ACROSS THE GERMAN SEA : SCOTTISH COMMODITY EXCHANGE, NETWORK BUILDING AND COMMUNITIES IN THE WIDER ELBE-WESER REGION IN THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD Kathrin Zickermann A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2009 Full metadata for this item is available in Research@StAndrews:FullText at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/958 This item is protected by original copyright Across the German Sea: Scottish Commodity Exchange, Network Building and Communities in the Wider Elbe-Weser Region in the Early Modern Period Kathrin Zickermann University of St Andrews PhD Thesis 31 August 2009 Abstract This thesis analyses the commercial, maritime and military relations between Scotland and the cities and territories in the North Western parts of the Holy Roman Empire during the early modern period; specifically Hamburg, Bremen, the Swedish duchies of Bremen and Verden, Danish Altona and Braunschweig-Lüneburg. Having identified anomalies in the histories of these locations, and bringing a more international dimension to them, my study tackles a remarkable understudied geo- political location. The core of my research identifies the immigration of Scots and the establishment of commercial networks within a region rather than an individual territory, highlighting contact across political borders. This region differed significantly from other places in Northern Europe in that it did not maintain an ethnically distinct Scottish community enforcing and encouraging interaction with the indigenous German population and other foreigners such as the English Merchant Adventurers in Hamburg. The survey reveals that despite the lack of such a community the region was of commercial significance to Scots as evidenced by the presence of individual Scottish merchants, factors and entrepreneurs whose trade links stretched far beyond their home country. Significantly, these Scots present in mercantile capacities were demonstrably linked to their countrymen who frequented the region as diplomats and soldiers who frequently resided in the neutral cities of Bremen and Hamburg. Some of these Scots within the Swedish army were of importance in the administration of Swedish Bremen-Verden while others fought for Braunschweig-Lüneburg. Their presence encouraged chain migration, particularly offering shelter to Scottish political exiles in the later seventeenth century. Analysing the collective role of these men and the relationships between them, this thesis highlights the overall significance of the wider Elbe-Weser region to the Scots and vice versa, filling a gap in our understanding of the Scottish Diaspora in the early modern period, and broadening our understanding of the region itself. I, Kathrin Zickermann, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 80,000 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in August 2005 and as a candidate for the degree of PhD; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2005 and 2009. Date signature of candidate I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of PhD in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. Date signature of supervisor In submitting this thesis to the University of St Andrews we understand that we are giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby. We also understand that the title and the abstract will be published, and that a copy of the work may be made and supplied to any bona fide library or research worker, that my thesis will be electronically accessible for personal or research use unless exempt by award of an embargo as requested below, and that the library has the right to migrate my thesis into new electronic forms as required to ensure continued access to the thesis. We have obtained any third-party copyright permissions that may be required in order to allow such access and migration, or have requested the appropriate embargo below. The following is an agreed request by candidate and supervisor regarding the electronic publication of this thesis: Access to Printed copy and electronic publication of thesis through the University of St Andrews. Embargo on both all or part of printed copy and electronic copy for the same fixed period of 3 years on the following ground: publication would preclude future publication. date signature of candidate signature of supervisor Acknowledgements Over the past four years I have received great support from a number of individuals and institutions, without which this thesis could not have been written. Special thanks must go to my supervisor Dr Steve Murdoch and his invaluable advice, patient encouragement and friendship. For institutional support I would like to thank St Andrews University as well as the Strathmartine Trust, especially for sponsoring my research in the archives of Denmark, Germany and Sweden. I am indebted to a long list of archivists and receptionists in these collections as well as in Scottish libraries and repositories. I would especially like to thank Dr Beate-Christine Fiedler for her competent assistance in the state archives in Stade as well as the similarly efficient and friendly teams at the state archives in Bremen and Oldenburg. Thanks must also go to the staff of the National Archives of Scotland. Furthermore, I would like to thank Professor Christopher Smout for sharing advice and his notes on the Scottish Exchequer Records as well as Sue Mowat for providing transcriptions of the Jolly Papers. In addition I would like to thank Andreas Flick, minister of the Reformed church in Celle, as well as Dr Petra Seling-Biehusen and Dr Gabriel Zeilinger for sending me valuable secondary material. I would also like to thank Campbell Murdoch for researching some Scottish family connections on my behalf; Klaus- Dieter Kreplin for his advice on maps; Dr Philipp Rössner for helpful observations as well as Dr David Dobson for sharing some relevant information. Furthermore, I would like to thank Ardis Dreisbach-Grosjean for her hospitality in Stockholm. I must also record my gratitude for the assistance I received from Professor Olaf Mörke and Professor Thomas Riis at Kiel University when writing my Masters thesis on the ‘British’ community in Hamburg in 2003 – the formative stages of this project. I would also like to thank Professor Roger Mason, director of the ISHR institute, as well as my fellow Postgraduate students within the Scotland and the Wider World project – especially Siobhan Talbott. Furthermore I would like to say thanks to all my friends and family in Germany and Scotland who have always supported me – especially to my parents Carl and Margarete Zickermann in Bargteheide. Last but not least I would like to thank my partner Stuart Nicolson for his never ending loving support. Stylistic Conventions The names of those individuals which feature in this thesis do often appear in very different and inconsistent forms within the primary sources. This especially applies to Scottish and English names in German sources which have often been adapted to German spelling and pronuncation. Thus a name like Andrew Crawford can appear as ‘Andreas Kraffert’. In order to avoid confusion of these individuals, names have generally been standardised (when their origin is unambiguous). For Scottish names Black’s compendium on Scottish surnames has been used as a guide.1 In those cases for which this publication offers several versions the one most commonly used has been chosen. All other names have been standardised to the most common variant. German place names have been anglicised where there is a commonly accepted English spelling (e.g. Köln/Cologne). A general problem derives from terminology used by contemporaries. The place name ‘Bremen’ is not always specified and it is thus impossible to say if the relevant author refers to the city or to the archbishopric/duchy. To avoid the latter problem in the modern literature this thesis makes this distinction clear by clearly referring to the territory when confusion is likely. Dates feature another potential source of confusion. It is often unclear if a particular contemporary author employed the Gregorian or Julian calendar. Other writers use both dates side by side. In order not to complicate matters dates have been left unchanged. Similarly, weights and currencies have not been standardized as a conversion would not always be possible. Footnotes feature the most relevant and informative file names before the specific reference number. These file names follow the terminology of the archives and have been left untranslated. This means that in some cases different terms apply to the same type of document. For example, council records in Bremen are called ‘Wittheitsprotokolle’ and in Hamburg ‘Senatsprotokolle’ whereas in Lüneburg the Latin version ‘Protocoll Curiae’ is used. Clearly the reference systems of individual archives differ greatly from one another. To make this thesis as user friendly as possible the files of the German archives have been divided in their subdivisions within the bibliography. 1 George F. Black, The Surnames of Scotland: Their Origin, Meaning and History (Edinburgh, 2007, first published in 1946). Abbreviations APC Acts of the Privy Council of England CSPD Calendars of State Papers, Domestic Series DNB Dictionary of National Biography DRA Danish Rigsarkiv, Copenhagen fol. Folio HMC Historical Manuscript Commission HP Hartlib Papers KCFB C.F.Bricka and J.A. Fredericia et.al.