The First Non-Invasive Prenatal Test That Screens for Single-Gene Disorders
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The National Economic Burden of Rare Disease Study February 2021
Acknowledgements This study was sponsored by the EveryLife Foundation for Rare Diseases and made possible through the collaborative efforts of the national rare disease community and key stakeholders. The EveryLife Foundation thanks all those who shared their expertise and insights to provide invaluable input to the study including: the Lewin Group, the EveryLife Community Congress membership, the Technical Advisory Group for this study, leadership from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN), the Little Hercules Foundation, the Rare Disease Legislative Advocates (RDLA) Advisory Committee, SmithSolve, and our study funders. Most especially, we thank the members of our rare disease patient and caregiver community who participated in this effort and have helped to transform their lived experience into quantifiable data. LEWIN GROUP PROJECT STAFF Grace Yang, MPA, MA, Vice President Inna Cintina, PhD, Senior Consultant Matt Zhou, BS, Research Consultant Daniel Emont, MPH, Research Consultant Janice Lin, BS, Consultant Samuel Kallman, BA, BS, Research Consultant EVERYLIFE FOUNDATION PROJECT STAFF Annie Kennedy, BS, Chief of Policy and Advocacy Julia Jenkins, BA, Executive Director Jamie Sullivan, MPH, Director of Policy TECHNICAL ADVISORY GROUP Annie Kennedy, BS, Chief of Policy & Advocacy, EveryLife Foundation for Rare Diseases Anne Pariser, MD, Director, Office of Rare Diseases Research, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health Elisabeth M. Oehrlein, PhD, MS, Senior Director, Research and Programs, National Health Council Christina Hartman, Senior Director of Advocacy, The Assistance Fund Kathleen Stratton, National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM) Steve Silvestri, Director, Government Affairs, Neurocrine Biosciences Inc. -
FGFR2 Mutations in Pfeiffer Syndrome
© 1995 Nature Publishing Group http://www.nature.com/naturegenetics correspondent FGFR2 mutations in Pfeiffer syndrome Sir-In the past few months, several genetic diseases have been ascribed to mutations in genes of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family, including achondroplasia (FGFR3) J-z, Crouzon syndrome (FGFR2)3 and 4 m/+ Pfeiffer syndrome (FGFR1) • In D321A addition, two clinically distinct N:Jl GIJ; AM craniosynostotic conditions, Jackson ~ Weiss and Crouzon syndromes, have c been ascribed to allelic mutations in the FGFR2 gene, suggesting that FGFR2mutations might have variable 5 phenotypic effects • We have recently FGFR2 found point mutations in the m/+ gene in two unrelated cases of Pfeiffer syndrome supporting the view that this craniosynostotic syndrome, is a 4 6 genetically heterogenous condition • • Pfeiffer syndrome is an autosomal dominant form of acrocephalo Fig. 1 Mutations of FGFR2 in two unrelated patients with craniofacial, hand syndactyly (ACS) characterized by and foot anomalies characteristic of Pfeiffer syndrome. Note midface craniosynostosis (brachycephaly retrusion, hypertelorism, proptosis and radiological evidence of enlargement type) with deviation and enlargement of thumb, with ankylosis of the second and third phalanges and the short, broad and deviated great toes. m, mutation; +, wild type sequence. The of the thumbs and great toes, sequence of wild type and mutant genes are shown and the arrow indicates brachymesophalangy, with pha the base substitution resulting in the mutation. langeal ankylosis and a varying degree of soft tissue syndactyly7.8. One of our sporadic cases and one familial form of ACS fulfilled the clinical criteria ofthe Pfeiffer syndrome, with particular respect to interphalangeal an aspartic acid into an alanine in the Elisabeth Lajeunie ankylosis (Fig. -
Supporting Information
Supporting Information Torkamani et al. 10.1073/pnas.0802403105 Materials and Methods kinase sequences used to generate conserved motifs, as in Kannan Kinase Identifiers. Kinase protein and DNA reference sequences et al. (3), the Gibbs motif sampling method identifies characteristic were obtained from Kinbase. These reference sequences were motifs for each individual subdomain of the kinase catalytic core, used as the basis to assign various gene identifiers (including which are then used to generate high confidence motif-based Ensembl gene IDs, HGNC gene symbols, and Entrez gene IDs) Markov chain Monte Carlo multiple alignments based upon these to every known human protein kinase. Ultimately, only eukary- motifs (4). These subdomains compromise the core structural otic protein kinases, that is, all human protein kinases except components of the protein kinase catalytic core. Intervening re- those belonging to the atypical protein kinase family, were gions between these subdomains were not aligned. considered in this study. The various gene identifiers were assigned as follows: Ensembl Mapping to Multiple Alignments and Generation of Logo Figures. A Gene ID’s were determined for each protein kinase by BLAST- nonredundant set of SNPs was generated to be mapped to the ing the reference Kinbase protein sequence against the Ensembl alignment computationally. That is, if multiple disease or com- database (www.ensembl.org/Homo sapiens/blastview). The En- mon SNPs have been observed at a particular position within a sembl Gene ID of the top hit was assigned to the protein kinase. particular protein kinase, it is only considered once in our The Ensembl Gene ID was then used as a query in Biomart analysis. -
Advances in Understanding the Genetics of Syndromes Involving Congenital Upper Limb Anomalies
Review Article Page 1 of 10 Advances in understanding the genetics of syndromes involving congenital upper limb anomalies Liying Sun1#, Yingzhao Huang2,3,4#, Sen Zhao2,3,4, Wenyao Zhong1, Mao Lin2,3,4, Yang Guo1, Yuehan Yin1, Nan Wu2,3,4, Zhihong Wu2,3,5, Wen Tian1 1Hand Surgery Department, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China; 2Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China; 3Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; 4Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 5Department of Central Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China Contributions: (I) Conception and design: W Tian, N Wu, Z Wu, S Zhong; (II) Administrative support: All authors; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: All authors; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: Y Huang; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: L Sun; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors. Correspondence to: Wen Tian. Hand Surgery Department, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China. Email: [email protected]. Abstract: Congenital upper limb anomalies (CULA) are a common birth defect and a significant portion of complicated syndromic anomalies have upper limb involvement. Mostly the mortality of babies with CULA can be attributed to associated anomalies. The cause of the majority of syndromic CULA was unknown until recently. Advances in genetic and genomic technologies have unraveled the genetic basis of many syndromes- associated CULA, while at the same time highlighting the extreme heterogeneity in CULA genetics. Discoveries regarding biological pathways and syndromic CULA provide insights into the limb development and bring a better understanding of the pathogenesis of CULA. -
Repercussions of Inborn Errors of Immunity on Growth☆ Jornal De Pediatria, Vol
Jornal de Pediatria ISSN: 0021-7557 ISSN: 1678-4782 Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria Goudouris, Ekaterini Simões; Segundo, Gesmar Rodrigues Silva; Poli, Cecilia Repercussions of inborn errors of immunity on growth☆ Jornal de Pediatria, vol. 95, no. 1, Suppl., 2019, pp. S49-S58 Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2018.11.006 Available in: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=399759353007 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System Redalyc More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Journal's webpage in redalyc.org Portugal Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative J Pediatr (Rio J). 2019;95(S1):S49---S58 www.jped.com.br REVIEW ARTICLE ଝ Repercussions of inborn errors of immunity on growth a,b,∗ c,d e Ekaterini Simões Goudouris , Gesmar Rodrigues Silva Segundo , Cecilia Poli a Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatria, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil b Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira (IPPMG), Curso de Especializac¸ão em Alergia e Imunologia Clínica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil c Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatria, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil d Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Hospital das Clínicas, Programa de Residência Médica em Alergia e Imunologia Pediátrica, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil e Universidad del Desarrollo, -
Megalencephaly and Macrocephaly
277 Megalencephaly and Macrocephaly KellenD.Winden,MD,PhD1 Christopher J. Yuskaitis, MD, PhD1 Annapurna Poduri, MD, MPH2 1 Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Address for correspondence Annapurna Poduri, Epilepsy Genetics Massachusetts Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Electrophysiology, 2 Epilepsy Genetics Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Department of Neurology, Fegan 9, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Electrophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (e-mail: [email protected]). Semin Neurol 2015;35:277–287. Abstract Megalencephaly is a developmental disorder characterized by brain overgrowth secondary to increased size and/or numbers of neurons and glia. These disorders can be divided into metabolic and developmental categories based on their molecular etiologies. Metabolic megalencephalies are mostly caused by genetic defects in cellular metabolism, whereas developmental megalencephalies have recently been shown to be caused by alterations in signaling pathways that regulate neuronal replication, growth, and migration. These disorders often lead to epilepsy, developmental disabilities, and Keywords behavioral problems; specific disorders have associations with overgrowth or abnor- ► megalencephaly malities in other tissues. The molecular underpinnings of many of these disorders are ► hemimegalencephaly now understood, providing insight into how dysregulation of critical pathways leads to ► -
Genes in Eyecare Geneseyedoc 3 W.M
Genes in Eyecare geneseyedoc 3 W.M. Lyle and T.D. Williams 15 Mar 04 This information has been gathered from several sources; however, the principal source is V. A. McKusick’s Mendelian Inheritance in Man on CD-ROM. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. Other sources include McKusick’s, Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Catalogs of Human Genes and Genetic Disorders. Baltimore. Johns Hopkins University Press 1998 (12th edition). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim See also S.P.Daiger, L.S. Sullivan, and B.J.F. Rossiter Ret Net http://www.sph.uth.tmc.edu/Retnet disease.htm/. Also E.I. Traboulsi’s, Genetic Diseases of the Eye, New York, Oxford University Press, 1998. And Genetics in Primary Eyecare and Clinical Medicine by M.R. Seashore and R.S.Wappner, Appleton and Lange 1996. M. Ridley’s book Genome published in 2000 by Perennial provides additional information. Ridley estimates that we have 60,000 to 80,000 genes. See also R.M. Henig’s book The Monk in the Garden: The Lost and Found Genius of Gregor Mendel, published by Houghton Mifflin in 2001 which tells about the Father of Genetics. The 3rd edition of F. H. Roy’s book Ocular Syndromes and Systemic Diseases published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins in 2002 facilitates differential diagnosis. Additional information is provided in D. Pavan-Langston’s Manual of Ocular Diagnosis and Therapy (5th edition) published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins in 2002. M.A. Foote wrote Basic Human Genetics for Medical Writers in the AMWA Journal 2002;17:7-17. A compilation such as this might suggest that one gene = one disease. -
Hypochondroplasia
Arch Dis Child: first published as 10.1136/adc.53.11.868 on 1 November 1978. Downloaded from Arch Dis Child: first published as 10.1136/adc.53.11.868 on 1 November 1978. Downloaded from Archives of Disease in Childhood, 1978, 53, 868-872 Hypochondroplasia J. F. T. GLASGOW, N. C. NEVIN, AND P. S. THOMAS From the Departments of Child Health and Medical Genetics, Queen's University ofBelfast, and Department of Radiology, Royal Belfast Hospitalfor Sick Children SUMMARY Clinical, radiological, and genetic features are described in 3 patients with hypo- chondroplasia. Early recognition of this disorder is possible from the abnormal body proportions with short limbs and lumbar lordosis without facial stigmata of achondroplasia. Radiological confirmation is possible provided a full skeletal survey is made. Two of our patients had a large head. Hypochondroplasia is one of the milder varieties of Table 1 Anthropometric data in patients with chondrodystrophy, resembling a mild form of hypochondroplasia achondroplasia. Affected individuals are slightly Anthropometric data Case I Case 2 Case 3 short in stature with short arms and legs (Kozlowski, 1965, 1973; Beals, 1969; Dorst, 1969; Hall, 1969; At 3 At 7 Murdock, 1969; Walker et al., 1971). Although Age at measurement (years) 8-75 3.0 7.5 9-0 hypochondroplasia appears to be fairly common Height (cm) 107.7 (3) 92.7 (50) 113.7 (10) 119.0 (3) (Rimoin, 1975) there have been few cases described. Weight (kg) 21.6 (10) 16.4 (90) 20.0 (10) 35.6 (90) Skull circumference copyright. We describe the clinical, radiological, and genetic (cm) 53-7 52-5 56-0 50.5 features in 3 patients. -
SKELETAL DYSPLASIA Dr Vasu Pai
SKELETAL DYSPLASIA Dr Vasu Pai Skeletal dysplasia are the result of a defective growth and development of the skeleton. Dysplastic conditions are suspected on the basis of abnormal stature, disproportion, dysmorphism, or deformity. Diagnosis requires Simple measurement of height and calculation of proportionality [<60 inches: consideration of dysplasia is appropriate] Dysmorphic features of the face, hands, feet or deformity A complete physical examination Radiographs: Extremities and spine, skull, Pelvis, Hand Genetics: the risk of the recurrence of the condition in the family; Family evaluation. Dwarf: Proportional: constitutional or endocrine or malnutrition Disproportion [Trunk: Extremity] a. Height < 42” Diastrophic Dwarfism < 48” Achondroplasia 52” Hypochondroplasia b. Trunk-extremity ratio May have a normal trunk and short limbs (achondroplasia), Short trunk and limbs of normal length (e.g., spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia tarda) Long trunk and long limbs (e.g., Marfan’s syndrome). c. Limb-segment ratio Normal: Radius-Humerus ratio 75% Tibia-Femur 82% Rhizomelia [short proximal segments as in Achondroplastics] Mesomelia: Dynschondrosteosis] Acromelia [short hands and feet] RUBIN CLASSIFICATION 1. Hypoplastic epiphysis ACHONDROPLASTIC Autosomal Dominant: 80%; 0.5-1.5/10000 births Most common disproportionate dwarfism. Prenatal diagnosis: 18 weeks by measuring femoral and humeral lengths. Abnormal endochondral bone formation: zone of hypertrophy. Gene defect FGFR fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 . chromosome 4 Rhizomelic pattern, with the humerus and femur affected more than the distal extremities; Facies: Frontal bossing; Macrocephaly; Saddle nose Maxillary hypoplasia, Mandibular prognathism Spine: Lumbar lordosis and Thoracolumbar kyphosis Progressive genu varum and coxa valga Wedge shaped gaps between 3rd and 4th fingers (trident hands) Trident hand 50%, joint laxity Pathology Lack of columnation Bony plate from lack of growth Disorganized metaphysis Orthopaedics 1. -
Hypochondroplasia and Acanthosis Nigricans
European Journal of Endocrinology (2008) 159 243–249 ISSN 0804-4643 CLINICAL STUDY Hypochondroplasia and acanthosis nigricans: a new syndrome due to the p.Lys650Thr mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 gene? Lidia Castro-Feijo´o*, Lourdes Loidi1,*, Anxo Vidal2, Silvia Parajes1, Elena Roso´n3,AnaA´ lvarez4, Paloma Cabanas, Jesu´s Barreiro, Adela Alonso4, Fernando Domı´nguez1,2 and Manuel Pombo Unidad de Endocrinologı´a Pedia´trica, Crecimiento y Adolescencia, Departamento de Pediatrı´a, Hospital Clı´nico Universitario y Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain, 1Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Fundacio´nPu´blica Galega de Medicina Xeno´mica, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain, 2Departamento de Fisiologı´a, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15702 Santiago de Compostella, Spain, 3Servicio de Dermatologı´a, Complejo Hospitalario de Pontevedra, 36001 Pontevedra, Spain and 4Servicio de Radiologı´a, Hospital Clı´nico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain (Correspondence should be addressed to M Pombo; Email: [email protected]) *L Castro-Feijo´o and L Loidi contributed equally to this work Abstract Background: Hypochondroplasia (HCH) is a skeletal dysplasia inherited in an autosomal dominant manner due, in most cases, to mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3). Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a velvety and papillomatous pigmented hyperkeratosis of the skin, which has been recognized in some genetic disorders more severe than HCH involving the FGFR3 gene. Objective and design: After initial study of the proband, who had been consulted for short stature and who also presented AN, the study was extended to the patient’s mother and to 12 additional family members. -
Pfeiffer Syndrome
orphananesthesia Anaesthesia recommendations for patients suffering from Pfeiffer syndrome Disease name: Pfeiffer syndrome ICD 10: Q87.0 Synonyms: ACS5, Acrocephalosyndactyly type V, noack syndrome, cranio-facial- dermatological dysplasia Pfeiffer syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder, characterized by malformations of the skull, face, hands and feet. Crouzon, Apert and Pfeiffer syndromes are the most recognizable of the syndromic craniosynostoses. Diagnoses can be established from the typical phenotype accompanied by molecular genetic testing. Medicine in progress Perhaps new knowledge Every patient is unique Perhaps the diagnostic is wrong Find more information on the disease, its centres of reference and patient organisations on Orphanet: www.orpha.net 1 Disease summary Most cases can be attributed to mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor genes FGFR-1 or FGFR-2. However there are phenotypes that cannot be related to FGFR abnormalities. Based on the severity of malformations it is divided into three clinical subtypes. Type 1 “classic” Pfeiffer syndrome is by far the most common subtype and presents with mild manifestations of brachycephaly, midface hypoplasia and broad fingers and toes; it is associated with normal intelligence and generally good outcome. Type 2 consists of cloverleaf skull, extreme proptosis, finger and toe abnormalities, elbow ankylosis or synostosis, airway malformations, developmental delay, neurological complications and decreased life span. Type 3 is similar to type 2 but without a cloverleaf skull. Clinical overlap between the three types may occur. Craniosyostois (premature fusion of one or more of the cranial sutures) most often involves coronal and lambdoid sutures. This prevents further growth of the skull, affects the shape of the head and face and may lead to increased intracranial pressures. -
Blueprint Genetics Craniosynostosis Panel
Craniosynostosis Panel Test code: MA2901 Is a 38 gene panel that includes assessment of non-coding variants. Is ideal for patients with craniosynostosis. About Craniosynostosis Craniosynostosis is defined as the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures leading to secondary distortion of skull shape. It may result from a primary defect of ossification (primary craniosynostosis) or, more commonly, from a failure of brain growth (secondary craniosynostosis). Premature closure of the sutures (fibrous joints) causes the pressure inside of the head to increase and the skull or facial bones to change from a normal, symmetrical appearance resulting in skull deformities with a variable presentation. Craniosynostosis may occur in an isolated setting or as part of a syndrome with a variety of inheritance patterns and reccurrence risks. Craniosynostosis occurs in 1/2,200 live births. Availability 4 weeks Gene Set Description Genes in the Craniosynostosis Panel and their clinical significance Gene Associated phenotypes Inheritance ClinVar HGMD ALPL Odontohypophosphatasia, Hypophosphatasia perinatal lethal, AD/AR 78 291 infantile, juvenile and adult forms ALX3 Frontonasal dysplasia type 1 AR 8 8 ALX4 Frontonasal dysplasia type 2, Parietal foramina AD/AR 15 24 BMP4 Microphthalmia, syndromic, Orofacial cleft AD 8 39 CDC45 Meier-Gorlin syndrome 7 AR 10 19 EDNRB Hirschsprung disease, ABCD syndrome, Waardenburg syndrome AD/AR 12 66 EFNB1 Craniofrontonasal dysplasia XL 28 116 ERF Craniosynostosis 4 AD 17 16 ESCO2 SC phocomelia syndrome, Roberts syndrome