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Pelayaran Orang Biak Numfor Sebelum Abad 19 Suatu Tinjauan Sejarah Maritim

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Pelayaran Orang Biak Numfor Sebelum Abad 19 Suatu Tinjauan Sejarah Maritim (Desy Polla Usmany) Pelayaran Orang Biak Numfor Sebelum Abad 19 Suatu Tinjauan Sejarah Maritim PELAYARAN ORANG BIAK NUMFOR SEBELUM ABAD 19 SUATU TINJAUAN SEJARAH MARITIM BIAK NOEMFOOR SHIPPING BEFORE THE 19 CENTURY THE REVIEW OF MARITIME HISTORY Desy Polla Usmany Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Jayapura Papua Jln. Isele Waena Kampung Jayapura Telp.(0967) 571089, Fax.(0967) 573383 Email: [email protected] Hp. 081354115370 Naskah diterima 17 Juni 2014, diterima setelah perbaikan 13 Juli 2014, disetujui untuk dicetak 20 Juli 2014 ABSTRAK Orang Biak Numfor adalah penduduk asli Papua yang tinggal di kepulauan Biak Numfor. Sebagai masyarakat bahari, mereka memiliki kemampuan dalam pengetahuan tentang alam, astronomi dan teknologi transportasi laut. Dari berbagai sumber sejarah, baik tertulis maupun lisan, diketahui bahwa sebelum abad 15, orang Biak Numfor sudah berlayar ke bagian Barat dan Timur Papua, bahkan hingga keluar Papua. Faktor penyebab pelayaran antara lain tuntutan hidup, harta kawin, budak, aib dan ego korfandi. Namun setelah Tidore berhasil menaklukkan sebagian pantai bagian Barat dan kepala burung Papua, tujuan pelayaran mulai berubah. Perburuan budak lebih dominan. Mereka menjadi perompak Papua. Terlebih setelah Belanda berhasil menaklukkan Tidore. Wilayah pelayaran mereka semakin meluas hingga ke Jawa, bahkan diyakini sampai ke Malaka. Peran mereka semakin menurun seiring dengan bangkitnya perompak Tobelo pada abad 19. Secara garis besar, jalur pelayaran mereka dimulai dari kepulauan Biak Numfor, selanjutnya menyusuri tanah besar Papua ke bagian Barat dan Timur. Pelayaran ini menyebabkan banyak orang Biak Numfor kemudian tinggal dan menetap di berbagai daerah lain di luar kepulauan Biak Numfor. Persebaran penduduk Biak Numfor ini berdampak pada terciptanya hubungan emosional nasionalisme kebangsaan Indonesia, sehingga muncul pergerakan kebangsaan di Biak pada tahun 1948. Kata Kunci : Sejarah Maritim, Biak Numfor, Papua ABSTRACT Biak Noemfoor people are indigenous people living in the islands of Biak. As a maritime community, they have the ability in the knowledge of nature, astronomy and marine transportation technology. From a variety of historical sources, both written and verbal, it is known that before the 15th century, the Biak Noemfoor already sailed to the East and West Papua, even to get out of Papua. Factors causing the cruise include the demands of life, property mating, slave, embarrassment and ego korfandi. However, after successful conquered most Tidore western coast and Papua bird’s head, began to change the shipping destination. The hunt for the slave is more dominant. They become pirates Papua. Especially after the Dutch conquered Tidore. Increasingly shipping their territory extended to Java, and even believed to Malacca. Their role has declined with the rise of Tobelo pirates in the 19th century. Broadly speaking, the cruise line they started from Biak Noemfoor islands, further down the great land of Papua to the West and the East. This leads many people cruise Biak Noemfoor then lived and settled in many other areas outside the island Biak. Biak Noemfoor population distribution has resulted in the creation of an emotional connection Indonesian nationalism, nationalist movement that emerged in Biak in 1948. Keywords: Maritime History Biak Noemfoor 199 Jnana Budaya Volume 19, Nomor 2, Agustus 2014 (199 - 216) A. PENDAHULUAN Di Papua, bukti sejarah maritim yang Papua adalah pulau terujung di bagian masih dapat kita jumpai hingga sekarang, adalah Timur, dari wilayah Republik Indonesia, pelayaran orang Biak Numfor. Pelayaran yang memiliki cukup banyak sejarah pelayaran dilakukan, menyebabkan komunitas mereka yang menghubungkannya dengan penduduk mampu tersebar ke berbagai daerah di Papua Indonesia lainnya. Namun sejarah itu hanya dan luar Papua. Keturunannya diketahui berada diceriterakan secara turun-temurun. Belum di Maluku, Raja Ampat dan hampir di semua ditemukan sumber tertulis dari orang Papua pesisir tanah Besar Papua dari Barat hingga ke yang berasal dari masa itu. Sumber sejarah Timur, bahkan juga di Makassar. kebanyakan berasal dari berita asing pada Secara politik, orang Biak Numfor masa Portugis dan Belanda. Sumber tertulis termasuk yang diperhitungkan oleh Portugis yang dianggap paling tua menceriterakan dan Belanda. Mereka dianggap sebagai hubungan Papua dengan daerah lain adalah sekutu Tidore yang handal. Kemampuan kitab Negarakertagama yang ditulis oleh Mpu mereka dalam berperang dan mengarungi Prapanca tahun 1364/1365 yang menyebutkan lautan membuat armada laut Tidore semakin nama-nama tempat yang memiliki hubungan jaya. Mereka diketahui memiliki hubungan dengan Majapahit antara lain wwanin ri Sran in emosional dengan Kesultanan Tidore, akibat Timur ning angeka nusatutur (Koentjaraningrat, perkawinan antara Gurabesi (tokoh legendaris 1963: 47-56) Wanin diketahui sebagai Onin Biak Numfor dan Raja Ampat) yang kawin (sekarang Kabupaten Fak-Fak) dan Sran dengan Boki Taiba Adik Sultan Tidore. Di diketahui sebagai Kowiai (sekarang Kabupaten samping itu secara politik wilayah Biak Kaimana). Numfor diklaim oleh Tidore sebagai bagian Berbicara tentang sejarah pelayaran, dari wilayah kekuasaannya. berarti berbicara tentang sejarah maritim. Pada masa perdagangan budak, banyak A.B.Lapian (1992) memberi pandangan orang Biak Numfor yang turut menjadi mengenai pembahasan sejarah maritim bahwa perompak laut. Ada yang berlayar hanya dengan Sejarah maritim Indonesia seharusnya melihat keretnya saja, namun ada juga yang bergabung seluruh wilayah perairan Indonesia sebagai dengan para perompak dari Raja Ampat. Mereka pemersatu yang mengintegrasikan ribuan pulau dikenal sebagai perompak Papua. Armada di Indonesia. Dengan demikian, laut tidak saja perompak ini kebanyakan dipimpin oleh orang dipandang sebagai salah satu sumber daya alam Tidore. Peran mereka sebagai perompak yang bagi kebutuhan hidup manusia, tetapi laut lebih sangat ditakuti, berakhir pada abad-18, dengan dipandang sebagai media pemersatu bangsa. munculnya perompak Tobelo pada abad-19. Pandangan A.B. Lapian, diharapkan Menurut Kamma (1981:60) diketahui dapat mengubah pandangan kita selama ini sudah sejak abad ke-15 orang Biak Numfor mengenai laut. Laut tidak hanya dipandang sampai ke Barat (kepulauan Maluku) dan sebagai media penghubung antar pulau dan Tidore. Hubungan dagang ini bisa terjadi media sumber pangan dan mata pencaharian tentunya karena ada pelayaran orang-orang saja, namun juga sebagai media integrasi yang Biak Numfor ke Bandar-bandar Niaga yang mempersatukan ribuan pulau di Indonesia. lebih besar, sehingga terjadi kontak. Namun Dengan demikian laut memiliki peran dan bagaimana dan di mana jalur pelayaran dan arti bagi pengembangan kajian sejarah, dimulainnya kontak dagang itu masih perlu di mana laut, pulau dan hal-hal lain yang terus digali. berhubungan dengannya menjadi unit analisis Pelayaran orang Biak-Numfor ke guna menemukan jejak-jejak pelayaran yang beberapa tempat yang kemudian ternyata mengintegrasikan bangsa Indonesia. memicu terjadinya gelombang-gelombang 200 (Desy Polla Usmany) Pelayaran Orang Biak Numfor Sebelum Abad 19 Suatu Tinjauan Sejarah Maritim migrasi, menjadi perhatian G,J,Held. Dalam Numfor sebelum abad 19; 4) Bagaimana jalur penulisan Theodoor P.van Baaren, G.J.Held pelayaran dan persebaran orang Biak Numfor menyebutkan bahwa ia mencirikan tiga pusat serta dampaknya terhadap integrasi bangsa. migrasi suku-suku di dalam teluk Geelvink Adapun tujuan penelitian adalah : 1) karena adanya percampuran budaya. Ia Mengetahui keberadaan orang Biak Numfor menyebut Biak-Numfor kelompok, yang paling sebagai salah satu suku bangsa asli Papua di utama, daerah sepanjang pantai Wandamen, dan Kabupaten Biak Numfor dan menggali kembali areal pulau-pulau Waropen. (Suzanne Greub, kemaritiman mereka, dalam hal ini mengenai 1992: 17) Pendapat ini menguatkan eksisitensi pengetahuan tentang alam, astronomi dan orang Biak-Numfor akan kebenaran sejarah teknologi tradisional alat transportasi laut pelayaran yang dilakukannya. dimasa lampau; 2) mengungkapkan faktor- Dalam keterangannya Theodoor P.van faktor yang mendorong mereka melakukan Baaren, tidak banyak mengupas, dengan pelayaran; 3) Mengetahui sejarah pelayaran cara apa G.J.Held mengklasifikasikan orang orang Biak Numfor sebelum abad 19; 4) Biak Numfor sebagai penduduk terbesar Mengetahui Jalur pelayaran dan Persebaran yang melakukan migrasi. Bisa saja ia Orang Biak Numfor serta dampaknya Terhadap menyimpulkannya berdasarkan bahasa yang Integrasi Bangsa. Diharapkan hasil penelitian digunakan oleh mereka. Sebab salah satu ini, dapat bermanfaat untuk menggali kembali identitas orang Biak-Numfor adalah bahasanya. sejarah pelayaran orang Biak Numfor pada Dari bahasa ini para ahli bahasa mengetahui masa lalu, guna menemukan adanya interaksi persebaran orang Biak Numfor. orang Biak Numfor dengan bangsa Indonesia Menurut ahli bahasa Universitas lainnya maupun orang asing yang nantinya Cendrawasih Chris Faotngil, pelayaran mereka dapat digunakan untuk menambah dan ke Timur bahkan telah sampai ke beberapa melengkapi kajian sejarah maritim Indonesia. pulau di pasifik. Mereka teridentifikasi melalui Terkait dengan judul yang akan diteliti bahasa Biak yang digunakan. Dikemudian hari dalam penelitian ini, maka ruang lingkup materi ternyata hubungan yang terjalin antar orang meliputi kronologi peristiwa sejarah pelayaran Biak Numfor dengan suku-suku lain diluar orang Biak Numfor di masa lampau sampai Papua, menjadi salah satu unsur pemersatu abad-18. Sedangkan ruang lingkup operasional
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