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Ecologia Del Cultivo, Manejo Y Usos Del Nopal

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Ecologia Del Cultivo, Manejo Y Usos Del Nopal ECOLOGIA DEL CULTIVO, MANEJO Y USOS DEL NOPAL ECOLOGIA DEL CULTIVO, MANEJO Y USOS DEL NOPAL Editores Prof. Paolo Inglese, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italia; Dr. Candelario Mondragon Jacobo, Investigador Docente. Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Querétaro, México Dr. Ali Nefzaoui, ICARDA, Túnez Dra. Carmen Sáenz, Universidad de Chile, Chile Coordinación Makiko Taguchi, FAO Harinder Makkar, FAO Mounir Louhaichi, ICARDA Apoyo editorial Ruth Duffy Diseño y formato Davide Moretti, Art&Design − Rome Traducción al español: Dr. Candelario Mondragon Jacobo Producido por La Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura y el Centro Internacional de Investigaciones Agrícolas en Zonas Áridas Roma, 2018 Las denominaciones empleadas en este La FAO y el ICARDA fomentan el uso, la producto informativo y la forma en que reproducción y la difusión del material aparecen presentados los datos que contiene contenido en este producto informativo. Salvo no implican, por parte de la Organización de que se indique lo contrario, se podrá copiar, las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la descargar e imprimir el material con fines de Agricultura (FAO) o del Centro Internacional estudio privado, investigación y docencia, de Investigación Agrícola en las Zonas Secas o para su uso en productos o servicios no (ICARDA), juicio alguno sobre la condición comerciales, siempre que se reconozca de jurídica o el nivel de desarrollo de países, forma adecuada a la FAO y FHA como la territorios, ciudades o zonas, ni sobre sus fuente y titular de los derechos de autor y autoridades, ni respecto de la demarcación que ello no implique en modo alguno que de sus fronteras o límites. La mención de la FAO y FHA aprueben los puntos de vista, empresas o productos de fabricantes en productos o servicios de los usuarios. particular, estén o no patentados, no implica que la FAO o el ICARDA los aprueben o Todas las solicitudes relativas a los derechos de recomienden de preferencia a otros de traducción y adaptación así como a la reventa naturaleza similar que no se mencionan. y otros derechos de uso comercial deberán Las opiniones expresadas en este producto realizarse a través de www.fao.org/contact-us/ informativo son las de su(s) autor(es) y no licence-request o dirigirse a [email protected]. reflejan necesariamente los puntos de vista ni las políticas de la FAO o del ICARDA. Los productos de información de la FAO están disponibles en el sitio web ISBN 978-92-5-130494-5 (FAO) de la Organización (www.fao.org/ © FAO, 2018 publications/es) y pueden adquirirse mediante solicitud por correo electrónico dirigida a [email protected]. Fotografías de la portada y de los capítulos: © Fotolia, iStock photo ÍNDICE Prefacio IX Reconocimientos X Acrónimos XI A Historia e importancia agroecológica y económica 1 María Judith Ochoa y Giuseppe Barbera Introducción 2 Historia 2 Situación actual 5 América 5 África 7 Medio Oriente 9 Australia 10 Europa 10 Perspectivas 11 2 Origen y taxonomía de Opuntia ficus-indica 13 Roberto Kiesling y Detlev Metzing Introducción 14 Origen y taxonomía de Opuntia ficus-indica 14 Números cromosómicos 15 Estudios moleculares 15 Distribución y naturalización 16 Nombres vernáculos 17 El papel de la cochinilla 18 Aspectos taxonómico y nomenclatura 19 Conclusiones 19 IV 3 Morfología y anatomía de las Platyopuntias 21 Loreto Prat, Nicolas Franck y Fusa Sudzuki ÍNDICE Introducción 22 Sistema radicular 22 Cladodio 23 Corteza 26 Madera 26 Yemas florales 27 Granos de polen 28 Fruta 28 4 Ecofisiologia y biología reproductiva del nopal 31 Paolo Inglese,Giorgia Liguori y Erick de la Barrera Introducción 32 Ciclo MAC 32 Aptitud del suelo y el cultivo de nopal 34 Fijación de CO2 y disponibilidad de agua 35 Respuesta a la temperatura 37 Respuesta a la luz 37 Biologia reproductiva 38 Productividad de biomasa 41 Respuestas potenciales al cambio climático 42 5 Recursos genéticos de nopal 45 Candelario Mondragón Jacobo y Innocenza Chessa Introducción 46 Exploración de recursos genéticos 46 Bancos de germoplasma, colecciones núcleo y ensayos de variedades 48 Documentación de los recursos genéticos 48 Uso de técnicas moleculares para explicar la variabilidad del nopal 49 Conservación de los recursos genético 50 Utilización: premejoramiento y mejoramiento genético 51 Hacia una utilización sustentable del nopal 52 V 6 Producción de tuna y manejo postcosecha 53 Johan Potgieter y Salvatore D’Aquino ÍNDICE Introducción 54 Planeación y establecimiento de huertas 54 Marco de plantación y diseño 57 Establecimiento 59 Manejo de la huerta 60 Cosecha 68 Tuna pelada lista para el consumo 72 Conclusiones yperspectivas futuras 73 7 Producción y utilización de nopal forrajero en la nutrición animal 77 Jose C.B. Dubeux Jr., Hichem Ben Salem y Ali Nefzaoui Introducción 78 Sistemas de producción de forraje basados en nopals 78 Practicas de cultivo 83 Calidad de forraje 87 Utilización 90 Crecimiento animal y calidad del producto 94 Perspectivas y necesidades de investigación 95 8 Producción y utilización de nopalitos 97 Candelario Mondragón Jacobo y Santiago de Jesus Méndez Gallegos Introducción 98 Origen del uso y domesticación 98 Variedades de nopal de verdura 99 Importancia agrícola del cultivo de nopalitos 100 Sistemas de producción de nopal de verdura 101 Prácticas de producción 103 Técnicas básicas de preparación 107 9 Cría de grana cochinilla 109 Liberato Portillo y Ana Lilia Vigueras Introducción 110 Biología 111 Cría de cochinilla 112 Ecología 115 J Enfermedades del nopal 119 Giovanni Granata, Roberto Faedda y María Judith Ochoa ÍNDICE Introducción 120 Enfermedades fungosas 120 Enfermedades bacterianas 125 Fitoplasmas y enfermedades virales 126 Desordenes abióticos 127 K Insectos plaga del nopal 129 Jaime Mena Covarrubias Introducción 130 Insectos 130 Manejo integrado de plagas para los insectos plaga 137 L Procesamiento y utilización de frutos cladodios y semillas 139 Carmen Sáenz Introducción 140 Composición química y compuestos bioactivos 140 Características tecnológicas 141 Tecnologías de proceso 142 Otras tecnologías 148 Otros productos 150 Conclusión 154 M Propiedades nutricionales y medicinales de frutos y cladodios de nopal 155 Mónica Azucena Nazareno Introduction 156 Aspectos nutricionales 156 Fitoquimicos bioactivos de la planta de nopal 158 Propiedades medicinales 159 Perspectivas 162 VII N El nopal en los ecosistemas: beneficios y servicios 163 Mounir Louhaichi, Ali Nefzaoui y Juan Carlos Guevara ÍNDICE Introducción 164 Mejoramiento del pastizal 165 Reducción de la erosión del suelo 166 Cercos vivos/barreras vegetativas 168 Potencial de captura de carbono 169 Cultivos intercalados 171 Conservación de la biodiversidad 172 Conclusión y recomendaciones 174 O Invasión globales de nopal (Opuntia sp.): 175 Control, manejo y conflictos de interés Helmuth Zimmermann Introducción 176 El nopal como problema 176 Manejo de especies opuntioideae invasivas 182 Utilización y conflictos de interés 187 Conclusiones 188 P Producción de biogás 191 Maria Teresa Varnero y Ian Homer Introducción 192 Uso de desechos de nopal en la producción de biogas 192 Plantaciones de nopal para la producción de biogas 193 Diseño y operación de biodigestores 195 Aspectos económicos 196 Otros usos bioenergéticos 197 Q Mercadotecnia y limitaciones y estrategias de comunicación 199 Marcos Mora Introducción 200 Producción y antecedentes del mercado 201 Percepción de la calidad de la tuna: de factores intrínsecos y extrínsecos 204 Atributos de valor y preferencias del consumidor 204 Estrategia de desarrollo comercial para la tuna fresca y sus productos 205 Conclusiones 205 Bibliografía 207 © MarinAgronomia/J. Marín IX Prefacio ctualmente el cambio climático es uno de los más grandes retos que el mundo debe enfrentar, y en el futuro las sequias prolongadas y la desertificación son los temas - entre otros-, que atenderán muchos países, especialmente en África y Asia, donde los campesinos pobres y pequeños productores serán severamente afectados. Si la gente quiere sobrevivir Aen estas duras condiciones, sus cultivos deberán tolerar la sequía, altas temperaturas y suelos pobres. Las cactáceas están siendo de creciente interés alrededor del mundo en particular el nopal (Opuntia ficus-indica) debido a sus características únicas, las cuales le proveen resiliencia a las condiciones limitantes previamente mencionadas. El nopal es capaz de crecer en tierras donde otros cultivos no prosperan. Puede ser usado para la restauración de tierras degradadas en muchos países, tales como Etiopia, es el único cultivo en el cual se puede confiar donde todos los demás han fallado. El cultivo se originó en México quien es todavía el mayor productor y consumidor del mundo, pero otros países incluyendo: Marruecos, Etiopia, Sudáfrica, Kenia, India y Pakistán, están incrementando su producción y uso. Adicional a la resiliencia del cultivo, el nopal esta crecientemente apreciado por sus usos múltiples. La fruta y sus cladodios tiernos pueden ser consumidos por humanos, y el interés en el uso forrajero está aumentando. En Brasil, la superficie plantada para forraje supera ya las 400 mil hectáreas en la región Noreste, y es la base de la producción animal en las regiones semiáridas de este país. El cultivo del nopal forrajero también está siendo adoptado en África Sub-Sahariana y el sur de Asia. Adicionalmente, sus propiedades medicinales y usos industriales están siendo activamente investigados y promovidos. La Red Internacional de Cooperación Técnica en Cactos (Cactus-Net)
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