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PANGKALAN UDARA DI BIAK NUMFOR PADA PERANG DUNIA II (The Remains of World War II in the Form of Air Bases in Biak Numfor Regency)

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PANGKALAN UDARA DI BIAK NUMFOR PADA PERANG DUNIA II (The Remains of World War II in the Form of Air Bases in Biak Numfor Regency) PANGKALAN UDARA DI BIAK NUMFOR PADA PERANG DUNIA II (The remains of World War II in the form of air bases in Biak Numfor Regency) Sonya M. Kawer Balai Arkeologi Papua Jalan Isele, Kampung Waena, Distrik Heram, Kota Jayapura 99358 e-mail: [email protected] INFO ARTIKEL ABSTRACT The remains of World War II in the form of air bases in Biak Numfor Histori Artikel Diterima : 25 Februari 2019 Regency are found in three areas of Biak Island, namely on Owi Island, Direvisi : 14 Maret 2019 Numfor Island and Biak City. In this study conducted using data collection Disetujui : 28 Juni 2019 methods such as surveys, observations, and interviews, to find the remains. The results of an airbase survey conducted on Owi Island were four Keywords : airbases which were built by Japan and seized by the Allies. There are four air base, World War II, Biak air bases on Numfor Island, three built by Japan and one by allies. while Numfor in Biak Kota itself there are three air bases built by Japan. The air base is proof that Biak Island is very strategic in terms of location, especially Kata kunci : in relation to regional control in the Pacific region. Japanese troops who Pangkalan udara, Perang Dunia II, Biak Numfor were under the command of Colonel Naoyuki Kuzume occupied Biak and used the natural landscape of Biak Island as a defense. ABSTRAK Tinggalan Perang Dunia II berupa pangkalan udara di Kabupaten Biak Numfor terdapat di tiga wilayah Pulau Biak yaitu di Pulau Owi, Pulau Numfor dan Kota Biak. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode pengumpulan data berupa survei, obsevasi, dan wawancara, untuk menemukan tinggalan tersebut. Hasil survei pangkalan udara yang dilakukan di Pulau Owi terdapat empat pangkalan udara yang dibangun Jepang dan direbut oleh Sekutu. Pangkalan di Pulau Numfor terdapat empat buah pangkalan udara, tiga dibangun Jepang dan satu dibangun sekutu. sedangkan di Biak Kota sendiri terdapat tiga buah pangkalan udara yang dibangun Jepang. Pangkalan udara menjadi bukti bahwa Pulau Biak sangatlah strategis dari sisi keletakan terutama dalam kaitannya dengan penguasaan daerah di wilayah Pasifik. Tentara Jepang yang saat itu dibawah komando Kolonel Naoyuki Kuzume menduduki Biak serta memanfaatkan landskap alam Pulau Biak sebagai pertahanan. Jurnal Arkeologi Papua Vol. 11 No.1 / Juni 2019 : 47 - 55 47 PENDAHULUAN antara kedua negara tersebut (Morison, 2002: 3; Griess, T.E, Braedley, J.H, Dice, Perang Pasifik merupakan salah satu J.W. 2002: 21-65). rangkaian peristiwa perang dunia II yang diawali dengan dibomnya pangkalan Berdasarkan data dari beberapa Amerika Serikat di Pearl Harbour-Hawai literatur serta bukti arkeologis yang ada, pada tanggal 7 Desember 1941 oleh tentara Kabupaten Biak Numfor pada masa Perang Jepang yang pada akhirnya menjadi titik Dunia II pernah diduduki dan dijadikan awal munculnya perang di wilayah Pasifik sebagai markas besar oleh tentara Amerika antara tentara Jepang dan Amerika (Smith, dan Jepang dalam usaha untuk menguasai 2005; Levine, A.J, 1995). Pemerintah wilayah Pasifik (Beevor, 2012: 12-45). Jepang yang pada saat itu mengklaim daerah- Keletakan Kabupaten Biak Numfor yang daerah yang termasuk dalam wilayah Asia berada di bagian barat wilayah Pasifik sebagai negara persemakmuran Asia Raya menjadikan daerah ini sebagai tempat yang berhasil menduduki beberapa daerah di strategis untuk mempersiapkan segala Asia Tenggara termasuk wilayah di bagian taktik dan strategi penguasaan wilayah timur Indonesia dalam hal ini Biak pada oleh kedua negara adikuasa tersebut tahun 1942 (Smith, 2005; Gailey, H.A, (Smith, 2005: 289- 394). Bukti material 1995). Pasukan Amerika yang dipimpin berupa peralatan perang beserta bangunan oleh Jenderal Douglas MacArthur berhasil pendukung dalam perang tersebut menaklukkan daerah-daerah yang diduduki ditemukan tersebar hampir separuh dari oleh Jepang dalam kurun waktu 1942-1944 wilayah kabupaten Biak Numfor (Tim termasuk wilayah Papua yang sebelumnya Balai Arkeologi, 2016). didahului dengan berbagai aksi militer Peta Kabupaten Biak Numfor 48 Pangkalan Udara di Biak Numfor Pada Perang Dunia Ii Sonya M. Kawer Wilayah Biak merupakan lokasi penelitian kualitatif penelitian ini lebih yang dipilih Jepang sebagai pertahan atas menekankan pada makna dan terikat perang Dunia II karena letaknya yang nilai. Penelitian kualitatif digunakan jika strategis. Jepang menduduki wilayah masalah belum jelas, untuk mengetahui Biak pada tahun 1942, pasukan Jepang makna yang tersembunyi, untuk memahami berhasil mendarat takurang dari 10.400 interaksi sosial, untuk mengembangkan orang serdadunya. Strategi pertahanan teori, untuk memastikan kebenaran data, Jepang melawan pasukan Sekutu di Biak dan meneliti sejarah perkembangan. Selain adalah pada saat pasukan Sekutu mendarat itu digunakan metode sejarah atau metode di Bosnik, Jepang hanya memberi penelitian yang digunakan sebagai pedoman perlawanan sekedarnya. Strategi ini dalam melakukan penelitian peristiwa disusun oleh komandan pasukan Jepang sejarah dan permasalahannya. Dengan yang menahannya sampai pasukan Sekutu kata lain, metode penelitian sejarah adalah sudah bergerak maju dari arah pantai ke instrumen untuk merekonstruksi peristiwa area yang berbukit-bukit. Begitu pasukan sejarah (history as past actuality) menjadi sekutu mulai mendaki maka diserang oleh sejarah sebagai kisah (history as written). pasukan Jepang yang tiba-tiba muncul dari Dalam ruang lingkup Ilmu Sejarah, metode berbagai gua-gua karang di ketinggian penelitian itu disebut metode sejarah. jauh dari jangkauan pasukan Sekutu yang Dalam prosesnya, penelitian ini berada dibawah mereka. Sistem pertahanan dilakukan beberapa tahap pengumpulan seperti ini memungkimkan pasukan Jepang data yang pertama dilakukan dengan cara lebih leluasa dalam memilih medan tempur studi kepustakaan. Studi ini dilakukan yang mereka inginkan. Berdasarkan hasil dengan mengumpulkan data serta informasi penelitian di wilayah Biak Numfor beberapa yang sifatnya tertulis dalam arsip sejarah, situs bekas Perang Dunia II yang terdapat buku sejarah, artikel maupun laporan di Pulau karang ini menggambarkan sistem penelitian sebelumnya sebagai bahan pertahanan Jepang yang dipakai melawan referensi. Selain itu data lingkungan dari Sekutu. buku yang menyangkut data geologi serta data mengenai karakteristik lingkungan Biak Numfor akan digunakan untuk Metode Penelitian menambah referensi terutama untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian seperti Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan alasan penempatan bangunan dalam ruang pengumpulan data dan analisis data tertentu. Yang kedua menggunakan metode (Redaksi, 2008:22). Yang dikaji dalam survei dengan cara mengidentifikasi serta penelitian mengenai pangkalan udara mengumpulkan data tinggalan Perang di Kabupaten Biak Numfor sebagai Dunia II berupa pangkalan udara yang basis pertahanan menggunakan metode terdapat di Kabupaten Biak Numfor. Jurnal Arkeologi Papua Vol. 11 No.1 / Juni 2019 : 47 - 55 49 Penggunaan metode ini pada dasarnya Jepang dan direbut oleh Sekutu pada dimaksudkan untuk memetakan keletakan, saat Perang Dunia II merupakan bagian posisi, pangkalan udara dalam satuan dari strategi pertahanan perang yang ruang tertentu, untuk memetakan dalam dipakai untuk mempertahankan wilayah satuan lokasi serta untuk mengetahui latar jajahan. Kabupaten Biak Numfor yang belakang penempatan berkaitan dengan berada di Samudera Pasifik dengan starategi militer yang diterapkan oleh tentara kondisi wilayah alam geologi mendukung Amerika dan Jepang pada masa Perang wilayah ini sebagai sebuah wilayah yang Dunia II. Dengan menggunakan metode mengungkapkan sejarah. Aerialphotographs atau Aerialsurvey. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan Kegiatan ini dilakukan dengan cara informasi yang dilakukan, ke-3 pangkalan melakukan perekaman data terhadap udara di Kota Biak yang dibangun Jepang bangunan ataupun toponim peninggalan salah satunya dekat Pantai Ambroben dan Perang Dunia II melalui foto udara dengan dua pangkalan udara lainnya di Borokoe menggunakan drone. Aerial survei adalah dan Sorido yang letaknya berada dekat salah satu metode yang digunakan untuk dengan pesisir pantai jauh dari tebing mengetahui keletakan serta persebaran karang dan bukit-bukit sekeliling. Letak objek. Selain itu wawancara dilakukan pangkalan udara ini dibangun di atas secara selektif untuk menampung informasi litologi batu gamping (limestones) alias dari para tokoh masyarakat mengenai batu karang yang kokoh dan bersifat keras keberadaan pangkalan udara dan latar dengan luas yang sama besar. belakang sejarah. Wilayah Kabupaten Biak Numfor pada sistem pertahanan berupa pangkalan udara yang dibangun Jepang berjumlah PEMBAHASAN 11 Buah dengan masing-masing lokasi yaitu 4 pangkalan udara di Pulau Numfor, Pangkalan udara militer adalah 4 Pangkalan Udara di Pulau Owi, dan kawasan di daratan dengan batas-batas 3 pangkalan udara di dalam Kota Biak. tertentu dalam wilayah suatu negara yang Pernyataan mengenai jumlah pangkalan digunakan untuk kegiatan lepas landas dilihat berdasarkan banyaknya pangkalan dan pendaratan pesawat udara guna yang dibuat serta pengerjaan ulang diatas keperluan pertahanan negara oleh angkatan pangkalan yang sudah ada. Dari hasil bersenjatanya khususnya oleh Angkatan penelitian dan informasi maka dapat Udara. Pangkalan udara dibangun untuk diketahui letak Pangkalan udara yang menunjang pertahanan negara. dibangun Jepang berada dibeberapa Pangkalan udara yang dibangun kampung kabupaten Biak Numfor yaitu: 50 Pangkalan Udara di Biak Numfor Pada Perang Dunia Ii Sonya M. Kawer No Nama Pangkalan Udara
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