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Israil'de Din Ve Siyasal Sistem Ilişkisi Bağlaminda Yerleşim

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Israil'de Din Ve Siyasal Sistem Ilişkisi Bağlaminda Yerleşim T.C. İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ SİYASET BİLİMİ VE ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER ANABİLİM DALI DOKTORA TEZİ İSRAİL’DE DİN VE SİYASAL SİSTEM İLİŞKİSİ BAĞLAMINDA YERLEŞİM POLİTİKASI AHMET MURAT TAŞER 2502130317 DANIŞMAN DOÇ. DR. MUHARREM HİLMİ ÖZEV İSTANBUL-2019 ÖZ İSRAİL’DE DİN VE SİYASAL SİSTEM İLİŞKİSİ BAĞLAMINDA YERLEŞİM POLİTİKASI Ahmet Murat TAŞER Tezin amacı, İsrail’de siyasal sistem ve dinin iç içe geçmiş olduğunu, ayrıca siyasal sisteme dinin doğrudan ve dolaylı müdahalesi olduğunu ispatlamak; bu bağlamda İsrail Devleti’nin yerleşim politikalarında motivasyonlarını, izlediği stratejiyi ve başvurduğu yöntemleri anlamlandırmaya çalışmaktır. Tarihsel gelişmeler ile, aktörler ve yapılar arası ve İsrail’in (Yahudi halkının) uluslararası diğer aktörlerle olan karşılıklı tüm ilişkilerinin bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıkan kimlik, çıkar ve güvenlik algısı, İsrail’in var olma ve varlığını devam ettirme motivasyonuyla şekillenmiştir. Bu durum yerleşim politikalarında, dolayısıyla iç politika ve dış politika üzerinde belirleyici olmaktadır. İsrail’in kimlik ve çıkarlarının oluşturulmasında dinî kitaplardaki vaat edilmiş toprak ülküsü, Siyonizm’in Mesihî Kurtuluş öğretisi ve Yahudilerin Kudüs’te yeniden bir araya geleceklerine dair öğreti, kendi topraklarından yaklaşık 3000 yıldır zorla uzak tutularak mağdur edildiklerine dair inanç, sürgün boyunca Yahudilerin yaşadıkları çeşitli aşağılanma ve sıkıntılar ve son dönemdeki Soykırım’ın üzüntüsü, korkusu ve telaşı gibi faktörler etkili olmuştur. Buna göre İsrail kendisini, kendisinden başka dostu ve koruyanı olmayan, hayatta kalmak için sürekli mücadele etmek zorunda kalan bir devlet olarak konumlandırmış ve bu mücadelenin de tek yolunun güç kullanımı olduğunu kabul eden bir yaklaşım benimsemiştir. Tez, yerleşim politikalarının esas dinamiğinin, çok sayıda başka alt etmenle birlikte, Yahudilik dini olduğunu savunmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Din-siyasal sistem ilişkisi; İsrail Devleti; Yahudilik, Yerleşim politikaları iii ABSTRACT THE SETTLEMENT POLICY IN REGARD TO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RELIGION AND POLITICAL SYSTEM IN ISRAEL Ahmet Murat TAŞER The purpose of the thesis paper is to demonstrate that the political system and religion are intertwined in Israel, and that religion has both direct and indirect influence on the political system; and in this respect to interpret the motivations of Israeli settlement policies as well as the strategies and methods used to implement these policies. The identity, interest and security perceptions of Israel (the Jewish peoples) constructed by the historical circumstances, and by each and every interaction between actors and institutions within and with other international actors are shaped with the motivation of existence and survival. This has been determining the settlement policy, and therefore both domestic and foreign policies. The factors which helped the Israeli identity and interest formation are; the goal of the promised land in religious texts, the Zionist doctrine of the Messianic Redemption and that Jews will gather once again in Jerusalem, the belief of victimhood which resulted from over 3000 years of forced exile, the abasement and oppression the Jews went through during the exile, and the sorrow, fear and panic caused by the Holocaust in the near past. Accordingly, Israel has adopted an approach where it positions itself as a state without allies or protectors besides itself, which has to keep fighting in order to survive and recognizes that the only path to realize this fight is the use of force. Even though there are many sub-factors that contribute, the thesis advocates that the principal dynamic of the settlement policies is the religion of Judaism. Keywords: Relationship between religion and political system; State of Israel; Judaism, Settlement policy. iv ÖNSÖZ / TEŞEKKÜR Başta danışman hocam Doç. Dr. Muharrem Hilmi ÖZEV olmak üzere, Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Anabilim Dalı’ndaki çalışmalarımın yönlendirilmesinde değerli bilgi, öneri ve yardımlarıyla bana ışık tutan, akademik gelişimime katkıda bulunan ve benden hiçbir desteğini esirgemeyen Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Anabilim Dalı’nın kıymetli öğretim üyelerine ve akademisyenlerine; çalışmalarım süresince her türlü fedakârlığı göstermek suretiyle beni destekleyen eşim, oğlum ve kızıma en derin duygularla teşekkür ederim. Ahmet Murat TAŞER İstanbul, 2019 v İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa ÖZ…..…………………………………………………………........................…..iii ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………...............iv ÖNSÖZ / TEŞEKKÜR …………………………………………..……….…….. v İÇİNDEKİLER ……...………………………………………………………...... vi ŞEKİLLER LİSTESİ ………….……………………………………………...... ix TABLO LİSTESİ ….………………………………………………………........ x HARİTALAR LİSTESİ …………………………………………….……......… xi KISALTMALAR LİSTESİ …………….……………………………………… xii GİRİŞ …………………………………………………………............................. 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM KAVRAMSAL VE KURAMSAL ARKA PLAN 1.1. Araştırmanın Kapsam ve Detayları ….…….............................................. 5 1.2. Konstrüktivizm .......................................................................................... 7 1.3. Yerleşim Birimleri ..................................................................................... 10 1.4. Siyasal Sistem ...........………………………...........................…….......... 11 1.5. Sistem (Analizi) Yaklaşımı ....................................................................... 13 1.6. Din ............................................................................................................. 17 1.7. Din ve Siyasal Sistem İlişkisi .................................................................... 23 1.8. Din ve Siyasal Sistem İlişkisi Analiz Ölçütleri......................................... 34 vi İKİNCİ BÖLÜM İSRAİL’DE DİN VE SİYASAL SİSTEM İLİŞKİSİ 1.9. İsrail’de Din ve Siyasal Sistem ...…………………………....……..……. 37 1.10. Yahudilik – Musevilik .……………………………………..……. 37 1.10.1. Yahudilik – Musevilik Dini’nin Kaynakları ...……….…………... 38 1.11. İsrail’de Siyasal Sistem ………………..........………………..…... 40 1.11.1. İsrail’de Siyasal Sistemi – Yahudilik Dini İlişkisi Noktasında Öne Çıkan Yönler .......….………................................... 41 1.11.1.1. Sistemin İşleyişi ...............................................….…….…. 41 1.11.1.2. İsrail’de Siyasal Partiler ...................................................... 43 1.11.1.3. Seçim Sistemi ...............................................….………...... 59 1.11.1.4. Yahudilik ve Yahudi Ulusal Kimliği .........................……. 61 1.12. İsrail’de Din ve Siyasal Sistem İlişkisi Parametreleri ................…. 63 1.12.1. Bağımsızlık Bildirgesi ve Statüko Anlaşması ........................……. 63 1.12.2. Dinle İlgili Yasal Düzenlemeler .........................................…….... 66 1.12.3. Medenî Hukuk Uygulamaları .................................................……. 69 1.12.4. Dinî Hizmetler ........................................................................……. 72 1.13. Tespitler ...........................................................................…......…. 75 vii ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM İSRAİL’DE DİN VE YERLEŞİM POLİTİKASI İsrail’de Din ve Yerleşim Politikası ……………………..........………....………. 80 1.14. Yerleşim Faaliyetlerinde Dönemler .....................….............…..… 81 1.14.1. Bağımsızlık Öncesi Yerleşimler ..................……………………... 82 1.14.1.1. Vaat Edilmiş Topraklar Öğretisi ve İlk Yahudi Yaşam Alanları …………………….........…... 82 1.14.1.2. Birinci ve İkinci Sürgün Dönemleri …...……………..….. 84 1.14.1.3. İkinci Sürgün Yılları ve Filistin Toprakları’nda Yahudiler ………………....…..….. 87 1.14.1.4. Siyon Özlemi, Siyonist Hareket ve Faaliyetleri ….............. 90 1.14.1.5. Bağımsızlık Hazırlıkları ve İlânı Sürecinde Yerleşimler .... 104 1.14.2. 1948-1967 Arası Dönemde Yerleşimler ………………................. 115 1.14.3. 1967 Sonrası Dönemde Yerleşimler ………………………......… 121 1.15. Yerleşim Politikalarına Etki Eden Faktörler .........................…..… 155 1.15.1. Güvenlik ve Savunma ……………………............……...…....…. 156 1.15.2. Göçmenlere Barınak Sağlanması ve Nüfusun Dengelenmesi .................. 162 1.16. Günümüzde Yerleşimler ve Bunların Çeşitli Sonuçları ….............. 164 1.17. Tespitler ………………….....................................………............. 176 SONUÇ ……………………………………...………………………………....... 178 KAYNAKLAR …………………………………………………………….......... 188 EKLER ………………………………………………………………………...... 210 ÖZGEÇMİŞ …………………………………………………………………...... 219 viii ŞEKİLLER LİSTESİ Şekil No. Şekil Adı Sayfa Şekil 2.1 Siyasal Partilerin Karşılaştırılması (Arap karşıtlığı) ………........... 56 Şekil 2.2 Siyasal Partilerin Karşılaştırılması (Dine yaklaşım) …….............. 57 Şekil 2.3 Siyasal Partilerin Karşılaştırılması (Yerleşimler konusu) …........... 58 ix TABLO LİSTESİ Tablo No. TabloAdı Sayfa Tablo 3.1 Oslo II Anlaşması Uygulama Aşamaları ………………...………. 148 x HARİTALAR LİSTESİ Harita No. HaritaAdı Sayfa Harita 3.1 BM Filistin Paylaşım Planı ………………………………………. 114 Harita 3.2 1967 Savaşı Öncesi İsrail Sınır Yerleşimleri ………….................. 120 Harita 3.3 1967 Savaşı Öncesi ve Sonrası …………………........................... 124 Harita 3.4 Allon Planı ...............................…………………........................... 133 Harita 3.5 Oslo II Planı …………………........................................................ 152 Harita 3.6 İsrail’in Batı Şeria’daki Yerleşimleri ……..........……………........ 165 xi KISALTMALAR LİSTESİ Kısaltma Açıklaması AB : Avrupa Birliği ABD : Amerika Birleşik Devletleri BM : Birleşmiş Milletler DDT : Dikloro Difenil Trikloroethan
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