Mythology Paul Manôhip
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MYTHOLOGY AND THE ART OF PAUL MANÔHIP MYTHOLOGY Classical mythology has given us a legacy of powerful and fascinating stories that reflect early man's desire to provide meaningful answers to some of the most profound questions about life and the universe. In Greek the word mythology (mythologia) means storytelling. The myths of Greece and Rome, whose gods are often interchangeable, deal with themes of love, war, tyranny, courage, and natural phenomena. They also explore the relationship between gods and men and the good and evil traits they share, such as greed, lust, jealousy, wisdom, and generosity. A combination of ancient beliefs and great literature, classical mythology has been the inspiration for much of the art and literature of succeeding ages. In choosing the following myths as source material for his sculptures, Paul Manship brought the gods and mortals of antiquity vividly to life. EROS AND PSYCHE Princess Psyche had such unsurpassed beau ty that men began to worship her instead of Aphrodite, the goddess of love and beauty. Outraged, Aphrodite enlisted the help of her son Eros, the winged god of love, to punish Psyche. When Eros saw Psyche, however, he fell in love with her. Eros courted and charmed Psyche, but always in the dark; she could feel and hear him but was sworn not to attempt to see his face. Convinced that only an evil creature would shun light, Psyche held a lamp to Eros's face while he slept and was dazzled by the sight of this handsome god. Awakened, Eros rebuked Psyche for her breach of faith, and he fled. Determined to redeem herself. Psyche offered herself as a servant to Aphrodite. Touched by her repentance, Eros convinced Zeus to make Psyche immortal and allow them to be married on Mount Olympus, the dwelling place of the gods. Ems and Psyche, ca. 1925 pencil on tracing paper, 10 9/16 x 15 11/16 in. FLIGHT OF EUROPA Europa, the princess of Phoenicia, was play ing with her companions by the sea when love. Fearful of his wife Hera's jealous wrath, Zeus thought it best to be cautious, symbol of strength and fertility. Europa quickly overcame her fear and played with crescent-shaped horns with flowers. Europa climbed on the animal's back, and Zeus nade his way into the surf and swam off. He carried Europa across the sea to Crete, where he shed his disguise. Europa bore Zeus three sons, and she has the distinction of having a continent named after her. flight of Europa, 1925 gilded bronze on marble base, 22 1/8 in. high VENUS ANADYOMENE The goddess of love, beauty, grace, and fer tility, Venus was the daughter of Jupiter and Dione. One version of her birth states that she sprang from the sea and was car ried along the waves to the Island of Cyprus. Her name—Anadyomene—means "born of water." The most beautiful of all the gods, Venus married Vulcan, the ugly deformed god of destructive fire. Venus bore a son, Cupid, whose wings allowed him to fly and shoot his arrows into people to coax them into falling in love. Venus Anadyomene, 1924 bronze on marble base, 9 in. high CIRCE ENCHANTS ULYSSES' SAILORS Circe, daughter of the sun, was a sorceress who could transform men into animals by touching them with her magic wand. When Ulysses, king of Ithaca, sailed to Aeaea, Circe entertained the members of his advance party and then turned them into pigs. When Ulysses set out to rescue his men he was intercepted by Mercury, the winged messenger of the gods, who gave him an herb to enable him to resist Circe's enchantment. When Circe realized she had no power over Ulysses, she freed his men ftom her spell and became their friend. Ulysses stayed for a long time in her company, leading a leisurely life. When Ulysses' men finally convinced him to leave, Circe told them how to sail safely past the island inhabited by the Sirens—sea nymphs who, with their seductive songs, lured sailors to their death against the rocky coast. Circe Enchants Ulysses' Sailors, 1957 bronze on wood base, 5 1/2 in. high ATALANTA A lovely swift-footed maiden, Atalanta could run faster than all others. Because a prophecy warned her to avoid marriage, she challenged each of her suitors to a foot race—death being the penalty for defeat. While observing the races, a handsome youth named Hippomenes fell in love with Atalanta and challenged her, hoping to gain her hand in marriage. The young suitor invoked the aid of Venus, the goddess of love, who presented him with three golden apples. During the contest, Hippomenes dropped the three golden apples one after the other, each of which Atalanta paused to pick up. These delays allowed Hippomenes to win the race and to take as his bride Atalanta, who was secretly pleased by the race's outcome. Atalanta, 1921 bronze, 28 3/4 in. high ORPHEUS Orpheus was such a marvelous musician that whenever he sang and played his lyre, nature itself would listen entranced and all creatures would follow him. One day, Eurydice, his wife, was bitten by a snake and died. Overwhelmed with grief, Orpheus ceased to play and sing, and wandered into the passage leading to the Underworld. There Orpheus played his lyre so mellifluously that he was allowed to enter Hades, the underground home of the dead, where he was granted a favor: Eurydice would return from the dead if Orpheus could lead her to open air without looking back at her. In the Greek version of the story, Orpheus succeeded in this task, but in later Roman versions, Orpheus could not refrain from glancing at his wife and, through his excess of love, lost her. The pairing of Orpheus and Pegasus is Manship's own invention. Orpheus, n.d. pencil on paper, 8 x 10 5/8 in. PROMETHEUS Prometheus belonged to the gigantic race of gods called Titans. To him lay the task of creating men and supplying them with what they needed to survive. Having fashioned man in the image of the gods, Prometheus was eager to provide a gift that would set humans above all other creatures—the gift of fire. Outraged by this deed and fearing that the use of this powerful tool might make man think himself immortal, Zeus, the king of the gods, had Prometheus chained to a rock on Mount Caucasus, where a vulture preyed on his liver each day. Every night the wound would heal, and the following day the tor ture would be repeated. Because Pro metheus neither repented nor begged for mercy, he has become a symbol for the no ble endurance of unmerited suffering—the first champion of man. Prometheus Fountain, Rockefeller Center photo: Bo Parker, NYC HERCULES Hercules, admired for his great physical strength and unflinching courage, was a popular hero in Greece. When he was eighteen, Hetcules slew the ferocious Nemean lion that lived in the nearby woods. After unsuccessfully using his club against the lion, he strangled the animal with his bare hands and wore its skin as a cloak—with the head forming a kind of hood over his own head. Then a terrible misfortune befell Hercules. As the illegitimate son of Zeus, he had incurred the jealous wrath of Hera, Zeus's wife, who inflicted a fit of madness upon him, causing him to kill his wife and children. To atone for this horrible deed, Hercules humbly agreed to submit to a series of penances. The twelve all but impossible tasks imposed on him have become known as the "Labors of Hercules." Hercules, 1945 bronze, 12 9/16 in. high HERCULES AND THE CRETAN BULL Hercules' seventh labor was to go to Crete where a great bull roamed at liberty, terri fying the people and trampling the vines and crops wherever it went. The bull had been given to Crete's King Minos by Poseidon, the god of the sea, who had ex pected the king to offer the bull as a sacrifice to him. When King Minos refused, Poseidon, in anger, drove the bull mad. Hercules managed to capture the bull single-handedly, and he put it on a boat and carried it back across the sea. Unfortunately, the bull was turned loose and eventually made its way to Maratón, where Theseus, the Athenian hero, later caught the beast and sacrificed it. Hercules and the Cretan Bull, 1956 bronze, 4 1/16 in. high BELLEROPHON AND PEGASUS Envious of his wife's attention to the young warrior Bellerophon, Prince Proteus arranged for him to be sent to kill the Chimera, a fearsome monster who breathed fire, with the hope that Bellerophon would be killed. To assist him in his conquest, Bellerophon sought to tame the immortal winged horse, Pegasus. When Bellerophon asked Minerva, the goddess of wisdom, for advice, she presented him with a golden bridle and showed him where Pegasus drank from a stream. The magnificent horse submitted willingly to the bridle and together they flew high above the Chimera to avoid his flames, allowing Bellerophon to slay the monster with his spear. Proud of his success, Bellerophon decided to ride Pegasus to Mount Olympus, but the horse threw him. He tumbled to earth and spent the rest of his life wandering alone. Bellerophon and Pegasus, 1950 bronze, 7 1/2 in. high DIANA AND A C T A E O N Diana was the woodland goddess of the moon and of hunting, as well as the pro tector of wild animals, women, children, and weak creatures.