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Conversão PDFA UNIVERSIDADE DO SUL DE SANTA CATARINA GUILHERME HENRIQUE PORCINCULA COELHO O IMPACTO DAS OPERAÇÕES ETOPS NA AVIAÇÃO COMERCIAL BRASILEIRA Palhoça 2019 GUILHERME HENRIQUE PORCINCULA COELHO O IMPACTO DAS OPERAÇÕES ETOPS NA AVIAÇÃO COMERCIAL BRASILEIRA Projeto de pesquisa apresentado ao Curso de graduação em Ciências Aeronáuticas, da Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, como requisito parcial para elaboração da monografia. Orientador: Prof. Antonio Carlos Vieira de Campos, Esp. Palhoça 2019 GUILHERME HENRIQUE PORCINCULA COELHO O IMPACTO DAS OPERAÇÕES ETOPS NA AVIAÇÃO COMERCIAL BRASILEIRA Esta monografia foi julgada adequada à obtenção do título de Bacharel em Ciências Aeronáuticas e aprovada em sua forma final pelo Curso de Ciências Aeronáuticas, da Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina. Palhoça, 25 de Novembro de 2019. Orientador: Prof. Antonio Carlos Vieira de Campos, Esp. Prof. Joel Irineu Lohn, Msc RESUMO O padrão de segurança existente atualmente na aviação civil no transporte de passageiros e carga deve-se aos muitos anos de avanços tecnológicos obtidos na indústria aeronáutica, que foram adquiridos com aprendizados de incidentes e acidentes aeronáuticos, migração tecnológica da aviação militar decorrente de conflitos bélicos mundiais, transferências tecnológicas entre diferentes nações, evolução constante de materiais e componentes, milhões de horas voadas pelo mundo e regulamentações específicas de organismos governamentais que tem como foco a segurança e ganho de eficiência da aviação civil. As operações estendidas são parte dessas medidas que proporcionam excelentes padrões de segurança operacional, economia de combustível e confiabilidade, tornando a aviação civil um sistema cada vez mais seguro e eficiente para os usuários deste modal de transporte. Este trabalho tem como o objetivo principal, a apresentação de maneira concisa e simples sobre a importância das operações estendidas na aviação civil comercial com um enfoque no cenário brasileiro. Este estudo pôde concluir a relevância das operações estendidas na sobrevivência das empresas aéreas internacionais e brasileiras, sob a questão de eficiência operacional e financeira necessária para alcançarem os resultados esperados, além da manutenção da competitividade num mercado bastante agressivo o que será apresentado no decurso do trabalho. O presente estudo possui uma metodologia de pesquisa com abordagem qualitativa, baseado em análise documental sobre o tema em questão. Palavras-chave : Operações Estendidas. Confiabilidade. Segurança Operacional. ABSTRACT The current safety standard in civil aviation for passenger and cargo transportation is due to the many years of technological advances made in the aeronautical industry, which have been acquired through learning of aeronautical incidents and accidents, technological migration from military aviation resulting from worldwide war conflicts. , technology transfers between different nations, constant evolution of materials and components, millions of hours flown around the world, and specific regulations of government agencies that focus on the safety and efficiency gains of civil aviation. Extended operations are part of these measures that provide excellent standards of operational safety, fuel economy and reliability, making civil aviation an increasingly safe and efficient system for users of this mode of transport. The main objective of this paper is to concisely and simply present the importance of extended operations in commercial civil aviation with a focus on the Brazilian scenario. This study could conclude the relevance of extended operations in the survival of international and Brazilian airlines, under the issue of operational and financial efficiency necessary to achieve the expected results, besides maintaining competitiveness in a very aggressive market that will be presented during the work. The present study has a research methodology with qualitative approach, based on documentary analysis on the subject in question. Keywords: Extended Operations. Reliability. Operational Safety. LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS E SIGLAS AC Advisory Circular (Circular Consultiva) ANAC Agência Nacional de Aviação Civil APU Auxiliary Power Unit (Unidade de Força Auxiliar) CFM International Jet Engines CFM International (Fabricante Aeronáutico) CFR Code of Federal Regulations (Código de Regulamentos Federais) CMP Documento de configuração, manutenção e procedimentos. DAC Departamento de Aviação Civil DECEA Departamento de Controle do Espaço Aéreo DOV Despachante Operacional de Voo EASA European Union Aviation Safety Agency (Agência de Segurança da Aviação na União Europeia) EEP ETOPS Entry Point (Ponto de Entrada ETOPS) ECM Engine Condition Monitoring (Monitoramento das Condições do Motor) EGT Axhaust Gas Temperature (Temperatura dos Gases de Exaustão) EXP ETOPS Exit Point (Ponto de Saída ETOPS) ETP ETOPS Equal Time Point (Ponto de Mesmo Tempo Entre Duas Alternativas) ETOPS Extended Operations (Operações Estendidas) EUA Estados Unidos da América FAA Federal Aviation Administration (Administração Federal de Aviação) FL Flight Level (Nível de Voo) IAC Instrução de Aviação Civil ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization (Organização de Aviação Civil Internacional) IFSD In-flight shutdown (Corte de Motor em Voo) ISA International Standard Atmosphere (Atmosfera Padrão Internacional) JAA Joint Aviation Authorities (Autoridades Comuns da Aviação) KM Quilômetro MEL Minimum Equipament List (Lista de Equipamentos Mínimos) MMEL Master Minimum Equipament List (Lista de Equipamentos Mínimos Mestre) NM Nautical Mile (Milha Náutica) N1 Porcentagem de Rotação do Compressor de Baixa Pressão N2 Porcentagem de Rotação do Compressor de Alta Pressão OACI Organização de Aviação Civil Internacional P&W Pratt & Whitney (Fabricante Aeronáutico) RBAC Regulamento Brasileiro de Aviação Civil PMAC Programa de Manutenção de Aeronavegabilidade Continuada LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Figura 1 – Comparativo entre rotas ETOPS 60/120 minutos (Londres para Nova York)............12 Figura 2 – Exemplo da regra dos 60 minutos da FAA de 1953....................................................16 Figura 3 – Exemplo de rota ETOPS 120 minutos (2 horas).........................................................18 Figura 4 – Exemplo de rota ETOPS 180 minutos (3 horas).........................................................19 Figura 5 – Exemplo de EEP; EXP; ETP em voos ETOPS...........................................................20 Figura 6 – Rotas e operadores ETOPS em 1988..........................................................................24 Figura 7 – Rotas e operadores ETOPS no ano 2000.....................................................................24 Figura 8 – Rotas e operadores ETOPS em 2014..........................................................................25 Figura 9 – Recorde de tempo de voo monomotor em operação ETOPS......................................26 Figura 10 – Combustível Crítico ETOPS.....................................................................................33 Figura 11 – IFSDs do Boeing 777 entre janeiro e dezembro de 2009..........................................43 Fotografia 1 – Equipe de engenheiros trabalhando na inspeção de um motor aeronáutico..........35 Fotografia 2 – Apresentação do novo Boeing 737 MAX 8, ETOPS da Gol Linhas Aéreas, durante um evento no hangar da companhia no aeroporto de Congonhas em São Paulo...........41 Gráfico 1 – Comparativo entre Bimotores e Tri/Quadrimotores nas rotas dos EUA e Canadá para a Europa, da mesma forma que outras rotas internacionais................................................21 LISTA DE TABELAS Tabela 1 - Razão de panes em operações ETOPS........................................................................28 SUMÁRIO 1 INTRODUÇÃO .....................................................................................................................11 1.1 PROBLEMA DA PESQUISA .................................................................................. ..........13 1.2 OBJETIVOS ........................................................................................................... ............13 1.2.1 Objetivo Geral...................................................................................................................13 1.2.2 Objetivos Específicos........................................................................................................13 1.3 JUSTIFICATIVA ..................................................................................................... ............13 1.4 METODOLOGIA ..................................................................................................... ...........14 1.5 ORGANIZAÇÂO DO TRABALHO ........................................................................... ........15 2 REFERENCIAL TEÓRICO.................................................................................................16 2.1 A EVOLUÇÃO DO ETOPS NO CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO.............................................17 2.1.1 A Certificação ETOPS Além de 180 Minutos ........................................................... .......21 2.1.2 Certificação ETOPS para Aeronaves Single-Aisle ...................................................... ...... 22 2.2 A EVOLUÇÃO QUANTITATIVA DOS VOOS ETOPS NO CONTEXTO GLOBAL.....23 2.2.1 Recorde Mundial de Voo Monomotor em Seção ETOPS .............................................. ..26 2.3 REQUISITOS DE CERIFICAÇÃO ETOPS ............................................................... ........27 2.3.1
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