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Forces That Impacted Oneidas Move to Wisconsin

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Forces That Impacted Oneidas Move to Wisconsin Oneida Cultural Heritage Department By: Dr. Carol Cornelius, Oneida Cultural Heritage Department Area Manager Edited: Judith L. Jourdan Edit, Revision, and Layout: Tiffany Schultz (09/13) FORCES THAT IMPACTED ONEIDA’S MOVE TO WISCONSIN EXAMINING THE FORCES AFTER THE government policy and treaties, 2) New York AMERICAN REVOLUTION WHICH State treaties, 3) Ogden Land Company IMPACTED OUR MOVE TO WISCONSIN complicity, War Department policy, and 4) the Church. Eleazor Williams was the person used Introduction to implement the policies of all those who As Oneidas of Wisconsin we have sought to obtain our land by removing us form generally been taught that our ancestors became New York State. Christians and followed Eleazor Williams to Second, it has always been my wish to Wisconsin and left behind our traditions and understand, form our own ancestors, why they culture. The historic records actually present would agree to such a dramatic move from our quite a different picture. homelands. Researchers in the Oneida Cultural First, there were four major forces Heritage Department spent several years impacting our removal to Wisconsin: 1) U.S. researching historic documents to find whatever we could to gain some insight into what our Prior to our move to Wisconsin there Oneida ancestors were discussing and feeling were fourteen treaties made with New York which resulted our move to Wisconsin. State (1785-1817) which reduced our land base. The cultural continuity which is evident Just one treaty, the 1788 Treaty, ceded 5 million in our Nation certainly shows that we did not acres, thus, reducing our land base to 250- leave out traditions, our language, nor our 300,000 acres. To read the list of treaties and culture, behind. Historical documents verify that what happened, how land was lost, is heart after our move we continued to govern our breaking. Nation with Chiefs. We had clans, we certainly New York State continued making a continued out language, we grew corn, beans, series of Treaties from 1824-1846 which and squash, our women wore traditional eventually reduced our original homelands to 32 clothing, we made maple syrup, and our acres in the State of New York. ceremonies continued but were held secretly. In New York State treaties made after 1790 fact, to the present day we uphold the Oneida were illegal because the 1790 Trade and Non values of our ancestors. Intercourse Act said treaties could not be made without a federal representative, but New York FEDERAL POLICY EQUALS LOSS OF State disregarded the 1790 Act. This Act and LAND AND REMOVAL Article II of the 1794 Treaty of Canandaigua The United States Removal Policy was form the basis for our land claims. designed to move ALL Indians west of the Mississippi River. We all know about the Cherokee Trail of Tears in the 1830’s. Well, our Oneida “Trail of Tears” began to take place in 1822. The federal government began taking Native land through treaties after the American Revolution, even though the U.S. recognized the Oneida’s loyalty to the colonial government in treaty. The Oneida and Tuscarora nations shall be secured in the possession of the land on which they are settled. However, after the American Revolution we went from 5.5 million acres down to 250,000 acres and that dwindled to 32 acres by the early 1900s. The Oneida Nation was included in the following federal treaties: • Treaty with the Six Nations, 1784 (Fort Stanwix) Chief Elijah Skenandoa • Treaty with the Six Nations, 1789 (Fort In the 1830’s when Chief Elijah Harmer) Skenandoa moved to Wisconsin, he brought • Treaty with the Six Nations, 1794 with him seven original treaties and the Oneida (Konondaigua) Tribal Belt, which documented the reunification • Treaty with the Oneida, February 3, of the Six Nations. Those Treaties were all made 1838 which established our reservation with New York State including: 1788, 1795, in Wisconsin 1798, 1802 (March 5), 1802 (June 4th), 1810, NEW YORK STATE POLICY EQUALS and 1811. LOSS OF LAND AND REMOVAL Attached to these Treaties are signatures New York State concurred with the of our ancestors for annuity payments from 1797 federal government in its desire to remove all through 1857. I had the great pleasure of going the Iroquois out of New York State. to the Newberry library and holding these great respectability, whose land interest was treaties in my hands and reading them. involved with a certain company who had purchased the preemption right to the Seneca’s OGDEN LAND COMPANY-WAR lands in the state of New York…The plan of the DEPARTMENT government of removing the New York Indians Church documents and Eleazor to the west, was to them a favorable omen. (EW Williams papers document the collusion Papers, Appendix 2: pg.10) between the Ogden Land company, Eleazor In 1833, Eleazor Williams wrote a letter Williams, and the War Department: to Ogden stating: I have relied much upon the In the early 1800’s, pressure by white promises of the different trustees ever since in opportunists increased to take over what 1819 for assistance in the “great cause” in remained of the Oneidas’ land in New York. In which I have been engaged and ultimately with a 1810, the Holland Land Company, which had liberal and handsome compensation. I have, obtained the pre-emption right of purchase of however, found to my mortification that instead the Indian Lands from Massachusetts and from of receiving that support which I expected, the State of New York, sold all of their pre- (altho, an interst of their’s nearly half-million, emptive rights to David Ogden of the “Ogden as it is said at stake) I have been compelled to Company” for 50 cents an acre. Another large spend all the property I had. To effect the treaty purchase was made of the Indians by Phelps and in 1821 and the following year, I expended a Gorham of nearly all of the lands east of the little sum of my own money. I have been often Genesee River. surprised that a business of this magnitude of Until 1817, the Ogden Company had importance to the company should have been succeeded in extinguishing all but a part of the transacted for a sum so much less than that Indian title to the rich land, the large which the present Secretary of War stated to the reservations of Cattaraugus, Alleghany, Hon. D.A. Ogden, who in his letter (dated at Tonawanda, Tuscarora and Buffalo still Detroit January 29, 1819) says, It is all remaining. In 1817, renewed efforts were made important that four or five thousand dollars by the Ogden Company to persuade the New should be reserved from the consideration York Indians, with the consent and cooperation money, to be distributed in presents to the of the War Department, to move to a new home Indians, Without this little can be expected. With in the West and relinquish their old home in it everything may be hoped. New York. (Ta Luh Ya Wa Gu Holy Apostles Now instead of this sum of twelve Church Mission to the Oneidas 1822-1972:3) thousand dollars, as it was explicitly stated to Eleazor Williams writings show that he me by Mr. Ogden at Utica in June 1820, was the corresponded and met with …the Hon. Mr. sum anticipated by the company would be Calhoun then in the War Department. And by necessary to procure a location for the whose invitation, I visited Washington during Seneca’s…And on my part, in consequence of the winter 1820. The various interviews I had the past promises of the trustees of the with the Secretary of War on the subject of my assistance which was to be given to me (from inquiry were so satisfactory as to relieve my time to time) and ‘ultimately, a liberal and mind from the anxiety which I had…on the handsome compensation,’ I have endeavored to subject…information as to the ultimate object of my utmost to save the expenses of the company the government upon her present policy of by blending the interest of the Seneca’s with the removing the Eastern Indians to the west. I was other branches of the six nations, the expenses of kindly entertained by President Monroe and the the company have been greatly lessened and Secretary of War while in Washington, and my their object has been attained at the expense of several members of congress… (Eleazor other tribes. I have endeavored to serve them Williams Papers Appendix 2: pg.9) more than 12 years and actually left the pleasant Eleazor continues stating that, On my valleys of Oneida for his western wilderness and return to New York, I had several interviews have suffered much in health and with Thomas L. Ogden Esq., a gentleman of reputation…(EW, Appendix 1: Sept. 1833) In 1849, Eleazor Williams writes: Since Therefore the Society in Scotland for my last, I have discovered among my papers a propagating Christian Knowledge, and Northern copy of the several payments made to me by Mr. Missionary Society in the state of New York T.S. Ogden, which my belief is a true statement, came to the Oneida to observe and devise a plan if my memory is not at fault. to civilize the Oneida. By his (Rev. Dr. Morse) I It is clear from the above statements that called a general Council of the tribe…(EW Eleazor Williams was paid by the Ogden Land Appendix 2 pg.4) Company to remove our ancestors to Wisconsin. He had full knowledge of the complicity OUR ONEIDA ANCESTORS between the Ogden Land Company and the War PERSPECTIVES Department.
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