hall there was a display of ladies' needle work and other household products. The fruit shown was better than expected. Apples were shown in considerable quantity by William Amos of Greenville, who raised this season over two hundred bushels, Pears, peaches, plums and grapes were shown in goodly quantity. Vegetables and domestic manufactures were largely in evidence. The grounds were not in as good condition as they should have been and the members of the fair determined that by next year it would be in much better shape for a display. The officers of the society deserved and received great credit for this fair. At the county fair there were awarded 124 different premiums to 65 persons aggregating in amount $183.25. In December, 1861, the county board was petitioned to divide Center town and create Black Creek which was to consist of townships 23 and 24, range 17, the first meeting to be held at the house of C. W. Hopkins. These petitioners were C. W. Hopkins, C. H. Fowle, Joseph Felio, John Berthier, Jerome D. Berthier, Frederick Packard, John Felio, Y. Felio, Wilson P. Berthier, George Welch and W. H. P. Bogan. The petition was granted. Drainage commissioners for each town were appointed. It was ordered that the drainage fund should be expended in the towns in proportion to the amount of taxable swamp land therein. The duty of the commissioners was to expend this fund. A resolution to appropriate $2,000 for the relief of soldiers' families by certain men was tabled. Later efforts to pass this measure were also tabled; but still later $2,000 was appropriated from the general funds for this purpose. Byron Douglas was chosen disbursing agent. Each family was to receive $2 and each child 75 cents per month, none to be paid until after January 1, 1862, and until recommended by certain officials. The special committee gave the contract for the new jail and jailer's house to Bates and Wil- liamson for $4,738. The salary of county superintendent was fixed at $500 per annum. The Crescent and Motor were both paid for publishing the proceedings of the county board. The finance committee reported that the county owed $15,398, less $5,958 credits. The county treasurer's report showed that the receipts for the last year were $35,155 and the expenses the same less about $10,000 on hand. In January, 1862, two men residing in Freedom were found guilty of selling liquor to the Indians and were fined $25 each. More drunken Indians were seen in Appleton during the winter than ever before and it was determined to put a stop to this state of affairs. Immense quantities of logs were hauled to this town by both ox and horse teams from all parts of the upper country. They brought 98 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY good prices and found a ready sale. Evergreen and cedar posts also began to make their appearance and found a prompt market here. In February, a large meeting was held in Appleton in the interest of what was called the Military road. This was the highway designed to connect this community with the copper country of Lake Superior. Many favored the project, but others could see no great benefit to be derived from its construction. By February the new county jail was completed. It was pro- , nounced an excellent piece of workmanship, and was a secure place for criminals. The jail proper was in the rear of the sheriff's house. Williamson and Bates erected the structure. The county now had a good jail, a good county building, but a poor courthouse. The business of Wolf river in 1862 was more than double what it had been in previous years. Close to Shiocton over 200,000 feet of hardwood logs were cut. Mr. Knapp of Oshkosh cut over 100,000 feet along Wolf river. There was over 1,000,000 feet of oak, ash, butternut, basswood and maple, worth about $3 per thousand feet on the bank. The following is an estimate of the measurement of logs gotten out on the Shiocton river during the winter of 1861-2. Crowell of Oshkosh, 820,000 feet; Wing & Paine of Oshkosh, 900,000 feet; Farrer of Oshkosh, 500,000 feet; Hunkley of Oshkosh, 900,000 feet; Chase of Oshkosh, 400,000 feet; Choete & Bray of Oshkosh, 600,000 feet; M. Fitzgerald of Oshkosh, 500,000 feet; Rumrey & Lawrence of Oshkosh, 500,000 feet; Simples & Grimmer, 200,000 feet; Scribner of Fond du Lac, 1,000,000 feet; Turner & Company of Fond du Lac, 150,000 feet; Danforth & Carter, 500,000 feet; Jordan & Morse of Shiocton, 1,200,000 feet; M. Donald & Co. of Fond du Lac, Morse of Shiocton, 1,200,000 feet; M. Donald & Co. of Fond du Lac, 1,300,000 feet; A. Caldwell of Bovina, 150,000 feet; Clark & Com- pany of Eureka, 500,000 feet; others 150,000 feet; making a grand total of about 12,170,000 feet. Mr. Meede of Shiocton furnished these figures and declared they were correct. This logging was done in townships 23, 24 and 25, range 16,- (Crescent, April 5, 1862.) The state tax for Outagamie county in 1862 was $5,790. In 1863 it was only $3,535. The agricultural society met in June, 1862, and appointed the necessary judging committee for the approaching fair. A plowing match was arranged. It was resolved that farmers and others who felt disposed should be requested to meet on the fair grounds in Ap- pleton on the 20th of July, provided with teams and tools ready to assist in preparing the grounds for the fair. A committee was appointed to solicit persons to become members of the' society. The first and second days of October were fixed as the time for holding the fair. In the fall, deer were very numerous in this county. They did considerable damage to fields. One farmer near Little Chute reported that they had destroyed nearly his entire orchard of young trees. Mr. Steffen of Osborn killed a large bear in that town late in HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 99 September, 1862. It weighed about 400 pounds. Several others were seen in that vicinity about the same date. During the latter part of August, the citizens assembled in large numbers with suitable implements to prepare the ground for the approaching fair to be held in October. The county fair held early in October, though creditable, was not as successful as the one of the previous year. The continuous heavy rains prevented a large assemblage and put a damper on the proceedings. The horse and cattle show was creditable, better in- deed than in 1861. There was a great and unexpected falling off in the display of fruits and vegetables. A. B. Jackson delivered an address and Senator Hudd read a poem. In October many wolves came to the county apparently from further north and killed many sheep and other domestic animals. One killed seven sheep belonging to Mr. Brouillard of Grand Chute, and also killed animals for several citizens in Freedom. In 1862 the Legislature assisted the Outagamie county agricultural society with an order upon the state treasurer pursuant to the general laws of 1858. In 1862 the Legislature authorized the establishment of a state road from Little Kaukauna in Brown county into the town of Free- dom, Outagamie county, until it should intersect the Appleton and Oneida road. In June, 1862, the county board voted to allow soldiers' families to continue to draw their regular monthly allowances in cases where the soldiers had been discharged on account of sickness. The Cres- cent was made the official newspaper of the city. G. H. Myers was appointed city attorney. Steps to punish drunkenness were taken. In November, 1862, the county board duly considered the enrollment lists which had just been prepared; also the names of volunteers who had gone to war from every town of the county. B. Doug- las, trustee of the volunteer fund, reported having paid out $1,855.25 and on hand $144.75. Reports of drainage fund commissioners were received and considered and their line of official conduct was pre- scribed and regulated. There was ordered levied for 1862 the sum of $9,000 for the purpose of paying the bounty of $50 to volunteers;. full provision for the expenditure of this "volunteer bounty fund" was made. The county treasurer's report showed an indebtedness of $8,129, and resources of $12,432. In December, 1862, the county board appointed a committee to examine and revise the enlistment and enrollment lists; they found numerous errors which were pointed out; the former assessment rolls were found full of errors. In 1863, the Assembly passed a joint resolution asking the Gov- ernment to make a grant of land for the construction of a wagon road from Copper Harbor, Michigan, to Appleton, Wisconsin. The Michigan Assembly had already passed a similar resolution. In 1863 the Legislature vacated the following blocks in the village of Hortonville: Numbers 5, 6, 7, 10, 16 and 19, but gave per- 100 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY sons who had already bought lots therein the right to describe them as parts of such blocks. Late in January the people of Outagamie county welcomed the first heavy snow of the winter. Soon the streets were lined with sleighs and the jingling of bells was incessant. It continued snowing for several days, but later turned into a heavy rain to the disgust of everybody. County orders were worth 95 cents on the dollar. Late in January the Crescent observed that never within the memory of the oldest inhabitant at Appleton had such a mild and open winter been seen in this section of the state. The winter, week after week, resembled October instead of January. The want of snow was a great hindrance to business of all kinds. So accustomed were the people here in winter time to heavy snow that they were at a loss without it and scarcely knew how to carry on business operations. In January the following county officers were duly installed: H. E. Murphy, sheriff; C. A. Hamer, clerk of the court; E .B. Clark, district attorney; A. B. Brouillard, treasurer; Chas. Grunert, clerk of the county board; John Stephens, surveyor; Stephen Balliet, coroner; P. H. O'Brien, register. There was a general demand for a county poor-farm. It was expected that during 1863 fully $2,500 would be spent for the relief of poor persons in this county. It was argued that it would be a great saving to the county to purchase a poor-farm instead of being obliged to rent out the poor persons to private individuals for a consideration. The county wag out of debt, its bonds and orders were almost equal to par and why not build a poor-house and own a poor-farm at once, it was asked. At an adjourned session of the county commissioners, held in January, 1863, the salary of the district attorney for the year was fixed at $300. At this session numerous bills were presented for service "in guarding the county jail to prevent the Greenville Dutch from killing the Indian." At this term George H. Myers addressed the county board in a communication stating that in .order that the widow of John Jewett, Jr., might have the benefit of his full salary for the period of his election he would relinquish any claim he might have for services as district attorney during that period. The board at this session passed a resolution requesting all persons who had claims on bounties for volunteers should file their claims with the clerk of the county board at an early day. Thomas McGillan, former clerk of the county, board. was ordered to deliver to Charles Grunert, his successor in office, all documents, papers, etc., belonging to that office. It was further resolved by this board that in all cases where married volunteers had not filed their claim for bounty by the second Monday in February that the chairman and clerk of the board should be authorized to draw orders for the benefit of the families of such volunteers without any further action on their part. In February, 1863, the officers of the agricultural society met at the courthouse and W. H. P. Bogan made his report. The following persons were appointed to prepare the premiums for the coming year: HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 101

E. H. Stone, J. M. Phinney, D. H. Heath, Louis Perrot and R. Pear- son. The time for holding the fair in 1863 was set for the first and second days in October. The full set of premiums was duly provided into classes. Early in February Senator Hudd introduced a memorial in the legislature requesting the government to grant lands for building a wagon road from Appleton to Copper Harbor. It was stated in February that farmers were now enjoying better times than they had ever experienced before in this county. They received better prices for timber, logs, lumber, wood, wheat, corn, oats and vegetable products than ever before. It was humor- ously stated that the bankers would have to look to their laurels or the farmers would supersede them as financiers. The Crescent said in this connection: "When that big event does occur the printer will undoubtedly be remembered and the old score will be wiped out. Success to true progress." Early this year many families came from Ohio and settled in this county. They were welcomed because they were considered well-informed on the duties of American citizenship. In the spring business of all kinds in this county was unusually active. The factories and mills ran day and night and could not supply their customers. Mr. Fairbanks secured large quantities of fruit trees elsewhere and brought them here for sale. From him many families secured the nucleus of their orchards. Many of these -trees are standing to this day. In June, 1863, eighty acres of wild unimproved land in Green- ville sold for $1,200. This was much more than people generally had any idea it was worth. But the growth of the town warranted such valuation. It was noticed that the Canada thistle had made its appearance in Appleton and in other parts of the county. The people were urged to destroy this pest at once. It was noted in August, 1863, that not a single unoccupied dwelling was to be found in the city of Appleton. This proved how extensively the city grew in a few years. In August black squirrels and coons were swarming in the woods of Outagamie county and considerable quantities of corn were destroyed by these animals. It was stated that a general hunt should be organized to rid the county of the pests. In 1863 the crops in Outagamie and Brown counties were unusually light owing to the late spring frosts. The county fair in October was a success. The principal speech at the opening was delivered by Senator Hudd. It was a powerful appeal to farmers and others to organize for their own mutual benefit and advancement. The cattle show was unusually good. A number of splendid draft teams were there. The sheep exhibit was better than ever. Hogs weighing as high as 400 pounds were shown; they were of the Suffolk breed. Choice butter, maple sugar, preserves, wines, pickles, etc., were better than ever before. There was some confusion, yet on the whole the fair was pronounced a success. F. W. Brown of Appleton raised three barrels of apples from trees he had 102 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

set out five years before. Apples grown in Outagamie county were seen in considerable quantities at this time in all the local markets. In October, 1863, was a great rush at Appleton and vicinity for the pineries. The high price of lumber induced all capitalists who could to invest extensively in standing timber and in lumber in the shape of logs. The result was that there was an enormous demand for men and teams to cut down the trees and to market the logs. The papers compared the event to the rush for the gold field of California or Pike's Peak. A single yoke of oxen sold for as high as $145 so great was the demand for ox teams in the pineries. The county board at its November session, 1863, had the following proceedings: The drainage fund commissioners throughout the county reported and presented their bills which usually were allowed. The committee which was appointed to superintend the payment of bounties to volunteers reported that they had paid out to volunteers or their order the sum of $7,923.36 and the amount yet subject to be called for was $1,076.64. On motion the chairman was authorized to pay to the father of William Cornelius (a volunteer in Cap- tain Wood's company who had died in the service) the $50 bounty due him from the county. Charles Grunert was allowed $50 for his service as committee in paying out the volunteer bounty funds. At this session county orders to the amount of over $15,000 were publicly destroyed. The salary of the superintendent of schools of the county was fixed at $400. The county treasurer's report was rendered at this session. All the county buildings were ordered insured. The county board passed a resolution organizing itself 'as a committee of the whole to visit Green Bay during the drafting of the enrolled men and to report their observations later to the public in this county. The board then proceeded to make sufficient levy of taxes to meet the expenses of the coming year. At a later meeting the supervisors, having attended the draft for this county held at Green Bay, reported that the draft was fairly conducted; that they witnessed the drawing and that they were treated courteously by the draft commissioners. The total indebtedness of the county at this date was $7,978 and there was on hand to meet this a total of $9,409. An adjourned session of the county board was held in January, 1864. Drainage fund commissioners of several towns who had failed to report at the December meeting appeared and filed their reports. Committees were appointed at this meeting to examine the accounts of several county officers who had failed to make satisfactory reports. Pressure was brought to bear upon the county board at this time to induce them to appropriate $15,000. additional to be used as bounty for volunteers. There was considerable objection to this step and the board refused to take action. The Legislature provided for an equal division of the Swamp Lands and of the swamp land funds between the drainage and nor- rmal school funds. The school and land commissioners divided the fund and gave the bulk of it to the normal school. This did not satisfy the people in districts that required drainage. Considerable HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 103 complaint arose in this county over the management of the drainage fund. Early in February the treasurer of the agricultural society reported an expenditure of $257.55 for 1863, having paid $212.25 in premiums. In February a meeting of the fruit growers of Outa- gamie county was held in the courthouse in Appleton under the auspices of the County Fruit-Growers' Association. The heaviest snow fall which ever occurred to Appleton up to date fell early in February. This one fall of snow by actual measurement was 23 inches on the level. There had been several falls before, much of which was yet on the ground so that the snow in the woods was fully three and one-half feet on the level. In March the fruit growers of Outagamie county met at the courthouse and organized a Fruit Growers' Association, by the, election of R. Pearson president, L. L. Knox secretary, and George Knowles treasurer. Prof. Knox was appointed to prepare a constitution and by-laws. Mr. Pearson announced that he had for free distribution a quantity of Lawton blackberry bushes. The meeting discussed the subjects of apples, pears and other similar topics and disbanded to meet again in April. It was now announced by John Dietzen president, C. D. Cruse treasurer and John H. Heinz and John Probst committee, all of Buchanan, that a public stock fair would be held during 1864 in that town on the folowing dates: The first Monday in March, May, October and December. Exhibitors and purchasers were cordially invited to be present. The fair was announced to be held at the house of Louis Gass. In March a bill was introduced in the legislature providing for the construction of a state road from Wausau via Waupaca, New London and Hortonville to Appleton. The bill provided that all the swamp land not exceeding in value $10,000, in a strip of six miles wide along the line should be donated for the construction of the road, provided the towns through which the road passed should raise an equal amount. It was stated in April, 1864, that thousands of acres of valuable timber lands owned by Eastern holders who were too stingy or too unwise to hire an agent td look after their property, lad been stripped of nearly all their valuable timber by unscrupulous men during past winter. Many tracts in Outagamie county suffered from these raids. Timber had become a source of great wealth and holders were expected to look out for this property the same as for any other. The maple sugar crop of 1864 was light. However, sugar was so high that a considerable effort was made to secure a large output of maple sugar and molasses. The maple sugar yield was unusually light, owing to the rainy weather, it was thought. Green Bay was anxious to secure a military road leading northward to Lake Superior and thus cut Appleton out of that desirable outlet. This was an improvement Appleton had long desired. 104 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY About the first of May, county orders were worth approximately par. As there was less than $5,000 in orders outstanding the finan- cial condition of the county was never better. The act of March 18, 1864, authorized the chairman and clerk of Greenville to sign and countersign town orders and bonds not to exceed $3,600 issued in payment of bounties or of repayment of money applied to the payment of bounties to soldiers. In April, 1864, the Legislature legalized the proceedings of a meeting held February 1, 1864, in the town of Hortonia for the purpose of raising bounties to volunteers and other purposes. The law had not been fully complied with, but nevertheless all the proceedings were legalized. By aspecial committee appointed for that purpose trees were set out on the county grounds which were made as attractive as possible. At this time the river bridge in the Second ward was dangerous and demands that it should be fixed at once were made. "The weather is piping hot and not a drop of rain reaches this parched earth. It would seem that the suffering ground would soon burn, but it is useless to hope for any kind of grain."- (Crescent.) Numerous fires in different parts of the county swept through the woods, destroying rails, logs and other valuable property. Not a drop of rain fell for several months. Undoubtedly the epidemic of sickness was caused by this state of affairs. The first rain in three or four months occurred late in June, 1864, but came too late to save much of the crops. "Never since Outagamie was organized into a county have the finances been in such excellent condition. County orders are worth dollar for dollar and are far preferable to much of the bank trash still in circulation among the people. The books of the county officers were never kept in neater or better condition. It is a matter of congratulation to the citizens. Outagamie can freely challenge comparison in the foregoing respect with any county in the state. Our county expenditures are low; it is seldom that our jail has an in- mate.'-(Crescent, July 2, 1864.) In July Hortonville was visited by a severe thunder storm. Wind, rain and hail fell in that vicinity. Immense damage was done to every industry. The fair in September 1864 was not a complete success although by no means a failure. The interest of the people was so taken up by'the approaching draft that there was a poor attendance and little concern shown. However, there was a fair display of livestock. Many fine vegetables were exhibited, particularly potatoes. The fine arts department was meagerly represented. The ladies of the city did little or nothing owing to the paramount interest taken in the work of raising funds for the sanitary commission. Fruit. was exhibited by Messrs. Carver and Cooley. President Mason delivered the principal address. The list of premiums offered by the Agricultural So- ciety was published in the papers. The aggregate amount paid was nearly $200. At the session of the county board in November, 1864, the following proceedings were had: The reports of the swamp land com- HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 105 missioners were received and considered; the register of deeds was authorized to secure a seal for his office; the salary of the clerk of the county board was fixed at $800 annually; that of the district attorney at $400; that of the county treasurer at $1,100. The committee appointed to superintend the expenditure of the volunteer fund reported that they had paid out such fund to 178 volunteers at $50 each, total $8,900. The tax raised amounted to $9,000, leaving thus on hand $100. At this time the county board was paying bounties of $10 for wolf scalps. They paid to Elijah Humes in June, 1864, $50 for five wolf scalps. At this meeting the board levied a tax of $7,000 for county purposes $2,858 for school purposes; $7,367 for state purposes, and a sufficient amount to pay the county officers' salaries. In December, 1864, George McDonald of Appleton rented Beau- lieu's sawmill in the town of Buchanan and employed a force of twenty men in the country adjacent to the mill in getting out fine logs, railroad ties, and fence posts. The heirs of John Enright sued the county for the destruction of their property at Grand Chute and secured a judgment amounting to nearly $700. The county made no defense except to show the actual value of what had been destroyed. The annual drainage fund apportionment for Outagamie county amounted annually to from $2,000 to $2,500. The following were the county supervisor districts established in 1865: First district, City of Appleton and the towns of Grand Chute and Buchanan; Second District, the towns of Dale, Hortonia, Liberty, Maple Creek, Bovina and Greenville; Third District, the towns of Ellington, Black Creek, Centre, Osborn, Freedom and Kaukauna. On July 4, 1865, one of the severest rainstorms ever known in this county visited Appleton. Hail fell in considerable quantity and the crops suffered severely. The Appleton Petroleum Company elected R. Z. Mason, president; W. H. Lanphear, secretary; J. S. Buck, treasurer. Their shares were fixed at $30 each and were limited to 100. The act of April 8, 1865, incorporated the Outagamie Petroleum Company with capital stock fixed at $30,000 and shares at $30 each. The Union Petro- Ieum Company elected the following officers: S. H. Whittlesey, president; John S. Lester, secretary; E. C. Goff, treasurer. The petroleum discovery led to other investigations and copper masses were found here and there throughout the county and others were reported to have been found in years past. It was believed by some at this time that the Oneida reservation in the town of Free- dom rested upon a vast bed of copper ore which-was a continuation of the copper range of Lake Superior. It was claimed that scientific men had stated that in all probability lower Fox river was full of copper. These reports may have been circulated to induce strangers to come here for permanent settlement. The election of town officers of Bovina held April 4, 1865, was legalized by the Legislature in May, 1865, to remedy the defect that the supervisors of election were not sworn as such inspectors as provided by law. 106 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

Machinery was ordered from Pennsylvania. Another company called the Appleton Petroleum Company was organized a little later. Among its stockholders were R. Z. Mason, C. Pfennig, A. L. Smith, W. S. Warner and B. Douglas. Four hundred shares of stock were subscribed at $30 each and twenty per cent was paid in. The Union Petroleum Company of Appleton was started about the same time. They secured territory within two or three miles of Appleton. Green Bay Petroleum Company was organized soon afterward and secured five acres of land near the famous gas well, for which $1,000 was paid. The company secured machinery and prepared for operation. The Outagamie Petroleum Company was organized in June. They secured ground at Kaukauna where there were strong indications of gas and petroleum. The Appleton Gas Light Company which had the powers of a petroleum company talked of organizing and boring in search of petroleum. The Neenah Petroleum Company backed by capitalists from Milwaukee and Chicago, leased ten acres of Elihu Spencer and bound themselves to begin boring within thirty days. They were located near the famous Roudebush gas well. During the spring strangers kept flocking into Appleton owing to the petroleum excitement. In May there was a constant stream of visitors to the well of the Northwestern Company. House room was so scarce it was suggested that newcomers should bring their tents. During the spring of 1865 Appleton continued greatly excited over the formation of petroleum companies and the boring of several walls with the hope of striking oil. It was announced that a well sunk near Roudebush's gas well showed strong indications of petroleum; but this was later shown to be a joke. Early in May the Ap- pleton Northwestern Petroleum Company was organized by the election of John Tibbits for president, H. L. Blood, secretary; C. G. Ad- kins, treasurer. Ten acres were secured of S. J. Roudebush; also ten acres were leased on the opposite side of the road from E. Spencer. By the summer of 1865 the cattle fairs held in Outagamie county had become famous for the good they were accomplishing in making exchanges and in improving the breeds of stock. In May, 1865, the county agricultural society met to discuss the expediency of having regular cattle fairs on market days. The business men of Appleton became interested and promised substantial aid. Farmers generally were interested. The design was to bring in live stock of all kinds for sale and exchange. This enabled farmers to improve their stock because they could get better prices. The census taken in June, showed that the county had a population of 11,753; in 1860 it had 9,587. Kaukauna showed a loss of 28; Center an increase of 449, Black Creek being included in Center in 1860. Appleton showed an increase of 321. The Fruit Growers Association met at the court house July 15, and exhibited many excellent specimens of fruit grown in this country. There were shown gooseberries, raspberries, pieplant, etc. It was stated at this meeting that owing to the severity of the winter of 1863 many fruit trees in this county were killed, and that therefore the orchards needed replenishing. A committee of five was appointed HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 107 to visit different parts of the county and make a report on the hardy varieties and those which could not stand the climate. Late in November, the Stock Fair and Market Day' at Appleton had the largest crowd ever brought together since the society was instituted. The only complaint made was that purchasers were too few, which fact tended to run down prices. Several yoke of working oxen were sold at high prices. The long Indian Summer in the fall of 1865 was terminated about December 1st by a sharp snow squall accompanied by piercing cold weather. It was urged in September, 1865, that the cheese makers of the county should organize for the purpose of improving their products. It was argued that more factories should be established in order to utilize the large amount of milk and cream being wasted throughout the county. Already in many localities farmers had combined in localities several miles square and established such factories. The pastures were excellent; in fact no better grazing country could be found. There was no reason why this county should not excel in dairy products of all kinds. A hundred cows, it was stated, warranted the establishment of such a factory. At the November session of the county board in 1865 the following proceedings were had: It was shown that the county owed $4,745, but had on hand cash and securities worth $11,836; the salary of the county superintendent was fixed at the miserly sum of $400 per annum, an amount wholly insufficient to pay the expenses of that official; J. D. Kimball received a wolf bounty of $30; $160 was appropriated to secure the painting of the courthouse; the usual tax was levied upon county property; the total amount received by the county treasurer in 1865 was $43,887 less $2,571 on hand at the beginning of the year; the expenses of the county were $43,887 less $1,983 on hand. At the close of the year the debits of the treasury were $2,817 and the credits $10,780, leaving in the treasury $7,963. The Legislature in 1866 authorized the construction of a state road from Appleton to Stockbridge; Edward West of Appleton, was one of the commissioners. At the same time a state road from Ap- pleton to the United States military road in Calumet county was ordered established; 'Z. C. Fairbanks, M. H. Lyon and Peter Diehl were the commissioners. At this date, also, a state road was ordered established from Appleton to Maple Grove in Manitowoc county, James Gilmore, M. H. Lyon and B. S. Loragin being the commissioners. An act of 1866 it was made the duty of the county treasurer to pay over to the town treasurers, when collected, the five per cent delinquent fees for collection, included in the delinquent list or return of unpaid taxes from such towns; the fund was to be disbursed as part of the school money. It was repeated in the Appleton papers in January, 1866, that cheese factories in the southern part of the state were the means of increasing the value of farms where they were located $10 per acre. This was stated to be a fact by the Fond du Lac Reporter.