INDIA (Updated 2009) 1. ENERGY, ECONOMIC AND ELECTRICITY INFORMATION 1.1 General Overview India occupies a strategic position in Asia with a distinct geographical identity. Bounded by the Great Himalayas in the north, it stretches southwards and from Tropic of Cancer, tapers off into the Indian Ocean between the Bay of Bengal on the east and Arabian Sea on the west. India has seven major physiographic regions: Northern Mountains viz. the Himalayas; The Indo Gangetic Plain; Central Highlands; Peninsular Plateau; East Coast; West Coast; Bordering Seas; and Islands. Major part of the land surface is plateau. The demographic data is given in Table 1 and the GDP data is given in Table 2 below. TABLE 1. POPULATION INFORMATION Annual Average Growth Rate (%) 1980 to 2000 to 1980 1990 2000 2005 2009 2000 2009 Population (million) 688.9 835.1 1,014.8 1,094.6 1,155.4 1.96 1.45 Population Density 209.5 254.0 308.7 332.9 351.4 1.96 1.45 (inhabitants/sq.km) Urban Population as % of total 25.7 28.4 30 (4) Area (1000 km2) 3287.3 TABLE 2. GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) Annual Average Growth Rate (%) 1980 to 2000 to 1980 1990 2000 2005 2009 2000 2009 GDP (millions of constant 153 270 225 461 346 641 926 874 940 5.64 7.37 2000 US$) 875 GDP per capita (2000 223 324 455 586 757 3.62 5.83 US$/capita) PPP (millions of constant 810 1 445 2 460 3 412 4 566 5.71 7.11 2000 int$) 190 366 693 870 960 PPP per capita (2000 1 176 1 731 2 425 3 118 3 953 3.68 5.58 int$/capita) Average annual growth rate (%) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 1990 to 2006 406 439 462 535 655 724 859 GDP(1) 14.38 624 086 208 452 427 870 605 GDP per 402 428 443 506 610 655 774 12.57 Capita(2) Exch Rate 43.33 47.69 48.8 47.5 44.93 44.27 44.09 US$-- Rs Million Current US$ (at factor cost and current prices). Current US$ (at factor cost and current prices). Sources: http://indiabudget.nic.in The energy resources are unevenly distributed in the country and are mainly used for power generation, transport and industrial and domestic uses. Table 3 shows the overall energy reserves and Table 4 the basic energy situation. Based on a systematic survey carried out, the hydro electric potential in the country is estimated at 600 billion kilowatt hours annually corresponding to a name plate capacity of 150,000 MWe. On 31.03.2007 the total installed hydro power capacity with utilities was about 34476 MWe (i.e. about 20% of the total potential). A capacity addition of about 30,000 MWe has been planned over the XI and XII Plans (2007-2012-2017). More than 70% of the total hydro potential in the country is located in the northern and north- eastern regions put together. Coal, oil, natural gas and lignite are used for thermal power generation. As on January 1, 2007, the geological reserves of coal are estimated to be about 255 billion tonnes out of which the proven reserves are about 96 billion tonnes and economically mineable reserves are 52 billion tonnes*. Proven lignite reserves suitable for power generation are estimated at about 4.2 billion tonnes and are being exploited for this purpose. As on January 1, 2007 recoverable reserves of crude oil are placed at about 756 million tonnes and of natural gas at about 1075 billion cubic meters. * Ministry of Coal, Government of India, Annual Report 2006-07 TABLE 3. ESTIMATED ENERGY RESERVES Estimated energy reserves in (*) (Solid and Liquid in million tons, Uranium in metric tons, Gas in billion cubic metres, Hydro in TWhr per year) Solid (1) Liquid (2) Gas (3) Uranium (4) Hydro (5) Amount 60,600 740 1,074 0 660,000 (*) Sources: 20th WEC Survey of Energy Resources, 2004 and Uranium 2005: Resources, Production and Demand ("Red Book") (1) Coal including Lignite: proved recoverable reserves, the tonnage within the proved amount in place that can be recovered in the future under present and expected local economic conditions with existing available technology (2) Crude oil and natural gas liquids (Oil Shale, Natural Bitumen and Extra-Heavy Oil are not included): proved recoverable reserves, the quantity within the proved amount in place that can be recovered in the future under present and expected local economic conditions with existing available technology (3) Natural gas: proved recoverable reserves, the volume within the proved amount in place that can be recovered in the future under present and expected local economic conditions with existing available technology (4) Reasonably Assured Resources (RAR) under < USD 130/kgU (5) Hydropower: technically exploitable capability, the amount of the gross theoretical capability that can be exploited within the limits of current technology Estimated energy reserves (Exajoule) (1) Solid Hydro Total Liquid Gas Nuclear (2) (3) (4) Total proven amount in place (1-1- 1744 32 41 2.16 (e) 1817 2006) (1) BP Statistical review of world energy 2006 (http://www.bp.com) Calorific Value of (i) Coal = 4,200 kcal/kg, (ii) Lignite = 2,800 kcal/kg, (iii) Oil = 10,200 kcal/kg, (iv) Gas = 9,150 kcal/m3. (2) Proven Coal (year 2006) and Lignite (year 2006) Reserves (Coal- Annual Report 2006-07, Ministry of coal http://coal.nic.in, Lignite- Annual General Meeting Report , September 2007. (3) Hydro Source in electricity units . Annual production of 150GWe at Plant Load factor of 46%. (4) Does not include Hydro (being renewable) and nuclear. Uranium reserves in the country are estimated to be about 95,000 tonnes (metal). It does not include reserves in speculative category. After accounting for various losses in mining, milling and fabrication, the net uranium available for power generation is estimated to be about 61,000 tonnes (metal). One of the largest resources of thorium in the world is contained in monazite deposits (about 8 million tonnes) in India mainly along the Indian seacoast. Out of this about 4 million tonnes is considered exploitable of which 70% is considered mineable containing about 2,25,000 tonnes of thorium metal. The estimated power generation potential from non-conventional renewable energy resources is about 100,000 MW. This includes 45,000 MW from wind, 15,000 MW from small hydro, 19,500 MW from bio-mass/biomass-cogeneration, 2,700 MW from urban and industrial waste etc. Thermal applications of such resources include solar thermal systems, biogas plants, improved biomass cooking stoves etc. 1.2 Energy Policy The Integrated Energy Policy of the Government of India aims at ensuring in a judicious manner adequate energy supplies at an optimum cost, achieving self-sufficiency in energy supplies and protecting the environment from the adverse impact of utilizing energy resources. The main elements of the Energy Policy are: 1. Accelerated exploitation of all domestic conventional energy sources, viz. coal, hydro, oil/gas and nuclear power in an environmentally sustainable manner; 2. Energy conservation and Management with a view to increasing energy productivity; 3. Optimizing the utilisation of existing capacity in the country by using high efficiency machines and processes in the entire gamut of energy related operations like mining, generation, transmission, industrial processes, transport, etc; 4. Adoption of ‘clean coal’ and related technologies to contain GHG emissions; 5. Accelerated development of nuclear and hydro-electricity; 6. Development and exploitation of renewable sources of energy including bio-fuels and fuel plantations to meet the energy requirement of both urban and rural communities; 7. Intensification of research and development activities in the field of energy, with infusion of sufficient capital by setting up a "National Energy Fund"; 8. Organisation of training for the personnel engaged at various levels in the energy sector. TABLE 4. ENERGY STATISTICS Annual Average (Energy values are in Exajoule exept where indicated) Growth Rate (%) 1980 to 2000 to Total Energy Requirements 1980 1990 2000 2005 2009 2000 2009 Total 6.24 11.31 17.93 24.89 31.46 5.42 6.45 Solids 2.79 5.26 8.69 10.88 14.62 5.85 5.95 Liquids 1.33 2.46 4.84 5.20 7.30 6.69 4.67 Gases 0.05 0.43 0.89 1.03 1.61 15.43 6.75 Hydro 0.17 0.26 0.27 0.37 0.38 2.37 4.12 Nuclear 0.03 0.07 0.18 0.19 0.20 9.03 1.09 Combustible Renewables and 1.87 2.83 3.04 7.23 7.31 2.46 10.22 Waste > - Other Renewables < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.04 ? 25.44 0.01 1980 to 2000 to Final Energy Consumption 1980 1990 2000 2005 2009 2000 2009 Total 5.22 10.11 13.79 20.54 24.36 4.98 6.53 Solids 2.70 5.05 7.85 10.18 13.25 5.49 5.99 Liquids 0.40 1.48 1.55 1.55 1.61 7.05 0.37 Gases 0.05 0.43 0.89 1.03 1.61 15.43 6.75 Hydro 0.17 0.26 0.27 0.37 0.38 2.37 4.12 Nuclear 0.03 0.07 0.18 0.19 0.20 9.03 1.09 Combustible Renewables and 1.87 2.83 3.04 7.23 7.31 2.46 10.23 Waste Other Renewables .. < 0.01 .. .. .. .. .. 1980 to 2000 to Net Import (Export-Import) 1980 1990 2000 2005 2009 2000 2009 Total 0.98 1.27 4.02 4.75 6.97 7.31 6.30 Solids < 0.01 0.15 0.65 0.95 1.78 25.32 11.90 Liquids 0.97 1.11 3.37 3.79 5.16 6.40 4.85 Gases .