The Labours of Heracles (Part 1)
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Greek Mythology at the Service of the Portuguese Inquisition: the Case of Hercules and the Hydra of Lerna
Athens Journal of Mediterranean Studies- Volume 1, Issue 1 – Pages 25-44 Greek Mythology at the Service of the Portuguese Inquisition: The Case of Hercules and the Hydra of Lerna By Milton Dias Pacheco Greek mythology has been along the centuries a fruitful source of inspiration to artists and writers, as it possesses the strength of expressing symbolically the most common circumstances of life. Regarding the threats that in every age put in danger human life the most popular figure was maybe the Hydra that infested the region of the Lake of Lerna, in Argolis. This mythical figure may still have an older origin as it is connected with chthonic dangers. Because of its terrifying aspect, reptilian traits and poisonous breath, it was related to the evil and the domains of Hell. Later the Hydra significance became larger and deeper as it represented the heresies that could affect the Christian orthodoxy. According to this point of view, every defender of the Catholic Faith was immediately compared to Hercules, the Greek hero who succeeded in killing the mythological Hydra monster. In this way, it is easy to understand why this representation was often used in connection with the Iberian Habsburg Kings, as it worked as a political strategy of this dynasty, in which the Spanish Habsburgs were faced as the guardians and defenders of the Church of Rome, mainly in times when the Inquisition developed a determinative role. An illustrative example of this was the decoration of the arch built by the Inquisition in Lisbon, when King Philip II of Portugal visited the Portuguese Empire capital. -
Faunal Remains
This is a repository copy of Faunal remains. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/169068/ Version: Published Version Book Section: Halstead, P. orcid.org/0000-0002-3347-0637 (2020) Faunal remains. In: Wright, J.C. and Dabney, M.K., (eds.) The Mycenaean Settlement on Tsoungiza Hill. Nemea Valley Archaeological Project (III). American School of Classical Studies at Athens , Princeton, New Jersey , pp. 1077-1158. ISBN 9780876619247 Copyright © 2020 American School of Classical Studies at Athens, originally published in The Mycenaean Settlement on Tsoungiza Hill (Nemea Valley Archaeological Project III), by James C. Wright and Mary K. Dabney. This offprint is supplied for personal, noncommercial use only. Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Copyright © 2020 American School of Classical Studies at Athens, originally published in The Mycenaean Settlement on Tsoungiza Hill (Nemea Valley Archaeological Project III), by James C. -
Naming the Extrasolar Planets
Naming the extrasolar planets W. Lyra Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, K¨onigstuhl 17, 69177, Heidelberg, Germany [email protected] Abstract and OGLE-TR-182 b, which does not help educators convey the message that these planets are quite similar to Jupiter. Extrasolar planets are not named and are referred to only In stark contrast, the sentence“planet Apollo is a gas giant by their assigned scientific designation. The reason given like Jupiter” is heavily - yet invisibly - coated with Coper- by the IAU to not name the planets is that it is consid- nicanism. ered impractical as planets are expected to be common. I One reason given by the IAU for not considering naming advance some reasons as to why this logic is flawed, and sug- the extrasolar planets is that it is a task deemed impractical. gest names for the 403 extrasolar planet candidates known One source is quoted as having said “if planets are found to as of Oct 2009. The names follow a scheme of association occur very frequently in the Universe, a system of individual with the constellation that the host star pertains to, and names for planets might well rapidly be found equally im- therefore are mostly drawn from Roman-Greek mythology. practicable as it is for stars, as planet discoveries progress.” Other mythologies may also be used given that a suitable 1. This leads to a second argument. It is indeed impractical association is established. to name all stars. But some stars are named nonetheless. In fact, all other classes of astronomical bodies are named. -
Folktale Types and Motifs in Greek Heroic Myth Review P.11 Morphology of the Folktale, Vladimir Propp 1928 Heroic Quest
Mon Feb 13: Heracles/Hercules and the Greek world Ch. 15, pp. 361-397 Folktale types and motifs in Greek heroic myth review p.11 Morphology of the Folktale, Vladimir Propp 1928 Heroic quest NAME: Hera-kleos = (Gk) glory of Hera (his persecutor) >p.395 Roman name: Hercules divine heritage and birth: Alcmena +Zeus -> Heracles pp.362-5 + Amphitryo -> Iphicles Zeus impersonates Amphityron: "disguised as her husband he enjoyed the bed of Alcmena" “Alcmena, having submitted to a god and the best of mankind, in Thebes of the seven gates gave birth to a pair of twin brothers – brothers, but by no means alike in thought or in vigor of spirit. The one was by far the weaker, the other a much better man, terrible, mighty in battle, Heracles, the hero unconquered. Him she bore in submission to Cronus’ cloud-ruling son, the other, by name Iphicles, to Amphitryon, powerful lancer. Of different sires she conceived them, the one of a human father, the other of Zeus, son of Cronus, the ruler of all the gods” pseudo-Hesiod, Shield of Heracles Hera tries to block birth of twin sons (one per father) Eurystheus born on same day (Hera heard Zeus swear that a great ruler would be born that day, so she speeded up Eurystheus' birth) (Zeus threw her out of heaven when he realized what she had done) marvellous infancy: vs. Hera’s serpents Hera, Heracles and the origin of the MIlky Way Alienation: Madness of Heracles & Atonement pp.367,370 • murders wife Megara and children (agency of Hera) Euripides, Heracles verdict of Delphic oracle: must serve his cousin Eurystheus, king of Mycenae -> must perform 12 Labors (‘contests’) for Eurystheus -> immortality as reward The Twelve Labors pp.370ff. -
Kleonai, the Corinth-Argos Road, And
HESPERIA 78 (2OO9) KLEONAI, THE CORINTH- Pages ioj-163 ARGOS ROAD, AND THE "AXIS OF HISTORY" ABSTRACT The ancient roadfrom Corinth to Argos via the Longopotamos passwas one of the most important and longest-used natural routes through the north- eastern Peloponnese. The author proposes to identity the exact route of the road as it passed through Kleonaian territoryby combining the evidence of ancient testimonia, the identification of ancient roadside features, the ac- counts of early travelers,and autopsy.The act of tracing the road serves to emphasizethe prominentposition of the city Kleonaion this interstateroute, which had significant consequences both for its own history and for that of neighboring states. INTRODUCTION Much of the historyof the polis of Kleonaiwas shapedby its location on a numberof majorroutes from the Isthmus and Corinth into the Peloponnese.1The most importantof thesewas a majorartery for north- south travel;from the city of Kleonai,the immediatedestinations of this roadwere Corinthto the north and Argos to the south.It is in connec- tion with its roadsthat Kleonaiis most often mentionedin the ancient sources,and likewise,modern topographical studies of the areahave fo- cusedon definingthe coursesof these routes,particularly that of the main 1. The initial fieldworkfor this Culturefor grantingit. In particular, anonymousreaders and the editors studywas primarilyconducted as I thank prior ephors Elisavet Spathari of Hesperia,were of invaluableassis- part of a one-person surveyof visible and AlexanderMantis for their in- tance. I owe particulargratitude to remainsin Kleonaianterritory under terest in the projectat Kleonai,and Bruce Stiver and John Luchin for their the auspicesof the American School the guardsand residentsof Archaia assistancewith the illustrations. -
Hesiod Theogony.Pdf
Hesiod (8th or 7th c. BC, composed in Greek) The Homeric epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey, are probably slightly earlier than Hesiod’s two surviving poems, the Works and Days and the Theogony. Yet in many ways Hesiod is the more important author for the study of Greek mythology. While Homer treats cer- tain aspects of the saga of the Trojan War, he makes no attempt at treating myth more generally. He often includes short digressions and tantalizes us with hints of a broader tra- dition, but much of this remains obscure. Hesiod, by contrast, sought in his Theogony to give a connected account of the creation of the universe. For the study of myth he is im- portant precisely because his is the oldest surviving attempt to treat systematically the mythical tradition from the first gods down to the great heroes. Also unlike the legendary Homer, Hesiod is for us an historical figure and a real per- sonality. His Works and Days contains a great deal of autobiographical information, in- cluding his birthplace (Ascra in Boiotia), where his father had come from (Cyme in Asia Minor), and the name of his brother (Perses), with whom he had a dispute that was the inspiration for composing the Works and Days. His exact date cannot be determined with precision, but there is general agreement that he lived in the 8th century or perhaps the early 7th century BC. His life, therefore, was approximately contemporaneous with the beginning of alphabetic writing in the Greek world. Although we do not know whether Hesiod himself employed this new invention in composing his poems, we can be certain that it was soon used to record and pass them on. -
Men and Birds
HVMAN1TAS -Vol. LII (2000) HELLMUT FLASHAR Ludwig-Maximilicms-Universitat Miinchen MEN AND BIRDS The topic of this paper is the Birds of Aristophanes. First I shall give some facts for those who might not wholly remember this comedy. The Birds, which is with 1765 lines, 22 roles and at least 5 actors the longest of all extant classical tragedies, was first produced in 414 BC, under rather turbulent political circumstances in Athens. The Sicilian expedition which had been started one year before was in full swing, even if the disaster of 413 could not yet be forseen. However, Alcibiades was recalled to stand trial for impiety, fled to Argos, was in absence condemned to death, and finally made politics against the official Athens from Sparta. These political circumstances are hardly noticed in the Birds: there are only a few marginal allusions to Nicias and the expedition against Sicily. Rather the opposite can be found: a mentality of escapism and a flight from reality, as the two main characters, Peisetairos and Euelpides, weary of Athens, leave the city to make their home in the area of the birds. This structure is certainly analogous to the Sicilian expedition — leaving Athens and heading for destinations which are distant and relatively unknown — but the comedy's atmosphere still differs greatly from this context. The political features which really dominate Aristophanes' earlier comedies are replaced by fairytale, the animal comedy known to us only from a few fragments of other poets of Old Comedy (Crates, Eupolis, Magnes), and Utopia in a literal sense, as the two main characters are going to build a new city in the nowhere of the clouds, in "Cloudcuckooland". -
Ares and Hephaistos Were the Children of Zeus and Hera. Why Wasn’T Zeus Pleased with His Two Sons? ______
Why didn’t Hera want to become Zeus’s queen? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Ares and Hephaistos were the children of Zeus and Hera. Why wasn’t Zeus pleased with his two sons? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ When Zeus betrayed Hera’s trust again and again, how did Hera treat the lovers and children of her unfaithful husband? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ When Heracles was born, he was called Alcides. How did Hera attempt to kill baby Alcides? __________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ If Heracles can complete ten impossible labors, what will he be permitted to do? ________________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ The Nemean Lion’s hide could not be pierced by any weapon. How did Heracles overcome this beast? ________________________________________ _________________________________________ ___________________________________________ Each time Heracles destroyed one of the Hydra’s heads, two more grew to replace it. How did Heracles -
The Pennsylvania State University the Graduate School College of The
The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of the Liberal Arts ARISTOTELIAN TOPICS FOR PLURALIST DEMOCRACY A Thesis in Communication Arts and Sciences by Adam Cody © 2016 A. W. Cody Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts December 2016 ii The thesis of Adam Cody was reviewed and approved* by the following: Rosa A. Eberly Associate Professor of Communication Arts and Sciences and English Thesis Adviser Stephen H. Browne Professor of Communication Arts and Sciences Michele Kennerly Assistant Professor of Communication Arts and Sciences Denise Haunani Solomon Liberal Arts Research Professor of Communication Arts and Sciences Head of Communication Arts and Sciences *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School. iii ABSTRACT Rhetorical scholars distrust topos theory, fearing that attention to argumentative “spaces” will produce an overly formalized image of rhetoric. This anxiety can be attributed to Aristotle, whose Rhetoric claims that common topoi are preferable to specific topoi as premises for rhetorical argument. By reading Aristotle in conversation with the Athenian civil war (415-403 BCE), rhetorical scholars can recognize this preference as a prescriptive response to Athens’ political history. Three rhetorical texts from the period of civil war display the rhetorical capacity to build toward a position of commonality from one of particularity. The three texts attribute the discord of civil war to this particular-to-common rhetorical mode. Aristotle, attempting to correct the perception that rhetoric necessarily produces civic strife, privileges arguments premised on already existing commonality. Decoupling Aristotle’s preference for common premises from topos theory opens space for rhetorical scholars to address some twenty-first century CE problems in argumentation theory and pluralist democracy. -
Bird Communication in Ancient Greek and Roman Thought
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Jagiellonian Univeristy Repository TITLE: Bird Communication in Ancient Greek and Roman Thought AUTHOR: Katarzyna Kleczkowska PUBLISHED IN THE JOURNAL: Maska, Vol. 28 (Dec. 2015), pp. 95–106. ABSTRACT: The aim of the article is to analyse ancient Greek and Roman theories on bird communication. The author observes that the examples of bird communication were often used by ancient philosophers as arguments against the prevailing conception that only humans possessed reason. The article focuses mostly on the thought of Aristotle, Stoics, Plutarch, Sextus Empiricus, and Porphyry. It indicates strategies used by those thinkers when describing bird communication, the main themes connected with this topic, and the main consequences of the discussion on animal rationality in antiquity. KEYWORDS: communication, language, birds, reason, animal, ancient Greece, ancient Rome, philosophy, Aristotle, Stoics, Plutarch, Sextus Empiricus, Porphyry How to cite this paper? in APA: Kleczkowska, K. (2015). Bird Communication in Ancient Greek and Roman Thought. Maska, 28, 95–106. in MLA: Kleczkowska, Katarzyna. "Bird Communication in Ancient Greek and Roman Thought." Maska 28 (2015): 95–106. in Polish: Kleczkowska K., Bird Communication in Ancient Greek and Roman Thought, „Maska” 2015, nr 28, s. 95–106. Katarzyna Kleczkowska Bird Communication in Ancient Greek and Roman Thought Faculty of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University For in the other powers which we possess we are in no respect superior to other liv- ing creatures; nay, we are inferior to many in swiftness and in strength and in other resources; but, because there has been implanted in us the power to persuade each other and to make clear to each other whatever we desire, not only have we escaped the life of wild beasts, but we have come together and founded cities and made laws and invented arts; and, generally speaking, there is no institution devised by man which the power of speech has not helped us to establish1. -
Cerberus.Pdf
(lP,IIP,U' By Gaynor Borade Greek mythology comprises a huge pantheon, extensive use of anthropomorphism and mythical creatures that ore symbotic. Cerberus, the three headed dog was believed to be the guardian of the reotm of death, or Hades. Cerberus, it was believed, prevented those who crossed the river of death, Styx, from escoping. River Styx was supposed to be the boundory belween the Underworld and Earth. Greek mythology propounded thot Hodes or ihe Underworld wos encircled nine times by River Styx and thot the rivers Phlegethon, Cocytus, Lelhe, Eridanos and Acheron converged with Styx on the 'Great Marsh'. Cerberus guorded the Great Marsh. Importance of Styx in Greek Mythotogy: Hades ond Persephone were believed to be the mortol portals in the Underworld. This reotm wos atso home to Phlegyos or guardian of the River Phlegethon, Charon or Kharon, the ferrymon, ond the living waters of Styx. Styx wos believed to have miraculous powers thot could make o person immorfol, resulting in the grove need for it to be guorded. This reolm relates to the concept of 'hel[' in Christianity and the 'Paradise losf', in the Iiterary genius of 'The Divine Comedy'. In Greek myihology, the ferrymon Charon was in charge of iransporting souls across the Styx, into the Underworld. Here, it was believed thaf the sullen were drowned in Sfyx's muddy waters. Cerberus:The Guardion Cerberus, the mythical guordian of River Styx has been immorlalized through many works of ancient Greek liferoture, ort ond orchitecture. Cerberus is easity recognizabte among the other members of the pontheon due to his three heads. -
Greek Mythology #13: HERACLES by Joy Journeay
Western Regional Button Association is pleased to share our educational articles with the button collecting community. This article appeared in the November 2016 WRBA Territorial News. Enjoy! Please join WRBA! Go to www.WRBA.us WRBA gladly offers our articles for reprint, as long as credit is given to WRBA as the source, and the author. Greek Mythology #13: HERACLES by Joy Journeay Gatekeeper of Olympus God of: Strength, heroes, sports, athletes, health, agriculture, fertility, trade, oracles and the divine protector of mankind Home: MOUNT OLYMPUS Symbols: Club, Nemean Lion, Lion Skin, Bow and Arrows Parents: Zeus and Alcmene Consorts: Hebe Siblings: Ares, Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Aphrodite, Dionysus, Hebe, Hermes, Helen of Troy, Hephaestus, Perseus, Minos, the Muses, the Graces Children: Alexiares and Anicetus, Telephus, Hyllus, Tlepolemus Roman Counterpart: Hercules Heracles was both a hero and a god. It is told that when he died his mortal body went to the Underworld and he ascended to Mount Olympus to join the gods as reward for his heroism. He is associated with the famous Twelve Labors. From the beginning, Hera loathed Heracles as a son from one of Zeus’ infidelities. Zeus had made love to the mortal woman Alcmene by disguising himself as her husband. The same night her true husband returned and also made love to her. As a result, she carried twins from two fathers. Hercules Farnese, a Roman Heracles’ mother was to deliver twins, each baby from a different father marble copy of the (one mortal and one a god). The infant Heracles was from Zeus, and part original sculpture by immortal.