DOCSLIB.ORG

Download the Scanned

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

NOTES AND NEWS NOTESON SOMECALIFORNIA MINERALS NUEVITE: SAMARSKITE; TRONA AND HANKSITE;GAYLUSSITE Josrrn Munloctt, LIn'hersily of Californi'a at Los Angeles. I{ uer'ite: S ancarskite In 1946the writer reported a samarskite-like mineral from the South- ern Pacific Silica Quarry near Nuevo, Riverside County, California, as a new species,giving it the name "nuevite" (1). This determination was made on the basisof a spectroscopicanalysis showing no uranium and a small amount of tantaium, and rough crystals which gave an apparent axial ratio difiering from samarskite. The general physical and optical propertiesput the mineral in the samarskitegroup but the apparent ab- senceof U and Ta seemedto warrant a new speciesname. However, after considerabledelay, it was possibleto have a chemical analysis made, which at once showed the material to be samarskite, a finding confirmed by Dr. Herman Yagoda (private communication),who kindly made a polishedsurface and showeduranium comparableto a U-rich variety of samarskite.Accordingly, the name nuevite should be consideredas in- validated, and the occurrencerecorded as samarskite. The roughly formed crystals,in revisedorientation, showedmeasurements in reason- able agreementwith samarskite. As is usually the case,it is metamict, and recently the writer had an opportunity to take aL n-ray powder photograph of the ignited material, which showed a typical samarskitepattern, according to Dr. Clifford Frondel (private communication).It has seemedworthwhile to recordthe chemicalanalysis, and the information given by this powder photograph, since none has apparently been published up to the present time. The r-ray powder data represent figures corrected for camera radius and film shrinkage, in A units. AcrNowr,eoGMENTS I wish to expressmy thanks to the following for assistanceand advice during this determination: Miss Jewel J. Glass,U. S. GeologicalSurvey; ProfessorClifford Frondel, Harvard University; Dr. Herman Yagoda' U. S. Public Health Service; Professor George Tunell, University of California at Los Angeles.The chemicalanalysis was made possibleby a grant from the researchfunds of the University of California. Trona and,Hanksi'te Recently a fragment of crystalline salines was collected from a dried pool on the east side of Mono Lake, California, and given to the writer NOTES AND NEWS 359 T.q.nrn1. X-nav Pownen Sp.ncrncDArl ron Seuensrrrn, Nunvo, Car-rlonNra Copptt RaoratroN. Nrcxlr- Frr,rrn. SpacrNcsrN A UNrrs I d/" d/n z t0.97 I I .65 I J-Ol. 1 1.59 3 3.68 2 1.537 3,53 I 1.519 3.40 4 r.502 3 -25 t.436 3-13 1.390 10 3.07 1.355 10 2.92 1.301 n 2.80 r.279 1 t 2.7r 1.229 + 2.59 1,218 ,) 2.47 1.193 2 2.44 t.t77 1 E 2.23 r.127 1 2.t7 l.tt7 I 2 2.12 1.091 L 2.O8 1.081 J 1.90 t.047 4 1.84 1.008 1 r. /o ,9823 I r.75 .8995 1 t.73 .8633 1 I.7I .8202 1 r.67 T.q.sln 2. Anerysrs ol SAMARsKrrE, Nurvo, C,llmonxrA SiOc .28 Ta:Oo 22.O8 Cbzoe 32.46 Tio2 t 7< Y:Or 11.98 CerOa tr. UOz 13.66 UOB 3.51 FeO 11.09 MnO .J/ ZtOz n Pbo 1i Loss on ignition in N r.o7 99.61 Analysis by W. H. Herdsman 360 NOTESAND NEWS by his colleague,Professor W. C. Putnam. The specimenis roughly strati- fied, with one layer massive or spongy halite, and the other a faintly pinkish aggregate of flattened and elongated crystals, in part covered with a white finely crystalline and sometimes spherulitic coating. The larger crystals, ranging in length up to one centimeter, were found to be trona, which has not been previously reported from Mono Lake. The finely crystalline coating turned out to be hanksite, hitherto found only at SearlesLake. The sequenceof deposition is halite, then trona, then hanksite. The trona, even in perfectly fresh clear crystals, showed a strong po- tassium flame when the sodium flame was cut out with a Merwin screen. The crystals are elongated parallel to the b axis and usually somewhat irregularly flattened parallel to the base. They are invariably terminated by a singleform, { 111}, but show a great variety of facesin the ortho- dome zone.Of this series,{100} is usually of good quality and fair size. The other faces are present often as narrow or line faces in a zone,or as curved surfaces,but sometimes well developed. A list of forms observed in good position and ol reasonableq-uality is as follows: {111}, {100}, {001}, {701}, {1,02},{103}, {104}, {501}, {302}, {401}.Other possible forms, as line faces only, or a little off position include {105}, {106}, {10s},{109}, {1.0.10}, {1.0.12}, {1.0.15}. The hanksite in the specimen is not in recognizablecrystals, but was identified by its uniaxial negative character, index of refraction, <o:1.48*, strong birefringence,and parallel extinction. Chemical tests showed efiervescencewith acid and precipitates of BaSO+with BaCl2 and AgCl with AgNOa. Flame coloration showed strong potassium reac- tion. Gaylussite Published data on the crystallography of gaylussite depend on the measurementsof a single crystal from Venezuela, made by W. Phillips (2) in 1827. Crystals described from SearlesLake, California, by J. H. Pratt (3) in 1896, were not suitable for measurement on the reflecting goniometer, but the angleswere checkedon larger crystals with a contact goniometer. Through the courtesy of Mr. L. J. Bailey, chemist at the American Potash and Chemical Company, Trona, California, the writer has been enabled to study some excellent crystals of gaylussite from SearlesLake, and to'offer some refinementsin the values of the crystallo- graphic elements. The crystals were very suitable for measurement on the two-circle goniometer, and the results on five selected crystals furnished values quite close to those of Phillips, thus confirming the quality of his work. NOTESAND NEWS 361 There are, however; small but consistent vaiiations from his values, and since the present figures represent the average of a number of good read- ings as compared with a single set it was consideredworth while to re- calculate the crystallographic elements, and present a hew angle table. The SearlesLake crystals show the characteristic habit for this occur- rence,with {001} and {112} dominant,{110}, {001},and {101} smaller, and [010] appearingas a poor face on only one crystal, The averagesof best readingsfor eachface are listed in Table 1, with Phillips'values for comparison. Calculated values are given in the revised angle table (Table 2). Tesrr l. Mnesunno Axcr-rs lon Gevrussrrn Quality Quality of signal of signal {001} ITo1] 4p 0p B 89"42' 12009' c -90'00' 37058', B 9007 1214 B -90 09 38 14 B 8939 rr52 B -89 59 37 48 c 90 35. 1148 av. new 38 00 av. new 12 00|. old 38 08 old 11 33 {110} lI12l ap 4p It 34018' 90"00, c -2t"29', 37"56', B 34 20 90 00 B -2t 30 3756 tt 34 23 90 00 c -2t 35 J750 B 34 43 90 00 D -2r 30 3750 B 34 35 90 00 c -21 08 3751 B 34 34 90 00 D -21 04 37 5l av.new 34 29 av. new -21 22+ 3752 old 34 25 old -21 55 J/ JJ [011] a p B 8"r1', 55"45/ ' c 825 55 38 c 8r2 55 32 c 825 55 19 c 8r7 55 30 c 832 55 34 c 8rl 5531 av. new 8 19 55 33 old 8 03 J.) .14 362 NOTES AND NEV/S T.lsln 2. ANcrr Tl,alr ron Gevrussrru Monoclinic aibic:1.4878:l:1.M53 p :102"00+' Poqo:| :O.97 413:1. 4137:l p : 77"59tr', 7';p':l:O .70737 :0 .687 16:l fo' :0.99316, qo':1.M53 xo':0 '21725 Form 4 PQzPz:BCA c {001} 90"00' t2"00+' 77"59t', 90000' 0'00' 77"59+' D [010] 0 00 9000 000 9000 9000 a {100} 90 00 9000 000 9000 7759+ ooo m lrl0l 34 30 9000 000 3430 8314 5530 e [011] I 22i ss 36+ 77 s9+ 35 16+ s4 43+ 8406 s {101} -90 00 3801+ 12801+ 90 0o 5002 r28ot+ r llr2l -2r s0 37 50 10s53+ 55 12 43 28+ r02 59e Rnl.rnnxcns l. MuR-DocH, J., Nuevite, a new rare-earth mineral from California (Abstr): Geol. Soc- Am., Bull'. 57, lzl9 (1946). Purr.r.trs, W., Observations on the crystalline form, etc., of the ga1'lussite: Philosophieal Mogazine,l (N. S.), 263-266 (1827). Pnarr, J. H., On northupite; pirssonite, a new mineral; gaylussite and hanksite from Borax Lake, San Bernardino County, California: Aru, Jour. Sci., (4),2r 123-135 (1896)' ON THE MINERALOGY OF ANTARCTICA DuNc.qN SrnwAnt, Jr.., Corleton College,Northf'eld, Minnesota Since 1895ninety-six papers have been published relating to Antarctic mineralogy and petrography, Dr. Johannes Petersen (1895: 275-278) was the first to publish on Antarctic petrography. He described the basalt of Mount Christen Christensen(Christensen-Vulkan) of Robert' son Island, West Antarctica. The following is a list of the 167 mineral species'subspecies, and va- rieties, as well as those of questionable occurrence, that have been re- ported from Antarctica. A number of these have been determined only microscopically, and in the caseof gold its presencehas been determined only by chemical analysis. Acmite Andalusite Aphrosiderite Beryl Actinolite Andesine Apophyllite Biotite Adularia Andradite Arfvedsonite Bornite Aegirine-augite Anomite Arsenopyrite Bronzite Allanite Anorthite Atacamite Brookite Almandite Anorthoclase Augite Brucite Analbite? Anthophyllite Azurite Brushite? Analcite Antigorite Barkevikite Bytownite Anatase Apatite Basaltichornblende Calcite.
Recommended publications
  • The American Journal of Science

    The American Journal of Science

    THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOIENOE. EDITOR: EDWARD S. DANA. ASSOCIATE EDITORS PROFESSORS GEO. L. GOODALE, JOHN TROWBRIDGE, H. P. BOWDITCH AND W. G. FARLOW, OF CAMBRIDGE, PROFESSORS O. C. MAHSH, A. E. VERRILL AND H. S. WILLIAMS, OF NEW HAVEN, PROFESSOR GEORGE F. BARKER, OF PHILADELPHIA, PROFESSOR H. A. ROWLAND, OF BALTIMORE, MR. J. S. DILLER, OF W ASHl~GTON. FOURTH SERIES. VOL. II-[WHOLE NUMBER, CLI!.] Nos. 7-12. JULY TO DEOEMBER, 1896. WITH SIX PLATES. NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT. 1896'. J. B. Pratt-Northupite, PirBsonite, etc. 123 , ART. ~V.-On Northupite; Pirs8onite, a new mineral j (}OI!flussite and IIanksite from Borax Lake, San Bernar­ dino County, Californi(t j by J. H. PRATT. INTRODUCTION. THE minerals to be described in this paper are from the remarkable locality of Borax Lake, San Bernardino County, California. They were broug-ht to the author's notice, in the fall of 1895, by Mr. Warren M. Foote of Philadelphia, who sent one of them, the northupite, tog-ether with some of the associ­ ated minerals, to the mineralogical laboratory of the Sheffield Scientific School, for chemical investigation. About the same time Mr. C. H. Northup of San Jose, CaL, sent some minerals from the same region to Prof. S. L. Penfield. Among them, gaylussite, hanksite and a third mineral, which has proved to be a new species, were identified. These same minerals were also observed among the specimens sent by Mr. Foote. Mr. Northup, in his letter of transmittal, stated that he had care­ fully saved all of the crystals of the new mineral, having observed that they were different from gaylnssite in habit, and that he believed they would prove to be a new and interesting species.
  • CASE STUDY Methane Recovery at Non-Coal Mines

    CASE STUDY Methane Recovery at Non-Coal Mines

    CASE STUDY Methane Recovery at Non-coal Mines Background Existing methane recovery projects at non-coal mines reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by up to 3 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂e). Although methane emissions are generally associated with coal mines, methane is also found in salt, potash, trona, diamond, gold, base metals, and lead mines throughout the world. Many of these deposits are located adjacent to hydrocarbon (e.g., coal and oil) deposits where methane originates. Consequently, during the process of mining non-coal deposits, methane may be released. Overview of Methane Recovery Projects Beatrix Gold Mine, South Africa Promethium Carbon, a carbon and climate change advisory firm, has developed a project to capture and use methane from the Beatrix Gold Mine in Free State, South Africa (see box). Project Specifications: Beatrix Gold Mine Name Capture and Utilization of Methane at the Gold Fields–owned Beatrix Mine in South Africa Site Free State Province, South Africa Owner Gold Fields Ltd., Exxaro On-site Pty Ltd. Dates of Operation May 2011–present Equipment Phase 1 • GE Roots Blowers • Trolex gas monitoring systems • Flame arrestor • 23 burner flare Equipment Phase 2 Addition of internal combustion engines End-use Phase 1 Destruction through flaring End-use Phase 2 4 MW power generation Emission Reductions 1.7 million tons CO²e expected over CDM project lifetime (through 2016) Commissioning of Flare at Beatrix Gold Mine (Photo courtesy of Gold Fields Ltd.) CASE STUDY Methane Recovery at Non-coal Mines ABUTEC Mine Gas Incinerator at Green River Trona Mine (Photo courtesy of Solvay Chemicals, Inc.) Green River Trona Mine, United States Project Specifications: Green River Trona Mine Trona is an evaporite mineral mined in the United States Name Green River Trona Mine Methane as the primary source of sodium carbonate, or soda ash.
  • Infrare D Transmission Spectra of Carbonate Minerals

    Infrare D Transmission Spectra of Carbonate Minerals

    Infrare d Transmission Spectra of Carbonate Mineral s THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Infrare d Transmission Spectra of Carbonate Mineral s G. C. Jones Department of Mineralogy The Natural History Museum London, UK and B. Jackson Department of Geology Royal Museum of Scotland Edinburgh, UK A collaborative project of The Natural History Museum and National Museums of Scotland E3 SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. Firs t editio n 1 993 © 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Chapman & Hall in 1993 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1993 Typese t at the Natura l Histor y Museu m ISBN 978-94-010-4940-5 ISBN 978-94-011-2120-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-2120-0 Apar t fro m any fair dealin g for the purpose s of researc h or privat e study , or criticis m or review , as permitte d unde r the UK Copyrigh t Design s and Patent s Act , 1988, thi s publicatio n may not be reproduced , stored , or transmitted , in any for m or by any means , withou t the prio r permissio n in writin g of the publishers , or in the case of reprographi c reproductio n onl y in accordanc e wit h the term s of the licence s issue d by the Copyrigh t Licensin g Agenc y in the UK, or in accordanc e wit h the term s of licence s issue d by the appropriat e Reproductio n Right s Organizatio n outsid e the UK. Enquirie s concernin g reproductio n outsid e the term s state d here shoul d be sent to the publisher s at the Londo n addres s printe d on thi s page.
  • Trona Na3(CO3)(HCO3) • 2H2O C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1

    Trona Na3(CO3)(HCO3) • 2H2O C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1

    Trona Na3(CO3)(HCO3) • 2H2O c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Monoclinic. Point Group: 2/m. Crystals are dominated by {001}, {100}, flattened on {001} and elongated on [010], with minor {201}, {301}, {211}, {211}, {411},to 10 cm; may be fibrous or columnar massive, as rosettelike aggregates. Physical Properties: Cleavage: {100}, perfect; {211} and {001}, interrupted. Fracture: Uneven to subconchoidal. Hardness = 2.5–3 D(meas.) = 2.11 D(calc.) = 2.124 Soluble in H2O, alkaline taste; may fluoresce under SW UV. Optical Properties: Translucent. Color: Colorless, gray, pale yellow, brown; colorless in transmitted light. Luster: Vitreous. Optical Class: Biaxial (–). Orientation: X = b; Z ∧ c =83◦. Dispersion: r< v; strong. α = 1.412–1.417 β = 1.492–1.494 γ = 1.540–1.543 2V(meas.) = 76◦160 2V(calc.) = 74◦ Cell Data: Space Group: I2/a. a = 20.4218(9) b = 3.4913(1) c = 10.3326(6) β = 106.452(4)◦ Z=4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Sweetwater Co., Wyoming, USA. 2.647 (100), 3.071 (80), 4.892 (55), 9.77 (45), 2.444 (30), 2.254 (30), 2.029 (30) Chemistry: (1) (2) CO2 38.13 38.94 SO3 0.70 Na2O 41.00 41.13 Cl 0.19 H2O 20.07 19.93 insol. 0.02 −O=Cl2 0.04 Total 100.07 100.00 • (1) Owens Lake, California, USA; average of several analyses. (2) Na3(CO3)(HCO3) 2H2O. Occurrence: Deposited from saline lakes and along river banks as efflorescences in arid climates; rarely from fumarolic action. Association: Natron, thermonatrite, halite, glauberite, th´enardite,mirabilite, gypsum (alkali lakes); shortite, northupite, bradleyite, pirssonite (Green River Formation, Wyoming, USA).
  • Remarks on Different Methods for Analyzing Trona and Soda Samples

    Remarks on Different Methods for Analyzing Trona and Soda Samples

    REMARKS ON DIFFERENT METHODS FOR ANALYZING TRONA AND SODA SAMPLES Gülay ATAMAN*; Süheyla TUNCER* and Nurgün GÜNGÖR* ABSTRACT. — Trona is one of the natural forms of sodium carbonate minerals. It is well known as «sesque carbonate», «urao» or «trona» in the chemical literature, and the chemical formula of the compound is [Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O]. The aim of this work is to adapt the standard methods for the analysis of trona samples, considering the inter- ferences arising from silicates and other minerals found together with trona samples. In order to reduce the experimen- tal errors, the analyses used for the determination of trona samples have been revised. The experimental results using potentiometric titration, AgNO3 external indicator and BaCl2 titration methods have been compared to theoretical results using statistical evaluations. 95 % confidence level, which is commonly used by analytical chemists, was employed as the basis of evaluation, R values, Student's t calculated at 95 % confidence level of 7 trona samples from Beypazarı, Student's t tabulated for the percentages of Na2CO3, were found to be 0.008 in BaCl2 method, 3.25 for AgNO3 external indicator method and 3.26 for potentiometric method; for the percentages of NaHCO3 the same values are 0.59 for BaCl2 method, 2.83 for AgNO3 external indicator method and 3.59 for potentiometric method. Systematic error is indicated when R> 1. In addi- tion to quantitative analysis of trona samples, qualitative XRD analyses have been routinely performed for each sample and the results were found to be in good agreement. INTRODUCTION Trona is a naturally occuring from of sodium carbonate minerals.
  • Rocks and Minerals Make up Your World

    Rocks and Minerals Make up Your World

    Rocks and Minerals Make up Your World Rock and Mineral 10-Specimen Kit Companion Book Presented in Partnership by This mineral kit was also made possible through the generosity of the mining companies who supplied the minerals. If you have any questions or comments about this kit please contact the SME Pittsburgh Section Chair at www.smepittsburgh.org. For more information about mining, visit the following web sites: www.smepittsburgh.org or www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining Updated August 2011 CONTENTS Click on any section name to jump directly to that section. If you want to come back to the contents page, you can click the page number at the bottom of any page. INTRODUCTION 3 MINERAL IDENTIFICATION 5 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 6 FUELS 10 BITUMINOUS COAL 12 ANTHRACITE COAL 13 BASE METAL ORES 14 IRON ORE 15 COPPER ORE 16 PRECIOUS METAL ORE 17 GOLD ORE 18 ROCKS AND INDUSTRIAL MINERALS 19 GYPSUM 21 LIMESTONE 22 MARBLE 23 SALT 24 ZEOLITE 25 INTRODUCTION The effect rocks and minerals have on our daily lives is not always obvious, but this book will help explain how essential they really are. If you don’t think you come in contact with minerals every day, think about these facts below and see if you change your mind. • Every American (including you!) uses an average of 43,000 pounds of newly mined materials each year. • Coal produces over half of U.S. electricity, and every year you use 3.7 tons of coal. • When you talk on a land-line telephone you’re holding as many as 42 different minerals, including aluminum, beryllium, coal, copper, gold, iron, limestone, silica, silver, talc, and wollastonite.
  • Commodities, Part 5 Strontium, Sodium Sulfate, Trona (Soda Ash), Talc, Lithium, Summary Comments Safety Reminders

    Commodities, Part 5 Strontium, Sodium Sulfate, Trona (Soda Ash), Talc, Lithium, Summary Comments Safety Reminders

    ME571/GEO571 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2018 Commodities, Part 5 strontium, sodium sulfate, trona (soda ash), talc, lithium, summary comments Safety Reminders Commodity presentations—send me your powerpoints April 28 AIPG meeting and Field trip in afternoon (perlite mine or carbonatites) Research Projects presentation April 30 Finals, written Project due May 4 No class May 7 Strontium Strontium—introduction • Sr • 15th abundant element • does not occur naturally as an element, in compounds • No production in the United States since 1959 • celestite or celestine SrSO4 (same structure as barite) 56.4% Sr • strontianite SrCO3, 70.1% Sr Celesitite http://www.zeuter.com/~tburden Strontianite http://www.zeuter.com/~tburden Strontium and strontianite are named after Stronian, a village in Scotland near which the mineral was discovered in 1790 by Adair Crawford and William Cruickshank A critical mineral Strontium—uses • faceplate glass of color television picture tubes, 77% • ferrite ceramic magnets, 8% • pyrotechnics and signals, 9% – fireworks (red flame) – flares • other applications, 6% – refining zinc – optical materials Strontium—production USGS Mineral Yearbooks metric tons Strontium—geology • association with rocks deposited by the evaporation of sea water (evaporites) • igneous rocks • Brines • Barite and calcite must be removed— costly Sodium sulfate Sodium sulfate—introduction • disodium sulfate (Na2SO4), • inorganic chemical • Thenardite Na2SO4 • Hanksite Na22K(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl • Glauberite Na2Ca(SO4)2 Sodium sulfate—uses
  • Ulexite Nacab5o6(OH)6 • 5H2O C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1 Crystal Data: Triclinic

    Ulexite Nacab5o6(OH)6 • 5H2O C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1 Crystal Data: Triclinic

    Ulexite NaCaB5O6(OH)6 • 5H2O c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Triclinic. Point Group: 1. Rare as measurable crystals, which may have many forms; typically elongated to acicular along [001], to 5 cm, then forming fibrous cottonball-like masses; in compact parallel fibrous veins, and radiating and compact nodular groups. Twinning: Polysynthetic on {010} and {100}; possibly also on {340}, {230}, and others. Physical Properties: Cleavage: On {010}, perfect; on {110}, good; on {110}, poor. Fracture: Uneven across fiber groups. Tenacity: Brittle. Hardness = 2.5 D(meas.) = 1.955 D(calc.) = 1.955 Slightly soluble in H2O; parallel fibrous masses can act as fiber optical light pipes; may fluoresce yellow, greenish yellow, cream, white under SW and LW UV. Optical Properties: Transparent to opaque. Color: Colorless; white in aggregates, gray if included with clays. Luster: Vitreous; silky or satiny in fibrous aggregates. Optical Class: Biaxial (+). Orientation: X (11.5◦,81◦); Y (100◦,21.5◦); Z (107◦,70◦) [with c (0◦,0◦) and b∗ (0◦,90◦) using (φ,ρ)]. α = 1.491–1.496 β = 1.504–1.506 γ = 1.519–1.520 2V(meas.) = 73◦–78◦ Cell Data: Space Group: P 1. a = 8.816(3) b = 12.870(7) c = 6.678(1) α =90.36(2)◦ β = 109.05(2)◦ γ = 104.98(4)◦ Z=2 X-ray Powder Pattern: Jenifer mine, Boron, California, USA. 12.2 (100), 7.75 (80), 6.00 (30), 4.16 (30), 8.03 (15), 4.33 (15), 3.10 (15b) Chemistry: (1) (2) B2O3 43.07 42.95 CaO 13.92 13.84 Na2O 7.78 7.65 H2O 35.34 35.56 Total 100.11 100.00 • (1) Suckow mine, Boron, California, USA.
  • B Clifford Frondel

    B Clifford Frondel

    CATALOGUE OF. MINERAL PSEUDOMORPHS IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM -B CLIFFORD FRONDEL BU.LLETIN OF THEAMRICANMUSEUM' OF NA.TURAL HISTORY. VOLUME LXVII, 1935- -ARTIC-LE IX- NEW YORK Tebruary 26, 1935 4 2 <~~~~~~~~~~~~~7 - A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 4 4 A .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4- -> " -~~~~~~~~~4~~. v-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t V-~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 'W. - /7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7 7-r ~~~~~~~~~-A~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -'c~ ~ ~ ' -7L~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 7 54.9:07 (74.71) Article IX.-CATALOGUE OF MINERAL PSEUDOMORPHS IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY' BY CLIFFORD FRONDEL CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION .................. 389 Definition.389 Literature.390 New Pseudomorphse .393 METHOD OF DESCRIPTION.393 ORIGIN OF SUBSTITUTION AND INCRUSTATION PSEUDOMORPHS.396 Colloidal Origin: Adsorption and Peptization.396 Conditions Controlling Peptization.401 Volume Relations.403 DESCRIPTION OF SPECIMENS.403 INTRODUCTION DEFINITION.-A pseudomorph is defined as a mineral which has the outward form proper to another species of mineral whose place it has taken through the action of some agency.2 This precise use of the term excludes the regular cavities left by the removal of a crystal from its matrix (molds), since these are voids and not solids,3 and would also exclude those cases in which organic material has been replaced by quartz or some other mineral because the original substance is here not a mineral. The general usage of the term is to include as pseudomorphs both petrifactions and molds, and also: (1) Any mineral change in which the outlines of the original mineral are preserved, whether this surface be a euhedral crystal form or the irregular bounding surface of an embedded grain or of an aggregate. (2) Any mineral change which has been accomplished without change of volume, as evidenced by the undistorted preservation of an original texture or structure, whether this be the equal volume replacement of a single crystal or of a rock mass on a geologic scale.
  • Origin of the Kramer Borax Deposit, Boron, CA

    Origin of the Kramer Borax Deposit, Boron, CA

    A 50 year retrospective 1 OUTLINE 1. A brief history of borax 2. Kramer borax deposit a) Setting and Discovery b) Mineralogy of sedimentary borates c) Stratigraphy and Lithology d) Petrography and implications for geologic setting e) Solubility studies and modeling lake characteristics f) Comparable modern analogues 3. New evidence a) Turkish and Argentinian deposits b) Boron isotopic studies 4. Broader questions – Source water controls (thermal springs), B-As-Sb association, igneous-metamorphic controls on boron in thermal waters 2 Why give this talk? 1. Old (but rusty) material to me, new to most of you 2. Desire to see if ideas have changed in the past 50+ years. 3. Citation of my work even today suggests I did something right. 4. Wish to compare Kramer work with evidence from newer borate deposits in Turkey and South America 5. A wish to evaluate these ideas in light of new evidence using tools that weren’t available in 1964 6. A chance to ponder broader questions about boron’s geochemical cycle. 7. Work done so long ago that if you ask penetrating questions I can always plead a “senior moment” 3 What was unique about my research on the Kramer deposits? • Used a combination of geological tools (Field AND lab work – rare in 1964) • Stratigraphy, Petrography, and XRD based mineralogy • Experimental solubility studies of effects of other salts on Na-borate solubilities • Field studies of other possible borate environments (Borax Lake, Teels and Columbus Marsh, NV, Death Valley, Searles Lake) • Benefits of discussions with an all-star support team with similar interests (Mary Clark, Blair Jones, G.I.
  • SODIUM COMPOUNDS (Excluding Salt)

    SODIUM COMPOUNDS (Excluding Salt)

    This document is part of a larger publication and is subject to the disclaimers and copyright of the full version from which it was extracted. Information on purchasing the book, and details of other industrial minerals, as well as updates and copyright and other legal information can be found at: http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/minerals/geological/industrial-mineral-opportunities SODIUM COMPOUNDS (excluding salt) Potential and Outlook Table 38. Main sodium carbonate minerals The main commercial sources of sodium compounds, apart from sodium chloride (common salt or halite), are Mineral Formula % Na2CO3 sodium carbonate and sodium sulphate minerals.Sodium Thermonatrite Na2CO3.H2O 85.5 chloride is discussed in the Salt Chapter of this bulletin. Sodium carbonates and sodium sulphates occur as Trona Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O 70.4 a range of salts that are usually found in Tertiary or Quaternary evaporite deposits or in brines. The Nahcolite NaHCO3 63.1 greatest potential for sodium compounds in New South Natron Na2CO3.10H2O 37.1 Wales appears to be in groundwater brines, including those produced by salinity remediation schemes. Dawsonite NaAl(CO3)(OH)2 35.8 The Sydney–Gunnedah Basin (Figure 1) has widespread occurrences of sodium bicarbonate- Gaylussite Na2CO3.CaCO3.5H2O 35.8 enriched groundwater. Although there is insufficient bicarbonate-enriched water to support large-scale Shortite Na2CO3.2CaCO3 34.6 extraction, areas of potential for sodium bicarbonate Burkeite Na2CO3.2Na2SO4 27.2 extraction may occur elsewhere in the basin. There is significant potential to produce larger Hanksite 2Na2CO3.9Na2SO4.KCl 13.6 quantities of sodium compounds from Murray Basin (Figure 1) acquifers given the large quantities of saline Source: Kostick (1994) groundwater they contain (Whitehouse 2003).
  • The Grystal Structure of Hanksite

    The Grystal Structure of Hanksite

    American Mineralogist, Volume 58,pages 799-801,1973 The GrystalStructure of Hanksite Tnrlnlnu ARAKr,l,lNn Tlson Tntrx Departmentof Geologyand Geophysics,Uniuersity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 554 5 5 Abstract Hanksite, NaaK(COg)r(SOn)"C1, from Searles Lake, California, gave the space group P6s/m and the unit cell constants a - 10.465 and c - 21,191 A. Its structure was solved by three-dimensional Patterson synthesis and subsequent Fourier methods. The atomic co- ordinates and isotropic temperature factors were refined by full-matrix least-squares to R = 6.45 percentfor 1159reflections. The structure is characterized by chains of Na and K octahedra running parallel to the c-axis. These chains are connected by carbon and sulfur coordination groups, Introduction cell dimensionsare in good agreementwith those ( The mineralogy and the conditions of occurrence first reportedby Ramsdell 1939). of hanksite,NazsK(COe)2(SO4)ecl, at SearlesLake, Three-dimensionalintensities were collectedby a California, and the system Na-Cl-SOa-COs-H2O, generalinclination (Santoro and Zocchi, 1966) dif- which includeshanksite, have been extensivelystud- fractometerusing CuKc radiationon a crystalfrag- ied by severalauthors (Eugster and Smith, 1965; ment mountedfor a-axis rotation. All 1268 reflec- = Hardie and Eugster, l97O; Smith, Friedman, and tions were measuredup to sin 0 O.9245and were Matsuo, 1970). The possiblecrystal structure of correctedfor absorptionusing the methodintroduced hanksite, however, posed interesting questionsdue by Burnham (1966). The spacegroup of P6s/m to the unusual cation ratios in its chemicalcomposi- was concludedfrom the systematicabsences in the tion and the identity of its morphology and space 00t reflections,from the inequalities between hkl group with that of apatite.