DOCSLIB.ORG

Healing Henan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Healing Henan Healing Henan grypma1.p65 1 11/14/2007, 9:06 AM grypma1.p65 2 11/14/2007, 9:06 AM Sonya Grypma Healing Henan Canadian Nurses at the North China Mission, 1888-1947 grypma1.p65 3 11/14/2007, 9:06 AM © UBC Press 2008 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior written permission of the publisher, or, in Canada, in the case of photocopying or other reprographic copying, a licence from Access Copyright (Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency), www.accesscopyright.ca. 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in Canada on ancient-forest-free paper (100% post-consumer recycled) that is processed chlorine- and acid-free, with vegetable-based inks. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Grypma, Sonya, 1965- Healing Henan : Canadian nurses at the North China Mission, 1888-1947 / Sonya Grypma. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7748-1399-0 1. Missions, Medical – China – Henan Sheng – History. 2. Nursing – China – Henan Sheng – History. 3. Missions, Canadian – China – Henan Sheng – History. 4. Protestant churches – Missions – China – Henan Sheng – History. 5. Nursing – Canada – History. I. Title. R722.G79 2007 362.1’095118 C2007-905473-0 UBC Press gratefully acknowledges the financial support for our publishing program of the Government of Canada through the Book Publishing Industry Development Program (BPIDP), and of the Canada Council for the Arts, and the British Columbia Arts Council. This book has been published with the help of a grant from the Canadian Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences, through the Aid to Scholarly Publications Programme, using funds provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and with the help of the K.D. Srivastava Fund. Printed and bound in Canada by Friesens Set in Stone by Artegraphica Design Co. Ltd. Copy editor: Jillian Shoichet Proofreader: Stacy Belden Indexer: Patricia Buchanan UBC Press The University of British Columbia 2029 West Mall Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2 604-822-5959 / Fax: 604-822-6083 www.ubcpress.ca grypma1.p65 4 11/14/2007, 9:06 AM For Martin, Janessa, and Mike grypma1.p65 5 11/14/2007, 9:06 AM grypma1.p65 6 11/14/2007, 9:06 AM Contents List of Illustrations / ix Foreword / xi Acknowledgments / xiii List of Spellings / xvii List of Abbreviations / xix Introduction / 1 1 The Gospel of Soap and Water, 1888-1900 / 25 2 Visions Interrupted, 1901-20 / 50 3 Modern Nursing at Last, 1921-27 / 73 4 Golden Years, 1928-37 / 105 5 Scattered Dreams, 1937-40 / 137 6 War Years, 1941-45 / 164 7 The Last Days, 1946-47 / 191 Conclusion: Creating a Cloistered Space / 219 Epilogue: Return to Henan, 2003 / 231 grypma1.p65 7 11/14/2007, 9:06 AM viii Contents Appendices 1 Missionary nurses at the North China Mission (NCM) / 237 2 WMS nurses who resigned to be married / 240 3 Three types of missionary nurses / 241 4 Missionary nurse education / 242 5 Summary of 1947 Confidential Report / 245 Notes / 246 Bibliography / 275 Index / 281 grypma1.p65 8 11/14/2007, 9:06 AM Illustrations Map Map of China and Henan province / facing page 1 Table Weihui reconstruction costs in 1946 / 194 Figures 1 Margaret MacIntosh just before retirement, c. 1926 / 33 2 Dr. William McClure at a village inn, c. 1900 / 36 3 Original photograph later published as “Preaching to Patients,” c. 1910 / 38 4 Female missionaries, c. 1903 / 51 5 Missionary homes at Weihui, along the Wei River, 1915 / 53 6 More patients for eye treatment, c. 1915-30 / 55 7 Margaret Russell Gay, c. 1910 / 61 8 Jeanette C. Ratcliffe, c. 1910 / 63 9 Janet Lillian Brydon, c. 1910 / 65 10 Janet Brydon in a China garden, c. 1920s / 68 11 Louise Clara Preston wearing an RVH graduate pin, 1922 / 79 12 Weihui Hospital, 1920s / 83 13 New hospital ward at Weihui, c. 1924 / 84 14 Mrs. Ratcliffe and staff at Weihui before the 1927 evacuation / 86 15 Clara Preston’s NAC certificate, 1930s / 89 16 Jean McClure Menzies, 1922 / 92 17 Coral Brodie, 1921 / 93 18 Huaiqing Hospital in pre–nursing school days, 1920s / 94 grypma1.p65 9 11/14/2007, 9:06 AM x Illustrations 19 Inspection by Chinese schoolchildren of the new women’s hospital at Anyang, c. 1926 / 97 20 Anna Marion Fisher Faris, 1923 / 99 21 Historic last meeting of the Henan Presbytery, Tianjin, 1927 / 103 22 Canadians living in Jinan, 1930s/ 106 23 Anyang women’s hospital occupied by soldiers, March 1930 / 108 24 Margaret R. Gay’s VGH nursing pins / 112 25 Cartoon from 1926 VGH yearbook / 115 26 Hospital staff at Anyang, 1930s / 118 27 1937 meeting of the first NAC District Auxiliary / 121 28 Patients with kala azar, 1930s / 122 29 Convalescing kala azar patients, Weihui, 1939 / 123 30 Clara Preston escorting “kala azar sufferers” to the gate, Anyang, 1930s / 124 31 Operating theatre at Weihui, 1930s / 125 32 Miss Li and classroom “dummy,” 1933 / 126 33 Hospital staff at Weihui, c. 1935–37 / 127 34 Mrs. Ratcliffe at the well-baby clinic, Weihui, 1930s / 131 35 South gate, Weihui compound, November 1937 / 139 36 Elizabeth Thomson, TGH graduation, 1935 / 143 37 Coral Brodie at Qilu, 1930s / 147 38 Coral Brodie and Elizabeth (Betty) Thomson at Qilu, 1939 / 153 39 Farewell party for Coral Brodie at Qilu, 1940 / 157 40 Margaret Gay with refugee at Tianjin, 1940 / 174 41 Janet Brydon, home mission’s portrait, c. 1941 / 177 42 New recruit Helen Turner, c. 1941 / 199 grypma1.p65 10 11/14/2007, 9:06 AM Foreword Janet C. Ross-Kerr The letters published in the 1930s and 1940s in Canadian Nurse by a number of Canadian nurses commissioned by the Woman’s Missionary Society of the United Church of Canada to work in Henan province, China, were sem- inal in the development of the intriguing program of research developed by Sonya Grypma. These letters from the North China Mission may have gener- ated a great deal of interest at the time they were published and also en- couraged other nurses to make a commitment to participate in the work in China under the banner of the United Church of Canada. But their serendipitous discovery by Dr. Grypma, who was looking for something else at the time she was perusing old issues of Canadian Nurse, led to ques- tions such as who were these nurses, what was the nature of their work, how long did they serve in China, and what was the short- and long-term impact of their work? Dr. Grypma has pursued these and other questions through painstaking searches for data in archival records in a number of repositories, contacts with descendants of the nurses, and searches for relevant documents and literature that might refer to, or shed light on, the nurses’ mission and the situation in China that enveloped them and conditioned their work. She has left no stone unturned in her search for data and has made a number of visits to China to see where the original mission was established and to talk with nurses and health care personnel currently providing health services in the area. She clearly earned the trust of the descendants of the mission- ary nurses, including children of some of the missionaries. They have re- counted their memories of their ancestors for her and shared documents in their possession that related to the professional work of the nurses. Some descendants have accompanied Dr. Grypma on each of her journeys to China to survey the site of the mission, search for information, and speak with local inhabitants. The most fascinating element in terms of the reconstruction of the hist- ory of nursing and health care in the period of time that these Canadian grypma1.p65 11 11/14/2007, 9:06 AM xii Foreword missionary nurses lived and worked in China is that Dr. Grypma was able to share with the nurses and physicians who currently work in Henan prov- ince, and specifically in Weihui and Anyang, what was their own history. Since most records were destroyed with the advent of the revolution, there was virtually no knowledge among the local professionals of the health care and educational work that had been developed so many years ago. Early in her career, Dr. Grypma developed a nursing and medical exchange between Canada and Anyang, where one of the original hospitals was founded by Canadians. As a testament to the lasting contribution of this outstanding piece of work, Dr. Grypma was also invited to attend a ceremony held by the Weihui Hospital on the occasion of its 110th anniversary and concur- rent establishment of a museum in the original hospital building. Her photo- graphs and historical documents figure prominently in these museum displays. At this event, she was accompanied by eleven relatives of the Can- adian missionaries who staffed the hospital over the sixty-odd years that they worked in China. This powerful book, which records the contribution of Canadian nurses to the development of the health care system in the province of Henan, China, is unique because so little research has been undertaken on the work of nurses in the China missions. Physicians have figured prominently in research, but only two previous articles have focused upon nurses. Because of Sonya Grypma’s work, the connection between North Henan province and Canada, which was so strong for so many years, has been re-established and strengthened. I count it a privilege and an honour to have been involved in Dr.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • John G. Diefenbaker: the Political Apprenticeship Of
    JOHN G. DIEFENBAKER: THE POLITICAL APPRENTICESHIP OF A SASKATCHEWAN POLITICIAN, 1925-1940 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon by Methodius R. Diakow March, 1995 @Copyright Methodius R. Diakow, 1995. All rights reserved. In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a Postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis work or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department for the Dean of the College in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any copying or pUblication or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Requests for permission to copy or to make other use of material in this thesis in whole or part should be addressed to: Head of the Department of History University of Saskatchewan 9 Campus Drive Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A5 ii ABSTRACT John G. Diefenbaker is most often described by historians and biographers as a successful and popular politician.
    [Show full text]
  • This Thesis Has Been Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for a Postgraduate Degree (E.G
    This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. THE STORY BEHIND THE STORIES British and Dominion War Correspondents in the Western Theatres of the Second World War Brian P. D. Hannon Ph.D. Dissertation The University of Edinburgh School of History, Classics and Archaeology March 2015 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ………………………………………………………………………….. 4 Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………… 5 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………… 6 The Media Environment ……………...……………….……………………….. 28 What Made a Correspondent? ……………...……………………………..……. 42 Supporting the Correspondent …………………………………….………........ 83 The Correspondent and Censorship …………………………………….…….. 121 Correspondent Techniques and Tools ………………………..………….......... 172 Correspondent Travel, Peril and Plunder ………………………………..……. 202 The Correspondents’ Stories ……………………………….………………..... 241 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………. 273 Bibliography ………………………………………………………………...... 281 Appendix …………………………………………...………………………… 300 3 ABSTRACT British and Dominion armed forces operations during the Second World War were followed closely by a journalistic army of correspondents employed by various media outlets including news agencies, newspapers and, for the first time on a large scale in a war, radio broadcasters.
    [Show full text]
  • Broadcasting Canada's War: How the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Reported the Second World War
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2017 Broadcasting Canada's War: How the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Reported the Second World War Sweazey, Connor Sweazey, C. (2017). Broadcasting Canada's War: How the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Reported the Second World War (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/25173 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/3759 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Broadcasting Canada's War: How the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Reported the Second World War by Connor Sweazey A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS GRADUATE PROGRAM IN HISTORY CALGARY, ALBERTA APRIL, 2017 © Connor Sweazey 2017 Abstract Public Canadian radio was at the height of its influence during the Second World War. Reacting to the medium’s growing significance, members of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) accepted that they had a wartime responsibility to maintain civilian morale. The CBC thus unequivocally supported the national cause throughout all levels of its organization. Its senior administrations and programmers directed the CBC’s efforts to aid the Canadian war effort.
    [Show full text]
  • War on the Air: CBC-TV and Canada's Military, 1952-1992 by Mallory
    War on the Air: CBC-TV and Canada’s Military, 19521992 by Mallory Schwartz Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctorate in Philosophy degree in History Department of History Faculty of Arts University of Ottawa © Mallory Schwartz, Ottawa, Canada, 2014 ii Abstract War on the Air: CBC-TV and Canada‘s Military, 19521992 Author: Mallory Schwartz Supervisor: Jeffrey A. Keshen From the earliest days of English-language Canadian Broadcasting Corporation television (CBC-TV), the military has been regularly featured on the news, public affairs, documentary, and drama programs. Little has been done to study these programs, despite calls for more research and many decades of work on the methods for the historical analysis of television. In addressing this gap, this thesis explores: how media representations of the military on CBC-TV (commemorative, history, public affairs and news programs) changed over time; what accounted for those changes; what they revealed about CBC-TV; and what they suggested about the way the military and its relationship with CBC-TV evolved. Through a material culture analysis of 245 programs/series about the Canadian military, veterans and defence issues that aired on CBC-TV over a 40-year period, beginning with its establishment in 1952, this thesis argues that the conditions surrounding each production were affected by a variety of factors, namely: (1) technology; (2) foreign broadcasters; (3) foreign sources of news; (4) the influence
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese: Identity and the Internment of Missionary Nurses in China, 1941–1945
    When We Were (almost) Chinese: Identity and the Internment of Missionary Nurses in China, 1941–1945 SONYA GRYPMA* Between 1923 and 1939, six China-born children of United Church of Canada North China missionaries returned to China as missionary nurses during one of the most inauspicious periods for China missions. Not only was the missionary enterprise under critical scrutiny, but China was also on the verge of war. Three of the nurses were interned by the Japanese in 1941. This study focuses on the pivotal decisions these nurses made to return to China and then to remain there after the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese war in 1937, tracing the influences on those decisions back to their missionary childhoods in Henan. De 1923 a` 1939, six enfants ne´s en Chine de missionnaires que l’E´ glise Unie du Canada avait envoye´es en Chine du Nord sont retourne´es en Chine en tant qu’infir- mie`res missionnaires durant l’une des pe´riodes les plus inhospitalie`res pour des mis- sions en Chine. Non seulement scrutait-on l’action missionnaire a` la loupe, mais la guerre e´tait sur le point d’e´clater en Chine. Trois des infirmie`res ont e´te´ interne´es par les Japonais en 1941. Cette e´tude met l’accent sur la de´cision de´terminante que ces infirmie`res ont prise de retourner en Chine puis d’y rester apre`s l’e´clatement de la guerre sino-japonaise en 1937, retrac¸ant les motifs de cette de´cision jusqu’a` leur enfance missionnaire a` Henan.
    [Show full text]
  • Canadianism, Anglo-Canadian Identities and the Crisis of Britishness, 1964-1968
    Nova Britannia Revisited: Canadianism, Anglo-Canadian Identities and the Crisis of Britishness, 1964-1968 C. P. Champion Department of History McGill University, Montreal A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History February 2007 © Christian Paul Champion, 2007 Table of Contents Dedication ……………………………….……….………………..………….…..2 Abstract / Résumé ………….……..……….……….…….…...……..………..….3 Acknowledgements……………………….….……………...………..….…..……5 Obiter Dicta….……………………………………….………..…..…..….……….6 Introduction …………………………………………….………..…...…..….….. 7 Chapter 1 Canadianism and Britishness in the Historiography..….…..………….33 Chapter 2 The Challenge of Anglo-Canadian ethnicity …..……..…….……….. 62 Chapter 3 Multiple Identities, Britishness, and Anglo-Canadianism ……….… 109 Chapter 4 Religion and War in Anglo-Canadian Identity Formation..…..……. 139 Chapter 5 The celebrated rite-de-passage at Oxford University …….…...…… 171 Chapter 6 The courtship and apprenticeship of non-Wasp ethnic groups….….. 202 Chapter 7 The “Canadian flag” debate of 1964-65………………………..…… 243 Chapter 8 Unification of the Canadian armed forces in 1966-68……..….……. 291 Conclusions: Diversity and continuity……..…………………………….…….. 335 Bibliography …………………………………………………………….………347 Index……………………………………………………………………………...384 1 For Helena-Maria, Crispin, and Philippa 2 Abstract The confrontation with Britishness in Canada in the mid-1960s is being revisited by scholars as a turning point in how the Canadian state was imagined and constructed. During what the present thesis calls the “crisis of Britishness” from 1964 to 1968, the British character of Canada was redefined and Britishness portrayed as something foreign or “other.” This post-British conception of Canada has been buttressed by historians depicting the British connection as a colonial hangover, an externally-derived, narrowly ethnic, nostalgic, or retardant force. However, Britishness, as a unique amalgam of hybrid identities in the Canadian context, in fact took on new and multiple meanings.
    [Show full text]
  • Lester B. Pearson and the Peacekeeping Concept, 1930-55
    National Library Biblioth&quenationale 1+1 ,,,da du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibtiographic Services se wices bibliographiques The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive Licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or seU reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othenvise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Abstract Despite the considerable attention United Nations (UN) peacekeeping has received fiom scholars, the origins of it are still rnisunderstood. In Canada, the popular perception for over forty years bas been that Lester B. Pearson invented peacekeeping in 1956 during the Suez Cnsis. Contrary to this, peacekeeping existed even before the creation of the UN. Mile there is some suggestion that peacekeeping is an ancient concept, more recent and familiar exarnples exist. One notable precursor to UN peacekeeping was the League of Nations' Saarforce. The Saarforce was an international force mandated to help keep law and order in the Saar Territory during the plebiscite of 193 5 that was to decide if the inhabitants wanted to join with France, Germany, or remain under the League.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Study of the Canadian Missionary Dr. Richard Brown in China, 1938-19391
    Ideology, Identity, and a New Role in World War Two: A Case Study of the Canadian Missionary Dr. Richard Brown in China, 1938-19391 SHENG-PING GUO Emmanuel College, University of Toronto Canadian churches began to send their organized, large-scale, and financially supported missionaries to China in the late 1880s.2 Even though that was later than most Western countries, from the peak time in 1920s to the great retreat in late 1940s the number of Canadian missionar- ies in China was ranked only next to the ones of America and British origins.3 The missionaries’ activities reached almost all of China. They accomplished some major projects, such as the creation of Christian universities, middle schools, hospitals, and churches.4 In missionary fields such as Taiwan, Henan, and Sichuan, the recognizable identity of Canada as a nation and the identities of denominational churches and famous missionaries gave the various Canadian missionary groups a role in influencing Canadian-Chinese relations.5 Before official diplomatic relations were established in 1942 between the Republic of China and Canada, missionaries were the main Canadian residential population in China and the main envoys among peoples and the two nations. Generally speaking, for a changing world system in the modern age of overseas expansion, missionaries played roles as “advance agents” of imperialism or the “brokers of a global cultural exchange” by contributing to the modernization process of host countries.6 Then “Christianization” became Western countries’ ideology and the motivation of their foreign policy-makers and missionaries for overseas expansion. Christian progressivism and pacifism, in some degree, stimulated Western soldiers, missionaries, diplomats, and traders in Historical Papers 2015: Canadian Society of Church History 6 A Case Study of the Canadian Missionary Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • China's Politics of Modernization / by David Yuen Yeung.
    CHINA'S POLITICS OF MODERNIZATION David Yuen Yeung B.A., Simon Fraser University, 1975 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Political Science David Yuen Yeung SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY AUGUST 1982 A11 rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name : David Yuen Yeung Degree : Master of Arts Title of Thesis: China's Politics of Modernization Examining Committee: Chairperson: Maureen Cove11 F. Qu&i/Quo, Senior Supervisor Ted Cohn KenY'? Okga, External Examiner ~ssodiateProfessor Department of Economics and Commerce Simon Fraser University PARTIAL COPY RIGHT LICENSE I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis or dissertation (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for mu1 tiple copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Title of Thesi s1Dissertation : e CXtnds /3dh oj- ~d~a*nl~efim Author : (signature) (name) (date) ABSTRACT This thesis is an attempt to examine the modernization efforts of the People's Republic of China under Mao and the post-Mao period.
    [Show full text]
  • Elizabeth P. Maccallum, the Canadian Department of External Affairs, and the Palestine Mandate to 1947 By
    The Outsider: Elizabeth P. MacCallum, the Canadian Department of External Affairs, and the Palestine Mandate to 1947 by Richard Newport A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Carleton University Ottawa, Canada © 2014 Richard Newport i Abstract Elizabeth Pauline MacCallum was Canada’s leading expert on the Middle East in the first part of the twentieth century. From 1925 to 1935, as a research analyst and author for the Foreign Policy Association (FPA), she gained international recognition for her scholarship on the problems and challenges confronting the Middle East and the British Mandate in Palestine, the central ground of dispute between the Arab and Jewish peoples. MacCallum joined Canada’s Department of External Affairs (DEA) in 1942, not as a regional specialist, but as a wartime clerk. Where there had been previously no clear official thinking regarding the Middle East, MacCallum, using a combination of expertise and persistence, slowly gained recognition among her peers for her understanding of the region. The purpose of this thesis is to examine MacCallum’s ideas about the Middle East by investigating the foundation, development, and substance of her ideas about the region. The thesis also identifies the role that she played in the Department of External Affairs and interrogates the manner in which she applied her ideas as a member of the DEA. In particular, this study assesses her part in the making of Canada’s first policy towards the Middle East, which came together in 1947.
    [Show full text]
  • OVERVIEWS of ORAL HISTORY Panelists Peter Stursberg -- Author
    OVERVIEWS OF ORAL HISTORY Panelists Peter Stursberg -- author, former broadcaster, adjunct professor, Simon Fraser University Richard Lochead -- archivist, National Film, Television and Sound Archives. President, COHA 11Oral History and the Electronic Age'' two large boxes weighing &me 80 pounds. by Peter Stursberg They were the finest hi-fidelity equip- ment of the times, the latest of the 'state of art' and they were described as portable. They were portable in the Although Oral History is as old as sense that they could be carried around history itself, as an organized activi- on a jeep. This was in the dark ages ty, as a popular movement, or pastime, before the transistor and before high- it is a child of the electronic age. tech and miniaturization. The first time That child grew up at the same speed as that 1 worked with tape - the tape as we the recording equipment grew smaller know it now, the electronic tape - was until it has become the giant that it is in the early '50s at the United Nations. today. I remember it well because when I was I suppose the first oral history recording my reports and commentaries in recordings of the electronic age were the '50s I used to say, "I'll pause five the war reports of the CBC war corres- seconds for spiralling." And I no lon- pondents, the piles of aluminum backed ger had to say that now that we had a platters which cluttered up the newsroom tape recorder, but I went on saying it of the corporation after VE Day.
    [Show full text]
  • The Defence Research Board of Canada, 1947 to 1977
    The Defence Research Board of Canada, 1947 to 1977 by Jonathan Turner A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology University of Toronto © Copyright by Jonathan Turner 2012 The Defence Research Board of Canada, 1947 to 1977 Jonathan Turner Doctor of Philosophy Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology University of Toronto 2012 Abstract The Defence Research Board of Canada existed from 1947 to 1977. It was created because of the successful contribution of scientific management and specific military technologies to victory in the Second World War, and it was dismantled during a period of review and renewal of the government’s science and defence policies. The demise of the Defence Research Board demonstrated the triumph of business and public administration models over scientific management in spite of the successful defence research program. Among the successful projects of the Defence Research Board were satellites, research rockets, hydrofoils, nylon pile clothing, the wind chill factor, the strategic distinction between first and second nuclear strikes, open heart surgery, and blast trials. The strengths of the Defence Research Board were the scientific management practices that united the four Chairmen (Omond Solandt, Hartley Zimmerman, Robert Uffen and Léon L’Heureux) and the bench scientists. Over the course of its existence the Defence Research Board was shaped by six chains of events. 1. Solandt’s ability to recruit veterans from 1947 to 1953, 2. The election of John Diefenbaker and the ensuing conflict between Diefenbaker and civil servants, particularly over nuclear weapons, which led to the Royal Commission on ii Government Organisation and a decade of review of national defence policy (including two White Papers, integration and unification, and the Management Review Group), 3.
    [Show full text]