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Assessment of Abondance, Biomass and Production of the Lower Trophic Levels in the Eastern Basin of Lake Erie, 1994

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Assessment of Abondance, Biomass and Production of the Lower Trophic Levels in the Eastern Basin of Lake Erie, 1994 '1 Assessment of abondance, biomass and production of the lower trophic levels in the eastern basin of Lake Erie, 1994. D.M. Graham, J.A. Dah1, E.S. Millard, O.E. Johannsson and L.L. White .. 1, . i'· Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Canada Centre for In1and Waters Bur1ington, Ontario L7R 4A6 1996 Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 2110 Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Technicul reports contain scientilïc and tcchnical information that contributes ta cxisting knowlcdge but which is not normally appropriate for primary litcrature. Tcchnical reports are dirccred primarily toward a worldwide audience and have an international distribution. No restriction is placed on subject matter and the series reflccts the broad iruerests and policics of the Department of Fisherics and Oceans, narncly, fisheries and aquatic sciences. Technical repons ma)' be cited as full publications. The correct citation appears above the absrract of cach report. Each report is abstracted in Aquotic Sciences and FisheriA Abstmns and indexed in the Dcpartment's annual index ta scicntific and technical publications. Numbers 1-456 in this series wcrc issucd as Technical Reports of the Fishcrics Research Board of Canada. Nurnbcrs 457-714 were issued as Dcpartmcru of the Environment. Fisheries and Marine Service. Research and Development Dirccturnte Technical Repons. Numbers 715-914 wcrc issued as Dcpanmcnt of Fishcrics and the Environrncnt, Fishcries and Marine Service Technical Reports. The currcnt series na me was changed with report number 915. Tcchnicnl reports are produced regionally but are numbcred nationally. Rcqucsts for individual reports will be lïlled by the issuing establishment listed on the front caver and thle page. Out-of-stock reports will be supplied for a fcc by commercial agents. Rapport technique canadien des sciences halieutiques et aquatiques Les rapports techniques contiennent des renseignements scientifiques ct techni­ ques qui constituent une contribution aux connaissances actuelles. mais qui ne sont pas normalement appropriés pour la publication dans un journal scientifique. Les rapports techniques sont destinés essentiellement à un public international et ils sont distribués à cet échelon. Il n'y a aucune restriction quant au sujet; de fait, la série reflète la vaste gamme des intérêts et des politiques du ministère des Pêches ct des Océans, c'est-à-dire les sciences halieutiques et aquatiques. Les rapports techniques peuvent être cités comme des publications complètes. Le titre exact parait au-dessus du résumé de chaque rapport. Les rapports techniques sont résumés dans la revue Résumes des sciences aquatiques el halieutiques. et ils sont classés dans l'index annuul des publications scientifiques et techniques du Ministère. Les numéros 1 à 456 de cette série ont été pu bliés à titre de rapports techniques de l'Office des recherches sur les pêcheries du Canada. Les numéros 457 à 714 sont parus à titre de rapports techniques de la Direction générale de la recherche et du développe­ ment, Service des pêches et de la mer, ministère de J'Environnement. Les numéros 715 à 924 ont été publiés à titre de rapports techniques du Service des pêches et de la mer, ministère des Pêches et de l'Environnement. Le nom actuel de la série a été établi lors de la parution du numéro 925. Les rapports techniques sont produits à l'échelon régional. mais numérotés à l'échelon national. Les demandes de rapports seront satisfaites par l'établissement auteur dont le nom figure sur la couverture et la page du titre. Les rapports épuisés seront fournis contre rétribution par des agents commerciaux. , Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 2110 1996 ASSESSMENT OF THE ABUNDANCE, BIOMASS AND PRODUCTION OF THE LOWER TROPHIC LEVELS IN THE EASTERN BASIN OF LAKE ERIE, 1994. by D.M. Graham, J.A. Dahl, E.S. Millard, O.E. Johannsson and L.L. White Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Bayfield Institute Fisheries and Oceans Canada 867 Lakeshore Road Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6 © Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1996 Cat. No. Fs 97-6/2110E ISSN 0706-6457 Correct citation for this publication: Graham, D.M., J.A. Dahl, E.S. Millard, a.E. Johannsson and L.L. White. 1996. Assessment of the abundance, biomass and production of the lower trophic levels in the eastem basin of Lake Erie, 1994. Cano Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sei. 2110: x+104 p. ABSTRACT The Lake Erie Biomonitoring (LEB) prograrn conducted in 1994, focused on the eastern basin of the lake, resarnpling the sarne sites as in 1993. Nutrient conditions were sirnilar in the two years. Responses differed between the stratified offshore and unstratified nearshore. At the offshore station, seasonal phytoplankton biomass was 56% higher in 1994 than in 1993 and apparently resulted from a reduction in grazing pressure by Dreissena. Dreissena biomass and their potential clearance rates at the offshore station were much lower in the spring of 1994 than in the spring of 1993 (2.5 vs. 14.9 m3·m-2·d-'), respectively. Despite tbis increase in phytoplankton biomass, chlorophyll (Chl) and phytoplankton photosynthesis (PP) were not significantly higher in 1994. Dinoflagellates, which have lower Chl:C and lower photosynthesis:Chl ratios than other groups of phytoplankton, accounted for much of the increase in biomass. Rotifer biomass decreased by 50% and zooplankton biomass by 40% between the two years. Calanoids were responsible for much of the decrease in zooplankton biomass. Composition also shifted towards larger bodied cladocerans, such as Daphnia and Bythotrephes, and away from Bosmina. This shift coincided with changes in predation pressure. Age-one smelt abundance was extremely high in 1993 and 10w in 1994, while the reverse was true of the YOY smelt. Age-one smelt consume mainly cladocerans and the YOY, copepods (REF). At the nearshore stations, seasonal PP and Chl were weil below that expected given the total phosphorus (TP) concentration, indicating that Dreissena had an important impact on phytoplankton photosynthesis in this region. Low transparency due to suspended sediments also contributed to the low PP at station El. Zooplankton biomass was lower in 1994 than in 1993, and species composition and size shifted. Daphnia increased and calanoids and Bosmina decreased in the nearshore as in the offshore, presurnably in response to changes in the smelt population. However, Bythotrephes decreased and rotifer biomass increased unlike in the offshore. 111 RÉsUMÉ En 1994, le Programme de biosurveillance du lac Érié (BLE) a concentré ses activités sur le bassin est du lac et l'équipe est notamment retournée aux mêmes endroits qu'en 1993 pour procéder à de nouveaux échantillonnages. TI n'y a pas eu de changement d'une année à l'autre pour ce qui est des nutriants. La réponse a différé entre les stations du large, aux eaux stratifiées, et les stations proches de la côte, aux eaux non stratifiées. Aux stations du large, la biomasse phytoplanctonique saisonnière de 1994 dépassait de 56 % celle de 1993. Cette situation était apparemment attribuable à une réduction de la pression de broutage exercée par Dreissena. À ces stations, la biomasse de cette dernière et son taux de clairance potentiel étaient bien inférieurs au printemps de 1993 à ce qu'ils étaient à celui de 1994 3.m_2.d_ J (2,5 contre 14,9 m ). Mais il demeure que, malgré cette augmentation de la biomasse phytoplanctonique, la teneur en chlorophylle (Chl) et la photosynthèse phytoplanctonique (PP) ne se sont pas accrues de manière significative en 1994. Les dinoflagellés, chez qui les rapports Chl/C et photosynthèse/Chi sont inférieurs à ceux mesurés dans d'autres groupes phytoplanctoniques, étaient à l'origine de la majeure partie de cette hausse de la biomasse. Celle des rotifères et du zooplancton a diminué de 50 % et de 40 %, respectivement, d'une année à l'autre. Les calanoïdes sont en grande partie à l'origine de la diminution de la biomasse du zooplancton. On remarque aussi une transformation de la composition, qui est passée d'organismes tels que Bosmina vers les cladocères de plus forte taille comme Daphnia et Byotrephes. Cette transformation coïncide avec des changements au niveau de la pression de prédation. En effet, il y avait énormément d'éperlans d'un an en 1993, mais peu en 1994, à l'inverse de ce qui était observé avec les éperlans de l'année. Les premiers se nourrissent surtout de cladocères. les seconds de copépodes. Aux stations proches de la côte, la PP et la teneur en Chi saisonnières étaient bien inférieures aux prévisions fondées sur la teneur en phosphore total (PT); cela signifie que Dreissena avait un important impact sur la photosynthèse phytoplanctonique de cette région. La turbidité élevée de l'eau attribuable aux sédiments en suspension a également contribué au faible taux de PP à la station El. La biomasse zooplanctonique était inférieure en 1994 à ce qu'elle était en 1993 et, en outre, la composition spécifique a changé, favorisant des espèces de plus forte taille. Daphnia est devenue plus abondante, au contraire des calanoïdes et de Bosmina, dans les stations proches de la côte comme dans les stations du large. On peut penser à l'existence d'un lien entre ces changements et les variations de la population d'éperlans. Toutefois, la biomasse de Byotrephes a diminué tandis que celle des rotifères s'est accrue, contrairement à ce qui a été observé au large. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT iii RÉSUMÉ iv LIST OF TABLES. ............................. .. ............... .. ix LIST OF FIGURES .............................................. .. xi LIST OF APPENDICES xii INTRODUCTION 1 METHODS 2 STATIONS. .... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 2 SAMPLE COLLECTION ...................................... .. 2 Phvsical Pararneters ..................................... .. 2 Water Sarnples 3 Zooplankton 4 LABORATORY PROCESSING AND EXPERlMENTS 4 Phvtoplankton Biomass and Nutrients 4 Phvtoplankton Photo synthesis Experiments ..................... .. 5 AJ\'ALYSES ..............................................
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