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Lake Erie Lakewide Management Plan (Lamp) Technical Report Series LakeErieLakewideManagementPlan(LaMP) TechnicalReportSeries ImpairmentAssessmentofBeneficialUses: DegradationofPhytoplanktonandZooplanktonPopulations OraJohannssonandScottMillard 1998 LakeErieLaMPTechnicalReportNo.13 2 Technical Report 13 Degradation of Phytoplankton and Zooplankton Populations Prepared for the Lake Erie LaMP Preliminary Beneficial Use Impairment Assessment by Ora E. Johannsson and E. Scott Millard Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Fisheries and Oceans Canada Burlington, Ontario February, 1998 NOTE TO THE READER: This technical report was prepared as one component of Stage 1, or “Problem Definition,” for the Lake Erie LaMP. This report provides detailed technical and background information that provides the basis for the impairment conclusions recorded in the Lake Erie LaMP Status Report. This document has been extensively reviewed by the government agencies that are partnering to produce the LaMP, outside experts, and the Lake Erie LaMP Public Forum, a group of approximately of 80 citizen volunteers. This review was designed to answer two questions: · Is the document technically sound and defensible? · Do the reviewers agree with the document conclusions and format? In its present form, this report has been revised to address the comments received during that review process, and there is majority agreement with the impairment conclusions presented. Table of Contents Table of Contents........................................................................................................................2 13.1 Listing Guidelines................................................................................................................3 3 13.2 Introduction ........................................................................................................................3 13.2.2 Change versus Impairment ....................................................................................7 13.3 Status of Phytoplankton and Zooplankton Populations in Areas of Concern on Lake Erie .................................................................................................................................7 3.4 Assessment of Beneficial Use Impairment of Phytoplankton.................................................10 13.4.1 Introduction........................................................................................................10 13.4.2 Changes in Total Phytoplankton Biomass...........................................................13 13.4.3 Trophic Classification.........................................................................................14 13.4.4 Chlorophyll:Phosphorus Ratio............................................................................14 13.4.5 Changes in Species Composition ........................................................................15 13.4.5.1 West Basin. .........................................................................................15 13.4.5.2 Central Basin.......................................................................................18 13.4.5.3 East Basin ...........................................................................................19 13.4.6 Photosynthesis ...................................................................................................19 13.4.7 Conclusions .......................................................................................................21 13.4.8 Impairments.......................................................................................................22 13.5 Assessment of Beneficial Use Impairment of Zooplankton .................................................23 13.5.1 Historical Trends in Zooplankton: .......................................................................23 13.5.1.1 Eastern and Central Basins ...................................................................24 13.5.1.2 Western Basin ....................................................................................26 13.5.2 Potential Stressors .............................................................................................27 13.5.3 Methods of Assessment......................................................................................29 13.5.4 Community Integrity:.........................................................................................29 13.5.5 Community Balance:..........................................................................................31 13.5.5.1 Mean Individual Size ...........................................................................31 13.5.5.2 Ratio of Cladoceran to Copepod Abundance .......................................34 13.5.5.3 Ratio of Predatory to Total Zooplankton Biomass (P/B)......................36 13.5.6 Community Function:.........................................................................................37 13.5.6.1 Ratio of Production/Biomass ...............................................................37 13.5.6.2 Nutrient Changes/Food Resources.......................................................37 13.5.6.3 Energy Sinks .......................................................................................38 13.5.7 Nearshore Regions.............................................................................................39 13.5.8 Conclusions .......................................................................................................40 13.5.8.1 Possible Impairments ...........................................................................40 13.8.2 Other Conditions ....................................................................................41 13.5.9 References.....................................................................................................................41 4 Table of Tables Table 13.1 Historical changes in total phytoplankton biomass (mm3. L-1) in Lake Erie. ...............53 Table 13.2. Maximum phytoplankton biomass (mm3. L-1) in Lake Erie. ....................................55 -3 Table 13.3. Historical changes in chlorophyll (mg×m ) in Lake Erie.........................................56 Table 13.4. Changes in the trophic classification* of Lake Erie basins.......................................58 Table 13.5. Predictions of seasonal mean chlorophyll (ug.L-1 ) from total phosphorus (TP ug.L-1) using various equations from the literature..........................................................59 Table. 13.6. Ratio of predicted:observed seasonal areal phytoplankton photosynthesis in Lake Erie.......................................................................................................................60 Table 13.7. Ratios of predatory to total zooplankton biomass in the three basins of Lake Erie in 1993 and 1994....................................................................................................61 Table 13.8. Ratios of seasonal-mean, daily production/biomass for dominant zooplankton species in Lakes Ontario and Erie...................................................................................62 5 Table of Figures Fig. 13.1 Map of Lake Erie showing depth contours(m) and the location of zooplankton sampling site in the 1990s. ...............................................................................................0 Fig. 13.2a. Historical trends in the average June 24th - September 7th mean length of zooplankton in the eastern basin of Lake Erie................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig. 13.2b.. Mean length of zooplankton in the western basin of Lake Erie.Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig. 13.3 Changes in the abundance of macrozooplankton groups in the three basins of Lake Erie......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig. 13.4. Historical changes in the ratio of cladoceran to copepod abundances in the western basin of Lake Erie............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Appendices Appendix 1. Representative zooplankton groups and species common to the Great Lakes..Error! Bookmark not defined. 6 13.1 Listing Guidelines According to the Listing Guidelines, plankton are impaired when phytoplankton or zooplankton community structure significantly diverges from unimpacted control sites of comparable physical and chemical characteristics. In addition, this use will be considered impaired when relevant, field-validated, phytoplankton or zooplankton bioassays (e.g. Ceriodaphnia; algal fractionation bioassays) with appropriate quality assurance/quality controls confirm toxicity in ambient waters. 13.2 Introduction Ecologists have grappled with the concepts of biological integrity, ecosystem health, and biodiversity in trying to define the normal condition of ecosystems. These concepts encompass different components of the ecosystem, with biological integrity being the most inclusive. The following definitions come from Callicott (1995). Biological integrity is 'the capability ‘ of the ecosystem’ of supporting and maintaining a balanced, integrated, adaptive community of organisms having a species composition, diversity and functional organization comparable to that of natural habitat in the region' (Karr and Dudley 1981). If a system has biological integrity it will also be healthy (Karr 1995, Callicott 1995), but the reverse is not true (Callicott 1995). Ecosystem health is defined more on the basis of function. Ecosystems may be said to be healthy when 'linked processes and functions occur normally (that is as they have occurred
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