Kolaborasi : Jurnal Administrasi Publik, April 2021, Volume 7, Nomor 1 (e-ISSN: 2620-3499|p-ISSN:2442-949X)

The Identification of Scientific Findings of Strategic Public Policies on The Prohibition of Using Plastic Bags in Stores, Markets and Supermarkets: A Lesson For

Asmadianto1*, Karina Arfany Arfah2

1 Institut Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Yapis Biak, 2 Institut Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Yapis Biak, Indonesia

Abstract

This qualitative study aimed to understand the relevance of scientific evidence and the effect of local government policies on the prohibition of using plastic bags in shopping centers in Biak Numfor Regency. As a government, it can make regional policies to continue the sustainable development of all sectors, including developing a healthy environment free of plastic waste. To understand this effect, we have collected data from various literature and scientific studies of publications that also voice the importance of local government policies to keep the environment healthy from plastic waste. After we found the data, we analyzed it with a descriptive approach through coding, in-depth interpretation, and concluding. For our study to answer this study's questions, we pay attention to data validity and reliability principles. We follow the suggested data design. Our study found that the policy to prohibit plastic bags has maintained the cleanliness of the residential environment where people live. However, on the other hand, there are still parties who are still disadvantaged by this policy. Thus, this result will be the initial stage of government efforts to preserve a healthy Biak Numfor Regency environment.

Keywords: administration, organization, policy

Abstrak

Penelitian kualitatif ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui identifikasi bukti ilmiah dan pengaruh kebijakan pemerintah daerah terhadap larangan penggunaan kantong plastik di pusat perbelanjaan di Kabupaten

http://journal.unismuh.ac.id/index.php/kolaborasi Biak Numfor. Sebagai pemerintah, dapat membuat kebijakan daerah untuk melanjutkan pembangunan berkelanjutan di semua sektor, termasuk membangun lingkungan yang sehat bebas sampah plastik. Untuk memahami dampak tersebut, kami telah mengumpulkan data dari berbagai literatur dan kajian ilmiah dari publikasi yang juga menyuarakan pentingnya kebijakan pemerintah daerah untuk menjaga kesehatan lingkungan dari sampah plastik. Data yang didapat kemudian dianalisis dengan pendekatan deskriptif melalui pengkodean, interpretasi mendalam, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Untuk penelitian kami untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian ini, kami memperhatikan prinsip validitas dan reliabilitas data. Kami mengikuti desain data yang disarankan. Studi kami menemukan bahwa kebijakan pelarangan kantong plastik berdampak pada terjaganya kebersihan lingkungan hunian tempat tinggal masyarakat. Namun di sisi lain, masih ada pihak yang dirugikan oleh kebijakan ini. Dengan demikian, hasil ini akan menjadi langkah awal dari upaya pemerintah dalam menjaga lingkungan Kabupaten Biak Numfor yang sehat.

Kata Kunci: administrasi, organisasi, kebijakan

*[email protected]

DOI: https://doi.org/10.26618/kjap.v7i1.4469

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tonnes per year. The problem is worse getting because plastic waste takes a very timelong down to break and cons. The government explained that the policy was carried out because single use plastic bags constituted a significant waste. Approximately 34 percent of the 39 milli Bantargebang are single According to environmental plastic waste is also scientists, a global problem, and Indonesia is one of the most significant contributors. Based on a report from the Jambeck Research G Walker, land into the ocean, in 2015, Indonesia was ranked second as a contri waste. The country produces 1.3 million influenced the in Stores, Plastic Bags Prohibition of Using community on Markets and a Supermarkets: lesson for the the Government. Regency Numfor Biak policy, it can be examined in Jakarta governor's the DKI policy to ban single shopping places supermarkets, and public markets starting such yesterday, July 1, 2020. Even though it has as shops, been passed, the regulations Pergub Number stated 142 of in 2019 concerni the Obligation to Use Friendly Shopping Environmentally Bags still triggers pros April , ISSN:2442 -

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Kolaborasi : Jurnal : Kolaborasi use use plastic waste. The - le INTRODUCTION The enactment of the Regional

understand how this public pol Numfor Numfor Regency's regional regulations. For those regulations, we will identify and longer longer provide single buyers according to the provisions in Biak and convenience stores and cakes no in the Perda; if it is not available, then a fine may be applied. T provision provision of a place to dispose of trash in the car is one of the regulations contained public transportation and private vehicles to provide trash cans in vehicles. The from prohibiting single the Regional Regula will play an active role in socializing the prohibition of using plastic bags. Apart Department of Environment hopes that the various elements of Biak Numfor residents supermarkets, support regional regulations to reduce sing business business actors, including kiosks and garbage garbage dumped government in hopes the that tub. residents and The environment's environment's cleanliness community lives; for example, there is less where the policy policy to prohibit plastic bags has resulted in maintaining th Numfor Numfor Regency, , has effectively reduced waste in residential areas. The Regulation on the Prohibition of the of Use Plastic Bags since June 1, 2019, in Biak

3 Kolaborasi : Jurnal Administrasi Publik, April 2021, Volume 7, Nomor 1 (e-ISSN: 2620-3499|p-ISSN:2442-949X)

The government needs a policy to online, and TV. The government has deal with this problem. Gradually the conducted formal and informal government started limiting single-use socialization to market traders. Various plastic bags. There are many substitutions socializations in the form of printed media for this type, so the government believes it have also been distributed in all market will not be a problem for the community. areas. It is hoped that the visitors and One of the substitutes for disposable market traders will be ready to implement plastic bags is an environmentally friendly the plastic ban in early July. shopping bag. If they do not bring it when Pros and Contra Over Policy shopping, business people usually sell it

too. Because business actors who comply This policy proposal has been with this policy. In this case, the surfacing for a long time. Since then, this government will undoubtedly provide policy has triggered the pros and cons. For

regional fiscal incentives such as tax example, a representative from one of the reduction or relief. Meanwhile, those who mini-market companies that has gone do not run will be given three reprimands national, Wiwiek Yusuf, the managing until their business license is revoked. This company in charge of retail, admits that he policy reduces businesses' costs to prepare does not object to the regulation. The ban disposable shopping bags, and consumers on single-use plastic bags has no impact on can use environmentally friendly materials sales. However, he emphasized that that can be used repeatedly. adjustments need to be made. One of the In this case, the Biak district government things that the company will do is to

http://journal.unismuh.ac.id/index.php/kolaborasi has been highly committed and has carried continue educating the public to offer out socialization since 2019. Socialization environmentally friendly bags and was carried out by directly visiting familiarize consumers with carrying them shopping centers, hundreds of more in shopping. In line with this national retail supermarkets, and dozens of people's company, other companies, as managers of markets and the associations that shelter national retail outlets, support this policy. them. The Biak district government also He admits that the companies they manage distributed posters and banners about the have been running a plastic bag reduction implementation of socialization and campaign both in outlets and in outdoor education to managers. Apart from activities through his corporate affairs directly, the government also socializes director. Besides, their company has also with the public through news media, print, provided paid plastic bags. The point is

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policy issues in particular. issues policy more expensive and may be abandoned by customers. In line with this UMKM, the Association has Indonesian Plastic Industry admitted its objection. According to him, this ban will potentially make thous hit the of work. He industry obtained this figure from the and government's calculations, especially the Regional Government. Biak influence of Government policy on the the prohibition of using plastic bags Biak in shops Regional supermarkets, we will explore the evidence from previous studies that have discussed Enterprises (MSMEs). Akumindo stated that this policy would make sm actors worse. The economic issues should have been improved during COVID then the environment should be improved. The UMKM asked the reviewed and policy evaluated. to Don't be they cannot because manage plastic waste to make this policy. T Biak's local government did not provide an alternative, let alone for packaging liquid or fruit products. If anything, he doubted there was an alternative as cheap and easy as plastic. Eventually, the traders will find it difficu April , ISSN:2442 -

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ent; of course, plastic bags must ions ions that have implemented this

However, However, environmentalists also What What the Association of the

this regulation Association of Micro, Small and is Medium the Indonesian and Bogor. One of those andwho disagree Bogor. with other reg earlier, such as , Banjarmasin, implemented in the past. Apart from the Biak district, DKI Jakarta is slower than question why this policy has not been socialization efforts, especially business actors. maximized, he asked the Biak R Government to be more aggressive in example, thinks this policy is a potential step to reduce plastic waste. To be campaigner campaigner Muharram Atha Rasyadi, for environmental Indonesia. issues, Urban Greenpeace Indonesia Greenpeace Pro Pro support has also come from a governmental non organization engaged in repeatedly. repeatedly. The government also provides oversight of tenants and gives warnings. public so that retailers and consumers can provide shopping bags that can be used government admits that this pol Therefore, they need socialization to the of this is policy an essential effort from the government's commitment. The Indonesian Indonesian Shopping Center Regency said in in welcoming the existence Biak environm be reduced. they are very supportive of a better living 5 Kolaborasi : Jurnal Administrasi Publik, April 2021, Volume 7, Nomor 1 (e-ISSN: 2620-3499|p-ISSN:2442-949X)

METHOD RESULT

This qualitative study's primary In this section of results, we will objective on environmental protection is to present a literature review of the relevance examine and understand the scientific of international journals' findings and the evidence on the Biak Regional strategic public policy of prohibiting the Government's policy of prohibiting the use use of plastic bags in shops, markets, and of plastic bags in shops, markets, and supermarkets. This study is a lesson for the supermarkets. We will explore evidence people of Biak Numfor Regency. Because from previous studies that address specific this section is part of explaining the results policy issues as mentioned above. After of the study, we only present the results, searching the data electronically, various while the discussion will be described in literature, and international publications on the next section.

similar policies, we then reviewed ten Policy and Scientific Evidence publications as the primary data to see the

relevance between the previous study data There have been occasional ad hoc findings and similar policies implemented efforts to influence consumer behavior by in Biak District. Our data is analyzed using imposing product taxes that reflect external a coding, evaluation, and in-depth costs imposed by such products that are not interpretation system through a initially included in their price. In the spirit phenomenological approach and ensures of this idea, in 2002, Ireland introduced a the analysis results are valid and reliable. 15 Euro cent tax on plastic shopping bags, http://journal.unismuh.ac.id/index.php/kolaborasi This qualitative analysis design follows the previously provided free of charge to direction of qualitative scientific study customers at points of sale. The tax on the experts such as Ritchie et al., (2013). We use of plastic bags in retail outlets has been conducted a data search process with the dramatic—a reduction in use in the order help of the Google search engine and of 90%, and an associated gain in reduced Cendikia Cendikia with keywords such as littering and harmful landscape effects. "plastic bag policy," "relevance of policies Costs of administration have been low, to save the environment," "environmental amounting to about 3% of revenues, problems in the COVID-19 era," "and" because it was possible to integrate qualitative studies." reporting and collection into existing Value Added Tax reporting systems. Response from the main stakeholders: the public and

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Drafting business as such stages, design, cooperation, assurance application, before it and is passed into law, a sanctioned policy. scientific There evidence is proving ample effectiveness of statutory bans the in inhibi policy marine inpollution Africa. In 2019 Nigeria scrapped its plastic bag ban regulations, which penalize the use, production, and export of all commercial plastic products. Bills proposed by the based government on rules are and penalties that elsew apply are enforced passed Nigerian rules and the boundaries identified. They highlighted how the bill could be re policies to improve marine sustainability. plastic bags' intervention was new in 1991. Indeed, several findings have identified or evaluat andreduction policies. strategies Nwafor & Walker, ban's official regulation on theplastic bags is use successful about the of initial legality, which aims to plasticspollution in Improperly Nigeria. by reduce marine managed single entering the oceans are a gl So the plastic bag ban policy is following environmental protection laws in Africa. However, this problem is a prohibition by April , ISSN:2442 -

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ther jurisdictions Xanthos Xanthos & Walker,

Kolaborasi : Jurnal : Kolaborasi h these stakeholders. The use use plastic bags and - d policies to unravel the They They said that international . Evidence of a similar study on plastic Evidence of a similar study 2017)

bags. bags. While state microbeads policy was appropriate to in reduce 2014, and measures to reduce the use of plastic the market. Their current international market findings revie made policymakers aware of plastic pollution, reducing especially plastics from impacts of plastic pollution in the ocean continue to increase; few findings have ways ways an environmental, social, and economic pollution, especially in water. Although each country's policies are different, the over over the last few decades. Plastic bags and microbeads are a significant source of global global issue that has continued to blow microbeads. Their findings confirm ocean plastic pollution has become a policies are to reduce marine plastic waste from single bag bag management by ( planning similarplanning proposals. success success story and provides insights and general guidelines for o interest to many policymakers in this area. This paper analyses the plastic bag levy fact that a product consumer behavior significantly will be tax of can influence consultation wit overwhelmingly overwhelmingly positive. Central to this acceptance has been a policy of extensive the retail industry, has been 7 Kolaborasi : Jurnal Administrasi Publik, April 2021, Volume 7, Nomor 1 (e-ISSN: 2620-3499|p-ISSN:2442-949X)

protecting the marine environment from rule is $ 0.10 in one; Tax regulations allow the dangers of plastic waste. retailers to reduce all costs. Local Wagner, (2017) findings have on governments continue to step up their reducing dependence on plastic grocery plastic bags, and eleven federal states have bags in the US. His study of plastic waste adopted legal prohibiting the federal management in the US has the prime government from making single-use plastic responsibility for urban waste bags. With the success of single-use bags, management. The federal government does the federal government has also applied not have the power to explicitly managing similar regulations to single-use expanded costs or fines for waste producers. One of polystyrene products and any single-use the most dangerous wastes for the plastic products. environment is a single-use plastic bag. In Jalil et al., (2013) proved that plastic 2014, in the US, 103,465 billion bags were bags and their impact on the environment

included. Due to their very little recycling, had become an alternative proposal these plastic bags remain significant land towards environmental conservation and marine debris and destroy water policies by prohibiting excessive use of management systems. According to this plastic bags. Millions of plastic factories study, the effect of this plastic can reduce produce hundreds of tons of plastic bags the effectiveness of automatic recycling. because plastic is popular with single-use. The government has adopted various Because it is cheap and the convenience of policies specifically to reduce the its use. However, the impact is risk has consumption of shopping bags at the store never been discussed, at least, studied

http://journal.unismuh.ac.id/index.php/kolaborasi level in 5 categories: prohibition, the easily understood seriously. Developed imposition of taxes, designing minimum countries have banned excessive plastic bag products, requiring consumer bags because of the negative impact on education, and mandating a withdrawal environmental and biological life, program. especially in agricultural continents, such In September 2017, there are as Indonesia, India, and South Africa. This approximately 271 local governments in paper has used thinking based on literature the US with plastic bag regulations of reviews and interviews from experts to 9.7% of the national population. The identify the effectiveness of scientific majority (95%) of the rules ban plastic findings from the public policy on the bags; 56.9% of this prohibition on prohibition of plastic use. This study mandatory fees and reusable bags. The fee focuses on environmental sustainability

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understand that reducing plastic is only a provoking step to significant lifestyle to change be healthier wise. more a environmentally and more the plastic waste industry. In succeeded in reducing about 40 percent of plastic bags using a voluntary approach, then limitedfacing on funds. levy A plastic bags in Ireland reduces more than ninety percent of plastic bags in Other recent findings years. in this paper economic found disincentives are appropriate and effective policies to reduce the most the plastic bag impact. public's These studies have side effects and environmental will often invite a continuous increase in costs to continue the effect. Therefore, the plastic bag tax voluntarily, and the state and must citizens must be harmonized explores the value and of efficacy reducing the environmental impact of buyers examining by the policy of reducing plastic bags. Plastic impacts on wildlife, landscapes, and litter management. Alternatives such as bags made from materials, environmentally plastic bags friendly rot recycling quickly, is not or healthy alternatives replace plastic to bags because the environmental impact is getting This paper worse. describes three types of plastic bag reduction policies. In South Africa, a dramatic decline in the sale and purchase of plastic bags and the risk of job losses in April , ISSN:2442 -

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global global pattern of has has successfully Clapp & Swanston,

Kolaborasi : Jurnal : Kolaborasi thinking thinking of policies on - 2010) networked and multi ( - and humans themselves and humans have have been successful in how to

Sung, Sung, The findings of 2009)

continues to be exacerbated plasticby bags that have become an impact. This study environmental impact of consumers discusses discusses the assumptions and thoughts, and practices of consumers. Th examined how to ban plastic bags the right step? This empirical study on the dynamics of norms internationally of norms on the dynamics prohibition. These various interpretations of domestic norms, in turn, have an impact interests' interests' effectiveness in understanding norms into state policies on plastic bag ethics in different countries and at different country levels are related to material shows shows that differences in representing the global emergence of new environmental norms. This study also pattern explores and characterizes a series of events, non the dynamics and plastic bag implementa ban policies. This movement plastic bag use globally in recent have forced years the re rapid and broadening of the ethics of anti plastic andshopping the policy of reducing clean plastic bags. A emerging ethics and policymaking. Their ( environment understanding understanding alternatives to plastic bags that are not harmful to both the and economic development by 9 Kolaborasi : Jurnal Administrasi Publik, April 2021, Volume 7, Nomor 1 (e-ISSN: 2620-3499|p-ISSN:2442-949X)

He, (2012) succeeded in researching and environmentalists, and the plastic the impact of a plastic-free healthy wrapping industry. Consumers as the main environmental policy on consumption, a consequence, this study assesses the lesson from plastic bag regulations in impact of the campaign on citizen China. To reduce plastic bag waste, China awareness, consumer knowledge, attitudes, created a state-specific policy prohibiting and public behavior of plastic users and all kiosk retailers and convenience stores examines and discusses various from collecting taxes on plastic shopping applications of the policy. The study bags starting June 1, 2008. By adopting an surveyed questionnaires from 262 experimental policy and the natural households in Johor and conducted semi- collection of data from individuals after structured interviews with relevant application, he investigated the impact of stakeholders. However, it still needs regulations on usage bag. He found that the support from regulatory or legislative

regulation's application led to a 50 percent makers who will provide clear guidelines decrease in the use of new bags. Apart and mechanisms for plastic consumers, from law enforcement, consumer attitudes mini-market retailers, and the plastic bag towards regulation and buyers' socio- industry. The implication of using plastic economic characteristics also influence bag bags for garbage collection bins as a prime consumption. However, regulation is very part of waste management reveals the different between market consumer groups urgency of seeing plastic bag tax and between regions, and shopping events collections from a waste management in each place are under the control of perspective so that they do not impact the

http://journal.unismuh.ac.id/index.php/kolaborasi national regulations. environment. Zen et al., (2013) report that there is DISCUSSION no day without an anti-plastic bag

campaign in Malaysia and government The Biak Regional Government, policy implications. The plastic bag-free through the Biak Numfor Environmental campaign day consists of an additional fee Service, enacted a Regional Regulation on of IDR 1000 per plastic bag at shopping the Prohibition of the Use of Plastic Bags centers and food wrapping stores. To since June 1, 2019, effectively reducing reduce the use of plastic bags and protect waste in residential areas. The policy to the environment. However, the campaign prohibit the use of plastic bags has resulted has provoked many public reactions, in maintaining the residential including consumers, governments, nature environment's cleanliness where the

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10 noted noted

city city of DKI uman life. 2008) (

.

1 land, land, sea, and air. i, 2020)

Artiningsih, Artiningsih, , Nomor , 7 in landfills, where they take

(Andriyat . , Volume , 949X) 1 - However, However, Studies from several international data data in the field shows that the policy 202

t been socialized as a replacement. For this reason, researchers are identifying the interested effectiveness in of information applied by policy the community in especially, Biak district, has implemented a district,a Biak especially, implemented has new policy in an excessive ban on plastic bags. Empirical data shows that there are regions that have Indeed, applied a government like the the policy. Jakarta is actively formulating policies in the form of a ban on Sinceplastic bags. the last six months, government has conducted socialization on the Biak the policy Regency tha to ban plastic bags has been implemented since 2019. environmentally friendly As bags, it has also an alternative to often end up hundreds of years to break down naturally. Bags of leather break down particles into toxic that waterways pollute and enter the the food plants chain soil when of animals and accidentally ingest of h tothem, poisoning leading publications have made aware of the waste from plastic waste, which is increasingly endangering Indonesia's which is environment, increasing day by day and can disrupt the environment both sustainability Therefore, of the Indonesian the government, April , ISSN:2442 -

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the policy of said that a

in plastic waste 2018) ( Kolaborasi : Jurnal : Kolaborasi use plastic waste, the - use use plastic waste. Apart from - CHUA et al., As As mentioned above, ementation of regional regulations to biodegradable waste. Hard and -

non expensive plastic bags are recycled and prohibition policy does reduce the risk of plastic shopping bags emissions. Even increases so, gas this government together with an increase bags, which means banning the use of several several risks such increases the amount as of paper very large, plastic, which temporary temporary substitute, paper can be used as a biodegradable material and can avoid a topolicy prohibit excessive use of plastic bags. policies, there will be many and policies, theregoals be good many will reasons why the government should make government's government's awareness of various the air and becoming toxic pollut land and air animals. With the landfills, it decompose, releasing pollutants willfumes into take centuries to and is very risky for the survival of animal ecosystems. When plastic is dumped into prohibiting plastic bags ends up in the sea transportation and private trash cansprovide in vehicles. vehicles to prohibiting single Regional Regulation also requires public impl reduce single supermarkets, have fully supported the government and residents, and business actors, including owners of kiosks and community lives. Through this policy, the 11 Kolaborasi : Jurnal Administrasi Publik, April 2021, Volume 7, Nomor 1 (e-ISSN: 2620-3499|p-ISSN:2442-949X)

the Biak district. This study will make it findings include that the policy of easier to find out information and policies prohibiting the use of plastic bags in any on the Prohibition of Plastic Bags for country has begun to receive a welcome environmentally friendly materials. from citizens. All of the ten publications Respondents from the ten scientific reports we studied were very responsive and we studied support and are in line with the started to understand long before studies we carry out, which will later be implementing it in Indonesia. used in other environmental studies. REFERENCES Meanwhile, the analysis of the ten data on

the findings of environmental studies and Andriyati, D. W. (2020). Precarious Success Program (Studi Tentang the dangers of plastic bags observed the Efektivitas Pelaksanaan Program correlation between information on the Kantong Plastik Berbayar Di Toko Ritel Modern Di Kota Surabaya) policy on the prohibition of plastic bags [PhD Thesis]. Universitas Airlangga. and residents' reception in Biak Numfor Artiningsih, N. K. A. (2008). Peran serta masyarakat dalam pengelolaan district. sampah rumah tangga (Studi kasus di Sampangan dan Jomblang, Kota CONCLUSION Semarang) [PhD Thesis]. program Pascasarjana Universitas As mentioned above, this policy Diponegoro. CHUA, D. H. dkk. (2018). Disposal Of study aims to identify the Biak Numfor Non-Biodegradable Waste By Small Regency government policy towards the Business Owners Along Don Jose Avila Street. environment from the dangers of unlimited Clapp, J., & Swanston, L. (2009). Doing use of plastic bags. This study is away with plastic shopping bags:

http://journal.unismuh.ac.id/index.php/kolaborasi International patterns of norm considered very important because it has emergence and policy paid attention to environmental implementation. Environmental Politics, 18(3), 315–332. sustainability from plastic bags' dangerous He, H. (2012). Effects of environmental risks. The ten publications of scientific policy on consumption: Lessons from the Chinese plastic bag publications on plastic bag policies in regulation. Environment and several countries that have discussed Development Economics, 17(4), 407–431. policy issues, in particular, are all very Jalil, M. A., Mian, M. N., & Rahman, M. relevant to our research questions where K. (2013). Using plastic bags and its damaging impact on environment we both want to understand and identify and agriculture: An alternative the extent to which it is relevant in practice proposal. International Journal of Learning & Development, 3(4), 1– in the field, especially in Indonesia, both in 14. Biak district and other big cities. The

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Zen, Zen, I. S., Ahamad, R., & Omar, W. Xanthos, Xanthos, D., & Walker, T. R. (2017). Wagner, Wagner, T. P. (2017). Reducing single Sung, Sung, G. B. (2010). Ban on Plastic Bags Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C. M., & Nwafor, N., & Walker, T. R. (2020).