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Timeline of Natural History
Timeline of natural history This timeline of natural history summarizes significant geological and Life timeline Ice Ages biological events from the formation of the 0 — Primates Quater nary Flowers ←Earliest apes Earth to the arrival of modern humans. P Birds h Mammals – Plants Dinosaurs Times are listed in millions of years, or Karo o a n ← Andean Tetrapoda megaanni (Ma). -50 0 — e Arthropods Molluscs r ←Cambrian explosion o ← Cryoge nian Ediacara biota – z ←Earliest animals o ←Earliest plants i Multicellular -1000 — c Contents life ←Sexual reproduction Dating of the Geologic record – P r The earliest Solar System -1500 — o t Precambrian Supereon – e r Eukaryotes Hadean Eon o -2000 — z o Archean Eon i Huron ian – c Eoarchean Era ←Oxygen crisis Paleoarchean Era -2500 — ←Atmospheric oxygen Mesoarchean Era – Photosynthesis Neoarchean Era Pong ola Proterozoic Eon -3000 — A r Paleoproterozoic Era c – h Siderian Period e a Rhyacian Period -3500 — n ←Earliest oxygen Orosirian Period Single-celled – life Statherian Period -4000 — ←Earliest life Mesoproterozoic Era H Calymmian Period a water – d e Ectasian Period a ←Earliest water Stenian Period -4500 — n ←Earth (−4540) (million years ago) Clickable Neoproterozoic Era ( Tonian Period Cryogenian Period Ediacaran Period Phanerozoic Eon Paleozoic Era Cambrian Period Ordovician Period Silurian Period Devonian Period Carboniferous Period Permian Period Mesozoic Era Triassic Period Jurassic Period Cretaceous Period Cenozoic Era Paleogene Period Neogene Period Quaternary Period Etymology of period names References See also External links Dating of the Geologic record The Geologic record is the strata (layers) of rock in the planet's crust and the science of geology is much concerned with the age and origin of all rocks to determine the history and formation of Earth and to understand the forces that have acted upon it. -
Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Impact Assessment Study for the proposed Concentrated Solar Power Plant (Parabolic Trough) on the farm Sand Draai 391, Northern Cape – Environmental Scoping Report A Report for Solafrica 14/12/16/3/3/3/203 – Parabolic Trough DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Client: Solafrica Energy (Pty) Ltd Project Name: Environmental Impact Assessment Study for the proposed Concentrated Solar Power Plant (Parabolic Trough) on the farm Sand Draai 391, Northern Cape Royal HaskoningDHV Reference Number: T01.JNB.000565 Authority Reference Number: 14/12/16/3/3/3/203 – Parabolic Trough Compiled by: Johan Blignaut Date: July 2015 Location: Woodmead Review: Prashika Reddy & Malcolm Roods Approval: Malcolm Roods _____________________________ Signature © Royal HaskoningDHV All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission from Royal HaskoningDHV. Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Need and Desirability ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2.1 Renewable Energy Independent Power Producers Programme (REIPPPP) and Integrated Resource Plan (2010) .................................................................................................................... -
Analysis of New International Interconnectors to the South African Power System
Analysis of new international interconnectors to the South African power system 08-01-2016 1 2 Table of contents Key findings .......................................................................................................... 4 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 6 The South African power system ........................................................................... 7 Methodology and scenarios ................................................................................... 9 Scenarios .............................................................................................................. 11 Reference scenario ............................................................................................... 11 Hydro import scenarios ........................................................................................ 12 Value of interconnectors ...................................................................................... 13 Main results and conclusions ............................................................................... 15 Economic consequences for the system .............................................................. 17 Value of increasing interconnector capacity internally in South Africa ............... 19 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 20 Detailed results of the scenario analysis .............................................................. -
CSP Technologies
CSP Technologies Solar Solar Power Generation Radiation fuel Concentrating the solar radiation in Concentrating Absorbing Storage Generation high magnification and using this thermal energy for power generation Absorbing/ fuel Reaction Features of Each Types of Solar Power PTC Type CRS Type Dish type 1Axis Sun tracking controller 2 Axis Sun tracking controller 2 Axis Sun tracking controller Concentrating rate : 30 ~ 100, ~400 oC Concentrating rate: 500 ~ 1,000, Concentrating rate: 1,000 ~ 10,000 ~1,500 oC Parabolic Trough Concentrator Parabolic Dish Concentrator Central Receiver System CSP Technologies PTC CRS Dish commercialized in large scale various types (from 1 to 20MW ) Stirling type in ~25kW size (more than 50MW ) developing the technology, partially completing the development technology development is already commercialized efficiency ~30% reached proper level, diffusion level efficiency ~16% efficiency ~12% CSP Test Facilities Worldwide Parabolic Trough Concentrator In 1994, the first research on high temperature solar technology started PTC technology for steam generation and solar detoxification Parabolic reflector and solar tracking system were developed <The First PTC System Installed in KIER(left) and Second PTC developed by KIER(right)> Dish Concentrator 1st Prototype: 15 circular mirror facets/ 2.2m focal length/ 11.7㎡ reflection area 2nd Prototype: 8.2m diameter/ 4.8m focal length/ 36㎡ reflection area <The First(left) and Second(right) KIER’s Prototype Dish Concentrator> Dish Concentrator Two demonstration projects for 10kW dish-stirling solar power system Increased reflection area(9m dia. 42㎡) and newly designed mirror facets Running with Solo V161 Stirling engine, 19.2% efficiency (solar to electricity) <KIER’s 10kW Dish-Stirling System in Jinhae City> Dish Concentrator 25 20 15 (%) 10 발전 효율 5 Peak. -
EGP Sale Uruguay
Media Relations PRESS T +39 06 8305 5699 RELEASE F +39 06 8305 3771 [email protected] enelgreenpower.com ENEL GREEN POWER STEPS OUT OF URUGUAY THROUGH SALE OF 50 MW WIND FARM FOR 120 MILLION US DOLLARS • EGP closed the sale to Atlantica Yield of Enel Green Power Uruguay S.A., 100% owner of the Melowind plant • The transaction is part of Enel’s active portfolio management strategy, rotating assets to finance growth in strategic areas Rome, December 14th , 2018 – Enel Green Power S.p.A. (“EGP”) closed the sale to power company Atlantica Yield of its fully-owned subsidiary Enel Green Power Uruguay S.A. (“EGP Uruguay”), which owns through its project company Estrellada S.A. the 50 MW Melowind wind farm located in Cerro Largo, around 320 km away from Montevideo. EGP has sold its subsidiary in Uruguay for around 120 million US dollars, equal to the company’s Enterprise Value. The transaction is part of the disposal programme of non-core assets provided for in the Enel Group’s active portfolio management plan. This strategy allows for the reallocation of resources to areas with a greater growth margin and potential for the Group. The Melowind farm sells its electricity output to the state-owned power company UTE (Administración Nacional de Usinas y Trasmisiones Eléctricas), which manages the transmission, distribution and sale of electricity in Uruguay, under a 20-year power purchase agreement (PPA). Atlantica Yield plc owns a diversified portfolio of contracted renewable energy, efficient natural gas, electric transmission and water assets in North and South America, and certain markets in Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA). -
REIPPP Projects
REIPPP Projects Window 1 Projects Net capacity Technology Project Location Technology Developer Contractor Status MW supplier Klipheuwel – Dassiefontein Group 5, Dassiesklip Wind Energy Facility Caledon, WC Wind 26,2 Sinovel Operational Wind Energy fFcility Iberdrola MetroWind Van Stadens Wind Port Elizabeth, EC Wind 26,2 MetroWind Sinovel Basil Read Operational Farm Hopefield Wind Farm Hopefield, WC Wind 65,4 Umoya Energy Vestas Vestas Operational Noblesfontein Noblesfontein, NC Wind 72,8 Coria (PKF) Investments 28 Vestas Vestas Operational Red Cap Kouga Wind Farm – Port Elizabeth, EC Wind 77,6 Red Cap Kouga Wind Farm Nordex Nordex Operational Oyster Bay Dorper Wind Farm Stormberg, EC Wind 97,0 Dorper Wind Farm Nordex Nordex Operational South Africa Mainstream Jeffreys Bay Jeffereys Bay, EC Wind 133,9 Siemens Siemens Operational Renewable Power Jeffreys Bay African Clean Energy Cookhouse Wind Farm Cookhouse, EC Wind 135,0 Suzlon Suzlon Operational Developments Khi Solar One Upington, NC Solar CSP 50,0 Khi Dolar One Consortium Abengoa Abengoa Construction KaXu Solar One Pofadder, NC Solar CSP 100,0 KaXu Solar One Consortium Abengoa Abengoa Operational SlimSun Swartland Solar Park Swartland, WC Solar PV 5,0 SlimSun BYD Solar Juwi, Hatch Operational RustMo1 Solar Farm Rustenburg, NWP Solar PV 6,8 RustMo1 Solar Farm BYD Solar Juwi Operational Mulilo Renewable Energy Solar De Aar, NC Solar PV 9,7 Gestamp Mulilo Consortium Trina Solar Gestamp, ABB Operational PV De Aar Konkoonsies Solar Pofadder, NC Solar PV 9,7 Limarco 77 BYD Solar Juwi Operational -
Mafic Dyke Swarm, Brazil: Implications for Archean Supercratons
Michigan Technological University Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech Michigan Tech Publications 12-3-2018 Revisiting the paleomagnetism of the Neoarchean Uauá mafic dyke swarm, Brazil: Implications for Archean supercratons J. Salminen University of Helsinki E. P. Oliveira State University of Campinas, Brazil Elisa J. Piispa Michigan Technological University Aleksey Smirnov Michigan Technological University, [email protected] R. I. F. Trindade Universidade de Sao Paulo Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/michigantech-p Part of the Geological Engineering Commons, and the Physics Commons Recommended Citation Salminen, J., Oliveira, E. P., Piispa, E. J., Smirnov, A., & Trindade, R. I. (2018). Revisiting the paleomagnetism of the Neoarchean Uauá mafic dyke swarm, Brazil: Implications for Archean supercratons. Precambrian Research, 329, 108-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2018.12.001 Retrieved from: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/michigantech-p/443 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/michigantech-p Part of the Geological Engineering Commons, and the Physics Commons Precambrian Research 329 (2019) 108–123 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Precambrian Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/precamres Revisiting the paleomagnetism of the Neoarchean Uauá mafic dyke swarm, T Brazil: Implications for Archean supercratons ⁎ J. Salminena,b, , E.P. Oliveirac, E.J. Piispad,e, A.V. Smirnovd,f, R.I.F. Trindadeg a Physics Department, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box -
Participants List
Workshop on Scaling-up Renewables through Decentralised Energy Solutions Confirmed Participants List Paris, 28 March 2017 Representing Last Name: First Name Abengoa Solar GEYER Michael Acciona Energía PRIETO CASAÑA Elisa Acciona Energía MATEO Rafael ADEME MOISAN François ADEME GERSON Raphael Association of the European Heating Industry BASSO Paolo Australian Govt. Department of the Environment and Energy THOMAS Nicole Austrian Energy Agency INDINGER Andreas BayWa r.e. and BayWa AG TAFT Matthias Bloomberg New Energy Finance CHASE Jenny Bloomberg New Energy Finance HENBEST Seb BNP Paribas MAURIN Matthieu CEA MALBRANCHE Philippe CEDEC DE BLOCK Gert CEDEC FONDI Ludovica CESI CODAZZI Matteo China General Certification Center QI Linlin China General Certification Center SUN Peijun China National Renewable Energy Centre SANDHOLT Kaare Cimate Action Network International SINGER Stephan City of Frankfurt FIEBIG Wiebke City of Stockholm TOLF Jonas Compass Lexecon ROQUES Fabien Danish District Heating Association LAUERSEN Birger Danish Energy Agency TENGVAD Rasmus DONG Energy STEIWER HEIN Christian EDF Energies Nouvelles SCALONE Carmelo EDSO for Smart Grids CARAMIZARU Aura EHPA JUNG Oliver ENEA Italy DELILLO Anna ENEA Italy DE IULIIS Simona Enedis STRANG Karl Axel Enel MELCHIOTTI Nicola 1 Enel Green Power VENTURINI Francesco Enel Green Power D'AUSILIO Michel Enercon DUENING Katrin ENGIE STEVERLYNCK Alexis ENGIE MANTEL Catherine ENGIE GRENON Georgina ENGIE SCHACK Michael EREF HINRICHS-RAHLWES Rainer ERI/NDRC LIU Jian ERI/NDRC TAO Ye ERI/NDRC ZHAO -
Sustainability in the Power Sector 2010 Update Europe
Sustainability in the Power Sector 2010 Update - Europe Tim Steinweg, Albert ten Kate & Kristóf Rácz November 2010 Sustainability in the Power Sector 2010 Update - Europe Sustainability in the Power Sector 2010 update: Europe Tim Steinweg, Albert ten Kate & Kristóf Rácz (SOMO) Amsterdam, November 2010 1 Colophon Sustainability in the Power Sector 2010 Update - Europe November 2010 Authors: Tim Steinweg, Albert ten Kate & Kristóf Rácz Cover design: Annelies Vlasblom ISBN: 978-90-71284-63-2 Funding This publication has been produced with the financial assistance of Greenpeace Nederland. The content of this publication is the sole responsibility of SOMO and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of Greenpeace Nederland. Published by Stichting Onderzoek Multinationale Ondernemingen Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations Sarphatistraat 30 1018 GL Amsterdam The Netherlands Tel: + 31 (20) 6391291 Fax: + 31 (20) 6391321 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.somo.nl This document is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivateWorks 2.5 License. 2 Sustainability in the Power Sector 2010 Update - Europe Contents Contents .......................................................................................................................... 3 List of Figures................................................................................................................. 5 List of Tables .................................................................................................................. 5 Abbreviations -
The Status of CSP Development
The Status of CSP Development DISH STIRLING POWER TOWER CLFR Tom Mancini CSP Program Manager Sandia National Laboratories PARABOLIC TROUGH 505.844.8643 DISH STIRLING [email protected] [email protected] 1 Presentation Content • Brief Overview of Sandia National Laboratories • Background information • Examples of CSP Technologies − Parabolic Trough Systems − Power Tower Systems − Thermal Energy Storage − Dish Stirling Systems • Status of CSP Technologies • Cost of CSP and Resource Availability • Deployments • R & D Directions [email protected] 2 Four Mission Areas Sandia’s missions meet national needs in four key areas: • Nuclear Weapons • Defense Systems and Assessments • Energy, Climate and Infrastructure Security • International, Homeland, and Nuclear Security [email protected] 3 Research Drives Capabilities High Performance Nanotechnologies Extreme Computing & Microsystems Environments Computer Materials Engineering Micro Bioscience Pulsed Power Science Sciences Electronics Research Disciplines 4 People and Budget . On-site workforce: 11,677 FY10 operating revenue . Regular employees: 8,607 $2.3 billion 13% . Over 1,500 PhDs and 2,500 MS/MA 13% 43% 31% Technical staff (4,277) by discipline: (Operating Budget) Nuclear Weapons Defense Systems & Assessments Energy, Climate, & Infrastructure Security International, Homeland, and Nuclear Security Computing 16% Math 2% Chemistry 6% Physics 6% Other science 6% Other fields 12% Electrical engineering 21% Mechanical engineering 16% Other engineering 15% 5 Sandia’s NSTTF Dish Engine Engine Test Rotating Testing Facility Platform Established in 1976, we provide ………. • CSP R&D NSTTF • Systems analysis and FMEA • System and Tower Testing Solar Furnace component testing and support NATIONAL SOLAR THERMAL TEST FACILITY [email protected] 6 Labs Support the DOE Program The CSP Programs at Sandia and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) support the DOE Solar Energy Technology Program. -
Dead Sea Pollen Provides New Insights Into the Paleoenvironment of the Southern Levant During MIS 6ᅢ까タᅡモ5
Quaternary Science Reviews 188 (2018) 15e27 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary Science Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quascirev Dead Sea pollen provides new insights into the paleoenvironment of the southern Levant during MIS 6e5 * Chunzhu Chen a, b, , Thomas Litt b a School of Geographic Science, Nantong University, Tongjingdadao 999, 226007 Nantong, China b Steinmann Institute for Geology, Mineralogy, and Paleontology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany article info abstract Article history: The paleoclimate of the southern Levant, especially during the last interglacial (LIG), is still under debate. Received 18 December 2017 Reliable paleovegetation information for this period, as independent evidence to the paleoenvironment, Received in revised form was still missing. In this study, we present a high-resolution pollen record encompassing 147e89 ka from 17 March 2018 the Dead Sea deep drilling core 5017-1A. The sediment profile is marked by alternations of laminated Accepted 18 March 2018 marl deposits and thick massive halite, indicating lake-level fluctuations. The pollen record suggests that steppe and desert components predominated in the Dead Sea surroundings during the whole investi- gated interval. The late penultimate glacial (147.3e130.9 ka) and early last glacial (115.5e89.1 ka) were Keywords: fi Last interglacial cool and relatively dry, with sub-humid conditions con ned to the mountains that sustained moderate Paleovegetation amounts of deciduous oaks. Prior to the LIG optimum, a prevalence of desert components and a Lake level concomitant increase in frost-sensitive pistachio trees demonstrate the occurrence of an arid initial Early modern human migration warming phase (130.9e124.2 ka). -
Precambrian Basement and Late Paleoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic Tectonic Evolution of the SW Yangtze Block, South China
minerals Article Precambrian Basement and Late Paleoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic Tectonic Evolution of the SW Yangtze Block, South China: Constraints from Zircon U–Pb Dating and Hf Isotopes Wei Liu 1,2,*, Xiaoyong Yang 1,*, Shengyuan Shu 1, Lei Liu 1 and Sihua Yuan 3 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (L.L.) 2 Chengdu Center, China Geological Survey, Chengdu 610081, China 3 Department of Earthquake Science, Institute of Disaster Prevention, Langfang 065201, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (W.L.); [email protected] (X.Y.) Received: 27 May 2018; Accepted: 30 July 2018; Published: 3 August 2018 Abstract: Zircon U–Pb dating and Hf isotopic analyses are performed on clastic rocks, sedimentary tuff of the Dongchuan Group (DCG), and a diabase, which is an intrusive body from the base of DCG in the SW Yangtze Block. The results provide new constraints on the Precambrian basement and the Late Paleoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the SW Yangtze Block, South China. DCG has been divided into four formations from the bottom to the top: Yinmin, Luoxue, Heishan, and Qinglongshan. The Yinmin Formation, which represents the oldest rock unit of DCG, was intruded by a diabase dyke. The oldest zircon age of the clastic rocks from the Yinmin Formation is 3654 Ma, with "Hf(t) of −3.1 and a two-stage modeled age of 4081 Ma. Another zircon exhibits an age of 2406 Ma, with "Hf(t) of −20.1 and a two-stage modeled age of 4152 Ma.