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Clean Drinking Water and Inequality – Technological Challenges Now In Now in the 53rd year Clean drinking water and inequality – Technological challenges T. Pradeep Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600 036, INDIA www.dstuns.iitm.ac.in Email: [email protected] Department of Science DST Unit of Nanoscience & Technology Thematic Unit of Excellence on Clean Water Supported by the Department of Science and Technology Addressing Economic Inequality in India International Centre for Human Development and National Institute of Advanced Studies 8-9 January 2015, Bengaluru Water resources are finite Source: http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.html Dirty water kills – fast, slow Water quality affects poor the most Point of use safe water can save over 2 million human lives Of the 3.575 million deaths caused by water, sanitation, and hygiene issues, 42.6% are due to diarrhea alone Safe water can avoid over 2 billion diarrheal infections Contribute over $4 billion to the global gross domestic product Water quality contributes to inequality, directly linked to number of working days, days spent in school, etc. Water quality contributes to mental and physical development, acquired skills, longevity, etc. Water quality can affect DNA, inequality continues Water quality distinguishes nations and people - poor vs. rich Energy Development Water Food Availability of clean water is the most significant indicator of development. Materials Permissible contamination reaches limits of detection Due to anthropogenic activities, contaminants are getting into water. Their concentrations, tolerated in drinking water, reaches limits of detection, as we keep knowing about their effects on the human being. Permissible contamination Permissible Time Affordable clean water using advanced materials Using several advanced materials, affordable water purifiers to deliver clean drinking water have been developed. These have been installed in several arsenic affected regions of India. Clean water at 5 paisa per litre, delivered on the kitchen table. M. U. Sankar et al, PNAS, 2013. The problem is severe due to other factors. For example, in India Groundwater withdrawals as a percentage of recharge •Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, 100% Rajasthan •Gujarat, Tamil Nadu 70% •Uttaranchal, UP, Karnataka 60% •MP, Maharashtra, AP, Kerala 40% •West Bengal, Bihar 30% •Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Goa 20% • Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand 10% • J&K, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, <10% Manipur, Mizoram, Meghalaya Source: M Rodell et al. Nature 460, 999-1002 (2009) doi:10.1038/nature08238 There are other factors such as fluoride contamination, water quality, population, etc. Low water quality (a) (b) (c) (d) (Source: (a) India assessment 2002, Water Supply and Sanitation – A WHO and UNICEF Joint Study. (b) Environmental Atlas of India, Central Pollution Control Board (c) Census 200. (d) Satellite-based estimates of groundwater depletion in India, Matthew Rodell, Isabella Velicogna & James S. Famiglietti, Nature 460, 999-1002 (20 August 2009) 8 Per capita water availability in India We are growing Fresh-water is shrinking (Source: Govt. Of India, Ministry of Water Resources(2009) 9 Thus, the Indian problems are… Groundwater availability Low water quality Water contamination Population 10 Solutions for many of the issues have evolved over the years 18002014 19632050 20082100 20251907 20751997 Source: T. Pradeep and Anshup , Noble metal nanoparticles for water purification: A critical review , Thin Solid Films 517 (2009) 6441–6478. New technologies are needed to solve Capacitive Deionization the current challenges The solutions have to be found with new materials. Aquaporin membranes Domestic RO water purifier Peter Agre won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2003 (which he shared with Roderick MacKinnon), for his 1991 discovery of aquaporins, proteins embedded in cell membranes that regulate and facilitate the flow of water molecules across and into cells. Aquaporin membranes Schematic cross-section of Aquaporin embedded membrane Areas of application – providing water where round-the-clock electricity is not available Source: http://www.psc.edu/science/schulten2002.html 15 EmergingNanotechnology Technologies Heavy Toxic metal anions Pesticides ions and organic waste Application Nextin detection Big and removal of Dyes and Thing! halocarbons Biological contaminants Source:http://spie.org/: http://nanoall.blogspot.in/2012/:http://www.futurity.org/science-technology 16 e.g. Ion concentration polarization Novel nanotechnologies(IPC) A new approach to stripping salt from sea water 17 Source: http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/v5/n4/full/nnano.2010.34.html Technology foresight Graphene Functional Bio-nano Material-nano membranes membranes Aquaporins Composite Graphene with Stimuli- membranes - hole responsive zeolite membranes Image source: http://www.kmxcorp.com, https://engineering.purdue.edu/CCD/index.php?page=zeolite World’s first nanochemistry-based water purifier Chemistry world “First ever nanotechnology product for clean water” 1. Patents: A method of preparing purified water from water containing pesticides, Indian patent 200767 2. Extraction of malatheon and chlorpiryhphos from drinking water by nanoparticles , US 7,968,493 A method for decontaminating water containing pesticides, EP 17,15,947. 3. Product is marketed by Eureka Forbes Ltd. 4. Several new technologies are available. • A plant to make supported nanomaterials for water purification; with capacity of 4.5 tons per month, 2007 • Product in the market since 2007, saving over 1,000,000 families from harmful effects of pesticides Major contaminants in water Arsenic contamination Fluoride contamination Pesticide contamination Microbial contamination Mercury contamination We have solutions for many of these problems Heavy metal removal composition High capacity metal ion removal Arsenic removal composition Highly porous, high capacity Antibacterial/viral composition Pesticide removal composition For pesticide residues at ultra-trace levels Fluoride removal composition 25x better than activated alumina How do these solutions work? Sample text here Green materials Several advanced nanomaterials have been synthesis using a green approach. Source: . M. Udhaya Sankar, Sahaja Aigal, Amrita Chaudhary, Anshup, Shihabudheen M. Maliyekkal, A. Anil Kumar, Kamalesh Chaudhari and T. Pradeep, PNAS, 110 (2013) 8459-8464 (DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1220222110). Global solutions for water: Performance Source: . M. Udhaya Sankar, Sahaja Aigal, Amrita Chaudhary, Anshup, Shihabudheen M. Maliyekkal, A. Anil Kumar, Kamalesh Chaudhari and T. Pradeep, PNAS, 110 (2013) 8459-8464 (DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1220222110). 25 Global solutions for water: Performance For sensing, efficient filtration, emerging contaminants,… TheseAnd materials, all of themwhile beinghave to be affordable. anti-bacterial and anti-microbial, don’t release nanoparticles in water and therefore there is no nano-toxicity. Source: . M. Udhaya Sankar, Sahaja Aigal, Amrita Chaudhary, Anshup, Shihabudheen M. Maliyekkal, A. Anil Kumar, Kamalesh Chaudhari and T. Pradeep, PNAS, 110 (2013) 8459-8464 (DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1220222110). 26 Implementing technologies (a) (b) (a) (b) Nanomaterials for water purification – pesticide removal Work in the area of water purification was started 12 years ago. We showed that nanoparticles can break pesticides in water and this was developed into a technology. Chemistry world identified it as the first 1.5 million filters have been sold, ever nanotechnology reaching about 5 million people. product for clean water 1. Patents: A method of preparing purified water from water containing pesticides, Indian patent 200767 2. Extraction of malatheon and chlorpiryhphos from drinking water by nanoparticles , US 7,968,493 A method for decontaminating water containing pesticides, EP 17,15,947 Product is marketed now by a Eureka Forbes Ltd. Several new technologies are now available T. Pradeep and colleagues The purifiers named, ‘AMRIT’ – Arsenic and Metal Removal by Indian Technology - have been installed in various parts of India Department of Science and Technology, Government of India AMRIT for small communities A glimpse of performance data for installations in Murshidabad S.No Sample Name Input arsenic (ppb) Output arsenic Number of days (ppb) running 1. Topidanga Jumma Masjid, Bhagwangola-II 31 0 30 days 2. Bhandahara Jumma Masjid, Bhagwangola-II 20.7 0.4 30 days 3. Horirampur Jumma Masjid, Bhagwangola-II 37 0 45 days 4. Dihipara Jumma Masjid, Bhagwangola-II 4.8 1.8 30 days 5. Bahadurpur High School, Bhagwangola-I 9.4 0.2 30 days 6. Charlabangola Higher Sec School, Bhagwangola-I 28.2 0.1 245 days 7. Mahisasthali Girls’ High School, Bhagwangola-I 0 0 30 days 8. Orahar Girls’ High School, Bhagwangola-I 0.53 0 10 days 9. Rabindratola BN Pandey High School, Bhagwangola-I 84.3 0 245 days 10. Karbalajamam Masjid, Berhampore 6.8 0 150 days 11. PHED office, Berhampore 32 0 10 days 12. Nabipur Bazar Jumma Masjid, Raninagar-II 1.3 0 60 days 13. Rukunpur Jumma Masjid, Hariharpara 25.6 2.2 60 days 14. Klyanpur Jumma Masjid, Domkal 64.7 0 200 days 15. Benadaha Mondalpara Hanafi Jamat, Beldanga-I 9.04 0 180 days 16. Maniknagar Jumma Masjid, Domkal 1 0.04 60 days 17. South Hariharpura Jumma Masjid, Hariharpara 5.47 0 60 days 18. Lochan Mati Danga Para Jumma Masjid, Hariharpara 14.6 0 150 days 19. Paschim Malipara Jumma Masjid, Raninagar – II 3.3 0.13 90 days 20. Khalilabad Jumma Masjid, Hariharpara 179.0 0 270 days 21. Bhatu Komnagar Masjid, Raninagar –II 67.89 0.22 360 days Performance data from Murshidabad (continued)
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