Wissenschaftsförderung Und Forschungspolitische Prioritäten Der Notgemeinschaft Der Deutschen Wissenschaft 1920-1932

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Wissenschaftsförderung Und Forschungspolitische Prioritäten Der Notgemeinschaft Der Deutschen Wissenschaft 1920-1932 JOCHEN KIRCHHOFF WISSENSCHAFTSFÖRDERUNG UND FORSCHUNGSPOLITISCHE PRIORITÄTEN DER NOTGEMEINSCHAFT DER DEUTSCHEN WISSENSCHAFT 1920-1932 Erster Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Winfried Schulze Zweiter Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Michael Brenner Datum der mündlichen Prüfung: 24. 2. 2003 Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit ist die sprachlich durchgesehene Fassung meiner im Jahr 2003 bei der Fakultät für Geschichts- und Kunstwissenschaften an der Ludwig-Maximilians- Universität München eingereichten Dissertationsschrift zur Neueren Geschichte. Vielen Kollegen und Freunden schulde ich Dank, den ich an dieser Stelle nur auf wenige Personen beschränken kann. Sehr herzlich gedankt sei Herrn Prof. Winfried Schulze, der das Thema meiner Dissertation angeregt und diese Arbeit engagiert betreut hat. Nicht zuletzt den zahlreichen Impulsen während seiner wissenschaftspolitischen Tätigkeit für den Wissenschaftsrat verdankt die Arbeit viele gedankliche Anregungen. Darüberhinaus bin ich der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft für die Förderung der historischen Untersuchung der Notgemeinschaft der deutschen Wissenschaft im Rahmen eines Teilprojekts der DFG-Forschergruppe FOR 393 am Deutschen Museum sehr verbunden. Dankbar erinnere ich der Großzügigkeit, mit der Herr Dr. Hans-Dietrich Schmidt-Ott (1905-2004) mir Einsicht in zahlreiche Quellen aus dem Familiennachlass in Berlin- Steglitz gewährt und mir viele Stunden gewidmet hat, um die Verdienste seines Vaters aus seiner Sicht zu erläutern. Nicht zuletzt meinen Eltern bin ich für ihre langjährige, loyale Unterstützung auf meinem Wege und meiner Frau für ihre ermunternde Begleitung herzlich dankbar. Jochen Kirchhoff München, im Dezember 2007 Kontakt per E-Mail: [email protected] 4 Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 Einleitung ................................................................................................................................................... 9 Forschungsstand ........................................................................................................................................... 9 Die Rückschau der Akteure ...................................................................................................................... 9 Autokratische Forschungspolitik? ..................................................................................................... 12 Wege und Erträge der historischen Forschung zur Notgemeinschaft ................................................... 14 Quellen ........................................................................................................................................................ 26 Vorhandene Quellen .............................................................................................................................. 27 Die Berichte der Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft ..................................................... 27 Gedruckte Quellen zur Forschungspolitik im Deutschen Reich ........................................................ 29 Autobiographien ............................................................................................................................... 30 Der Tageskalender von Friedrich Schmidt-Ott .................................................................................. 30 Die Geschäftsakten der Notgemeinschaft ......................................................................................... 32 Nachlässe ........................................................................................................................................... 34 Quellenverluste ...................................................................................................................................... 36 Quellenkritik ................................................................................................................................................ 39 Die Sprache der Wissenschaft und die Rhetorik der Forschungspolitik ................................................ 39 Diskretion und Diplomatie Friedrich Schmidt-Otts ................................................................................ 43 Topoi der forschungspolitischen Rhetorik ............................................................................................. 46 Erkenntnisinteresse, Fragestellung und These ............................................................................................ 50 1. Die Not der Wissenschaft nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg, 1919-1923 ........................................................ 55 1.1 Die ‚Not der Wissenschaft’ .................................................................................................................... 55 1. 1. 1 Nach der Niederlage: Wissenschaft als ‚Macht-Ersatz’ ............................................................... 55 1. 1. 2. Die Reaktion der Wissenschaftspolitik auf den Entzug der chemischen Patente ...................... 57 1. 1. 3. Der Boykott der deutschen Wissenschaft .................................................................................. 58 1. 1. 4 Die Debatte um den Rang der Bildung und Wissenschaft in der Verfassung .............................. 63 1. 1. 5. Die Krisis in den Wissenschaften und die „Not der geistigen Arbeiter“ ..................................... 72 1. 2. Der Aufbau der Notgemeinschaft der deutschen Wissenschaft .......................................................... 74 1. 2. 1. Die Initiativen der Preußischen Akademie und der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft ..................... 75 1. 2. 2. Eine Gegengründung der Industrie? Die „Helmholtz-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Physikalisch-Technischen Forschung“ .................................................................................................... 82 1. 2. 3. Gründungsakt und Bestimmung der Notgemeinschaft der deutschen Wissenschaft ............... 87 1. 2. 4. Die Fachausschüsse: Peer-Review und Präferenzen .................................................................. 90 5 1. 2. 5. Bibliotheksausschuss .................................................................................................................. 93 1. 3. Präferenzen der Wissenschaftsförderung in den Inflationsjahren ....................................................... 95 1. 4. Osteuropakunde und internationale Politik in der Rapallo-Ära ......................................................... 103 1. 4. 1. Auslandskunde .......................................................................................................................... 111 1. 4. 2. Die „Deutsche Gesellschaft zum Studium Osteuropas“ und ihr Präsident Friedrich Schmidt-Ott .......................................................................................................................................... 114 1. 4. 3. Die Notgemeinschaft der deutschen Wissenschaft und die Deutsche Gesellschaft zum Studium Osteuropas ............................................................................................................................. 117 1. 4. 4. Die Entwicklung Sowjet-Russlands ............................................................................................ 120 1. 4. 5. Das Auswärtige Amt: Kulturpolitik und Ostkurs ....................................................................... 122 1. 4. 6. Die Folgen von Rapallo: Der Ausbau der wissenschaftlichen Beziehungen mit Sowjet- Russland ................................................................................................................................................ 123 1. 4. 7. Wissenschaftsförderung und Politik gegenüber Sowjet-Russland............................................ 128 2. Die Notgemeinschaft und ihre neue Organisation der Forschung, 1924-1926...................................... 137 2. 1. Die Atlantische Expedition des „Meteor“ ........................................................................................... 137 2. 1. 1. Die Anregung durch die „Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin“ ................................................ 137 2. 1. 2. Die Reichsmarine, ihr Schiff „Meteor“ und die gescheiterten Pläne für eine „Deutsche Pazifische Expedition“........................................................................................................................... 138 2. 1. 3. Das Forschungsprogramm der „Meteor“-Expedition ............................................................... 141 2. 1. 4. Eine weitere, geheime Forschungsagenda für die „Meteor“-Expedition ................................. 145 2. 1. 5. Ausstattungsfragen, Finanzierung und Konflikte um „Meteor“ ............................................... 148 2. 1. 6. Der „Meteor“ auf See. Die Durchführung der Expedition als kooperatives Projekt von Marine und Forschung, 1925-1926....................................................................................................... 150 2. 1. 7. Die symbolische Wirkung der „Meteor“-Expedition für die Wissenschaftspolitik ................... 155 2. 2. Die Erfindung der „Gemeinschaftsarbeiten“ ...................................................................................... 156 2. 2. 1. Sparen und Abbauen................................................................................................................. 157 2. 2. 2. Ein „Not-Etat“. Die Prioritäten der Wissenschaftsförderung 1923/24 ..................................... 165 2. 2. 3. Die verhinderte
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