Z 11'7"1 C S~JR lJm¥erJity of New MexICo 0'1;. F ; 791 C7}{ r0J11Ca 6 4 oe Nuevo Mexico March 2005 Issue Nurrrbez- 64 Shaggy Bison Traverse the Santa Fe Trail "Remembering the Buffalo Drive of 1955" By Carleen C. Lazzell
Buffalo herd arrives at Fort Jordan Stockade. Note the stockade fence around the main building. Commerce and a newspaper reporter. other two cowboys were LV "Casey" their idea for a "BuffaloDrive"developed. Crisp and Wallace "Speedy" Bebb. The buffalo herd on Main Street. Clayton. New Mexico. Thursday, June 30, 1955. This event would be the first of its kind Although they were half the a~e of Many of the trail drive crew saddled up to assist with the event. "Ezra" swinging since a herd of eiqhty buffalo had been Sutton, the two men had been on the mast of the hoodlum wagon in foreground. driven from Colonel Charles Goodnight's cowboyinq since they were in their early Palo Duro Canyon ranch in Texas to teens. As younq men, ~ood friends. Fifty years a~o on a brlght. sunny Colorado. Within a few days , local Yellowstone Park in 1917. Nat only "Casey"and "Speedy."competed in bronc Thursday afternoon. June 30. 1955. a contractor. B.f Froman. beqan would the Buffalo Drive be a substantial ridinq at rodeos in the area and dressed herd of buffalo came from the east and construction on the $166.000 facility. tourist attraction in itself. it would in their finest western re~alia . when they meandered down the Main Street of which became known as "Fort Jordan." ~enerate further publicity for Fort Jordan rode each year in the Fourth of July Clayton. New Mexico. on the way to their The main bulldinq incorporated a by havinq the drive follow the route of parade in Clayton. All three men were new home at the Fort Jordan Stockade. stockade fence as part of the replica fort. the historic Cimarron Cutoff of the Santa well known in the area for their skill in A trio of cowboys drove the sha~~y In addition, there would be several Iarqe Fe Trail. ridinq horses and workinq cattle. beasts and their companion Brahma tepees. constructed of poles and wire. One of the first items of business was Another experienced trail driver, Wood steers . followed by the chuck wa~on. covered with a concrete plaster. to select an experienced and colorful Roberts, also joined the entourage. pulled by white mules. A monkey randomly placed in front of the fort. crew. which would include cowboys, however. he had to load up and ~o home swin~in~ on the mast of the hoodlum Prominent si~na~e encouraged travelers camp cooks. muleshinner and other about midway through the drive when wa~on brought smiles to the onlookers to stop and see not only Jordon's personnel necessary for such an his horse became lame. The outfit as the unusual parade passed . collection of thousands of artifacts . but undertazlnc. Knowing that the cowboys consisted of fourteen men and boys, Early in February 1955. a ~rand plan also to observe a buffalo herd . By early would be a bi~ tourist draw for spectators which included not only the cowboys. for a tourist attraction had bequn to summer 1955 . it was time for the alonq the trail. Jordan selected three lead but also the chuck wa~on crew, wa~on develop when Jim Jordan of Eva. monumental job of movinq Jordan's cowboys, which included the well drivers and a "~o-to" flunky by the name Oklahoma. and several investors from buffalo herd and his hu~e collection of known seventy-seven year old Bill of Charlie Paris. Youn~er members of the Clayton . New Mexico. si~ned a contract artifacts from Eva. Oklahoma. to Sutton. a black man. who held the requler crew included Jimmy Jordan. Jr.. to establish a "super tourist attraction" to Clayton. a distance of eiSJhty-five miles. distinction of beinq the best "bronc aSJe 5. and two junior cowboys. Frank be located north of Clayton on the main While Jim Jordan was havin~ coffee buster" in the entire area. Sutton, in fact Kin~ . 14. and Billy Birdwell. 13. thoroughfare between Texas and with representatives of the Chamber of had been one of the cowboys on the On the morning of Wednesday. June Goodnlght Drive in 1917, which added 22, 1955. the trail drive beqan with a further interest in his involvement. The spectacular event. According to
Closer view of buffalo herd and Brahmas as they Jim Jordan driving the chuck wagon on overpass on Highway 87 on way to arrive at Fort Jordan on June 30, 1955. Fort Jordan. He waves to photographer Bill Rhew.
Mark Your Calender Now : Historical Society Annual Conference, April 21-23, 2005, Clayton, New Mexico journalist Al Hall, a reporter with the biting rem arks and scathing criticism. Am arillo Daily News. "The drive started Unruffled by the jibes. Coble explained to with a stampede when the corra l gates the riders. 'Now 100R here boys. I have opened and the buffalo ~o t their first coo ked up a batch of biscuits every meal 100R and first smell of the open prairie." now. I'll serve 'em up every time I can, Conseque ntly. the herd made a "mad but when I say the wind's too hiqh to dash" for the horizon. WR. Joh nson and make a fire for biscuits, its too high. You his son were worR i n~ in a nearby field. ca n lJoahead and eat that Iightbread and where they ended up in the middl e of the don 't let me hear ano ther word out of stampede. whe n the buffal o and you." All in all, the crew consum ed 20 Brahmas descended upon them . The loaves of bread at that mea!. Coble, in his herd split abo ut 10 yards from the l2ood-natured way. brought harmony frightened farme rs, who had quick ly into the noon stop . when he announced take n refuge und er their tractors. The that slurn-gullion would be the bill-of cowboys rode "hell bent for leath er" for fare for supper that night. It was during more than two hours before they got the this meal stop. that young frank King shal2l2Y bison under co ntrol. The bovine provided so me exc iteme nt, wh en he group co nsisted of 12 buffalo bulls. 6 ventured too close to the buffalo, not to buffalo cows. one buffalo heifer and 5 be in derelict of his duties. His mount Brahma steers. Once the herd calmed was not as enthusiastic and star ted down. the buffalo. followinc the lead bucking, not wanting any part of the Brahma steers. settled into an easy l2ait, strange an ima ls. Livinc up to his moving at about two miles per hou r. nickname. "Speedy" Bebb "quicker than Trailing behind the herd were the a wink" was astride his hors e and after chuck waqon and the hoodlum wagon . frank. Within seconds he had Frank's Wide angle view of the trail drive with dramatic thunderclouds in the background. which had been built about 1912 . horse calmed down. and. according to Traditionally, hoodlum wagons were reports. Frank took up his patrol further the chuck waqon at Flag Sprin g, where Groom. pastor of St. Paul's Methodist used to carry au xiliary items needed on from the herd. (Am ariIIo Daily News, Gibbs and Adams han dled the ticRets Church in Boise City. offered the the trail, such as extra food, additional June 23, 1955). sales for the food. Followtnq the meal. invocation, which was followed by a cooking gear. bedrolls an d other On Jun e 24 . "Cotton John." ca mpfire entertainment included a minute of silent prayer for all those who necessary items. The hoodlum wagon al2ricultura l reporter for Amarillo perfomance by a country western band lost their lives on the Santa Fe Trail; then soon was nicknamed "monzey wagon" television station KGNC, with his "Gab from Clayton. sinlJinl2 and stor ytelling by Bill Kirby of Clayton played "Taps." because that was the post taken up by Wagon." visited the trail drive. He the cowboys. "Casey" sang several Oklahoma State Senator Bill EtIinq Jordan's jibbering monkey. "Ezra." who co nducted interviews with the cowboys, cowboy songs. which included "Punchin' represented his state and governor perched atop the tall mast. where he which wo uld be aired the next day on his the Dough" and "Zebra Dunn." He also Raymond Gary. Etling l2ave the principal watched all the happenings. Pulled by a Sa turday morning television show. related the story of their first day on the address and delivered export permits to spa n of white mules, Jim Jordan drove Reporter AI Hall an d photographer Bill trail when the herd stam peded . In his Jim Jordan. owner of the buffalo and the chuck wagon and Ted Bass handled Rhew. both of Amarillo, were also on words. he said."there were pots. pans. collection of antiques and relics. New wa ter barrels. cow boys . cooks and Mexico brand inspector Walt Lewis and chickens 'swinl2ing around like a Clayton veterinarian R.M . Olbeter were whirlwind' as the buffalo stampeded out on hand to check brands and certify the the gate." In his column in the Amarillo health of the herd. Garland Smith. aka newspaper. "Cotton John" Smith wrote. "Cotton John" Smith on KGNC Television. "Casey Crisp of Clayton is the most recorded mu ch of the ceremony. as did talkative cow boy on the drive. He also frank Vale and his staff of KLMX from the does a pretty fair job of sinl2inl2 around Clayton radi o sta tion. Two pilots, the campfire. His first cowhand members of the Flyin SfJ farmers. from expe rience was on the 101 Ranch ." Texas landed on the nearby highway. (AmariIIo Daily News. June 30. 1955). where the Oklahoma-New Mexico state Camp Nichols. northwest of Wheeless. line is located . They delighted the crowd Oklahoma. was an overnight stop. This with their aeronautical skill. ca mp, founded by Colonel Kit Carson. After co nclusion of the noontim e was occupied for only a few months in festivities. the herd moved down the trail 1865. The troops here were charged with to the niSfJht camp near the state line protecting travelers on the Cimarron and monument on the Raymond Mock Place Aubry cutoffs. It was on e of the homes of and across the road from Elbert Hall's Marian Russell, an army officer's wife home, two miles north and west of who wrot e about her stay at Fort Nichols Moses. Many of the attendees at the in her book, "Land of Enchantment. " noon cerem ony stayed with the caravan On the seventh day of the trail drive, a and 150 visitors enjoyed the chuck noontime ceremo ny too k place when waqon supper that night and stayed for Three cowboys. Wallace "Speedy " Bebb. Bill Sutton and Vincen t "Casey" Crisp. the buffalo herd entered New Mexico. the entertainme nt, which consisted of a Both Clayton and Amarillo newspapers short mu sical proqrarn and Reverend the hoodlum wagon. In additi on to the hand mu ch of the time in orde r to l2ave detail ed coverage of the important Paul Hiveley's recount of one of the first buffalo and Brahmas. Jordan's menagerie document the progress of the trail drtve. event. State Senator Bill Wheatley cattle drives. of animals includ ed mules. horses. some The trail drive was a big draw for represented New Mexico Govern or John The trail drive stopped at various New ca ttle and even a lion ess. No men tion is tourists and locals alike. License plates Simms, who was unable to attend the Mexico Santa Fe Trail sites. At McNees made in the newspaper accounts of how from Arkansas. Missouri. Illlnois, Indiana, proceedings. Boy Sco uts of America Crossing, photograph ers were on hand as the lioness was transported . Kansas, Texas, Colorado. Oklah oma. Troop 46 from Boise City opened with the the herd crossed Corrumpa Creek. As the Followinq the Sa nta Fe Trail, the New Mexico and oth er states were seen presentation of colo rs. Reverend Paul buffalo neared the end of the trail, the campsite for the first nil2ht was at Willow along the route. Interested onlookers Bar Crosslnq on the Canadian River. joined the caravan and many partook of where a stand of willow trees are on a the meals served by the chucc walJon sandbar in the middle of the river. As crew. PH. Chilcote. President of the planned and traveling on schedul e, the Farmers and Stochme ns Bank. and Lewis trail drive bedded down at Trujillo Gibbs, also from the bank . visited the trail Springs on the second nil2ht. For eac h drive periodically. as did WL. "Pete" meal. camp COOR Emm ett Coble and his Adams and attorney A.J. Krehb iel, all assistants Bill Emery and nineteen-year from Clayton . old Gail Christian coo ked hearty fare for Flag Spring (also known as Upper the cowboys . crew and visitors. Spring), 8 miles north and 2 miles west of According to reporter AIHall. "One won't Boise City. ORlah oma. is a serene have to worry about cleaning up beautiful setting with a a high rocky hill. afterward. He can sit arou nd the the sprinq, a pond formed by an earthen ca mpfire and listen to the tales of the da m and views to the Cimarron Valley. yesteryea r. while Charlie Paris. flunkey Altho ugh lun ch breaks and eve ning for the outfit, burns the plates and cookouts were open to the public. at shampoos the silver." (Amarillo Daily Saturday night's enca mpment at flal2 News. June 23, 1955). A day or so out on Spring. Coble and his crew prepared a the trail, there was a hil2h wind. whereby more exte nsive "chuck walJon fare." Coble elec ted to serve "lil2htbread" Buffalo steak was a special treat for the instead of his pop ular sourdough eve ning. In anticipat ion of serving biscuits. Reporter Hall thou ght this was a buffalo steak on the trail drive Jordan good stor y and he wrote the following, had fattened a buffalo heifer. The menu "Disappointed by the absence of Emmett that night also included so urdo ugh Coble's delicious sourdou qh biscuits, the biscuits. pinto beans. stewed apricots and Night view of cam araderie around the campfire includes: On right. "Casey" Crisp. ravenou s cowhands made the l2enial blacRcoffee at a cost of $ 1.50 per person . "Speedy" Bebb seated at center, Bill Sutton to his right. then Bill Emery. on far left boss of the chuck wagon their target for An estima ted 500 people were fed from Gail Christian; Charlie Paris and Jim Jordan with lantern in background.
2 a~e nc ies and which were televised by KG NC-TV and aired by KGNC Radio from Amarillo. "Cotton John" Sm ith and journalist AI Hall of the Ainerillo Daily News were esp ecially ac tive in promorin q the Buffalo Drive and fort Jordan. The Clayton - Union County Chamber of Com me rce presented each of them with certificates in recognition of their fine service the co mmunity. The fort Jordan Museum building was quite larqe. 27.500 square feet. with a ten foot stoc kade fence. Because of the sheer size of the buildinq and the task of cataloging the collection. f ort Jordan was not formall y dedicated until May 18, 1956 . New Mexico Governor John Simms was on hand to officially op en the Bill Sutto n and "Casey" Crisp tellini; tourist attraction. whic h all believed stories on the Buffalo Drive. would be a boon to the economy of the caravan camped at Turkey Creez. a site area. The fort included a restaurant about seven miles north of the Rabbit opera ted by a former Harvey Hou se Ears Mountains. Turkey Creek had water. manager an d a ~ i f t sho p decorated in the ~o od ~ razi n~ and ample firewood and vein of an old-time country store. had been on e of the better ca mpsites for At the time of the Buffalo Drive and Santa fe Trail travelers. the dedication of Fort Jordan. all believed Riding herd with "Casey" Crisp in ioreqround astride "Bud." a sturdy. quick Thursday. June 30. 1955 , marked an that it would be a lon g enduring effort; buckskin with a goo d disposition. a trait needed when handling the buffalo . Bill import ant day for Clayton when the however. that was not the case . Soon Sutton to right on his signature white horse. buffalo herd arrived on Main Stree t. after Jim Jordan bro ught everything to Spectators had been cautioned to be as Clayton . he turned the operation of the or those who had the advantage of pho tographer. His work has appeared in observinq the activities. Many of the Natio nal Geographic an d Traveler. major players in this drama are no longer among other publications. He also alive -Bill Sutton. who was already 77 filme d several docu mentaries around years old at the time. "Spee dy" Bebb an d the wo rld. especially deali ng with "Casey" Crisp who were 38 at the time are agriculture. Rhew. a personal friend of gone; as are the cooks Emm ett Coble President Lyndon Baines Johnson and his and Bill Emer y. and trail driver Wood family. ph ot ographed Luci Bain es Roberts. and muleshinner Ted Bass. Johnson 's we dding at the White Hou se. Author's note: Rhew passed away unexpectedly in 1994. Information for the above article is from while filming the live produ ction of personal memories and conversations Texas. at the outdoor amphitheater in with persons who participated in the trail Palo Duro Canyon . drive or those who had been spectators Garland "Cotton John"Smith. farm to the eve nts. In addition . the autho r and ranch direc tor of KGNC radio and read numerous accounts of the Buffalo television served as farm edito r for Drive. which had been published in the Ama rillo Daily News from 1949 to 1951. Amarillo and Clayton newspapers during It was durino this time that he earne d the June 1955 . Some of the person s who name of "Cotton John." at the time whe n helped in the research for the article are the federal goV'ernment was introducing Rita Leatherman . Amarillo Glo be-News. acreage allotment on cotton. In 1958. AI Regen sber g. New Mexico State Smith beqan yea rly tours. accompa nied Records and Archi ves Center. Terry by farme rs and ran ch ers. where they Martin. Union County Lead er. Betty vtsitcd spec ific areas such as Alaska and Sayre. President of the Union County Australia. Smith died in f ebruary 1968 at Historical Society. D. Ray Blakeley. the young a ~ e of 48. In his all too brief Nigh t view of Fort Jordan chuck wa{JDn: (l to r) BiIl Emery. Gail Christian. Frank Herzstein Memorial Museum. Lewis career. "Cotton John" enjoyed regional King. Frank King. Jr.. Charlie Paris. Bill Birdwell. Jim Jordan. Emm ett Coble "Casey" Gibbs. Bill Kirby. Jesse Lon g and Renee celebrity status and a loyal follow inq by Crisp. "Speedy" Bebb and BiIl Sutton. Jimm y Jordan. Jr. in foreground. Rinestin e. his fans. Photoqraphs in this article are by Bill Photograp hs for this article courtesy quiet as possible while wa tching the facility ove r to Arthur G. Start . In June Rhew. internationaIly recognized of Carleen C. Lazzell. CL passage of the herd throu gh town so the 1960. the buffalo herd was moved to buffalo would not become excited. The Tucumcari, New Mexico. A month later. buffalo seem ed un easy but not unduly half of the space at the f ort Jordan alarmed by the crowd, which greeted Stockad e was turned over to an them. After travelinq through town. the aerospace exhi bit. with the intent of herd and caravan proceeded to their offerin g visitors a history of flight in new home at f ort Jord an Stockade aircr aft and aviation equipme nt. located at the northwest edge of town on Remaining items from Jordan's Highway 87. Over the course of the nine collec tio n and those give n by local da y trail dr ive. an estim ated one citizens were rem oved from the building. thousand people visited the various Within a few years. f ort Jordan had campsites. been divested of its collections. In 1967, Acc ording to the Union County a local trailer manufacturer purchased Leader. in an article the foIIowing week. the building. fort Jordan had been a local busin essm an D.D. Monroe. brilliant idea and a fantastic dream. but Intern ationally famous speake r. we Il failed to live up to expectations. June versed in the histor y of the Santa f e Trail. 2005 is the fiftieth anniversary of the officially we lco med the ca ravan. The Buffalo Drive. an eve nt. wh ich continues trail drive gained national recognition to live in the me mo ry of those who were Snapshot by unknown ph otographer. "Speedy" Bebb. BiIl Sutto n. "Casey" Crisp through sto ries released by news fortun ate enough to eithe r be a part of it and his nine-year old son Billy. who joined the trail drive for a ie»: clays. { This is the only ph oto. which was not taken by BiIl IebevoJ.
-Jl, On the trail with a span of white m ules pulling the chuck wagon f/ """""...,.., driven by Jim Jordan and his son. followed by the hoodlum wagon. wi th the buffalo herd iollowtno. Map from the Dry Cimarro n Scenic By-\t7D.FSbrochu re
3 Origins and Early Development of New Mexico's Wine Industry By PaulKraemer menaced by slaves . Although he started historical hints about the Criolla lJrape as an ordinary frontier soldier in 1582. origin. For one thinq, the ~rape vine llrdifiola became very wealthy by cuttings brought from Spain in the 16th investments in silver mines and century might have been from reduction mills. He beqan putting g-rapevines of the major Spanish wines tocether a Iatifundium by purchasing a used for export at the time. Alexis hacienda east of Parras and by 1598. Lichine writes that the Spanish Alicante. when the Jesuits established a mission Gamay and Sherry wines were exported and pueblo (Santa Maria de Parras), in large amounts. The Jesuit chronicler, The ancient spring of Socorro Mountain still feeds a viticulture and wine production were Andres Perez de Ribas, who described small wet-lend et irs base. During Socorro's early days. well underway. He became Governor of the Parras developments before 1643. the sprtnq ws used ro irriqete vineyards and also used for everything else. Nueva Viscaya in 1603. and by all reports made two comments that encourage Viticulture and wine production served very well . but also continued his another speculation: first. that the wild started in New Mexico in 1629. over 140 land acquisitions. His estates included grapes of Parras were more like Castilian years before it beqan in California. Their five or six haciendas coverinq several g-rapes than most wild lJrapes (probably orlqtns can be traced to events in 16th million acres of land in the Parras-Saltillo sweeter and less astringent). and second. century New Spain and continued to the area. A very energetic man. he pushed that the imported Castilian g-rapes qrew present day as a distinctive cultural and hard to plow. plant and di~ irriqation abundantly in the Parras environment. economic herltaqe. This paper ditches for his Vineyards . Ultimately. his Perhaps the Criolla lJrape is a hybrid. emphasizes the earlier Hispanic history estate became the Marquesado of San either intentional or accidental. Be that encompassinq the major developments Mi~uel de Aguayo. which. according to as it may. Mission grapes are now classed of the 16th through 19th centuries in New Simpson. covered 30.000 square miles. as Vitis vinifera. i.e.. European. 6 Spain and the colonial (I598-1821). the bi~16est landed estate in the history of Criolla ~rape cuttings were brought to 4 Mexican (1821-1846), and Territorial Mexico. New Mexico in 1629. During the early (1846-1912) periods. Viticulture and wine products years of the 17th century, Parras had Hernan Cortes. the conqueror of continued to expand at Parras for many almost a complete monopoly on wine Mexico in 1521 . was. among other things. years. In 1626. another producer. production in New Spain and the an aS616ressive a~ribusinessman . In the Lorenzo Garda. started Vineyards and northern frontier. Francois Chevalier early years after the conquest. in his wine production in the Parras area. and notes that the ex-qovernor of Nueva correspondence with the Emperor. his bodegas de San Lorenzo became Vtscaya , Rodri~o del Rio y Losa (served Charles V. he asked that every flotilla even more successful than the operation 1589-1595 with Ilrdifiola as his lieutenant include seeds and vines from Spain to started by Urdifiola. Throuqhout the lJovernor) had a Vineyard and winery at establish European crops and to make northern kin~doms. wine was desig-nated his estate at Sornbrerete. the Vineyard wine in the New World. He encouraged as either castilla from Spain or vino de undoubtedly used grapevine cuttings people who received land ~rants from Parras. the latter being- cheaper. This from Parras. Also there is scattered him to start vineyards. and he even made potential competition for market share evidence that lJrapevines from Parras such plantings a condition of the 16rant. caused the crown to try to protect g-radually were planted throug-hout the Cortes failed in achievlnq many of his Spanish interests. and durinq the final frontier as far as Zacatecas, but large political ambitions. such as his desire to years of the reiqn of Philip II (1556-1598). scale production of wine and brandy sponsor the Coronado Expedition of ~overnment interference beqan. The were entirely centered at Parras. The 1540 (sponsored by Viceroy Antonio crown's concerns were a~~ravated by cuttings that were brought to New Mendoza). but before his death in 1547. the fact that hi16h quality wine, at this Mexico in 1629 were much earlier than Cortes became fabulously wealthy by his time. could be obtained from Peru at half those started by Jesuits in Sonora and intensive development of his numerous the cost of Spanish wines. While Baja California at the end of the century a~ricultural properties and encomienda viticulture in the colonies had been or. after the Jesuit expulsion in 1767. the tributes. He also personally initiated encouraged durinq the early years. by Franciscan missions in Alta California suqar and rum production. But he the beqinninq of the 17th century. and started by Junfpero Serra in 1769. In fact, failed to start a wine industry. Castilian spasmodically thereafter throughout the some evidence su~g-ests that wtnemaktnq wine ~rapes simply would not thrive in colonial period . wine production was and viticulture did not beg-inin California central New Spain. To be sure. one can a~ainst the requtenons in New Spain until 1778. that is. 149 years after they find occasional references to ~rape vines proper. In Parras. special dispensations were bequn in New Mexico.' in somebody's ~arden. but a productive had to be negotiated on the basis that the The introduction of viticulture into Vineyard for wine seemed impossible. distances of the northern Rin~doms to New Mexico was a small facet of a Indeed. an academic churchman. Mexico City were too ~reat for Spanish remarkable expansion of the Franciscan Francisco Cervantes de Salazar. writin~ a traders to supply wines at reasonable missionary program. Between the Onate description of Mexico City in 1554. after cost.' colonization in 1598 to about 1625. the extolling the opulence and luxury of the The ~enetic backg-round of the ~rape number of friars in New Mexico at any city. found only three things lackin~: varietal developed at Parras remains one time varied between three and "olive oil. wine. and the Conquest of unresolved. Apparently, only one twenty-four. but qenerally averaged less Florida with its Fountain of Youth." which is the same as Parras. It appears variety was extensively developed. and than twenty. Under the leadership of fray Paradoxically the Viceroyality of Peru likely that the name Parras had been they called it Criolla, meaning born in Esteban Perea. the order embarked on (established in 1531) had. by this time. used for this area from the contact period the New World of European oriqin. This an ambitions missionary program of the thrivinq olive and wine industries. the in the 1560'sbecause of the abundance of question is of some importance because northern frontier. Perea coordinated his the Criolla ~rape became the nearly long- term plans with the propaganda latter spreading to Chile and Arqentina.' wild ~rapes in this basin. 3 ~rape Thus. for much of the 16th century. New What. if anything. the Ibarra family exclusive used for wine and efforts of fray Alonso Benavides, and worRin~ Spain had no lndtqenous wine or brandy and the four others did with their Parras brandy production throughout the between the two of them, in production. and had to rely on costly land grants is not clear. According to Borderlands for over 200 years. When Mexico City and Spain. achieved world products imported from Spain. The Gerhard. a handful of scattered Spanish cuttings of the Criolla grape were famous results in the years 1629-1632. market for these products was not haciendas were established and some propagated in California after 1769. the New mission areas were pursued. a enormous. The millions of Indians and started to ~row qrapes. The area as a cultivar became known as the Mission mission supply service was established. ~rape . castos much preferred the pre whole had many thousands of the term usually used today. There and the number of friars supported by su~~estions columbian beeeraqes such as pulque and indigenous Indians (Lacuneros. have been a number of as to the Crown was raised to sixty-six. Perea mescal. derived from a~ave plants. But Zacatecos and others) and. in 1602. a its oriqin. For instance. a Sardinian returned to New Mexico from a three the market was not insignlftcant either. colony of Tlaxcalans derived from the varietal named Monica is often cited, year stay in Mexico City. with thirty-one With hundreds of priests needinq migrations from central Mexico of 1591 . while other writers assume a Malag-a new friars and a plan for coping- with the sacramental and table wine and By the early 1590's. the potential for oriqin. The possibility that it is the same manaqement problems of the supplies ~rape thousands of Spanish people vineyards and larg-e scale wine cultivar sent to Peru and Chile needed for the larlJe increase in the accustomed to ~rape products. imports production had attracted the attention of after 1531 ( Chilean Paiz g-rape) has also number of friars. This included the were of considerable value to these another ambitious and wealthy Basque been raised. Grape cultivars propaqated provision of sacramental wine. The new by cuttinqs and root stocks can be contract with the Crown of 1631 industries in Spain. 2 empire builder. Francisco Urdifiola . from ~enetically In the same year as Cervantes' lament the same silver mining heritag-e as stable for centuries, althoug-h promised numerous supply items every about the wine situation. events in the Francisco Ibarra and Juan de Onate. In they are not necessarily so . Since the three years for each friar, including the northern frontier of New Spain were fact. llrdifiola was a likely candidate for recent 1990's. rapid procress has been candles. oil for the altar lamp and 45 ~rape ~allons revealing an alternative source of wine the New Mexico settlement contract that made in lJenetics . including the of sacramental wine. as well as on the distant horizon. An amazing was finally awarded to Onate. Since development of several systems for other items necessary for celebrating ~enetic back~round young Basque man (he was 17 years old Urdinola is lJeneraIIy credited with tracing the of mass and running missions. But all in 1554) named Francisco Ibarra was tninattnq the wine industry in North important lJrape varietals such as royal alms for support of the friars totaled leadinq his first expedition for the America at Parras. his methods are of Zinfandel, Chardonnay and Cabernet about 400 pesos per friar per year. Two colonization of the vast territory north of interest in the sense of utilizin~ the Sauviqnon. But. as yet. no definitive thousand nine hundred seventy qallons Zacatecas. which had recently been the methods of Hernan Cortes' study of various Criolla and Mission of wine from Spain was expensive for 66 ~rape place of spectacular silver discoveries. a16ribusinesses discussed above. and the cultivars has appeared. and most friars and could use up too much of the ~roups Ibarra's expeditions. over the next twelve g-eneral feudal philosophy that Leslie of the numerous worzinq in the stipends. While wine from Parras could years. established many settlements and Byrd Simpson calls "lattfundismo". This lJrape qenome area are focused on possibly be obtained for less, it was still initiated administrative control over a term refers to the hUlJe landed estates of important economic aspects such as about half as dear. Thus . fray Esteban Iaroe portion of the northern frontier of ancient Rome. worked and even wine quality and resistance to disease had two of the new friars bring Criolla and abiotic stress. There remain some lJrape cuttings.'
4 The two friars were father Antonio de San Francisco to be ordained as a both quality and quantity. In part, this Reconquest by pre- Revolt peopl e. and Arteag-a and his companion. lay brother priest. But before they left, Arteaga had was because other larg-e operations had was co nsidered relatively secure even Garda de San francisco, both members made several evangelical trips to the been established, in particular the EI before 1706 when Albuquerque was of the austere Franciscan cult. the Manso and Suma Indians in the EI Paso Capitan Hacienda of the Tiburcio Orteqa founded . Bernalillo ma y we ll ha ve been Barefoot f riars (Descalzos). Perea himself area. and to the Cipias of northeastern family. (According to fray Anqelico the first pla ce to ha ve Vineyards ab ove orig-inally professed at a Descalzo Sonora. Thus the groundwork was laid Chavez. Valverde threw Tiburcio Orteg-a the EI Paso area in the 18th ce nt ury. province in Spain. and althoug-h enrolled for the expansion to the EI Paso area into jail because, as Protector of the Nevertheless, even th e Rio Gra nd e in the Holy Gospel Province in New recommended by Benavides in 1625. Indians. Ortega opposed Indian slave Middle Valley. which had been resettled fray Garda de San francisco returned Iabor.) By the 1750's. it was establishe d relatively promptly after the Reconquest. to Senecu as an ordained priest shortly that the EI Paso valley had 250.000 continued to be vulnerable to Indian after 1639 to continue the worh among qrapevines. and over 100 producers lar g-e raids. One of the last things that Var~as the Piros, as well as to pursue th e and small. But EI Paso wa s about to have wa s involved in before his death in 1704 evang-elization of the Manso and Suma a serious economic slump after this early was the habitual raids by the faraon Indians in the EI Paso area." Fray Garda 18th century period durinq which its Apaches in and around BernaIIilo. a nd became totally fluent and acculturated a~ri cultural su ccess dominated New this pattern continue d to exist for the in the Piro Ianquaqe and culture, and Mexico . Mismanag-ement. devastating supposedly secu re areas thr oughout the considered Senecu his home for the rest floods , and a severe typhus epidemic 18th Century. By 1776, a of his life (he died there in 1672): but in ca used the major haciendas (inclu din g comprehensive survey of viticulture in 1659 he and six Piro companions also Hacienda San Antonio) to colla pse . As New Mexico can be extra cted from the started serious mission bul ldinq in the EI Bishop Tamaron reported in 1760. the extensive inspection rep orts of Atanasio Paso area. Nine years later, the beautiful capriciousness of the river. both in Dominiouez.O. f M. At that time it seems church and mission of Nuestra Senora floodinq and in drying- out. was a clear that viticulture was exte nsively de Guadalupe was dedicated, complete continuous probl em. a situation tha t pursued in the Albuquerqu e area and with a convento for seven friars. would ultimately destroy the a ~ricultural that. of the man y vineyard owners, some irriqation ditches. ~ard ens . orchards prosperity of EI Paso . At the time of his were makinq wine . However, of the Detail ofMi era y Pacheco's 1758 map. and Vineyards. Within the next decade. visit, however. the Bishop commented in Pueblo Missions only Santa Dominqo, the m ission community was very posi tive terms on the importance Sandia and Isleta had Vineyards, and of Spain. retained g-reat respect for the supplemented by a number of Spanish and abundance of the vineya rds. these , only Isleta was th e site of members of the Discalced San Dieg-o settlers and civil authorities from the comparing them favorably to those of sig-nificant wine production. The Province in New Spain. It is interesting north. Viticulture and wine production Parras. In 1766, when Nicolas LaFora situation at Sandia is of some interest in that the friars who actually started thus moved to southern New Mexico (the visited (for militar y rea sons similar to that. according to Dominquez, Father viticulture in New Mexico did not drink EI Paso area was part of New Mexico that of BrilJadier Rivera in 1726), it also Mench ero had planted g-rape vines for tabl e wine. which was not the case for throughout the colonial period) well was clear that , while EI Paso had many ye ars but often lost them du e to the members of the Reg-ular Observance before the Pueb lo Revolt of 1680. Thus problems, th e viticulture and freezinq. At nearby BernaIIilo . the settlers such as those of th e Holy Gospel viticulture at EI Paso avoided the Wine/brandy efforts were havinq were perhaps able to protect their Province. Barefoot Friars were a small destruction of the Rio Abajo that continued success. LaFora noted that stump-pruned vines by covering- them minority of the New Mexico Franciscans accompanied the Revolt as well as the the Tiburc io Ortega hacienda was still with soil in the winter. At an y rate the in the 17th and 18th cent uries. but Apache depredations of the 17th and operatlns. and that viticulture was so data s u~g- es t the northern limit of Mission ~enerally had distlnqutshed careers. as 18th centuries. 12 popular that the farm ers were neqlectinq ~rapes in 18th ce ntury New Mexico. In did fray Antonio Arteaga and fray Garcia Senecu was almost completely essential products Ilke maiz e. He was. g-eneral. however. Doming-uez's rep ort de San francisco. Their personal destroyed by Apaches after fray Garcia's however. of the opinio n that the EI Paso tends to confirm Father Juan Augu stin asceticism and evancelical intensity was death. By 1677 all of the Piro pueblos qrape products were hiqhly competitive Morfi's view of 1778. that win e and stril 5 and wines that until now have only been and Anqlo- American people. For but nicely flavored brandy. Since the lJrowing- in particular. had already produced in the Jurisdiction of El Paso instance. in the 1830's. the old Fonda qrapes are sweet and dark, a much expanded by 1880 and many 42 lJallon del Norte. However. in the interior of the Hotel in Santa Fe (which became the different wine and brandy could have barrels of wine and brandy were being Province they are now propacattnq the Exchang-e Hotel in the 1850's). routinely been produced by more advanced shipped, especially by treiqhters along planting of Vineyards and the production served local wine with meals and at methods." the srace coach route to White Oaks. of some wine and brandy. Still it will be other events. On the other hand. the Before the Civil war years (1862 seventy two miles away. During- the quite some time before the demand will influx of Anglo-Americans resulted in the 1865) Hispanic people had thoroughly 1880's . the numerous effects of the be such that there is anything like introduction of stills in the 1820's and the populated the entire wine country alonq railroad included rapid population common consumption." Durinq this production of whiskey made from qrain the upper Rio Grande. while Anglos lJrowth to over 4000, expansion of wine time near the end of the Spanish colonial and corn. Thus "Taos LiqhtninlJ" became beqan to move into the Mesilla Valley production to hundreds of thousands of period. the Apache menace had a competitive aquardiente to "Pass (Dona Ana. Mesilla and Las Cruces were lJaIlons, as well as increased acreage of declined somewhat, the Hispanic Brandy" in the Mexican period. IS all founded between 1844 and 1850). Vineyards to hundreds of acres on both settlements had expanded in all An informative retrospective view of The Belen and Socorro areas became sides of the river from Polvadera, 10 directions from the three villas (Santa the development of viticulture above El spring-boards for Hispanic settlements miles north of Socorro. Lemitar. six miles Cruz de la Canada. Santa Fe. Paso during the Mexican period can be such as San Marcial and La Luz. the latter north, around Socorro itself, and Luis Albuquerque) and the total population of obtained from the military reports that being the first settlement in the Tularosa Lopez, San Antonio and San Pedro Hispanic settlements had qrown to about were written during and immediately Basin, which is now a siqnificant wine south of Socorro. By surveying- local 27,000 not countinq El Paso Del Norte . followinq the Mexican War of 1846. For and lJrape g-rowing- area. W W H. Davis, newspapers. articles about viticulture in New Mexico had become more populous instance. Lieutenant W H. Emory of who served as Il.S. Attorney for the the boom town period of Socorro's than Texas and California combined. Kearney's Army of the West, made a Territory in 1853-1855, published an history, Phyllis Reiche identified twelve Among other chances. this expansion reconnaissance report of the Rio del extensive commentary on almost every qrowers by name, of which four were resulted in the revival of the New Mexico Norte Valley between Bernallilo and aspect of New Mexico (El Grinqo New Hispanic and several others from "wine country" of the 17th century. from Tome. a trip made in early September Mexico and Her People) and after "ridinq Germany and Italy. An often cited Bernalillo to the area where Senecu had 1846. The Rio Abajo had become the circuit" of his district defined the example of the scale of the wine maklnq started it all. By 1812. however. extensively populated and the "wine country" as extending from enterprise in Socorro is the according to Don Pedro Bautista Pino, American officers were treated with Bernalillo to below El Paso. recoqntzlnc advertisement of April 1884 in the New Mexico's delegate to the Cortes in consistent hospitality by all the ricos and of course the fact that El Paso had Socorro Daily Sun: "Finest Wine in the Spain, El Paso del Norte was still the only clenJy. They were invited to various become a part of Texas. Davis was city - 40,000 qallons - at L. & H. Huninq siqnificant wine producing area. and he homes throughout the trip. Grapes from extravaqant in his praise of the quality of and Goebels." Some of the lJrowers was full of praise for the quality, quantity numerous vineyards were plentiful at this El Paso wines, comparing them with the claimed that they consistently qot lJood and economic importance of the El Paso time of year and local wine was best wines of France and Germany. and prices for their lJrapes. Grower production. Accordinq to him, it qenerally served, sometimes citinlJ an estimate of 200,000 qallons Abraham Coorn. for instance. was able amounted to only 1600 qallons/ year and accompanied by sponge cake . as an of annual production. But he was also to build the most expensive home in cost one silver peso each. While it eleoant refreshment. Emory later served positive about the New Mexico situation Socorro. The flamboyant Italian wine seems clear that El Paso del Norte was on the Boundary Convention in 1848 up river, where vineyards were scattered entrepreneur. Giovanni Biavaschi in doing quite well. the area by no means all over the Rio Abao and local wine was 1896 built a saloon on the southeastern had a monopoly in wine and brandy. commonly available at baiIes and other corner of the plaza that is occupied to Parras was not only visited by LaFora. but festivities. The archaic methods of the present time as the Capitol Bar. Of also by Morff and Zebulon Pike. and viticulture and wine making. described course all of the commercial viticulture their comparative observations sug-g-est above, were still the only ones available, and wine production, especially since it that the Parras area had considerably but the qrapes were of very hiqh quality. was influenced by European more production than the El Paso area. Davis estimated that several thousand imrnlqrants. entailed chances in the and these areas were in direct lJallons were produced annually, all of methodologies. Some traditional competition in Chihuahua and Santa Fe. which was consumed locally. 20 practices remained: the Mission lJrape Father Morfi notes that the San Lorenzo After the Civil War. New Mexico continued to be the most popular and and Marquise de San Miqual haciendas viticulture and wine rnaainq entered a stump pruning Vineyards with the made a total of 8000 qallons of brandy new phase. both in terms of scale and stumps covered all winter with dirt and 10.800 qaIlons of wine each year. with respect to the people involved. prevailed. Apparently the traditional Zebulon Pike, after visiting El Paso as a Demographic chances accelerated: the vines could be planted at 1000vines per dlstinquished prisoner in 1807. stayed at trickle of Anclo-Amencans cominq to acre and yield over 5 tons of lJrapes each the San Lorenzo hacienda and reported Pierson 's report in clud ed sketches of [he grape processing tor New Mexico during the Santa Fe Trail year. And foot tramping crushing was that the hacienda had fifteen large stills milk ing win e. (Report no. 10 I. 30 Nocernber 1872. UTEP Librar y Microf ilm MI84R2 days and the early Territorial period still used. However. fermentation vats of and a Iarqer wine barrel cellar than any increased dramatically. and the wood or concrete (internally lJlazed) had he had ever seen in the United States. I I and reqerded the El Paso wine as newcomers were not necessarily Anglo replaced the suspended rawhide vats Up river from El Paso. resettlement of superior and "made with a skilled hand" Americans. lmrruqrants from Europe and wine presses were commonly used." the wine country continued to be very as he put it. Frank Edwards. a volunteer were accumulating in the eastern part of Despite its proximity to El Paso, the slow and difficult due larqely to Apache who had joined the Army of the West at the United States, also men were being Mesilla Valley. like the Tularoso Basin, raidinq. Viticulture and wine makinq St. Louis. was also a member of the discharged from military service. These was a relatively late addition to the "wine require a fair deqree of civil stability, and reconnaissance reported by Emory. people were Identlfyinq New Mexico as country" of New Mexico. Early attempts many efforts to initiate resettlements had Edwards noted that the villaqe of a place where they might find new to establish settlements at brazito had to to be abandoned. Yet progress was Valencia, just north of Tome, had opportunities. especially if they could be abandoned, but finally in 1844, Dona made: Socorro was resettled in 1815-17 extensive Vineyards. Down river from lJet in on the lJround floor before the Ana was settled and by 1850 both Mesilla with a Iarqe enough number of people Tome. the U.S. Army doctor, J. E. anticipated coming of the railroad. An and Las Cruces had also been founded. that defense aqainst Apache raiders was Hammond. stationed at Socorro 1849 example of this can be found in Darlis Mesilla was on the west bank and under feasible. Gradually. throughout the 1851 . found that viticulture was well Miller's research on the California Mexican jurisdiction after the Treaty of Mexican period villalJes south of Tome established. He reported that Socorro column, the volunteers who came to Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1848. but all three such as Casa Colorada. Vequita,Sabinal had Vineyards in all directions from the New Mexico to assist in the defeat of ended up in New Mexico on the east and Las Nutrias were resettled. plaza and that other vineyards were Confederate forces. She found that 340 bank after the Gadsden Purchase of 1854 Resettlement of the Rio Abajo remained across the river at the vilag-eof Parida. In of these men returned to New Mexico and a change in the course of the river in tenuous well into the Territorial period George Rutledqe Gibson's Journal of after their discharge in 1865 in California 1864. According to the earliest visitors, with the establishment of Indian 1847-1848 (he was discharged from the and were of considerable economic . such as Georqe Rutledqe Gibson in 1847 Reservations and U. S. Army forts . U.S. Army in Chihuahua and was social and political importance in the and Frank Edwards in 1846, Dona Anna Settlements such as Santa Barbara traveling north to Santa Fe). it is reported ensuing decades. Many other examples was a rich new villalJe and had a qreat (protected by Fort Thorn) and San that they obtained wine from the poor can be found in the literature, with the future. But Mesilla, Las Cruces and other Marcial, near the site of Senecu villagers of San Pedro, across the river lJeneral result that entreprenurial efforts vlllaqes like La Mesa. established in 1857, (protected by Fort Conrad) indicate the from San Antonio. In qeneral, it seems became evident in viticulture. as in became more important. Indeed. after prolonged difficulties in reestablishing reasonable to postulate that the many other pursuits. The newcomers the Civil War, Mesilla had extensive trade the traditional wine country of New traditional New Mexican wine country were lJeneraIly not Hispanic people, relationships in all directions, while Mexico in the first half of the 19th was restored durinq the Mexican although some established New Mexico Dona Ana was said to have "sadly fallen" Century. The Mexican period seems to period. Some attempt had been made to families participated in the new phase. into decay. Nevertheless. the entire have been a cultural roller coaster. In broaden the viticulture as both which was basically putting viticulture Mesilla VaIley developed large scale 1824. El Paso was joined to the Mexican Hammond and Edwards noted that and wine rnahlnq on a commercial viticulture and wine makinlJ within the state of Chihuahua. leavlnq the Muscatel qrapes were beinq raised in scale. In Socorro. in particular. the first 15 years after the Civil War. Socorro/San Antonio areas as the addition to the usuaI Mission variety. It drivinq force for this expansion was the Numerous small Vineyards and southern lJateway to New Mexico . Then, was about the time that other European boom town conditions that erupted wtnemaeinq at a smaller scale probably in 1835. General Santa Ana converted varieties were also beinq introduced at following the discovery of mineral started well before the Civil War. A the Mexican Republic into Departments Parras. El Paso and California. However. deposits. Althouqh the "Rich Mines of likely early qrower was Thomas 1. Ball. a with total central control. resulting in the as Hammond and W W H. Davis Socorro" had been publicized world native of Ohio and one of the orictnal 1837 rebellion in New Mexico. This was describe the methodology archaic wide in the 1630's by the Franciscan settlers of Las Cruces in 1849. He followed in 1841 by an attempt by the traditional methods were used in up river friars Alonso benavidas and Gerornino established extensive Vineyards that younq Republic of Texas to annex much New Mexico: stump pruned vines. Zarate-Salmeron. and there had been were still productive in 1897. By 1877. he of New Mexico . Finally the U.S.-Mexican perforated leather trampinq pans for some mininq efforts in 1840, not until had about 14,000 qrapevines on 35-40 War in 1846 changed the nationality of both crushing- and pressing the lJrapes. 1866 were discovers made that acres of vineyard. The previous fall he the entire Southwest. a process that was raw hide fermentation vats suspended encouraged a larlJe scale mininq boom had produced 100 barrels of wine and a already quite far alone from twenty five on pole scaffolds. and possibly a few with up to date technology includinq "Iarqe quantity" of brandy. By 1883 he years of Ang-lo-American influx on the small simple stills. Nothing was added to crushinq. stamplnq. and reduction mills reported that his vaults contained 5500 Santa Fe Trail. One direct effect of all the crushed qrapes and the limited and a major qrowth in the population. qallons of wine and 1350 qallons of these events was to encourage small extraction of the skins and the natural By August 1880, when the Atchison, brandy. BaIl was also a prominent scale wine production for the qrowinq flora of the qrapes which probably Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad arrived in wholesaler and Las Cruces businessman. population. Local wine made from accompanied the Criolla/Mission qrape Socorro, there already were over 1000 Another large scale producer was the Mission qrapes was an article of Vineyards for many years. produced a people. many stores and a flour mill. California Column veteran. John D. common consumption by both Hispanic fairly thin sliqhtly sweet wine and weak AlJriculture in qeneral. and lJrape bamcastle. who became the leadinlJ 6 citizen in reviving Dona Ana in the 1870's end of the Territorial period in 1912. the Oklahoma Press. 1979. p. 30. Vom Humboldt. Thomas. Alfred B. After Coronado. Norman: and 1880's. He ran a store in the town. a wine boom was over. Production which Alexander. Political Essay on the Kincdom of University of Oklahoma Press. 1935. pp . 219-245; New Spain. New York: Alfred Knopf. 1972. pp. Chavez. fray Anzellco. Ori~in of New Mexico flour mill. and a well developed 700 acre had risen from 16.000 gallons in 1870 to 109-110. Families. Santa Fe: wm . Gannon. 1975. p. 247: farm that included a vineyard with 9000 almost a million in 1880. fell just as fast: 6. Perez de Ribas. Andres. History of the Hendricks. Rick. "EI Paso del Norte" in EI grape vines. In 1876 he made ninety to 296.000 in 1890. to 34.208 in 1900 and Triumphs of Our Holy faith. based on the 1645 Camino Real de Tierra Adentro. Bureau of Land barrels of wine which he sold for $45 to 1.684 gallons in 1910. The coming of Spanish ori~inal. translated by Daniel T. Reff et Mana~ement. vol. 2. 1999. pp. 209-220: LaFora. each. with return of the barrels . His the railroad in 1880. which was al. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 1999. pp. Nicolas . The Frontier of New Spain edited by expenses were only $258which left him a supposed to usher in new heights of 655-696: Iversen. Eve. 'Wine at the California Lawrence Kurnard . Berkeley: The Qutvera profit of $3.792. In his 1877 articles for prosperity. seemed to have the oppostte Missions." presented at the 1998 California Society. 1958. pp . 76-89. 139: Adams. Eleanor B. the Santa Fe Daily New Mexican. William effect on the wine business. It was Missions Studies Association. online at "Bishop Tamer6n's Visiwtion of New Mexico. 7 • • This Newspaper is published by O rga nizat ion HISTORICAL SOCIETY Non-Profit OF U.S. POSTAGE PAID NEW MEXICO Sa nta Fe, Nl' \\' Mexico no Box 1912 La Cro111ca B7;"jO l Santa Fe. New Mexico 87 50 4 oe Nuevo Mexico Permit No. 9;) EDITOR John RConron Number 64 ASSOCIATE EDITOR Carleen Lazzell HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF NEW MEXICO OFFICERS Rick Hendricks - President Post Office Box 1912 Rich ard Melzer - 1St Vice President Nancy Demit Lopez - 2nd Vice President Santa Fe, New Mexico 87504 John Porter Bloo m -Secretary Michael Stevenson - Treas urer DIRECTORS TO: John P. Couro n Kat hryn Flynn Fred Fried man Rene Harris Carleen Lazzell Zimmerman LibraryAcqlSerials Estevan Rael-Galvez MSC053020 John B. Ram say 1 University of New Mexico As;! nesa Reeve Andr es 1. Sequra Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 Ma s;lli!ie Espinosa McDonald - Past President The opinions expressed in s i ~n ed articles are not necessarily those of the Historical SOCiety of New Mexico. Mentio n o f a product. serv ice or profession al in these columns is not to he conside red a n e ndor se ment of that product. serv ice o r profession by the Histor ical Soc iety of New Mexico. www.hsnm.org • • Books: Saints of the Pueblos. by Charles M. The Texas Post Office Murals: Art for the Carrillo. LPD Press. Albuquerque. New People. By Phil Parisi Mexico : 2004. 92 pp ., S2lossary. Publisher.Texas A & M University Press. bibliography index. $19.95. Colleqe Station Reviewed by Lynn Adkins Printer.Sun Funq Offset Bindinq Co. Each of the 19 active Rio Grande 181 pp . 104color images . 23 b/w irnaqes pueblos in New Mexico has a patron Price $50.00 saint. which was assisned to it by early ISBN 1-58544-231 -3 Spanish missionaries. Through time Reviewed by Kathryn flynn each of these pu eblos has developed its Twelve New Mexico artists own style of pottery. Charles M. (Charlie) participated in the creation of murals in Carrillo. a well known Santa Fe santero. TexasPost Offices as part of the 1930's"1% who has a PhD. in anthropology from the for Public Art Proqram" that was called University of New Mexico . melded these the "Treasury Section of Paintlnq and Cover of the Post Office Murals. Sculpture" back then. This New Deal two components to create a series of towns whe re located inc ludino. program came about prior to the 10nS2er retablos (devotional panels) with the folhlore/Leqend. Histor y: Early lived and better known Federal Art representation of each pueblo's patron Settlement/Pioneers. Histor y: Sp ecific Project of the Works Pro qress saint. painted on a wood panel. Events. Indians. Progress, Town Administration (WPA). The artists were surrounded by a border related to the founding. U. S. Mail. Work!Industry. selected on a competitive basis and qiven pueblo's distinct pottery type or moti fs. Cover of the Saints of the Pueblos 2. alpha list of all murals commissions to create for specific sites In 2002. Pat Reck. the late curator of the 3. map locatinq the murals as viewable or mission church. Also included is an within public buildings . Over all. fifty Indian Pueblo Cultural Center in unavailable explanation of the pottery desicn or type artists completed 106 artworRs for the Albuquerque. asked Carrillo to paint a 4. biocraphical information on all artists used by the artist as the retablo border. as sixty-nine post offices and federal series of retablos teaturinc the patron 5 reference notes and credits well as a brief discussion of the pottery's buildings in Texas." according to Phil saints of the active Rio Grande pueblos 6. bibliography and index unique characteristics. Most essays also Parisi in his new book. The Texas Post for an exhibit at the Indian Pueblo 7. more color ima ges and details not Office Murals: Art for the People. Cultural Center. This bOOR is an are accompanied by a color photograph included in the section by towns of a piece of potter y representative that The New Mexico artists include Emil outgrowth of the well-received show. The combination of reference source Bristtram. Howard COOR. Edward Chavez. Saints of the Pueblos/Santos de los specific pueblo. and beautiful art/coffee table Gordon Grant. Peter Hurd. Tom Lea. Pueblos. which op ened in August, 2003. The bOOR contains a foreword by Ron presentation is well don e. Hopefully it Ward Lockwood. IIa McAfee. Loren Its publication coinc ided with the Solimon. executive director of the Indian will cause the public to "see and Mozley. Euqenie Shonnard and Theodore opening of a second show by the same Pueblo Cultural Center. an introduction appreciate" their post office murals by Michael J. Sheehan. the archbishop of Van Soelen. Peter Hurd is the only on e name. at the sam e venue. which ran maybe for the first time and not take Santa Fe. and brief essays by historian of this S2rouP that was actually born in from August 15. 2004 to January 6. 2005. them for S2ranted as they wait in line for New Mexico but all the others lived in The shows. as well as the book. also Joe Sando and Charlie Carrillo. It also stamps. Likewise may it inspire them to New Mexico at some time in their lives include retablos for 4 important, long includes a biblioqraphy, a map of the protect and preserve these New Deal and all but Chavez also created for this abandoned pueblos: Pecos . Abo. Gran pueblos. and a useful qlossary of terms historical treasures from any future particular New Deal project or the Quivira, and Quarf. relatinq to retablo makinq and Rio destruction when chance in purpose and federal Art Project in New Mexico. Each retablo's color illustration is Grande pottery. utilization of some of these public In Carrillo's essay he expresses the GivinS2 the "story" or history of the accompanied by a brief essay discussinq bulldlngs comes to the fore. KF the history of the pueblo since Spanish hope that his presentation of the pueblo creation of these public works of art in contact. information reqardtnq the saints. "will bridge the artistic traditions Texas is most valuable and includes naming of the pueblo. and a brief history of the [Hispanic] saint-makers and the phoroqraphs of some of the artists at of the patron saint. Each essay for the pueblo potters of New Mexico." In this work on the murals at the time. It active pueblos is also accompanied by charming little book. he has succeed ed validates how this project was one of "art an historic photoqraph of the pueblo's in his mission. LA fOR the people" and "art OF the people" since it documents Texas. its history and • • • its people and at the same time. exposed the masses to fine art-most for the first Wine History (endnotes) continued... time . Mexico . pp . 5-9: Nichols. Shan. " M a k i n~ Wine (July 1957) pp . 253-279:Hor qan, Paul. Larny of The organization of the bOOR mazes it Alon e the Rio Grande ." p. 3: Simmon s. Marc. Santa Fe. New Yor!< : fa rrar, Straus and Girou x. a most "user friendly" resource Albuquerqe, p. 206; McKevitt. Gerald. " Italian 1975. pp . 4 10-421; Hank s, Nancy. "Lamy's identifying the murals alphabetically by Jesuits in New Mexico. A Rep ort by Don eto M. Le~acy: Catholic Instituti on s of New Mexico town and qivinS2 the usual specifics about Gasparri, 1867-1869." NMHR 67 (October 1992) Territory." in Seed s of Stru ~ lJl e-Har vest of Faith. each mural including title. artist, size. pp . 357-392; Simmons. Marc. "Vtnes and Albuquerque: LPD Press. 1998. pp. 385-414. medium. date created. amount paid to . ~ Wines ." Santa Fe Reporter. January 6. 1988: Ellis. 24. Street. Henry. The Histor y of Wine in New ISBN .·56544· 23].- fl orence Hawley. " Tome and Father 1. B. R." Mexico . pp . 9- 14; McCullo !Jh. David S. "Bo ne the artist at the time. and current status Coll':Jl!St.Jti';';1 '""'....: . I" "l . CJ U."'rfo.~ ,lll,I;llfmi,lU (il'm NMHR 30 (April. [955). pp . 83-114. (July 1955). Dry? Prohibition New Mexico Style 1918-1933." and condition lncludlnq those that have pp . 195-220. "The Apuntes of Fath er J.. B. NMHR (January 1980) p.25: Nichol s. Sha n. been destroyed or are in storaqe. Back cover of the Post Office Murals. Ralliere ."NMHR 32 (January 1957) pp . 10-35. "Makin!JWine...." . pp . 3-4. PK Anecdotal and descriptive information about the choi ce of subject/s for the Paul Kraemer. Los Alamos. is a frequent contributor. See his articles "Shifnnq Ethnic murals and the activities during the Please visit the Historical Society of Boundaries in Colonial New Mexico. " January 2000 (No. 51). Retroqrade Franciscans in creation of eac h pie ce/s are most New Mexicos web site! NewMexico. 1625-1652."April 2002 (No. 56)and "Benavides Revisited:franciscan Lobbyist Interestlnq. Other valuable referen ce or Medieval Visionary." March 2003 (No59). sections include: wwwhsnm.orq 1. a Jistlnq of the murals by subject and