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Seasonal Zooplankton Dynamics in Lake Michigan

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Seasonal Zooplankton Dynamics in Lake Michigan University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Publications, Agencies and Staff of the U.S. Department of Commerce U.S. Department of Commerce 2012 Seasonal zooplankton dynamics in Lake Michigan: Disentangling impacts of resource limitation, ecosystem engineering, and predation during a critical ecosystem transition Henry A. Vanderploeg National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, [email protected] Steven A. Pothoven Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, [email protected] Gary L. Fahnenstiel Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, [email protected] Joann F. Cavaletto National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, [email protected] James R. Liebig National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, [email protected] See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdeptcommercepub Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Vanderploeg, Henry A.; Pothoven, Steven A.; Fahnenstiel, Gary L.; Cavaletto, Joann F.; Liebig, James R.; Stow, Craig A.; Nalepa, Thomas F.; Madenjian, Charles P.; and Bunnell, David B., "Seasonal zooplankton dynamics in Lake Michigan: Disentangling impacts of resource limitation, ecosystem engineering, and predation during a critical ecosystem transition" (2012). Publications, Agencies and Staff of the U.S. Department of Commerce. 406. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdeptcommercepub/406 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Commerce at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Publications, Agencies and Staff of the U.S. Department of Commerce by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors Henry A. Vanderploeg, Steven A. Pothoven, Gary L. Fahnenstiel, Joann F. Cavaletto, James R. Liebig, Craig A. Stow, Thomas F. Nalepa, Charles P. Madenjian, and David B. Bunnell This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ usdeptcommercepub/406 JGLR-00437; No. of pages: 17; 4C: 3 Journal of Great Lakes Research xxx (2012) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Journal of Great Lakes Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jglr Seasonal zooplankton dynamics in Lake Michigan: Disentangling impacts of resource limitation, ecosystem engineering, and predation during a critical ecosystem transition Henry A. Vanderploeg a,⁎, Steven A. Pothoven b, Gary L. Fahnenstiel b, Joann F. Cavaletto a, James R. Liebig a, Craig A. Stow a, Thomas F. Nalepa a, Charles P. Madenjian c, David B. Bunnell c a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, 4840 S. State Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA b Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Lake Michigan Field Station, 1431 Beach St., Muskegon, MI 49441, USA c U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, 1451 Green Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA article info abstract Article history: We examined seasonal dynamics of zooplankton at an offshore station in Lake Michigan from 1994 to 2003 Received 20 October 2011 and 2007 to 2008. This period saw variable weather, declines in planktivorous fish abundance, the introduc- Accepted 25 January 2012 tion and expansion of dreissenid mussels, and a slow decline in total phosphorus concentrations. After the Available online xxxx major expansion of mussels into deep water (2007–2008), chlorophyll in spring declined sharply, Secchi depth increased markedly in all seasons, and planktivorous fish biomass declined to record-low levels. Over- Communicated by Joseph C. Makarewicz laying these dramatic ecosystem-level changes, the zooplankton community exhibited complex seasonal dy- – – Keywords: namics between 1994 2003 and 2007 2008. Phenology of the zooplankton maximum was affected by onset Zooplankton of thermal stratification, but there was no other discernable effect due to temperature. Interannual variability Planktivory in zooplankton biomass during 1994 and 2003 was strongly driven by planktivorous fish abundance, partic- Food limitation ularly age-0 and age-1 alewives. In 2007–2008, there were large decreases in Diacyclops thomasi and Daphnia Tipping point mendotae possibly caused by food limitation as well as increased predation and indirect negative effects from Climate increases in Bythotrephes longimanus abundance and in foraging efficiency associated with increased light penetration. The Bythotrephes increase was likely driven in part by decreased predation from yearling and older alewife. While there was a major decrease in epilimnetic–metalimnetic herbivorous cladocerans in 2007–2008, there was an increase in large omnivorous and predacious calanoid copepods, especially those in the hypolimnion. Thus, changes to the zooplankton community are the result of cascading, synergistic in- teractions, including a shift from vertebrate to invertebrate planktivory and mussel ecosystem impacts on light climate and chlorophyll. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of International Association for Great Lakes Research. Introduction (Lehman, 1987; Vanderploeg et al., 2002); (4) invasion by a host of Ponto-Caspian species, including zebra (Dreissena polymorpha) and Since the mid 1980s, Lake Michigan has undergone dramatic quagga mussels (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) during the 1990s changes in its food web likely driven by changes in vertebrate plank- (Vanderploeg et al., 2002); and (5) loss of the spring phytoplankton tivory, nutrient loading, and disruption of the food web in the middle bloom in 2007 and 2008 (Fahnenstiel et al., 2010) likely caused by in- from invasive species. These perturbations included: (1) a gradual de- tense filtering during winter and spring by quagga mussels following crease in total phosphorus (TP) loading (Mida et al., 2010); (2) in- their massive population expansion into deep water starting in 2004 creased control of the planktivorous alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) (Nalepa et al., 2010; Vanderploeg et al., 2010). by introduction of Pacific salmon (Madenjian et al., 2005, 2010); Given that many of changes in these potential drivers have oc- (3) the invasion of the visual-feeding spined predatory cladoceran curred relatively simultaneously, disentangling the relative impor- Bythotrephes longimanus in the mid 1980s from northern Europe tance of each of these perturbations on specific species, guilds, or trophic levels is a daunting, if not impossible, task. Moreover, effects can be complex and indirect, particularly for food web disruption by ⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 734 741 2284. invasive species. For example, mussels can be considered ecosystem E-mail addresses: [email protected] (H.A. Vanderploeg), engineers because they increase light intensity (from filtering activi- [email protected] (S.A. Pothoven), [email protected] ties) and sequester P in their tissues, in addition to their more recog- (G.L. Fahnenstiel), [email protected] (J.F. Cavaletto), [email protected] fi (J.R. Liebig), [email protected] (C.A. Stow), [email protected] (T.F. Nalepa), nized role of ltering phytoplankton and microzooplankton from the [email protected] (C.P. Madenjian), [email protected] (D.B. Bunnell). water column (Hecky et al., 2004; Vanderploeg et al., 2002; 0380-1330/$ – see front matter. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of International Association for Great Lakes Research. doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2012.02.005 Please cite this article as: Vanderploeg, H.A., et al., Seasonal zooplankton dynamics in Lake Michigan: Disentangling impacts of resource limitation, ecosystem engineering, and predation during a critical ecosystem transition, J Great Lakes Res (2012), doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2012.02.005 2 H.A. Vanderploeg et al. / Journal of Great Lakes Research xxx (2012) xxx–xxx Vanderploeg et al., 2010). The increase in light intensity has the po- surrogate for phytoplankton) adapted from previously reported stud- tential for disrupting the pelagic food web through mediation of visu- ies (Fahnenstiel et al., 2010; Mida et al., 2010), planktivory (fish and al predation rates of vertebrate predators and Bythotrephes as well as invertebrate predators), temperature, and light available for preda- and habitat selection by fishes (Muirhead and Sprules, 2003; Pangle tion, as measured by Secchi disk. We explicitly compare dynamics and Peacor, 2009; Vanderploeg et al., 2002) and diel vertical migra- in 1994–2003 with those in 2007–2008, periods before and during tion (DVM) of the pelagic food web, which is sensitive to light inten- the major expansion of mussels into deep water. sity (e.g., Vanderploeg et al., 2009; Wright et al., 1980). In another example, Bythotrephes can have a large negative impact on zooplank- Methods ton through induction of greater downward vertical migration of zoo- plankton like Daphnia into cool suboptimal feeding habitats during Zooplankton collection and counting the day (Pangle and Peacor, 2006). On account of all these changes in potential forcing variables, we Zooplankton were collected biweekly to monthly from 1994 to would expect to see changes in seasonal dynamics of zooplankton. 2003 and 2007 to 2008 March/April through November/December In the past, knowledge of changes in Lake Michigan zooplankton in at our 110-m site (M110; 43°11.29' N, 86°32.16' W) in SE Lake Mich- the offshore region came from two kinds of studies: (1) documenta- igan approximately 11 nautical miles
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