REVIVENDO O IMPÉRIO PERSA: Nacionalismo, Modernização E Discurso Histórico Em Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (1960-1967)

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REVIVENDO O IMPÉRIO PERSA: Nacionalismo, Modernização E Discurso Histórico Em Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (1960-1967) UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SÃO PAULO ESCOLA DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS FELIPE RAMOS DE CARVALHO PINTO REVIVENDO O IMPÉRIO PERSA: nacionalismo, modernização e discurso histórico em Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (1960-1967) Guarulhos 2018 FELIPE RAMOS DE CARVALHO PINTO REVIVENDO O IMPÉRIO PERSA: nacionalismo, modernização e discurso histórico em Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (1960-1967) Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Federal de São Paulo como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em História. Orientadora: Prof.ª Dr.ª Samira Adel Osman Guarulhos 2018 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. Ficha Catalográfica Pinto, Felipe Ramos de Carvalho Revivendo o Império Persa: nacionalismo, modernização e discurso histórico em Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (1960-1967) / Felipe Ramos de Carvalho Pinto – Guarulhos, 2018. 217 p. Dissertação (Mestrado em História) – Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós Graduação em História, 2018 Orientadora: Samira Adel Osman. Título em inglês: Reviving the Persian Empire: nationalism, modernization and historical discourse in Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (1960-1967) 1. Nacionalismo 2. Modernização 3. Usos do Passado 4. Irã 5. Islã I. Osman, Samira Adel. II. Título FELIPE RAMOS DE CARVALHO PINTO REVIVENDO O IMPÉRIO PERSA: nacionalismo, modernização e discurso histórico em Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (1960-1967) Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Federal de São Paulo como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em História. Área de concentração: Poder, Cultura e Saberes Aprovação: ____/____/________ Prof.ª Dr.ª Samira Adel Osman Universidade Federal de São Paulo Prof. Dr. Glaydson José da Silva Universidade Federal de São Paulo Prof. Dr. Murilo Sebe Bon Meihy Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro À memória de Juliany Paiva AGRADECIMENTOS A primeiríssima pessoa a quem devo gratidão é a Prof.ª Samira Adel Osman, que vem me orientando desde a graduação, numa trajetória que já passa de meia década. Nunca é demais agradecer a paciência e a confiança da minha orientadora quando o trabalho não seguiu no ritmo esperado e sua direção e encorajamento quando eu não soube o caminho. Sou grato também pelo aprendizado que me proporcionou durante a realização do Programa de Aperfeiçoamento Didático. Além de praticar a arte do ensino, tive a oportunidade de consolidar minha formação com o curso “História do Império Árabe-Islâmico” e revendo, de um outro ponto de vista, seu fantástico curso de “História da Ásia”, que em 2011 tanto me entusiasmou na carreira que escolhi. Aos meus amigos e colegas da Unifesp, sou grato pelos comentários ao projeto de pesquisa feitos na seriedade das aulas e na descontração das mesas de bar. Em especial, agradeço à Ana Paula Mendonça Gomes, Bruno Tadeu Novato Resende, César Kenzo Nakashima, Marcelo Santos Sousa, Marcos Paulo Amorim dos Santos (adotado!), Claudinei Lodos e Paula Carolina de Andrade Carvalho – os “Filhos de Osman”, como afetuosamente nos chamávamos desde os primeiros dias do mestrado (sem, é claro, o devido conhecimento da nossa orientadora!). Com eles, junto dos professores Adilton Luis Martins e Jorge Lúzio Matos Silva, tive a honra de começar o Laboratório de Estudos Orientais e Asiáticos (LEOA) sob a liderança da Prof.ª Samira, além da companhia inestimável nos últimos três anos. A pesquisa não teria um começo não fosse pelas críticas provocadoras do Prof. Youssef Alvarenga Cherem no meu trabalho de conclusão de curso da graduação, repetidas na leitura do primeiro capítulo desta dissertação. Ao Prof. Youssef devo as indicações bibliográficas iniciais que me permitiram mergulhar na rica e complexa história iraniana. A inspiração para uma pesquisa a respeito dos usos do passado na contemporaneidade veio inteiramente dos trabalhos do Prof. Glaydson José da Silva, que já na graduação me mostrou que não fazer “jejum de leitura” é o segredo do trabalho do historiador. As indicações do Prof. Glaydson, do Prof. Adilton na banca de qualificação me foram valiosas, como espero que esteja patente na dissertação. Ao Prof. Murilo Sebe bom Meihy, e novamente ao Prof. Glaydson, agradeço pelos inúmeros comentários, sugestões e especialmente pelas críticas proferidas durante minha defesa. Foram também muito úteis as sugestões bibliográficas dadas pelas professoras Ana Lúcia Lana Nemi, Mariana Martins Villaça, Muna Omran e Patrícia Teixeira Santos, especialmente no âmbito metodológico. Ao Prof. Jorge, sou grato pela chance de apresentar a pesquisa aos seus alunos no Unifai. Além de me render comentários que muito apreciei, pude conhecer um pouco do seu trabalho em sala de aula e aprender ouvindo apresentações de seus alunos. Também devo mencionar os comentários do Prof. Fabiano Fernandes e do colega Gregory Gallo na disciplina de Laboratório de Projetos, bem como as disciplinas de “História da Cultura” e “História da Historiografia” ministrados, respectivamente, pela Prof.ª Mariana Martins Villaça e os professores Antonio Simplicio de Almeida Neto e Janes Jorge. A ampla discussão de conceitos e teorias de história cultural proporcionada nessas disciplinas foram responsáveis pelo refinamento e maturação do projeto. O curso espetacular “Pan-africanismo e Pan-arabismo” dado pela Prof.ª Patrícia, com quem tive aulas já no primeiro ano de graduação, foi particularmente influente nesta dissertação, ao me abrir os olhos para a necessidade de dar atenção à interação entre fenômenos locais e globais. Foi também neste curso que tive a oportunidade não só de ler “As mil e umas noites mal dormidas”, já indicado pela minha orientadora, como discuti-lo em sala com meus colegas. Devo ao instigante livro do Prof. Murilo muitas das ideias expostas nas páginas que se seguem. Não posso deixar de mencionar que, direta ou indiretamente, meu trabalho e minha formação têm um pouco de cada um dos professores que tive em uma década de Unifesp. À minha alma mater, lugar de tantas memórias e aprendizados, agradeço pela segunda acolhida. Aos funcionários da Unifesp, especialmente à Rita Cavalcante e ao Erick Dantas, sou grato pela solicitude e pela prestatividade no trato das questões administrativas. À Mahsa Abdi Bastami, agradeço por arranjar tempo em sua corrida vida de mestranda em Arquitetura na Universidade Islâmica Azad de Qazvin e de atleta para me ensinar persa e tornar possível para mim, por meio de vídeos e fotos, conhecer um pouco do Irã de fora dos livros. A tarefa de enfrentar um tema de pesquisa para o qual não há (ainda) uma bibliografia extensa em português teria sido ainda mais intimidadora, para não dizer irrealizável, não fosse pela inspiração encontrada no Professor Ubirajara, o meu saudoso avô. Se nisso obtive algum progresso, foi pelos inestimáveis livros deixados pelo velho mestre em sua pequena biblioteca particular, montada ao longo de uma vida com o suado salário de professor em Rio Pomba. À Infraero, aos meus chefes Walter, Ana e Gislaine, agradeço a dispensa das atividades laborais em momentos chave do percurso, dando-me a oportunidade de me dedicar integralmente ao projeto. À Capes, sou grato pelo financiamento que possibilitou a realização da pesquisa durante dois anos. Como sempre, meus principais agradecimentos vão para cada um dos membros da minha crescente e inumerável família, em especial meus pais, irmãos, e avós – pela convivência, pela criação, pelos ensinamentos, pelo incentivo, pela compreensão, pelo amor. A todos, muito obrigado! Conhecemos a força da gravidade, mas não suas origens; e para explicar por que nos apegamos aos nossos locais de nascimento, fingimos que somos árvores e falamos de raízes. Olhe debaixo dos seus pés. Você não vai achar projeções nodosas brotando das solas. Raízes, às vezes penso, são um mito conservador, projetado para nos prender em nossos lugares. Salman Rushdie, Shame: a novel (2008, p. 82) RESUMO Analisando os livros Mission for my country (1961) e The White Revolution of Iran (1967), esta dissertação tem como objetivo (1) examinar como Mohammad Reza Pahlavi narra a transformação do Irã, de um império multiétnico e administrativamente descentralizado, num Estado-nação moderno, centralizado e calcado numa noção imaginada de homogeneidade racial e linguística de sua população (2) compreender as transformações nas formas de legitimidade do poder entre a Era Qajar e a Era Pahlavi e nas narrativas que lhes davam sustentação. Quando os Pahlavi romperam com a dualidade religiosa e temporal da autoridade que vigorava sob os Qajares, e o Estado renunciou à jurisprudência clerical como instrumento de legitimação do poder real, o rei se viu na posição de fornecer sua própria narrativa para sancionar a instituição monárquica, cuja centralidade passara a ser contestada. O xiismo duodécimo no século XX continuava, no Irã, a ser o elemento primário de legitimação política. Por outro lado, crescia a noção de que a autoridade só era legítima na medida em que emanasse do “povo iraniano” – uma população ligada a um território de fronteiras definidas, e com uma história compartilhada, cujos contornos eram ainda, entretanto, objeto de disputa -, que precisava recuperar sua antiga glória frente ao avanço predatório das potências ocidentais. No primeiro caso, a sanção vinha pela vontade de Deus. No segundo, pela nação como a forma natural de organização dos seres humanos, estando implícita, neste princípio, sua antiguidade. A síntese realizada pelo xá desses dois princípios era a de que a nação fora unificada pelas mãos do monarca no século VI a.C, que o monarca era instrumento da ação divina, e que a vontade de Deus de unidade da nação só poderia ser mantida com o pulso firme do monarca na sua condução. Sempre que essas condições estivessem presentes, o Irã estaria na vanguarda da civilização. Mas esta narrativa fora buscada na arqueologia, nas fontes bíblicas e nas fontes greco-romanas, bem como no moderno mito de que os “arianos” eram construtores de civilização. Ao fazer esta opção, o xá punha de lado narrativas mais tradicionais, mais populares, e que eram exploradas efetivamente pela oposição.
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