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Fall 2016 Gems & Gemology
FALL 2016 VOLUME LII THE UARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE GEMOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA Review of CVD Synthetic Diamonds Reversible Color Alteration of Blue Zircon Sapphires from the Russian Far East Grandidierite from Madagascar Editorial Staff Editor-in-Chief Editors, Lab Notes Contributing Editors Duncan Pay Thomas M. Moses James E. Shigley gia.edu/gems-gemology [email protected] Shane F. McClure Andy Lucas Donna Beaton Subscriptions Managing Editor Editors, Micro-World Copies of the current issue may be purchased for Stuart D. Overlin Nathan Renfro Editor-in-Chief Emeritus $29.95 plus shipping. Subscriptions are $79.99 for one [email protected] Elise A. Skalwold Alice S. Keller year (4 issues) in the U.S. and $99.99 elsewhere. Cana- John I. Koivula dian subscribers should add GST. Discounts are avail- Editor Customer Service able for group subscriptions, GIA alumni, and current Jennifer-Lynn Archuleta Editors, Gem News Martha Erickson GIA students. To purchase print subscriptions, visit [email protected] (760) 603-4502 store.gia.edu or contact Customer Service. For insti- Emmanuel Fritsch tutional rates, contact Customer Service. [email protected] Technical Editors Gagan Choudhary Tao Z. Hsu Christopher M. Breeding Database Coverage Gems & Gemology’s impact factor is 0.394, accord- [email protected] Editorial Assistants ing to the 2015 Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Jennifer Stone-Sundberg Brooke Goedert Reports (issued July 2016). G&G is abstracted in Erin Hogarth Thomson Reuters products (Current Contents: Phys- ical, Chemical & Earth -
Unit: Stoichiometry Lesson: #10 Topics: Solvay Process
Unit: Stoichiometry Lesson: #10 Topics: Solvay Process The Solvay Process: A Case Study Many important industrial processes involve chemical reactions that are difficult to perform and still be economically feasible. In some cases, the overall process must follow a series of reaction steps. Sodium carbonate is a chemical that is needed in large amounts – it is used in the production of glass and soap. Historically, sodium carbonate was produced by burning plants or coal and mixing the ashes with water This method was both inefficient and very expensive because of the large amount of material that needed to be burned. The Solvay process was developed as a cost effective alternative. It involves a series of reaction steps and has a net reaction of: CaCO3 (s) + 2 NaCl (aq) Na2CO3 (aq) + CaCl2 (aq) A net reaction is determined by looking at the various reaction steps and eliminating any chemical that appears as both a reactant and a product in the various steps. These chemicals are known as intermediates. Step 1: Calcium carbonate (limestone) is decomposed by heat to form calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide. CaCO3 (s) CaO (s) + CO2 (g) Step 2: Carbon dioxide reacts with aqueous ammonia and water to form aqueous ammonium hydrogen carbonate. CO2 (g) + NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) NH4HCO3 (aq) Step 3: The aqueous ammonium hydrogen carbonate reacts with sodium chloride to produce ammonium chloride and solid baking soda. NH4HCO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) NH4Cl (aq) + NaHCO3 (s) Step 4: The baking soda is heated up and decomposed into sodium carbonate, water vapor and carbon dioxide. 2 NaHCO3 (s) Na2CO3 (s) + H2O (g) + CO2 (g) Step 5: The lime that was produced in the first step is mixed with water to produce slaked lime (calcium hydroxide). -
Living up to Life Special Stain Kit Modified Grocott's Methenamine
Living up to Life Special Stain Kit Modified Grocott’s Methenamine Silver Stain Catalog No: 38016SS12 Intended Use 16. Rinse slides briefly in deionized water. For In Vitro Diagnostic Use. For Laboratory Use. 17. Dehydrate slides in three changes of absolute alcohol. The reagents in this kit are intended for “In Vitro“ use only. The Modified Grocott’s Methenamine 18. Clear slides in two changes of xylene and mount in a xylene miscible medium. Silver Stain when used with appropriate histological protocols may be used for the demonstration of defined fungi and infectious agents such as Aspergillus sp., Pneumocystis Staining Protocol (Microwave) carinii and Cryptococcus neoformans in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue sections. Exercise caution when using the microwave oven to heat any solution or reagent. The microwave must be properly ventilated to prevent the accumulation of fumes in the laboratory. Probable Mode of Action Microwave transparent Coplin jars and caps should be used during the staining process. The The mechanism of action of Modified Grocott’s Methenamine Silver Stain is based upon the caps should be loosely attached to prevent spills. Caps with ventilation holes also may be used. capacity of aldehyde groups to reduce cationic silver (Ag+) to metallic silver. Chromic acid is All microwave ovens should be used in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. The used to generate aldehyde groups by the oxidation of 1-2 glycol groups within polysaccharide procedures described here were performed using an Energy Beam Sciences H2250 laboratory rich tissue components, e.g. glycogen, mucin, reticulin and fungal cell walls. When cationic microwave. -
Potash Case Study
Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development February 2002 No. 65 Potash Case Study Information supplied by the International Fertilizer Industry Association This report was commissioned by the MMSD project of IIED. It remains the sole Copyright © 2002 IIED and WBCSD. All rights reserved responsibility of the author(s) and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Mining, Minerals and MMSD project, Assurance Group or Sponsors Group, or those of IIED or WBCSD. Sustainable Development is a project of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). The project was made possible by the support of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). IIED is a company limited by guarantee and incorporated in England. Reg No. 2188452. VAT Reg. No. GB 440 4948 50. Registered Charity No. 800066 1 Introduction 2 2 Global Resources and Potash Production 3 3 The use of potassium in fertilizer 4 3.1 Potassium Fertilizer Consumption 4 3.2 Potassium fertilization issues 6 Appendix A 8 1 Introduction Potash and Potassium Potassium (K) is essential for plant and animal life wherein it has many vital nutritional roles. In plants, potassium and nitrogen are the two elements required in greatest amounts, while in animals and humans potassium is the third most abundant element, after calcium and phosphorus. Without sufficient plant and animal intake of potassium, life as we know it would cease. Human and other animals atop the food chain depend upon plants for much of their nutritional needs. Many soils lack sufficient quantities of available potassium for satisfactory yield and quality of crops. For this reason available soil potassium levels are commonly supplemented by potash fertilization to improve the potassium nutrition of plants, particularly for sustaining production of high yielding crop species and varieties in modern agricultural systems. -
Genetic Basis for Nitrate Resistance in Desulfovibrio Strains
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 21 April 2014 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00153 Genetic basis for nitrate resistance in Desulfovibrio strains Hannah L. Korte 1,2,SamuelR.Fels2,3, Geoff A. Christensen 1,2,MorganN.Price2,4, Jennifer V. Kuehl 2,4, Grant M. Zane 1,2, Adam M. Deutschbauer 2,4,AdamP.Arkin2,4 and Judy D. Wall 1,2,3* 1 Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA 2 Ecosystems and Networks Integrated with Genes and Molecular Assemblies, Berkeley, CA, USA 3 Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA 4 Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA Edited by: Nitrate is an inhibitor of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). In petroleum production sites, Hans Karl Carlson, University of amendments of nitrate and nitrite are used to prevent SRB production of sulfide that California, Berkeley, USA causes souring of oil wells. A better understanding of nitrate stress responses in Reviewed by: the model SRB, Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough and Desulfovibrio alaskensis G20, Dimitry Y. Sorokin, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands will strengthen predictions of environmental outcomes of nitrate application. Nitrate Wolfgang Buckel, inhibition of SRB has historically been considered to result from the generation of small Philipps-Universität Marburg, amounts of nitrite, to which SRB are quite sensitive. Here we explored the possibility Germany that nitrate might inhibit SRB by a mechanism other than through nitrite inhibition. *Correspondence: We found that nitrate-stressed D. vulgaris cultures grown in lactate-sulfate conditions Judy D. Wall, Department of Biochemistry, University of eventually grew in the presence of high concentrations of nitrate, and their resistance Missouri, 117 Schweitzer Hall, continued through several subcultures. -
The Reaction of Calcium Chloride with Carbonate Salts
The Reaction of Calcium Chloride with Carbonate Salts PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT: Reading: Chapter 3 & Chapter 4, sections 1-3 in Brown, LeMay, Bursten, & Murphy. 1. What product(s) might be expected to form when solid lithium carbonate is added to an aqueous solution of calcium chloride? Write a balanced chemical equation for this process. 2. How many grams of lithium carbonate would you need to fully react with one mole of calcium chloride? Please show your work. INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this lab is to help you discover the relationships between the reactants and products in a precipitation reaction. In this lab you will react a calcium chloride solution with lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, or potassium carbonate. The precipitate that results will be filtered and weighed. In each determination you will use the same amount of calcium chloride and different amounts of your carbonate salt. This experiment is a "discovery"- type experiment. The procedure will be carefully described, but the analysis of the data is left purposely vague. You will work in small groups to decide how best to work up the data. In the process you will have the chance to discover some principles, to use what you have learned in lecture, and to practice thinking about manipulative details and theory at the same time. Plotting your data in an appropriate manner should verify the identity of the precipitate and clarify the relationship between the amount of carbonate salt and the yield of precipitate. Predicting the formulas of ionic compounds. Compounds like calcium chloride (CaCl2) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) are ionic substances. -
Potassium Nitrate
Common Name: POTASSIUM NITRATE CAS Number: 7757-79-1 RTK Substance number: 1574 DOT Number: UN 1486 Date: March 1998 Revision: November 2004 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- HAZARD SUMMARY WORKPLACE EXPOSURE LIMITS * Potassium Nitrate can affect you when breathed in. No occupational exposure limits have been established for * Contact can cause eye and skin irritation. Potassium Nitrate. This does not mean that this substance is * Breathing Potassium Nitrate can irritate the nose and not harmful. Safe work practices should always be followed. throat causing sneezing and coughing. * High levels can interfere with the ability of the blood to WAYS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE carry Oxygen causing headache, fatigue, dizziness, and a * Where possible, enclose operations and use local exhaust blue color to the skin and lips (methemoglobinemia). ventilation at the site of chemical release. If local exhaust Higher levels can cause trouble breathing, collapse and ventilation or enclosure is not used, respirators should be even death. worn. * Potassium Nitrate may affect the kidneys and cause * Wear protective work clothing. anemia. * Wash thoroughly immediately after exposure to Potassium Nitrate. IDENTIFICATION * Post hazard and warning information in the work area. In Potassium Nitrate is a transparent, white or colorless, addition, as part of an ongoing education and training crystalline (sand-like) powder or solid with a sharp, salty effort, communicate all information on the health and taste. It is used to make explosives, matches, fertilizer, safety hazards of Potassium Nitrate to potentially fireworks, glass and rocket fuel. exposed workers. REASON FOR CITATION * Potassium Nitrate is on the Hazardous Substance List because it is cited by DOT. * Definitions are provided on page 5. -
Ultrahigh-Field Mg NMR and DFT Study of Magnesium Borate Minerals
Ultrahigh-Field 25Mg NMR and DFT Study of Magnesium Borate Minerals 1 2† 3 4 5 Bing Zhou, § Alexandra Faucher, § Robert Laskowski, Victor V. Terskikh, Scott Kroeker, Wei Sun,6,7 Jinru Lin,6 Jin-Xiao Mi,7 Vladimir K. Michaelis2* and Yuanming Pan6* 1. College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 21000, China 2. Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada 3. Institute of High Performance Computing, A*STAR, 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16, Connexis, Singapore 138632 4. Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada 5. Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada 6. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada 7. Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian Province, China †Current address: Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Republic of Ireland §BZ and AF contributed equally *Corresponding authors: Vladimir K. Michaelis ([email protected]) and Yuanming Pan ([email protected]) Keywords: MAS NMR, grandidierite, quantum chemical calculations, WURST, CPMG, wideline, NMR crystallography 1 ABSTRACT A series of well-characterized magnesium borate minerals and synthetic analogues have been studied via ultrahigh-field 25Mg solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Correlations between 25Mg NMR parameters and the local structure at the magnesium site(s) are highlighted and discussed. First-principles density functional theory calculations of 25Mg NMR parameters carried out with the WIEN2k software package support our experimental 25Mg NMR 25 data. Experimental Mg CQ values range from 0.7 ± 0.1 MHz in hungchaoite to 18.0 ± 0.5 MHz in 25 boracite-type Mg3B7O13Br. -
MORDANTING NATURAL DYES IRON SULPHATE (Ferrous Sulphate) Is Usually Used to Change the Colour of a Dye
MORDANTING NATURAL DYES IRON SULPHATE (Ferrous Sulphate) is usually used to change the colour of a dye. It also makes natural dyes Most natural dyes have great affinity for fibre but more light and wash fast. More often used with cellulose poor light and wash fastness. If the fibre is pre than protein as it can make protein fibres brittle and harsh. mordanted you create a bond between the dye Iron changes shades to deeper, darker shades and is better and the fibre which will improve this dramatically. used in a premordant bath than directly into the dyebath. The most common and least environmentally toxic Use at a maximum of 2 to 4 % WOF . are Alum, Iron and Tannin. Copper is a useful mordant but is toxic to marine COPPER (Copper Sulphate)tends dull colours and turn life and humans. It needs to be handled and them blue green ie. yellows become greens, pinks become disposed of carefully. Historically Tin and Chrome purple. You can use Copper as a premordant or as an after have been used but are hazardous to the treatment to adjust colours. Colours dyed with Copper are environment & your health and need to be usually more lightfast than those dyed with Alum. Copper disposed of with great care. For that reason we has a less harsh effect on Protein fibres than Iron. Dispose recommend only using Alum, Iron, Copper and of Copper solution responsibly by exhausting your Tannin. Copper is probably the least safe but will dyebaths, diluting the residue with clean water and don’t give you much brighter shades and is safe to use put it down the storm water. -
Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety SCCS
SCCS/1249/09 Revision of 28 September 2010 Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety SCCS OPINION ON Boron compounds The SCCS adopted this opinion at its 7th plenary meeting of 22 June 2010 SCCS/1249/09 Opinion on boron compounds ___________________________________________________________________________________________ About the Scientific Committees Three independent non-food Scientific Committees provide the Commission with the scientific advice it needs when preparing policy and proposals relating to consumer safety, public health and the environment. The Committees also draw the Commission's attention to the new or emerging problems which may pose an actual or potential threat. They are: the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS), the Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks (SCHER) and the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) and are made up of external experts. In addition, the Commission relies upon the work of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMA), the European Centre for Disease prevention and Control (ECDC) and the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). SCCS The Committee shall provide opinions on questions concerning all types of health and safety risks (notably chemical, biological, mechanical and other physical risks) of non-food consumer products (for example: cosmetic products and their ingredients, toys, textiles, clothing, personal care and household products such as detergents, etc.) and services (for example: tattooing, artificial sun tanning, etc.). Scientific Committee members Jürgen Angerer, Ulrike Bernauer, Claire Chambers, Qasim Chaudhry, Gisela Degen, Gerhard Eisenbrand, Thomas Platzek, Suresh Chandra Rastogi, Vera Rogiers, Christophe Rousselle, Tore Sanner, Kai Savolainen, Jacqueline Van Engelen, Maria Pilar Vinardell, Rosemary Waring, Ian R. -
The Art of Mordanting and Staining and the Complete Treatment of Wood
The Artof/Aordanting and Staining ' N:i^\><v 5W^ \\ \ ^^^ Class. X ) 3^^ Book -A fe Copyright }1® - COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. C^z-A-^^UX-ftUv^w*^ %««<«^vvwn''v<^t'^"t^'>vva-'VU'nH^ , THE ART OF M ORD A NTI NG AND STAINING AND THE COMPLETE TREATMENT OF WOOD SURFACES A HANDBOOK AND AID FOR ARCHITECTS, CABINET MAKERS, DECORATORS, PAINTERS, PIANO FACTORIES AND TRADE SCHOOLS BY WILLIAM ZIMMERMANN INSTRUCTOR OF CHKMISTRY IN POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, BARMEN, GERMANY BOSTON, MASS.: THE ARTI-STAIN CO. 1911 \J> First English Edition Copyright 191 i BY W. F. PURSCHER All Rights Reserved ^ r/> ARTI-STAIN CO. Sole Agents for U. S. A. and the Dominion of Canada / !)CI.A28t)433 PREFACE Since the appearance of the Fifth Edition of this work in 1908, it has again been considerably enlarged and revised and the results incorporated in the present Sixth Edition. In the portion relating to staining, the chapter on Brown Stains, which occupy an important position in connection with modern furniture and fittings, has been completely revised and enlarged by the introduction of the new and practically-tested Special-Oak Stains, An- thracene Stains and Genuine-Mahogany Stains, which have been very favorably received. Because of their lesser importance, the number of staining formulas for bright colors has been diminished, but these have been replaced by staining formulas for new products of greater fastness to light. All suggestions and experiments since the last edition have been incorporated here. The Sample Card of colors (in the Supplement) has been made to correspond with the new formulas in the book. -
Sodium Laurilsulfate Used As an Excipient
9 October 2017 EMA/CHMP/351898/2014 corr. 1* Committee for Human Medicinal Products (CHMP) Sodium laurilsulfate used as an excipient Report published in support of the ‘Questions and answers on sodium laurilsulfate used as an excipient in medicinal products for human use’ (EMA/CHMP/606830/2017) * Deletion of the E number. Please see the corrected Annex for further details. 30 Churchill Place ● Canary Wharf ● London E14 5EU ● United Kingdom Telephone +44 (0)20 3660 6000 Facsimile +44 (0)20 3660 5555 Send a question via our website www.ema.europa.eu/contact An agency of the European Union © European Medicines Agency, 2018. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Sodium laurilsulfate used as an excipient Table of contents Executive summary ..................................................................................... 3 Introduction ................................................................................................ 4 Scientific discussion .................................................................................... 4 1. Characteristics ....................................................................................... 4 1.1 Category (function) ............................................................................................. 4 1.2 Properties........................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Use in medicinal products ..................................................................................... 5 1.4 Regulatory