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Sapere Auso (To One Who Dared to Be Wise) on the Fifth Anniversary of the Death of Krzysztof Skubiszewski
XXXIV POLISH YEARbook of intERnational law DOI 10.7420/pyil2014b 2014 PL ISSN 0554-498X Jerzy Kranz* SAPERE AUSO (TO ONE whO darED TO BE wiSE) ON THE FIFTH ANNivERSarY OF THE DEATH OF KrzYSZTOF SkUbiSZEWSki When Krzysztof Skubiszewski passed away five years ago, on 8 February 2010, Poland bid farewell to both a modest man and a great statesman and academic, to a Pole and a European, an eminent theoretician and a skilled practitioner of international law, who was also the firstM inister of Foreign Affairs of newly-independent Poland and later President of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal in The Hague. The aim of this contribution is to outline the Foreign Minister’s most important accomplishments in order to better introduce him to the reader as well as to share a handful of personal reminiscences.1 An analysis of his scholarly work would warrant separate coverage, so in this memorial I only briefly mention its key directions. I have chosen instead to often cite the Foreign Minister from various sources, especially the collection of his speeches, statements and interviews from 1997.2 Nothing during Minister Skubiszewski’s groundbreaking time in office (12 pSe tem- ber 1989 – 25 October 1993) fell from the sky. And although many of his innovations in his foreign policy work appear obvious from today’s perspective, it is worth remembering that there were no clear precedents for his work at that time. At the turn of the 1990s his job demanded wisdom, strength of character and careful diplomacy. And Krzysztof Skubiszewski was the right man in the right place at the right time – an exquisitely edu- cated man of principle who was not afraid to stand by his beliefs and pursue his vision. -
Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznej
CENTRUM BADANIA OPINII SPOŁECZNEJ SEKRETARIAT 629 - 35 - 69, 628 - 37 - 04 UL. ŻURAWIA 4A, SKR. PT.24 OŚRODEK INFORMACJI 693 - 46 - 92, 625 - 76 - 23 00 - 503 W A R S Z A W A TELEFAX 629 - 40 - 89 INTERNET http://www.cbos.pl E-mail: [email protected] BS/158/2005 WYBORY PREZYDENCKIE: PEWNOŚĆ GŁOSOWANIA, PREFERENCJE NIEZDECYDOWANYCH I PRZEWIDYWANIA CO DO WYNIKU WYBORÓW KOMUNIKAT Z BADAŃ WARSZAWA, WRZESIEŃ 2005 PRZEDRUK MATERIAŁÓW CBOS W CAŁOŚCI LUB W CZĘŚCI ORAZ WYKORZYSTANIE DANYCH EMPIRYCZNYCH JEST DOZWOLONE WYŁĄCZNIE Z PODANIEM ŹRÓDŁA Prezentowane wyniki pochodzą z wrześniowego sondażu1 przeprowadzonego przed wyborami parlamentarnymi. Podstawowe informacje dotyczące przewidywanego udziału w wyborach prezydenckich i preferencji wyborczych były już publikowane2. Obecnie powracamy do tych danych proponując szersze ujęcie tematu. PEWNOŚĆ DECYZJI WYBORCZYCH W tym roku Polacy nie mają łatwego zadania, jeśli chodzi o podejmowanie decyzji w wyborach prezydenckich. Lista ewentualnych pretendentów do prezydentury bardzo długo pozostawała niekompletna, później ze startu w wyborach zrezygnował tracący poparcie Zbigniew Religa. Przed koniecznością zmiany decyzji wyborczej postawieni zostali zwolennicy jednego z najbardziej liczących się kandydatów - Włodzimierza Cimoszewicza, który zrezygnował z ubiegania się o najwyższy urząd w państwie. Ostatnio mówi się też, że nad wycofaniem swojej kandydatury zastanawia się Maciej Giertych, choć oficjalnie wiadomość ta nie została jeszcze potwierdzona. Zmiany w ofercie wyborczej nie sprzyjają krystalizacji i stabilności preferencji wyborczych. Trudno też oprzeć się wrażeniu, że początkowo Polacy z dużą rezerwą podchodzili do oferty wyborczej, bazującej głównie na dość często kontrowersyjnych liderach partyjnych. Przez długi czas wyborcy nie traktowali swych wyborów politycznych jako ostatecznych i niezmiennych. Stabilizacji elektoratów zapewne nie sprzyjały także zmiany w sondażowych rankingach poparcia dla kandydatów. -
Political Visions and Historical Scores
Founded in 1944, the Institute for Western Affairs is an interdis- Political visions ciplinary research centre carrying out research in history, political and historical scores science, sociology, and economics. The Institute’s projects are typi- cally related to German studies and international relations, focusing Political transformations on Polish-German and European issues and transatlantic relations. in the European Union by 2025 The Institute’s history and achievements make it one of the most German response to reform important Polish research institution well-known internationally. in the euro area Since the 1990s, the watchwords of research have been Poland– Ger- many – Europe and the main themes are: Crisis or a search for a new formula • political, social, economic and cultural changes in Germany; for the Humboldtian university • international role of the Federal Republic of Germany; The end of the Great War and Stanisław • past, present, and future of Polish-German relations; Hubert’s concept of postliminum • EU international relations (including transatlantic cooperation); American press reports on anti-Jewish • security policy; incidents in reborn Poland • borderlands: social, political and economic issues. The Institute’s research is both interdisciplinary and multidimension- Anthony J. Drexel Biddle on Poland’s al. Its multidimensionality can be seen in published papers and books situation in 1937-1939 on history, analyses of contemporary events, comparative studies, Memoirs Nasza Podróż (Our Journey) and the use of theoretical models to verify research results. by Ewelina Zaleska On the dispute over the status The Institute houses and participates in international research of the camp in occupied Konstantynów projects, symposia and conferences exploring key European questions and cooperates with many universities and academic research centres. -
Statement by Krzysztof Skubiszewski on Polish Foreign Policy (Warsaw, 26 April 1990)
Statement by Krzysztof Skubiszewski on Polish foreign policy (Warsaw, 26 April 1990) Caption: On 26 April 1990, in Warsaw, in response to the geopolitical upheavals taking place in Central and Eastern Europe, Krzysztof Skubiszewski, Polish Foreign Minister, outlines the main thrust of his country’s foreign policy. Source: Sejm Exposé by Minister for Foreign Affairs of the RP, Krzysztof Skubiszewski, Warsaw, April 26, 1990. [EN LIGNE]. [Warsaw]: Akademia Dyplomatyczna MSZ, [28.03.2006]. Disponible sur http://www.zbiordokumentow.pl/1990/2/2.html. Copyright: (c) Polski Instytut Spraw Miedzynarodowych URL: http://www.cvce.eu/obj/statement_by_krzysztof_skubiszewski_on_polish_foreign_p olicy_warsaw_26_april_1990-en-6a0b3b70-0545-43ce-be95-59e1c0cd825c.html Last updated: 14/10/2015 1/11 Sejm statement by Minister for Foreign Affairs of the RP, Krzysztof Skubiszewski (Warsaw, 26 April 1990) Mr President, Mr Speaker, Esteemed Chamber, I. Internal and External Circumstances Since the first days of its existence the government has been doing everything to restore full independence of the state as without independence there will be neither necessary creative powers in the nation and society nor great effort that Poland expects today from each of us. The foundation of the foreign policy of our state is the national interest and the Polish reason of state implemented with respect for dictates of morality and for the international law. My exposé defines and explains our interests and our reason of state. The government pursues its foreign policy in the circumstances characterized by fast and thorough changes going on in Poland and worldwide. The democratization of the state initiated in 1989, consolidated and extended today, provides a strong foundation for the foreign policy and makes it convergent with the national interest. -
Lecture 27 Epilogue How Far Does the Past Dominate Polish Politics Today? 'Choose the Future' Election Slogan of Alexander K
- 1 - Lecture 27 Epilogue How far does the past dominate Polish politics today? ‘Choose the future’ Election slogan of Alexander Kwaśniewski in 1996. ‘We are today in the position of Andrzej Gołota: after seven rounds, we are winning on points against our historical fatalism. As rarely in our past - today almost everything depends on us ourselves... In the next few years, Poland’s fate for the succeeding half- century will be decided. And yet Poland has the chance - like Andrzej Gołota, to waste its opportunity. We will not enter NATO of the European Union if we are a country beset by a domestic cold war, a nation so at odds with itself that one half wants to destroy the other. Adam Michnik, ‘Syndrom Gołoty’, Gazeta Świąteczna, 22 December 1996 ‘I do not fear the return of communism, but there is a danger of new conflicts between chauvinism and nationalist extremism on the one hand and tolerance, liberalism and Christian values on the other’ Władysław Bartoszewski on the award to him of the Heinrich Heine prize, December 1996 1. Introduction: History as the Means for Articulating Political Orientations In Poland, as in most countries which have been compelled to struggle to regain their lost independence, an obsessive involvement with the past and a desire to derive from it lessons of contemporary relevance have long been principal characteristics of the political culture. Polish romantic nationalism owed much to Lelewel’s concept of the natural Polish predilection for democratic values. The Polish nation was bound, he felt, to struggle as ‘ambassador to humanity’ and, through its suffering, usher in an era on universal liberty. -
Platforma Obywatelska W Latach 2001-2004
Marcin Marzec "Od marazmu do świetności" : Platforma Obywatelska w latach 2001-2004 Acta Scientifica Academiae Ostroviensis nr 24, 73-92 2006 „O d M a r a z m u D o Ś w ie t n o ś c i” P l a t f o r m a O b y w a t e l sk a ... 73 Marcin Marzec Wydział Politologiczny Praca napisana pod kierunkiem doc. dr Magdaleny Mikołajczyk „Funkcjonowanie Platformy Obywatelskiej na polskiej scenie politycznej”. „OD MARAZMU DO ŚWIETNOŚCI” - PLATFORMA OBYWATELSKA W LATACH 2001-2004 Przygotowania do kampanii i wybory w 2001 roku Platforma Obywatelska powstała z inicjatywy Andrzeja Olechowskiego, Macieja Płażyńskiego oraz Donalda Tuska. Oficjalną działalność partii rozpoczęto 24 stycznia 2001 roku. Szeregi partii w szybki sposób rozrosły się, i już w kwietniu 2001 roku ukonstytuował się sztab wyborczy Platformy, którego koordynatorem został Paweł Piskorski. Od 5 maja do 24 czerwca 2001 odbyło się 41 konwencji, które miały wyłonić kandydatów na posłów z ramienia PO1. W prawyborach wzięło udział bez mała 70 tysięcy ludzi, unieważniono dwie konwencje, wyłoniono 411 kandydatów do Sejmu, w tym 16% stanowiły kobiety2. Jeszcze przed rozpoczęciem kampanii wyborczej do opinii publicznej przedostawała się namiastka proponowanego przez partię programu naprawy Rzeczypospolitej. W rozmowie z 29 kwietnia 200lr. z Pawłem Piskorskim, jaką przeprowadził na łamach tygodnika „Wprost” Bogusław Mazur, dało się zaobserwować kilka generalnych elementów programowych partii. Na pytanie „Czy Platforma Obywatelska wygra bitwę o Sejm?”, Piskorski stwierdził, iż nie wszystkie bitwy się wygrywa, zaś istotne jest to by wygrać wojnę. (...) Najważniejsza jest wojna o model gospodarki, czyli niskie, liniowe podatki, co łączy się z pobudzeniem wysokiego wzrostu gospodarczego. -
Polish-German Reconciliation: Lessons for the Western Balkans
supported by Polish-German Reconciliation: Lessons for the Western Balkans This project No. 22020042 was made possible through Visegrad+ Grant from the International Visegrad Fund. by Marta Szpala, Jelica Minić, Donika Emini and Adnan Ćerimagić April 2021 Polish-German Reconciliation Lessons for the Western Balkans By Marta Szpala, Jelica Minić, Donika Emini and Adnan Ćerimagić Acknowledgements: Poland and Slovakia through Visegrad Grants from International Visegrad Fund. The mission of the fund is to advance ideas for sustainable regional cooperation in Central Europe. This project No. 22020042 was made possible through Visegrad+ Grant from the International Visegrad Fund. Disclaimer: All views expressed in this research paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of International Visegrad Fund. supported by Impressum - Title: Polish-German Reconciliation Lessons for the Western Balkans Publisher: Institute for Democracy “Societas Civilis” – Skopje Authors: Marta Szpala, Jelica Minić, Donika Emini and Adnan Ćerimagić Design: Dejan Kuzmanovski This publication is available at: http://www.idscs.org.mk Introduction - Seventy-five years after World War II The aim of this paper is to look at the most outsiders might think that the goal reconciliation process in the Western of full reconciliation between Poland and Balkans in the light of the German-Polish Germany has been achieved. After all, both reconciliation. This is why the paper starts countries are members of the European with a historical overview of the German- Union and NATO. Once contested border Polish reconciliation. It then continues between the two countries is today almost with an overview of how far the Western invisible. -
Warsaw University Library Tanks and Helicopters
NOWY ŚWIAT STREET Nearby: – military objects. There is an interesting outdoor able cafes and restaurants, as well as elegant UJAZDOWSKIE AVENUE Contemporary Art – a cultural institution and THE WILANÓW PARK exhibition making it possible to admire military boutiques and shops selling products of the an excellent gallery. Below the escarpment, AND PALACE COMPLEX The Mikołaj Kopernik Monument The Warsaw University Library tanks and helicopters. world’s luxury brands. The Ujazdowski Park east of the Castle, there is the Agricola Park (Pomnik Mikołaja Kopernika) (Biblioteka Uniwersytecka w Warszawie) (Park Ujazdowski) and the street of the same name, where street ul. St. Kostki Potockiego 10/16 ul. Dobra 56/66, www.buw.uw.edu.pl The National Museum The St. Alexander’s Church gas lamps are hand lit by lighthouse keepers tel. +48 22 544 27 00 One of the best examples of modern architecture (Muzeum Narodowe) (Kościół św. Aleksandra) just before the dusk and put down at dawn. www.wilanow-palac.art.pl in the Polish capital. In the underground of this Al. Jerozolimskie 3 ul. Książęca 21, www.swaleksander.pl It used to be the summer residence of Jan interesting building there is an entertainment tel. +48 22 621 10 31 A classicist church modelled on the Roman The Botanical Garden III Sobieski, and then August II as well as centre (with bowling, billiards, climbing wall) www.mnw.art.pl Pantheon. It was built at the beginning of the of the Warsaw University the most distinguished aristocratic families. and on the roof there is one of the prettiest One of the most important cultural institutions 19th c. -
Looking Westwards
Founded in 1944, the Institute for Western Affairs is an interdis- Looking westwards ciplinary research centre carrying out research in history, political The role of the Institute for Western Affairs science, sociology, and economics. The Institute’s projects are typi- in the construction of the Lubusz Land concept cally related to German studies and international relations, focusing On local historical policy and collective on Polish-German and European issues and transatlantic relations. memory in Gorzów Wielkopolski The Institute’s history and achievements make it one of the most Cultural heritage against a background important Polish research institution well-known internationally. of transformation in 1970s and 1980s Western Since the 1990s, the watchwords of research have been Poland– Ger- Poland many – Europe and the main themes are: Polish interest in the early medieval past • political, social, economic and cultural changes in Germany; of Kołobrzeg • international role of the Federal Republic of Germany; The Greater Poland Uprising in the French and British daily press • past, present, and future of Polish-German relations; • EU international relations (including transatlantic cooperation); Rosa Luxemburg against war • security policy; Literary fiction and poverty. The example of Gustav Freytag’s novel Soll und Haben • borderlands: social, political and economic issues. The Institute’s research is both interdisciplinary and multidimension- Coming to terms with the West German 68ers in the writings of the 85ers al. Its multidimensionality can be seen in published papers and books The manuscript of the letter of the Polish on history, analyses of contemporary events, comparative studies, bishops to the German bishops and the use of theoretical models to verify research results. -
Some Reflections on the 25Th Anniversary of the Polish–German Treaty
PRZEGLĄD ZACHODNI II, 2017 JAN BARCZ Warsaw SOME REFLECTIONS ON THE 25TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE POLISH–GERMAN TREATY 1. There is a term Vertragswerk in diplomatic German which does not have an exact equivalent in Polish or English. It can be understood as a comprehensive regu- lation of a crucial issue in one broad agreement or a set of international agreements. Undoubtedly, the Polish-German Treaty “of good neighbourship and friendly coop- eration” falls within this category, though it certainly – due to its relevance to the relations of independent Poland with unified Germany and its symbolic value for the directions of changes in Poland’s foreign policy after 1989 – has a much broader di- mension.1 Arguably, due to this symbolic meaning, the Treaty is a source of political controversy at a time when the main directions of Polish foreign policy, mapped out in the first years after the regaining of independence, are being questioned. The Treaty itself is not a particularly long document: it has 38 articles and also contains an exchange of letters relating to five substantive issues. A lawyer analys- ing the individual provisions of the Treaty 25 years after its signing would easily determine that the majority of them have been implemented or in fact “consumed” by further development: the security clauses (articles 6 and 7 of the Treaty) became moot when Poland gained membership of NATO. Similarly, most of the provisions (articles 11 to 36) relating to particular areas of cooperation lost their practical relevance after the conclusion of the Association Agreement and subsequently Poland’s accession to the European Union. -
Statement by Andrzej Olechowski on Poland's Application For
Statement by Andrzej Olechowski on Poland’s application for accession to the European Union (Warsaw, 7 April 1994) Caption: On 7 April 1994, Andrzej Olechowski, Polish Foreign Minister, outlines to the Polish Parliament in Warsaw the reasons why the Republic of Poland is applying for accession to the European Union. Source: Oswiadczenie ministra spraw zagranicznych Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej Andrzeja Olechowskiego wygloszone w Sejmie Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej na temat przystapienia Polski do Unii Europejskiej,Warszawa, 7 kwietnia 1994 r. Statement by Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland Andrzej Olechowski to the Sejm of the Republic of Poland on Poland's Application for Accession to the European Union, Warsaw, April 7, 1994. Zbiór Dokumentów, 1994, nr 2. [EN LIGNE]. [Warszawa]: Akademia Dyplomatyczna MSZ, [08.06.2005]. Disponible sur http://www.zbiordokumentow.pl/1994/2/2.html. Copyright: (c) Akademia Dyplomatyczna MSZ URL: http://www.cvce.eu/obj/statement_by_andrzej_olechowski_on_poland_s_application_for_accession_to_the_european_u nion_warsaw_7_april_1994-en-ffc5c31d-71a0-430a-a98a-f349edf96e68.html Publication date: 20/10/2012 1 / 4 20/10/2012 Statement by Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland Andrzej Olechowski to the Sejm of the Republic of Poland on Poland’s Application for Accession to the European Union, Warsaw, April 7, 1994 Mr. Speaker, Honourable Members, I have the honour to submit to the House the government's motives for Poland's application for accession to the European Union. On 29th March, the Council of Ministers, in the presence of the President of the Republic of Poland, authorised Prime Minister Pawlak to make this request. Aspiration to membership in the Communities, and thereafter in the European Union established with effect from 1st November last year, has been the basis of Polish foreign policy since the radical turn of 1989. -
Comparative Study of Electoral Systems Module 3
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ELECTORAL SYSTEMS - MODULE 3 (2006-2011) CODEBOOK: APPENDICES Original CSES file name: cses2_codebook_part3_appendices.txt (Version: Full Release - December 15, 2015) GESIS Data Archive for the Social Sciences Publication (pdf-version, December 2015) ============================================================================================= COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ELECTORAL SYSTEMS (CSES) - MODULE 3 (2006-2011) CODEBOOK: APPENDICES APPENDIX I: PARTIES AND LEADERS APPENDIX II: PRIMARY ELECTORAL DISTRICTS FULL RELEASE - DECEMBER 15, 2015 VERSION CSES Secretariat www.cses.org =========================================================================== HOW TO CITE THE STUDY: The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (www.cses.org). CSES MODULE 3 FULL RELEASE [dataset]. December 15, 2015 version. doi:10.7804/cses.module3.2015-12-15 These materials are based on work supported by the American National Science Foundation (www.nsf.gov) under grant numbers SES-0451598 , SES-0817701, and SES-1154687, the GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, the University of Michigan, in-kind support of participating election studies, the many organizations that sponsor planning meetings and conferences, and the many organizations that fund election studies by CSES collaborators. Any opinions, findings and conclusions, or recommendations expressed in these materials are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding organizations. =========================================================================== IMPORTANT NOTE REGARDING FULL RELEASES: This dataset and all accompanying documentation is the "Full Release" of CSES Module 3 (2006-2011). Users of the Final Release may wish to monitor the errata for CSES Module 3 on the CSES website, to check for known errors which may impact their analyses. To view errata for CSES Module 3, go to the Data Center on the CSES website, navigate to the CSES Module 3 download page, and click on the Errata link in the gray box to the right of the page.