DOCSLIB.ORG

An Exceptional Endeavor: the United States Army's

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Exceptional Endeavor: the United States Army's AN EXCEPTIONAL ENDEAVOR: THE UNITED STATES ARMY’S INDUSTRIALIZATION OF SEX WORK IN LIBERIA DURING WORLD WAR II by Mary Murphy, B.A. A thesis submitted to the Graduate Council of Texas State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts with a Major in History August 2017 Committee Members: Jessica Pliley, Chair Caroline Ritter Ellen Tillman COPYRIGHT by Mary L. Murphy 2017 FAIR USE AND AUTHOR’S PERMISSION STATEMENT Fair Use This work is protected by the Copyright Laws of the United States (Public Law 94-553, section 107). Consistent with fair use as defined in the Copyright Laws, brief quotations from this material are allowed with proper acknowledgment. Use of this material for financial gain without the author’s express written permission is not allowed. Duplication Permission As the copyright holder of this work I, Mary L. Murphy, authorize duplication of this work, in whole or in part, for educational or scholarly purposes only. DEDICATION For George “Doc” Abraham, the United States Task Force #5889, the Liberian women during World War II, and to the memory of Dr. James H. Pohl a devoted teacher, mentor, and historian. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is with the utmost gratitude that I call attention to those who have encouraged and offered guidance in my research. With the financial support from Texas State University’s Thesis Research Support Fellowship, the Department of History’s James H. Pohl Scholarship, and the history department’s Snider Travel Grant my research came to fruition and was enhanced through the resources and conferences this assistance afforded me. I received invaluable feedback from many conferences, most notably the American Studies in a Transatlantic Perspective: Critical Regionalism in Politics and Culture with The Bavarian American Academy in Munich at Texas State University in 2014, the Historicizing Rape Conference at Cardiff University in 2015, and the Berkshire Conference on the History of Women, Gender, and Sexualities at Hofstra University in 2017. Kurt Piehler at the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience at Florida State University graciously sent me an interview with one of the nurses, and the staff at the United States Army Heritage and Education Center brought to my attention documents I was unaware existed. These resources greatly influenced my analysis of the social dynamics at play. I extend the utmost gratitude to Florentino Rodao for keeping me sane while conducting research at the national archives. At Texas State University, heartfelt thanks are extended to Stephanie Swenson Towery for her assistance with copyright, Nancy Berlage for primary source ideas and potential contacts, and Elizabeth Bishop for providing an enlightened sounding board for my musings. I was honored to have Caroline Ritter and Ellen Tillman serve as committee members for my thesis. Both v constantly pushed me to analyze more deeply my sources and my conclusions. This paper would be a sad sight sorrier without their contributions. I must bring special attention to Jessica Pliley. My thesis would not exist at all without her overwhelming support and guidance. The first time we met was at a coffee shop and all I had was an unverified narrative as a source. She took a chance on me and my life and scholarship are forever changed for the better because of knowing her. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... x LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ............................................................................................. xi ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION: AT THE INTERSECTION OF EUGENICS, COLONIALISM, AND MILITARIZATION .............................................1 Civility, Fitness, and Militarized Women: Literature Review ...................14 Language is Not Black and White: Usage .................................................30 Tales from the Archives: Sources ..............................................................36 II. EUGENICS, VENEREAL DISEASE, AND THE ARMY ..............................40 Venereal Disease and the First World War ................................................48 Fighting Venereal Disease in World War II ..............................................54 Conclusion .................................................................................................65 III. RACIAL UPLIFT AND THE POLITICS OF RESPECTABILITY ...............68 Racial Uplift in the Army ..........................................................................75 Troop #5889: The Liberian Task Force .....................................................81 African American Nurses in Liberia ..........................................................92 vii Conclusion ...............................................................................................106 III. UNITED STATES COLONIALISM IN LIBERIA ......................................110 Colonizing the Coast ................................................................................119 Colonizing the Hinterland ........................................................................126 De Facto Colonization .............................................................................132 Conclusion ...............................................................................................141 V. LIBERIAN SEX WORK ................................................................................144 Justifying Sexual Control .........................................................................149 Investigating the Tolerated Villages ........................................................152 The Tolerated Villages .............................................................................160 Resistance to Sexual Control ...................................................................171 Conclusion ...............................................................................................179 VI. CONCLUSIONS ...........................................................................................184 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................193 viii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Number of United States soldiers as classified by the army based upon racial categories the army tracked ..........................................................................................33 2. Illustrates the rise in venereal disease in the United States while Denmark and Sweden infection rates decreased ...............................................................................................56 3. Venereal disease rates among United States draftees with racial breakdown showing an increase once the army started accepting infected inductees ...................................58 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figures Page 1. United States Army Forces in the Middle East, jurisdictional map, 1944 ......................1 2. Graphic illustrating that African Americans’ class, economics, and environment greatly influenced venereal disease rates ......................................................................68 3. Map of Liberia ............................................................................................................110 4. Documents the decline in venereal disease as restrictions were imposed ..................181 x LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Illustration Page 1. George “Doc” Abraham while stationed in Liberia, circa 1942-1943 ............................3 2. Naples prophylactic station ...........................................................................................80 3. Prophylactic station in Iran ...........................................................................................80 4. African American nurses stationed in Liberia ..............................................................93 5. Unofficial transcript of Chief Nurse, Lieutenant Susan Freeman’s interview............100 6. “Americans Inspecting Prostitutes” ............................................................................106 7. “Camp Shangri-La, home to three hundred Army-hired native girls” ........................146 8. “Camp Paradise, also home to three hundred native girls” ........................................161 9. Health center ...............................................................................................................164 10. Idlewylde...................................................................................................................167 11. “War Progeny…of American Troops” .....................................................................178 xi ABSTRACT After the United States entered World War II, one of the first troops sent overseas, Troop #5889, arrived in Liberia in June 1942. It was primarily tasked with guarding the Firestone Rubber plantation, one of the Allies only sources of rubber, and managing Roberts Field, a major aviation hub for lend-lease operations into Africa and the Middle East. The task force consisted of a predominately African American infantry, less than one hundred European American officers,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Gainesville Iguana March 2003 the Anti-War Case Norman
    The Gainesville Iguana March 2003 The Anti-War Case Norman Balabanian The US Administration's case for war on Iraq is an utter failure; it is based not on fact but on innuendo and rhetoric. The US charges that Iraq "threw out" UN weapons inspectors in 1998 and is now concealing Weapons of Mass Destruction. The absurdity of all this is enormous, yet no well-informed voices opposing such claims can be found in the major news media. American citizens are, thus, ruled out from informed participation in making life-and-death decisions affecting them. What are the facts? The UN weapons inspectors were not "thrown out", as repeatedly claimed; rather - with just a few days notice - they were hastily withdrawn by the UN because the US and Britain warned that they planned to bomb Iraq! Which they did, and have continued ever since - an action not sanctioned by the UN and contrary to international law. Among the casualties of US mendacity in this regard are two courageous international public servants: Denis Haliday, former Asst Secy Gen of the UN and Humanitarian Coordinator in Iraq until 1998, who resigned following US bombing; and his successor, Hans von Sponeck, who resigned a year later under pressure from the US. Why would the US want a UN official who was acting in a humanitarian capacity removed? Was he perhaps taking his humanitarian concerns too seriously and complaining about the humanitarian disaster that US-supported UN sanctions were causing -- to that date more than half a million Iraqi children killed by the embargo imposed against Iraq? It is true that Saddam Hussein is a brutal dictator who has "gassed his own people" and "attacked his neighbors".
    [Show full text]
  • B-133258 Issues Related to U.S. Military Sales and Assistance to Iran
    J REPORT TO THE CONGRESS \ Issues Related To U. S. Military Sales And Assistance To Iran E -733258 Department of Defense Department of State BY THE COMPTROLLER GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES ._ COMPTROLLER GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES WASHINGTON. n.c. 20~413 5-133 258 4 b a, To the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President pro tempore of the Senate This is our report on issues related to U.S. military sales and assistance to Iran. The review was made in compliance with the Budget and Accounting Act, 1921 (31 U.S.C. 53), and the Accountincj and Auditing Act of 1950 (31 U.S.C. 57). Copies of this report are being sent to the Director, Office of Management and Budget; the President and Chairman of the Export-Import Bank of the United States; the Secretary of Defense; and the Secretary of State. the Comptroller General A__.of the United States - -- .~ -- .- .- CONTENTS -Page DIGEST i CHAPTER x 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Scope of review 2 *f 2 NATURE AND MAGNITUDE OF ARMS SALES TO IRAN 3 Nature of Iran's military buildup Nature of U.S. arms sales to Iran 5 Makeup._ of U.S. sales 7 Evolution of the U.S. military role in Iran 7 U.S. economic assistance to Iran 11 3 SALE OF TECHNICAL ADVISORY SERVICES TO IRAN 12 EVOlUtiOn of TAFT 13 TAFT relationship to MAAG 15 some skills sold are in short supply in U.S. forces 17 Conclusions 17 GAO proposal . 18 Agency comments 18 4 RATIONALE FOR U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Liberian Studies Journal
    VOLUME XVI 1991 NUMBER 1 LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL 1 1 0°W 8 °W LIBERIA -8 °N 8 °N- MONSERRADO MARGIBI -6 °N RIVER I 6 °N- 1 0 50 MARYLAND Geography Department ION/ 8 °W 1 University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown 1 Published by THE LIBERIAN STUDIES ASSOCIATION, INC. PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor Cover map: compiled by William Kory, cartography work by Jodie Molnar; Geography Department, University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown. PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor VOLUME XVI 1991 NUMBER 1 LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL Editor D. Elwood Dunn The University of the South Associate Editor Similih M. Cordor Kennesaw College Book Review Editor Alfred B. Konuwa Butte College EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Bertha B. Azango Lawrence B. Breitborde University of Liberia Beloit College Christopher Clapham Warren L. d'Azevedo Lancaster University University of Nevada Reno Henrique F. Tokpa Thomas E. Hayden Cuttington University College Africa Faith and Justice Network Svend E. Holsoe J. Gus Liebenow University of Delaware Indiana University Corann Okorodudu Glassboro State College Edited at the Department of Political Science, The University of the South PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor CONTENTS ABOUT LANDSELL K. CHRISTIE, THE LIBERIAN IRON ORE INDUSTRY AND SOME RELATED PEOPLE AND EVENTS: GETTING THERE 1 by Garland R. Farmer ZO MUSA, FONINGAMA, AND THE FOUNDING OF MUSADU IN THE ORAL TRADITION OF THE KONYAKA .......................... 27 by Tim Geysbeek and Jobba K. Kamara CUTTINGTON UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DURING THE LIBERIAN CIVIL WAR: AN ADMINISTRATOR'S EXPERIENCE ............
    [Show full text]
  • Us Military Assistance to Saudi Arabia, 1942-1964
    DANCE OF SWORDS: U.S. MILITARY ASSISTANCE TO SAUDI ARABIA, 1942-1964 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Bruce R. Nardulli, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2002 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Allan R. Millett, Adviser Professor Peter L. Hahn _______________________ Adviser Professor David Stebenne History Graduate Program UMI Number: 3081949 ________________________________________________________ UMI Microform 3081949 Copyright 2003 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ____________________________________________________________ ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road PO Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 ABSTRACT The United States and Saudi Arabia have a long and complex history of security relations. These relations evolved under conditions in which both countries understood and valued the need for cooperation, but also were aware of its limits and the dangers of too close a partnership. U.S. security dealings with Saudi Arabia are an extreme, perhaps unique, case of how security ties unfolded under conditions in which sensitivities to those ties were always a central —oftentimes dominating—consideration. This was especially true in the most delicate area of military assistance. Distinct patterns of behavior by the two countries emerged as a result, patterns that continue to this day. This dissertation examines the first twenty years of the U.S.-Saudi military assistance relationship. It seeks to identify the principal factors responsible for how and why the military assistance process evolved as it did, focusing on the objectives and constraints of both U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The American Legion [Volume 135, No. 1 (July 1993)]
    1 D and EEE* 7 iVz 8 s'/z 9 avz 10 ioy2 ii 12 is *Add $1.50 per pair for EEE Widtins WHAT Dor HOW nG-40N SIZE? H?» MANY? B Natural Tassel Loafer E Black Saddle Loafer F Tan Oxford H Dove Grey Tassel Loafer purchase price, plus $3.50 tovi/ard postage and handling. Check Enclosed Off SEND NO MONEY if you use: ^^^^^ Exp. Mail Address Apt. # City . Zip- 100% Satisfaction Guaranteed or Full Refund of Purchase Price at Any Time'. Find a more comfortable leather casual, at any price, and we'll buy these back from you - ANYTIME! How can we do it? It's easy when you have the exclusive Aero-Step Comfort System going for you (see details below). Plus they iool< great too! Buttery soft pig leather uppers. A classic Oxford, easy loafers with handsome tassels, or a goldtone status accent. Every pair equipped with softly padded collars. Breathable foam-backed brushed tricot linings keep feet cool and dry Imported exclusively for Haband. t Walk ten steps in a pair of I Aero-Steps, and you'll be convinced — it really is just like walking on air! Don't wait another minute to start I enjoying the 1 Aero-Step™ Comfort I System — use the I form above order \ and send for yours RIGHT NOW! The Magazine for a Strong America Vol. 135, No. 1 July 1993 ART C L E S LOAN, SWEET, LOAN Changes in VA loan rules make it eaderfirr veterans to buy homes. By Lew Sichelman 14 DON'T FORCE US TO PRAY Religiousfiiith shouldn't be diluted bygovernment-sanctionedprayers, says an advocate Jbrseparation ofchurch and state.
    [Show full text]
  • TRC of Liberia Final Report Volum Ii
    REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA FINAL REPORT VOLUME II: CONSOLIDATED FINAL REPORT This volume constitutes the final and complete report of the TRC of Liberia containing findings, determinations and recommendations to the government and people of Liberia Volume II: Consolidated Final Report Table of Contents List of Abbreviations <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<............. i Acknowledgements <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<... iii Final Statement from the Commission <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<............... v Quotations <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<. 1 1.0 Executive Summary <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< 2 1.1 Mandate of the TRC <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< 2 1.2 Background of the Founding of Liberia <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<... 3 1.3 History of the Conflict <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<................ 4 1.4 Findings and Determinations <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< 6 1.5 Recommendations <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<... 12 1.5.1 To the People of Liberia <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<. 12 1.5.2 To the Government of Liberia <<<<<<<<<<. <<<<<<. 12 1.5.3 To the International Community <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<. 13 2.0 Introduction <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<. 14 2.1 The Beginning <<................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Profile of Commissioners of the TRC of Liberia <<<<<<<<<<<<.. 14 2.3 Profile of International Technical Advisory Committee <<<<<<<<<. 18 2.4 Secretariat and Specialized Staff <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<. 20 2.5 Commissioners, Specialists, Senior Staff, and Administration <<<<<<.. 21 2.5.1 Commissioners <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<. 22 2.5.2 International Technical Advisory
    [Show full text]
  • Extensions of Remarks
    2288 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 30, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS MARINES IN VIETNAM MAKE POS­ and there was a lot more in It about the bat­ ECONOMIC BONDAGE SIBLE NEW HAND FOR FORT talion and its work-including a dog opera­ KNOX YOUTH tions center-that interested him. "This man's from Detroit. But he went to college, HON. W. E. (BILL) BROCK he says. Graduated in 1967 from Murray State OF TENNESSEE HON. JOHN J. DUNCAN University in Murray, Kentucky ... Imagine him-and all those others-going to that IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF TENNESSEE much trouble for me!" Jimmy's voice trailed Thursday, January 30, 1969 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES off. Mr. BROCK. Mr. Speaker, the Wall Thursday, January 30, 1969 Another letter that made an impression on the entire Wollard family-parents, Mr. and Street Journal of January 6, 1969, car­ Mr. DUNCAN. Mr. Speaker, t.oday I Mrs. Alton Wollard, Jimmy a.no. sister Margie ried an excellent editorial discussing would like t.o place in the RECORD a st.ory (Mrs. Harold Woods, who l!ves across the America's existing welfare system and t.o warm the hearts of readers. A young road), as they read them all In turn (Jimmy several suggested alternatives. I feel that man in Tennessee is getting an artificial first) around a woodburn!ng stove In the this sober, intelligent analysis of the tiny backroad home, came from Gunnery left hand thanks t.o members of the 3d Sgt. A. Lemelin Jr., who gave no hometown growing welfare problem will be of con­ Marine Amphibious Force in South Viet­ address.
    [Show full text]
  • Sitcom Fjernsyn Programmer Liste : Stem P㥠Dine
    Sitcom Fjernsyn Programmer Liste Chespirito https://no.listvote.com/lists/tv/programs/chespirito-56905/actors Lab Rats: Elite Force https://no.listvote.com/lists/tv/programs/lab-rats%3A-elite-force-20899708/actors Jake & Blake https://no.listvote.com/lists/tv/programs/jake-%26-blake-739198/actors Bibin svijet https://no.listvote.com/lists/tv/programs/bibin-svijet-1249122/actors Fred's Head https://no.listvote.com/lists/tv/programs/fred%27s-head-2905820/actors Blackadder Goes Forth https://no.listvote.com/lists/tv/programs/blackadder-goes-forth-2740751/actors Brian O'Brian https://no.listvote.com/lists/tv/programs/brian-o%27brian-849637/actors Hello Franceska https://no.listvote.com/lists/tv/programs/hello-franceska-12964579/actors Malibu Country https://no.listvote.com/lists/tv/programs/malibu-country-210665/actors Maksim Papernik https://no.listvote.com/lists/tv/programs/maksim-papernik-4344650/actors Chickens https://no.listvote.com/lists/tv/programs/chickens-16957467/actors Toda Max https://no.listvote.com/lists/tv/programs/toda-max-7812112/actors Cover Girl https://no.listvote.com/lists/tv/programs/cover-girl-3001834/actors Papá soltero https://no.listvote.com/lists/tv/programs/pap%C3%A1-soltero-6060301/actors Break Time Masti Time https://no.listvote.com/lists/tv/programs/break-time-masti-time-3644055/actors Mi querido Klikowsky https://no.listvote.com/lists/tv/programs/mi-querido-klikowsky-5401614/actors Xin Hun Gong Yu https://no.listvote.com/lists/tv/programs/xin-hun-gong-yu-20687936/actors Cuando toca la campana https://no.listvote.com/lists/tv/programs/cuando-toca-la-campana-2005409/actors
    [Show full text]
  • About the Cast
    ABOUT THE CAST BURTON CURTIS (Watchman) has performed as Pierrot in Stephen Wadsworth’s productions of Molière’s Don Juan (McCarter Theatre, Shakespeare Theatre Company, The Old Globe, and Seattle Rep). He also portrayed Dumas in Wadsworth’s productions of Marivaux’s Triumph of Love (Long Wharf Theatre, Missouri Rep, and Seattle Rep). Burton originated the role of Eddie Wicket in the west coast premiere of Louis Broom’s Texarkana Waltz (Circle X Theatre Co., L.A. and the Empty Space Theatre, Seattle). He also created the dual roles of Brother Mills and Heathcliff in Wuthering! Heights! The! Musical! and performed in The Complete History of America (Abridged) (Empty Space and Actors Theatre of Louisville). Other roles include Tom in The Glass Menagerie (Tacoma Actors Guild) and Freddy in Noises Off (Village Theatre, Issaquah). He played the title role in Jillian Armenante’s production of Camille and Little Mary in a “gender blind” production of The Women (Annex Theatre, Seattle). Film credits include Crocodile Tears, Money Buys Happiness, and Great Uncle Jimmy as well as Gus Van Sant’s Even Cowgirls Get the Blues. Burton is also a director and choreographer and has received awards for his work on the stage from the Seattle Post Intelligencer and Seattle Weekly. He was listed by Backstage West among “100 Actors We Love.” He received his BFA in theater from Baylor University and now resides in Seattle. Burton is delighted to be making his Getty debut and is thrilled to be joining Mr. Wadsworth in yet another exciting project. NICHOLAS HORMANN (Chorus Leader) has worked in the American theater for thirty-five years, beginning on Broadway with the New Phoenix Repertory Company.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case for War Crimes Trials in Liberia
    Ending Impunity: The Case for War Crimes Trials in Liberia Chernor Jalloh† and Alhagi Marong†† ……………. Abstract This article argues that Liberia owes a duty under both international humanitarian and human rights law to investigate and prosecute the heinous crimes, including torture, rape and extra-judicial killings of innocent civilians, committed in that country by the warring parties in the course of fourteen years of brutal conflict. Assuming that Liberia owes a duty to punish the grave crimes committed on its territory, the article then evaluates the options for prosecution, starting with the possible use of Liberian courts. The authors argue that Liberian courts are unable, even if willing, to render credible justice that protects the due process rights of the accused given the collapse of legal institutions and the paucity of financial, human and material resources in post-conflict Liberia. The authors then examine the possibility of using international accountability mechanisms, including the International Criminal Court, an ad hoc international criminal tribunal as well as a hybrid court for Liberia. For various legal and political reasons, the authors conclude that all of these options are not viable. As an alternative, they suggest that because the Special Court for Sierra Leone has already started the accountability process for Liberia with the indictment of Charles Taylor in 2003, and given the close links between the Liberian and Sierra Leonean conflicts, the Special Court would be a more appropriate forum for international prosecutions of those who perpetrated gross humanitarian and human rights law violations in Liberia. †B.A. (Guelph), LL.B., B.C.L.
    [Show full text]
  • American Strategic Policy for the Indian Ocean Area, 1970-1980 Kimbriel Armistead Mitchell Doctorate of Philosophy London School
    AMERICAN STRATEGIC POLICY FOR THE INDIAN OCEAN AREA, 1970-1980 KIMBRIEL ARMISTEAD MITCHELL DOCTORATE OF PHILOSOPHY LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE UMI Number: U048388 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U048388 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ( h£S-£ S F 684k *£11 u o 7 6 / ^ 2 ABSTRACT This thesis analyzes America's strategic policy for the Indian Ocean area from 1970 to 1980 and assesses the efficacy of its contribution to the US security objectives there of upholding friendly, primarily Persian Gulf states' security and stability, maintaining access to oil, ensuring the safety of shipping and limiting Soviet influence. Minor intermittent naval display succeeded in balancing the Soviet naval presence, the main purpose of American policy until 1979, because that presence was too small to exercise significant influence. The littoral states, however, were ambivalent: they wanted the US to balance the USSR but feared a potential super-power naval arms race. Naval display failed as part of America's indirect threat in 1973-74 to retaliate against friendly Gulf Arab states if they continued the oil embargo caused by the October 1973 Middle East war.
    [Show full text]
  • Re-Assessing the Global Impact of the Russo-Japanese War 1904-05 第0
    Volume 10 | Issue 21 | Number 2 | Article ID 3755 | May 19, 2012 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus World War Zero? Re-assessing the Global Impact of the Russo-Japanese War 1904-05 第０次世界大戦？１９０４− １９０５年日露戦争の世界的影響を再評価する Gerhard Krebs World War Zero? Re-assessing the Global and Yokote Shinji, eds.,The Russo-Japanese Impact of the Russo-Japanese WarWar in Global Perspective: World War Zero. 1904-05 Bd,1, Leiden: Brill 2005. (History of Warfare, Vol. 29) (hereafter: Steinberg). Gerhard Krebs David Wolff, Steven B. Marks, Bruce W. Menning, David Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, John W. Steinberg and Yokote Shinji, eds., On the occasion of its centennial, the Russo- The Russo-Japanese War in Global Perspective: Japanese War drew great attention among World War Zero. Vol. 2, Ibid. 2007. (History of historians who organized many symposia and Warfare, Vol. 40) (hereafter: Wolff). published numerous studies. What have been the recent perspectives, debates and insights Maik Hendrik Sprotte, Wolfgang Seifert and on the historical impact of the Russo-Japanese Heinz-Dietrich Löwe, ed.,Der Russisch- War on the imperial world order, evolution of Japanische Krieg 1904/ 05. Anbruch einer international society, and global intellectual neuen Zeit? Wiesbaden, Harassowitz Verlag history? Gerhard Krebs provides 2007.a (hereafter: Sprotte). comprehensive historiographical essay introducing the major works published in the Rotem Kowner, ed., The Impact of the Russo- last ten years on the world-historical impact of Japanese War. London and New York: the Russo-Japanese War, including works in Routledge 2007. (Routledge Studies in the Japanese, Russian, English and German. Modern History of Asia, Vol.
    [Show full text]