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KRIHS Research Report 2001-60 The Culture and Economy of Cities in Pacific Asia Kim, Won Bae Editor Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements in Collaboration with Faculty of the Built Environment, The University of New South Wales, Australia Copyright ⓒ 2001 Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements All right reserved. Printed in the Republic of Korea. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information address Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements, 1591-6, Gwanyang-dong, Dongan-gu, Anyang-shi, Gyeonggi-do, 431-712, Korea. http://www.krihs.re.kr The Culture and Economy of Cities in Pacific Asia / Edited by Won Bae Kim - Anyang: Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements, 2001 p. cm Includes bibliographical references Foreword We are in the midst of an extraordinary situation in global politics. Culture and civilization are increasingly becoming the source of conflicts as well as an important factor of making a new world order. Although globalization contains a homogenization tendency, it does accentuate differences, especially in the cultural arena. These contradictions are very much evident in cities and regions. In the global-local context, culture plays both as a resistant and a resilient force. With the cultural turn of capitalism in recent years, every city in the world is concerned with the role of the cultural economy in urban regeneration. Even though economic regeneration is the primary concern of many local and regional governments, we should not forget that culture is also a source for our daily life and collective identity. It is well known that the concept of culture is elusive. We cannot say, however, that culture includes everything or culture is something left over as a residual category of socio-economic analyses. In the analysis of the culture-economy nexus in cities, we should be more specific about what elements of culture are related to the economy of cities. We should also recognize the need to support cultural activities for the sake of human and community development in cities. I understand that this monograph is a small step towards the investigation of these complex issues surrounding the culture and economy of cities. I hope, however, the city case studies and some conceptual discussions included in the monograph will provide some clues for understanding of the relationship between culture and economy in cities. I would like to thank our counterpart, the Faculty of the Built Environment, University of New South Wales, especially Dean, Dr. Tong Wu and Associate Dean, Dr. Peter Murphy for their collaboration with us in this joint research. I am also grateful to all the participants both overseas and i domestic who contributed to the research by either writing a paper or offering comments. Jeong-Sik Lee President, KRIHS ii Introduction Acknowledgement This research monograph is the outcome of an international conference held in October 10-11, 2001. The conference was jointly conducted by the Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements (KRIHS) and Faculty of the Built Environment, the University of New South Wales, Australia. The editor and research staff at the KRIHS would like to express their appreciation to the contributions made by paper authors, who took their time to revise papers. We would like to also acknowledge valuable comments and inputs provided by the commentators in the conference: Drs. Sang-Chuel Choe, Jin Ho Choi, Mack Joong Choi, Yeong-Joo Hahn, Kwon Huh, June Woo Kim, MoonHwan Kim, Uchang Kim, Heung-Jae Lee, and Jung Duk Lim. iii iv Introduction Contributors Chung, Oi Yee University of Hong Kong Gibson, Chris University of New South Wales Ho, Kong Chong National University of Singapore Kim, Won Bae Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements La, Do Sam Seoul Development Institute Murphy, Peter University of New South Wales Ng, Mee Kam University of Hong Kong Sasaki, Masayuki Ritsumeikan University Watson, Sophie University of East London Wu, Chung-Tong University of New South Wales Wu, Weiping Virginia Commonwealth University v Yan, Michelle University of Hong Kong Yoo, Jae Yoon Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements vi Introduction Contents Foreword i Acknowledgement iii Contributors v Contents vii List of Tables ix List of Figures xi 1. Introduction Won Bae Kim 1 2. The Cultural Economy of Cities Peter Murphy 13 3. Strategic Approach to Regenerative Cultural Development Won Bae Kim 27 4. From Hardware Building to Soul Searching? Limitations of ‘Selling Culture’ in Hong Kong’s Tourist Industry Mee Kam Ng, Oi Yee Chung and Michelle Yan 45 5. The Business of Producing Culture Kong Chong Ho 71 6. Rejuvenating a Cosmopolitan Culture: Globalization and Shanghai’s Cultural Industries Weiping Wu 89 7. Kanazawa and Tokyo: the Culture and Economy in Contemporary Japan Masayuki Sasaki 111 8. Towards an Understanding of the Urban Cultural Economy: an Australian Perspective Chris Gibson, Peter Murphy and Chung-Tong Wu 141 vii 9. Cultural Resources, Environment, and Networks: Dynamics of Dongdaemun Fashion Market in Seoul Jae Yoon Yoo and Do Sam La 173 10. Capitalizing on Culture: Emphasis in Australian Regional Development Peter Murphy and Chris Gibson 191 11. Cultural Industries and Local Culture: the British Context Shophie Watson 217 Appendix: Conference Agenda 233 viii Introduction List of Tables Table 4.1 Comparing Hong Kong to some Selected Characteristics of Colonies Table 5.1 Contribution (%) of Major Sectors to GDP Table 5.2 Singapore Tourism Statistics Table 5.3 Growth of the Arts 1990-2000 Table 6.1 Indicators for Shanghai, 2000 Table 6.2 Overview of Shanghai’s Cultural Industries Table 7.1 Changing Industrial Structure of Tokyo (Wards and Metropolitan Area) Table 7.2 The Economic Effect of the Art and Culture of Tokyo and New York Table 8.1 Value of Production and Employment in the Cultural Industries, Australia Table 8.2 Employment in Cultural Industries, Australia, 1996, by Occupation Table 8.3 Selected Cultural Industry Activities: Comparing Census and Household Survey Data Sources Table 8.4 Employment in Cultural Occupations, 1996: Capital Cities and Balance of State Table 8.5 Business Locations, Cultural Industries: Sydney vs. Australia, 1998 Table 9.1 Markets of Dongdaemun Table 9.2 Process of Dongdaemun Market Table 10.1 Cultural Funding by Level of Government 1996-97 to 1998-99 Table 10.2 Funding of Cultural Facilities and Services by Level of Government: 1998-99 ix x Introduction List of Figures Figure 3.1 Areas for Strategic Intervention Figure 4.1 Location of Tai O Fishing Village Figure 4.2 The Proposed Cultural District in West Kowloon Reclamation Figure 4.3 The Short-lived Artists Village in North Point Figure 4.4 A “New” Artist Village in the Making Figure 6.1 The Bund Today Figure 6.2 The New Commercial Street along Nanjing Road Figure 6.3 Shanghai’s New Central Business District Figure 8.1 Location Quotients, Employment in Cultural Industry Sectors, NSW, 1996 Figure 8.2 Location Quotients, Employment in Cultural Industry Sectors, Victoria, 1996 Figure 8.3 Location Quotients, Employment in Cultural Industry Sectors, Tasmania, 1996 Figure 8.4 Location Quotients, Employment in Cultural Industry Sectors, SA, 1996 Figure 8.5 Location Quotients, Employment in Cultural Industry Sectors, WA, 1996 Figure 8.6 Location Quotients, Employment in Cultural Industry Sectors, NT, 1996 Figure 8.7 Location Quotients, Employment in Cultural Industry Sectors, QLD, 1996 Figure 8.8 Location Quotients, Employment in Cultural Industry Sectors, ACT, 1996 Figure 8.9 Business Locations, Total Cultural Industries, Sydney, 1998 Figure 8.10 Location Quotient, Recorded Media Manufacturing and Publishing, NSW, 1996 xi Figure 9.1 Map of Dongdaemun Area Figure 9.2 The Present and the Past of Dongdaemun Figure 9.3 Potentials and Limitations xii Introduction xiii CHAPTER 1 Introduction Won Bae Kim The essays collected here are revised versions of papers originally presented at the international conference on the culture and economy of cities, which aimed at examining the interplay between local culture and cultural economy of cities. An allied objective of the conference was to explore strategies not only to generate economic development but also to enhance cultural development of cities. To achieve these objectives, principal research collaborators at the Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements and Faculty of the Built Environment, University of New South Wales, developed jointly short terms of reference with which local authors could take a look at the culture-economy-place nexus. The terms of reference included the definition of key concepts and their relationships. First, local culture is posited to be interrelated to the character of urban economic activity. Economic activity, in turn, is understood to be a dynamic element of the cultural development of cities. This interrelatedness has a special significance in the cultural economy because of the intensity and idiosyncracy of the relations between the cultural attributes of a city and the qualitative aspects of local cultural products. As touched upon briefly in the conceptual discussion of Chapter 2, local culture can be defined in several ways. 1 1) It refers to the cultural milieu of production as discussed in industrial sociology. Local embeddedness and social relations of production are the key to understanding the cultural milieu of production. 2) It refers to the material and visual attributes of a city, i.e., architectural landmarks, museums, theaters, streetscapes, historical heritage, etc. Oftentimes, these artifacts become part of city marketing strategy. In this sense, local culture is equivalent to the physical capital of a city. 3) It refers to the cultural ambience of a city. Cultural diversity, lifestyle and tradition may become a factor in local development and they can be an element of place marketing especially for tourists.

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