THE BIRDS a Full-Length Play by Aristophanes Arranged for the Stage by WALTER KERR
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The Labours of Heracles (Part 1)
The Labours of Heracles (part 1) Long ago, a baby boy was asleep in a nursery. The door was open to let the cool breeze waft into the room. However, it was not just the air that could enter the room. First one, and then a second snake slithered in through the gap. They had been sent by the goddess Hera, Queen of Heaven. It’s hard to understand how anyone, even a goddess, could hold anything against innocent children, but her immortal heart was filled with hatred for the baby boy. His mother was a human woman, but his father was none other than Zeus, Lord of Heaven, and husband of Hera. In short, Hera was jealous. The snakes slid towards the bed. The baby stretched and yawned. The viper who was out in front stuck out his tongue and hissed. It reared its head to see if it could reach the top of the mattress. That was the last thing it did, because the boy shot out his hand and grabbed it by the neck. The other snake slid swiftly across the floor towards him, but the child grabbed that one too and began to shake it violently. The nurse heard the commotion came rushing into the nursery, but it was too late – for the snakes. The boy, whose name was Heracles, had killed them both. The boy grew into a teenager, and he was without doubt the strongest human who had ever walked on the face of the Earth. Still young, he was a formidable sight, with his towering height and his huge muscles. -
Men and Birds
HVMAN1TAS -Vol. LII (2000) HELLMUT FLASHAR Ludwig-Maximilicms-Universitat Miinchen MEN AND BIRDS The topic of this paper is the Birds of Aristophanes. First I shall give some facts for those who might not wholly remember this comedy. The Birds, which is with 1765 lines, 22 roles and at least 5 actors the longest of all extant classical tragedies, was first produced in 414 BC, under rather turbulent political circumstances in Athens. The Sicilian expedition which had been started one year before was in full swing, even if the disaster of 413 could not yet be forseen. However, Alcibiades was recalled to stand trial for impiety, fled to Argos, was in absence condemned to death, and finally made politics against the official Athens from Sparta. These political circumstances are hardly noticed in the Birds: there are only a few marginal allusions to Nicias and the expedition against Sicily. Rather the opposite can be found: a mentality of escapism and a flight from reality, as the two main characters, Peisetairos and Euelpides, weary of Athens, leave the city to make their home in the area of the birds. This structure is certainly analogous to the Sicilian expedition — leaving Athens and heading for destinations which are distant and relatively unknown — but the comedy's atmosphere still differs greatly from this context. The political features which really dominate Aristophanes' earlier comedies are replaced by fairytale, the animal comedy known to us only from a few fragments of other poets of Old Comedy (Crates, Eupolis, Magnes), and Utopia in a literal sense, as the two main characters are going to build a new city in the nowhere of the clouds, in "Cloudcuckooland". -
The Pennsylvania State University the Graduate School College of The
The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of the Liberal Arts ARISTOTELIAN TOPICS FOR PLURALIST DEMOCRACY A Thesis in Communication Arts and Sciences by Adam Cody © 2016 A. W. Cody Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts December 2016 ii The thesis of Adam Cody was reviewed and approved* by the following: Rosa A. Eberly Associate Professor of Communication Arts and Sciences and English Thesis Adviser Stephen H. Browne Professor of Communication Arts and Sciences Michele Kennerly Assistant Professor of Communication Arts and Sciences Denise Haunani Solomon Liberal Arts Research Professor of Communication Arts and Sciences Head of Communication Arts and Sciences *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School. iii ABSTRACT Rhetorical scholars distrust topos theory, fearing that attention to argumentative “spaces” will produce an overly formalized image of rhetoric. This anxiety can be attributed to Aristotle, whose Rhetoric claims that common topoi are preferable to specific topoi as premises for rhetorical argument. By reading Aristotle in conversation with the Athenian civil war (415-403 BCE), rhetorical scholars can recognize this preference as a prescriptive response to Athens’ political history. Three rhetorical texts from the period of civil war display the rhetorical capacity to build toward a position of commonality from one of particularity. The three texts attribute the discord of civil war to this particular-to-common rhetorical mode. Aristotle, attempting to correct the perception that rhetoric necessarily produces civic strife, privileges arguments premised on already existing commonality. Decoupling Aristotle’s preference for common premises from topos theory opens space for rhetorical scholars to address some twenty-first century CE problems in argumentation theory and pluralist democracy. -
Bird Communication in Ancient Greek and Roman Thought
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Jagiellonian Univeristy Repository TITLE: Bird Communication in Ancient Greek and Roman Thought AUTHOR: Katarzyna Kleczkowska PUBLISHED IN THE JOURNAL: Maska, Vol. 28 (Dec. 2015), pp. 95–106. ABSTRACT: The aim of the article is to analyse ancient Greek and Roman theories on bird communication. The author observes that the examples of bird communication were often used by ancient philosophers as arguments against the prevailing conception that only humans possessed reason. The article focuses mostly on the thought of Aristotle, Stoics, Plutarch, Sextus Empiricus, and Porphyry. It indicates strategies used by those thinkers when describing bird communication, the main themes connected with this topic, and the main consequences of the discussion on animal rationality in antiquity. KEYWORDS: communication, language, birds, reason, animal, ancient Greece, ancient Rome, philosophy, Aristotle, Stoics, Plutarch, Sextus Empiricus, Porphyry How to cite this paper? in APA: Kleczkowska, K. (2015). Bird Communication in Ancient Greek and Roman Thought. Maska, 28, 95–106. in MLA: Kleczkowska, Katarzyna. "Bird Communication in Ancient Greek and Roman Thought." Maska 28 (2015): 95–106. in Polish: Kleczkowska K., Bird Communication in Ancient Greek and Roman Thought, „Maska” 2015, nr 28, s. 95–106. Katarzyna Kleczkowska Bird Communication in Ancient Greek and Roman Thought Faculty of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University For in the other powers which we possess we are in no respect superior to other liv- ing creatures; nay, we are inferior to many in swiftness and in strength and in other resources; but, because there has been implanted in us the power to persuade each other and to make clear to each other whatever we desire, not only have we escaped the life of wild beasts, but we have come together and founded cities and made laws and invented arts; and, generally speaking, there is no institution devised by man which the power of speech has not helped us to establish1. -
Review Of" Aristophanes the Democrat: the Politics of Satirical Comedy During the Peloponnesian War" by K. Sidwell
Swarthmore College Works Classics Faculty Works Classics 2010 Review Of "Aristophanes The Democrat: The Politics Of Satirical Comedy During The Peloponnesian War" By K. Sidwell Jeremy B. Lefkowitz Swarthmore College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-classics Part of the Classics Commons Recommended Citation Jeremy B. Lefkowitz. (2010). "Review Of "Aristophanes The Democrat: The Politics Of Satirical Comedy During The Peloponnesian War" By K. Sidwell". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-classics/4 This work is brought to you for free by Swarthmore College Libraries' Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Classics Faculty Works by an authorized administrator of Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Keith Sidwell, Aristophanes the Democrat: the Politics of Satirical Comedy during the Peloponnesian War. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Pp. xv, 407. ISBN 9780521519984. $99.00. bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2010/2010-10-62.html Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2010.10.62 Reviewed by Jeremy B. Lefkowitz, Swarthmore College ([email protected]) Table of Contents The idea that some of the fictional characters in Aristophanic comedy are in fact caricatures of real Athenians has been around since antiquity. In the opening of Knights, for example, one of two unnamed slaves appears to out himself as the general Demosthenes when he complains that Cleon has stolen credit for "my own" (μο, 54) victory at Pylos (Knights 54-57). Ancient commentators speculated on the identity of the other slave as well: "They say that while one of the slaves is Demosthenes, the other is Nikias, to make both of them politicians (demegoroi)" (Hypothesis A3). -
Birds by the Wayside in Greece
BIRDS BY THE WAYSIDE 137 but I believe this slaughter would not be so extensive under normal conditions. Our visits to the rookery disturbing the birds more than wa$ usual, resulted in many a youngster be- ing left unprotected. It is gratifying ,to know that these wonderful denizens of the air are not likely to become extinct. Despite their thiev- ing habits they proved to be a, constant source of interest, &d their unique ways brought forth many ;a laugh from even the most undemonstrative member of our party. BIRDS BY THE WAYSIDE. IN GREECE. BY ALTHEA R. SHERMAN. We reached Greece by the way of Constantinople. Had the direction of the journey been reversed it would have followed the course of historic Grecian colonization and thus have bet- ter pleased those who wish to take everything in its chrono- logical order; but when one has waited more than, forty years to visit Greece, it matters little by what route he arrives, so long as a fond dream is realized. This for two score years had been a subject for my dream;, both waking and sleeping, with a difference: The dreams of sleep pictured the Acro- polis of Athens in all its ancient splendor. Fulfilhhent found it, as so often and accurately portrayed by pen and brush of others, leaving little aside from personal, sensations to be gained by a visit to it. These proved a surprise for me. It appears that one may know clearly how deeply time and “the unspeakable Turk” have fixed the stamp of death and destruc- tion on this crowning glory of ancient art, and yet in the pres- ence of it be filled with indescribable sadness : such as one may feel at the funeral of a young friend, beautiful, and trans- cendentally noble in character. -
A Tyrant's Journey
A Tyrant’s Journey: Peisetairos, Alcibiades, and the Seduction of Persuasion The Birds of Aristophanes has been described as little more than utopian fantasy by scholars who - as evidence for their apolitical reading - cited the lack of direct invective, the desirable nature of the events, and the positive treatment of the successful protagonist. I will argue that, it is exactly this fantastical narrative structure, as well as the apparent success of the character Peisetairos, that carry the political content of the Birds. This study sets the main character of Peisetairos into an evolutionary schema that follows his progression from ordinary Athenian, to a demagogue, and finally to a tyrant. The idea of a an anti-Athenian paradise is addressed by ending each of these sections with an analysis of the types of utopia (using the categories of Konstan 1997) being described, and how they change with Peisetairos’ character development. The audience is meant to sympathize with Peisetairos and cheer his successes up to the end, but they have been cheering their own descent into servitude. The ending only seems desirable until the audience reflects on both it, and their own complicity in the downfall. Aristophanes elaborates on his previous complaints about demagogues, but more obliquely than in previous plays. The poet shifts from the low-born opportunists like Cleon to the sophisticly-trained young aristocrats who came to the fore following the Peace of Nicias, Alcibiades particularly. The rhetorical hallmark of these demagogues, and Alcibiades most of all, was the appeal to emotion. The passions of the masses, when harnessed, was a powerful force, as all Athenians witnessed in the lead-up to the Sicilian Expedition a year prior. -
Reading the Birds: Oionomanteia in Early Epic
Colby Quarterly Volume 38 Issue 1 March Article 5 March 2002 Reading the Birds: Oionomanteia in Early Epic Derek Collins Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.colby.edu/cq Recommended Citation Colby Quarterly, Volume 38, no.1, March 2002, p.17-41 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ Colby. It has been accepted for inclusion in Colby Quarterly by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ Colby. Collins: Reading the Birds: Oionomanteia in Early Epic Reading the Birds: Oionomanteia in Early Epic By DEREK COLLINS All art is at once surface and symbol. Those who go beneath the surface do so at their peril. Those who read the symbol do so at their peril. -Oscar Wilde Quis negat augurum disciplinam esse? -Cicero, De Divinatione 2.35 HE IMPORTANCE OF bird divination as represented in early Greek epic has Tbeen emphasized by scholars at least since the fundamental study of Bouche-Leclercq1 and has recently received a renewed and welcome atten tion. 2 The methodological framework of the majority of this scholarship has been primarily historical and has utilized the literary and the historical evi dence for bird divination as if they derived from a common heritage. Homer, it has been said, gives us a fully constituted-which is to say, historical-pic ture of bird divination.3 Earlier scholarship is surely correct to have viewed epic as at times containing accurate representations of bird divination, but there are several ominous bird appearances in Homer with no parallel in the historical record. -
[PDF]The Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome
The Myths & Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome E. M. Berens p q xMetaLibriy Copyright c 2009 MetaLibri Text in public domain. Some rights reserved. Please note that although the text of this ebook is in the public domain, this pdf edition is a copyrighted publication. Downloading of this book for private use and official government purposes is permitted and encouraged. Commercial use is protected by international copyright. Reprinting and electronic or other means of reproduction of this ebook or any part thereof requires the authorization of the publisher. Please cite as: Berens, E.M. The Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome. (Ed. S.M.Soares). MetaLibri, October 13, 2009, v1.0p. MetaLibri http://metalibri.wikidot.com [email protected] Amsterdam October 13, 2009 Contents List of Figures .................................... viii Preface .......................................... xi Part I. — MYTHS Introduction ....................................... 2 FIRST DYNASTY — ORIGIN OF THE WORLD Uranus and G (Clus and Terra)........................ 5 SECOND DYNASTY Cronus (Saturn).................................... 8 Rhea (Ops)....................................... 11 Division of the World ................................ 12 Theories as to the Origin of Man ......................... 13 THIRD DYNASTY — OLYMPIAN DIVINITIES ZEUS (Jupiter).................................... 17 Hera (Juno)...................................... 27 Pallas-Athene (Minerva).............................. 32 Themis .......................................... 37 Hestia -
Birds in the Ancient World from a to Z
BIRDS IN THE ANCIENT WORLD FROM A TO Z Why did Aristotle claim that male Herons’ eyes bleed during mating? Do Cranes winter near the source of the Nile? Was Lesbia’s pet really a House Sparrow? Ornithology was born in ancient Greece, when Aristotle and other writers studied and sought to identify birds. Birds in the Ancient World from A to Z gathers together the information available from classical sources, listing all the names that ancient Greeks gave their birds and all their descriptions and analyses. Arnott identifies (where achievable) as many of them as possible in the light of modern ornithological studies. The ancient Greek bird names are transliterated into English script, and all that the classical writers said about birds is presented in English. This book is accordingly the first complete discussion of classical bird names that will be accessible to readers without ancient Greek. The only previous study in English on the same scale was published over seventy years ago and required a knowledge of Greek and Latin. Since then there has been an enormous expansion in ornithological studies which has vastly increased our knowledge of birds, enabling us to evaluate (and explain) ancient Greek writings about birds with more confidence. With an exhaustive bibliography (partly classical scholarship and partly ornithological) added to encourage further study Birds in the Ancient World from A to Z is the definitive study of birds in the Greek and Roman world. W.Geoffrey Arnott is former Professor of Greek at the University of Leeds and Fellow of the British Academy. -
Hercules and the 12 Labors: Part 1 Heracles Was a Favorite Hero of Both
Hercules and the 12 Labors: Part 1 Heracles was a favorite hero of both the Greeks and the Romans (the Romans called him Hercules). The goddess Hera (wife of Zeus) hated him, and made him perform 12 impossible tasks - impossible for anyone but Hercules. The 12 Labours of Heracles (Hercules) 1. The Nemean Lion 2. The Lernaean Hydra 3. The Ceryneian Hind 4. The Erymanthian Boar 5. The Augean Stables 6. The Stymphalian Birds 7. The Cretan Bull 8. The Mares of Diomedes 9. The Belt of Hippolyte 10. The Cattle of Geryon 11. The Apples of the Hesperides 12. Cerberus As Hercules has such an action-packed life, we are presenting his biography in two parts. Here we bring you the first six labours. You will also hear about his early life. Read by Richard. Adapted by Bertie (mostly following Apollodorus). Proofread by Claire Deakin. Main picture by Bertie for Storynry Hello, this is Richard, and I’m here to tell you about a hero from ancient times. I’m pretty sure you will have heard of him before. The Greeks called him Heracles, and the Romans changed his name slightly to Hercules. He is most famous for performing 12 impossible labours on behalf of mankind. He had so many adventures, that his story is a long one – and for that reason, I’m going to tell it to you in several parts. This is the first: Heracles' Youth Long ago, two twin baby boys were asleep in a nursery. The door was open onto the veranda to let the cool breeze waft into the room. -
"The Birds" of Aristophanes; a Dramatic Experiment
"THE BIRDS" OF ARISTOPHANES; A DRAMATIC EXPERIMENT. IN ONE ACT, Being an humble attempt to adapt the said "Birds" to this climate, by giving them new names, new feathers, new songs and new tales, BY J. R. PLANCHÉ, ESQ. AUTHOR OF "Fortunio,'' " The White Cat," " Beauty and the Beast," " The Sleeping Beauty," " The Drama at Home," " The Fair one with the Golden Locks," " The Bee and the Orange Tree, &c. &c. " A jest's prosperity lies in the ear Of him that hears it, never in the tongue Of him that makes it. Shakespere. Correctly Printed from the Prompt Book, with Exits, Entrances, &c. FIRST PERFORMED AT THE MONDAY, APRIL 13TH, 1846. LONDON: PUBLISHED by S. G FAIRBROTHER, BOW STREET, AND W. STRANGE, PATERNOSTER ROW, SOLD ALSO BY W. BARTH, BRYDGES STREET, C. HARRIS, BOW STREET, AND ALL BOOKSELLERS. PRICE SIXPENCE. DRAMATIS PERSONÆ The King of the Birds ..... Mr. JAMES BLAND, Jackanoxides Mr. HUDSON, Tomostyleseron Mr. CAULFIELD, A Poet Mr. TILBURY, AnArchitect................... Mr. BRINDAL. A Senator Mr. T. F. MATHEWS, "Most Musical" The Nightingale but not " Most Miss P. HORTON, Melancholy' Who on this particular occasion, has consented in the hand- somest manner, to Mis-lead the Chorus, and although a single Soprano, to supply a Parabasis. Other Birds by a Flock of Auxiliaries from the Zoological Gardens. PREFACE. IT is related of Charles II., that, being present at a meeting of the Royal Society, he very gravely requested to know the reason " Why the inser- tion of a fish of three pounds weight, into a bucket of water, made no difference in the weight of the bucket?'' A vast quantity of learning and ingenuity was immediately put in requisition to account for the phenomenon; at length, one gentleman observed that, before they en- deavoured to ascertain the reason, they should establish the fact, and that, with submission to his majesty, he believed that the insertion of the fish would make a difference in the weight of the bucket.